201
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Jansson C, Faiola C, Wingler A, Zhu XG, Kravchenko A, de Graaff MA, Ogden AJ, Handakumbura PP, Werner C, Beckles DM. Crops for Carbon Farming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636709. [PMID: 34149744 PMCID: PMC8211891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural cropping systems and pasture comprise one third of the world's arable land and have the potential to draw down a considerable amount of atmospheric CO2 for storage as soil organic carbon (SOC) and improving the soil carbon budget. An improved soil carbon budget serves the dual purpose of promoting soil health, which supports crop productivity, and constituting a pool from which carbon can be converted to recalcitrant forms for long-term storage as a mitigation measure for global warming. In this perspective, we propose the design of crop ideotypes with the dual functionality of being highly productive for the purposes of food, feed, and fuel, while at the same time being able to facilitate higher contribution to soil carbon and improve the below ground ecology. We advocate a holistic approach of the integrated plant-microbe-soil system and suggest that significant improvements in soil carbon storage can be achieved by a three-pronged approach: (1) design plants with an increased root strength to further allocation of carbon belowground; (2) balance the increase in belowground carbon allocation with increased source strength for enhanced photosynthesis and biomass accumulation; and (3) design soil microbial consortia for increased rhizosphere sink strength and plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Jansson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Celia Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexandra Kravchenko
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Marie-Anne de Graaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Aaron J. Ogden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Diane M. Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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202
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Varshney RK, Bohra A, Yu J, Graner A, Zhang Q, Sorrells ME. Designing Future Crops: Genomics-Assisted Breeding Comes of Age. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:631-649. [PMID: 33893045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) has been instrumental in harnessing the potential of modern genome resources and characterizing and exploiting allelic variation for germplasm enhancement and cultivar development. Sustaining GAB in the future (GAB 2.0) will rely upon a suite of new approaches that fast-track targeted manipulation of allelic variation for creating novel diversity and facilitate their rapid and efficient incorporation in crop improvement programs. Genomic breeding strategies that optimize crop genomes with accumulation of beneficial alleles and purging of deleterious alleles will be indispensable for designing future crops. In coming decades, GAB 2.0 is expected to play a crucial role in breeding more climate-smart crop cultivars with higher nutritional value in a cost-effective and timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India; State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR- Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR- IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Jianming Yu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Andreas Graner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crops Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Qifa Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mark E Sorrells
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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203
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DNA methylation: from model plants to vegetable crops. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1479-1487. [PMID: 34060587 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a subgroup of horticultural crops, vegetable food is a kind of indispensable energy source for human beings, providing necessary nutritional components including vitamins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and active substances such as carotenoids and flavonoids. The developmental process of vegetable crops is not only regulated by environmental stimulations, but also manipulated by both genetic and epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic modifications are composed by several regulatory mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs. Among these modifications, DNA methylation functions in multiple biological pathways ranging from fundamental development to environmental stimulations by mediating transcriptomic alterations, resulting in the activation or silencing of target genes. In recent years, intensive studies have revealed that DNA methylation is essential to fruit development and ripening, indicating that the epigenome of fruit crops could be dynamically modified according to the specific requirements in the commercial production. Firstly, this review will present the mechanisms of DNA methylation, and update the understanding on active DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Secondly, this review will summarize the recent progress on the function of DNA methylation in regulating fruit ripening. Moreover, the possible functions of DNA methylation on controlling the expansion of edible organs, senescence of leafy vegetables, and anthocyanin pigmentation in several important vegetable crops will be discussed. Finally, this review will highlight the intractable issues that need to be resolved in the application of epigenome in vegetable crops, and provide perspectives for the potential challenges in the further studies.
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204
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Evaluating the Performance of Hyperspectral Leaf Reflectance to Detect Water Stress and Estimation of Photosynthetic Capacities. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced techniques capable of early, rapid, and nondestructive detection of the impacts of drought on fruit tree and the measurement of the underlying photosynthetic traits on a large scale are necessary to meet the challenges of precision farming and full prediction of yield increases. We tested the application of hyperspectral reflectance as a high-throughput phenotyping approach for early identification of water stress and rapid assessment of leaf photosynthetic traits in citrus trees by conducting a greenhouse experiment. To this end, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond) and transpiration rate (Trmmol) were measured with gas-exchange approaches alongside measurements of leaf hyperspectral reflectance from citrus grown across a gradient of soil drought levels six times, during 20 days of stress induction and 13 days of rewatering. Water stress caused Pn, Cond, and Trmmol rapid and continuous decline throughout the entire drought period. The upper layer was more sensitive to drought than middle and lower layers. Water stress could also bring continuous and dynamic changes of the mean spectral reflectance and absorptance over time. After trees were rewatered, these differences were not obvious. The original reflectance spectra of the four water stresses were surprisingly of low diversity and could not track drought responses, whereas specific hyperspectral spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and absorption features or wavelength position variables presented great potential. The following machine-learning algorithms: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boost (GDboost), and adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were used to develop a measure of photosynthesis from leaf reflectance spectra. The performance of four machine-learning algorithms were assessed, and RF algorithm yielded the highest predictive power for predicting photosynthetic parameters (R2 was 0.92, 0.89, and 0.88 for Pn, Cond, and Trmmol, respectively). Our results indicated that leaf hyperspectral reflectance is a reliable and stable method for monitoring water stress and yield increase, with great potential to be applied in large-scale orchards.
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205
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Xu Y, Fu X, Sharkey TD, Shachar-Hill Y, Walker ABJ. The metabolic origins of non-photorespiratory CO2 release during photosynthesis: a metabolic flux analysis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:297-314. [PMID: 33591309 PMCID: PMC8154043 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiration in the light (RL) releases CO2 in photosynthesizing leaves and is a phenomenon that occurs independently from photorespiration. Since RL lowers net carbon fixation, understanding RL could help improve plant carbon-use efficiency and models of crop photosynthesis. Although RL was identified more than 75 years ago, its biochemical mechanisms remain unclear. To identify reactions contributing to RL, we mapped metabolic fluxes in photosynthesizing source leaves of the oilseed crop and model plant camelina (Camelina sativa). We performed a flux analysis using isotopic labeling patterns of central metabolites during 13CO2 labeling time course, gas exchange, and carbohydrate production rate experiments. To quantify the contributions of multiple potential CO2 sources with statistical and biological confidence, we increased the number of metabolites measured and reduced biological and technical heterogeneity by using single mature source leaves and quickly quenching metabolism by directly injecting liquid N2; we then compared the goodness-of-fit between these data and data from models with alternative metabolic network structures and constraints. Our analysis predicted that RL releases 5.2 μmol CO2 g-1 FW h-1 of CO2, which is relatively consistent with a value of 9.3 μmol CO2 g-1 FW h-1 measured by CO2 gas exchange. The results indicated that ≤10% of RL results from TCA cycle reactions, which are widely considered to dominate RL. Further analysis of the results indicated that oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to pentose phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate (the G6P/OPP shunt) can account for >93% of CO2 released by RL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xinyu Fu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Yair Shachar-Hill
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - and Berkley J Walker
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
- Author for communication:
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206
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Flexas J, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Bota J, Brodribb TJ, Gago J, Mizokami Y, Nadal M, Perera-Castro AV, Roig-Oliver M, Sugiura D, Xiong D, Carriquí M. Cell wall thickness and composition are involved in photosynthetic limitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3971-3986. [PMID: 33780533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The key role of cell walls in setting mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) and, consequently, photosynthesis is reviewed. First, the theoretical properties of cell walls that can affect gm are presented. Then, we focus on cell wall thickness (Tcw) reviewing empirical evidence showing that Tcw varies strongly among species and phylogenetic groups in a way that correlates with gm and photosynthesis; that is, the thicker the mesophyll cell walls, the lower the gm and photosynthesis. Potential interplays of gm, Tcw, dehydration tolerance, and hydraulic properties of leaves are also discussed. Dynamic variations of Tcw in response to the environment and their implications in the regulation of photosynthesis are discussed, and recent evidence suggesting an influence of cell wall composition on gm is presented. We then propose a hypothetical mechanism for the influence of cell walls on photosynthesis, combining the effects of thickness and composition, particularly pectins. Finally, we discuss the prospects for using biotechnology for enhancing photosynthesis by altering cell wall-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - María J Clemente-Moreno
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Yusuke Mizokami
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Marc Carriquí
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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207
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Araus JL, Sanchez-Bragado R, Vicente R. Improving crop yield and resilience through optimization of photosynthesis: panacea or pipe dream? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3936-3955. [PMID: 33640973 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the speed of breeding to enhance crop productivity and adaptation to abiotic stresses is urgently needed. The perception that a second Green Revolution should be implemented is widely established within the scientific community and among stakeholders. In recent decades, different alternatives have been proposed for increasing crop yield through manipulation of leaf photosynthetic efficiency. However, none of these has delivered practical or relevant outputs. Indeed, the actual increases in photosynthetic rates are not expected to translate into yield increases beyond 10-15%. Furthermore, instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis are not necessarily the reference target for research. Yield is the result of canopy photosynthesis, understood as the contribution of laminar and non-laminar organs over time, within which concepts such as canopy architecture, stay-green, or non-laminar photosynthesis need to be taken into account. Moreover, retrospective studies show that photosynthetic improvements have been more common at the canopy level. Nevertheless, it is crucial to place canopy photosynthesis in the context of whole-plant functioning, which includes sink-source balance and transport of photoassimilates, and the availability and uptake of nutrients, such as nitrogen in particular. Overcoming this challenge will only be feasible if a multiscale crop focus combined with a multidisciplinary scientific approach is adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Araus
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ruth Sanchez-Bragado
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Plant Ecophysiology and Metabolism Group, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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208
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Loudya N, Mishra P, Takahagi K, Uehara-Yamaguchi Y, Inoue K, Bogre L, Mochida K, López-Juez E. Cellular and transcriptomic analyses reveal two-staged chloroplast biogenesis underpinning photosynthesis build-up in the wheat leaf. Genome Biol 2021; 22:151. [PMID: 33975629 PMCID: PMC8111775 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. RESULTS Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. This allows us to generate the first biologically-informed gene expression map of this leaf, with the entire developmental gradient from meristematic to fully differentiated cells captured. We show that the first phase of plastid development begins with organelle proliferation, which extends well beyond cell proliferation, and continues with the establishment and then the build-up of the plastid genetic machinery. The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Loudya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Priyanka Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Kotaro Takahagi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Komaki Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Laszlo Bogre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
- RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Enrique López-Juez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.
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209
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Bai H, Liu H, Chen X, Hu R, Li M, He W, Du J, Liu Z, Qin A, Lam JWY, Kwok RTK, Tang BZ. Augmenting photosynthesis through facile AIEgen-chloroplast conjugation and efficient solar energy utilization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1433-1438. [PMID: 34846450 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00012h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is regarded as the foundation for sustaining life on our planet. Light-harvesting is the initial step that activates the subsequent photochemical reactions. In the photosystems, chloroplast is the basic light-driven metabolic factory of higher plant cells. However, there is an incomplete match between the solar radiation spectrum and absorption profile of chloroplasts. It is hard for the photosynthetic pigments to fully utilize the sunlight energy. Here, we designed two new aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules with activated alkyl groups (TPE-PPO and TPA-TPO). Via a facile metal-free "Click" reaction, we realized the substantial manipulation of live chloroplasts with the AIE luminogens (AIEgens). Owing to the matched photophysical properties, the AIEgens could harvest harmful ultraviolet radiation (HUVR) and photosynthetically inefficient radiation (PIR), and further convert them into photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for chloroplast absorption. As a result, the conjugated AIEgen-chloroplast exhibited better capability of water splitting and electron separation. It promoted the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an important product of photosynthesis. This work provides an effective strategy for improving plant photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Bai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science and Institute of Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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210
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Aluko OO, Li C, Wang Q, Liu H. Sucrose Utilization for Improved Crop Yields: A Review Article. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4704. [PMID: 33946791 PMCID: PMC8124652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon converted to sucrose is vital for plant growth. Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule and a primary energy source that coordinates the source and sink development. Alteration in source-sink balance halts the physiological and developmental processes of plants, since plant growth is mostly triggered when the primary assimilates in the source leaf balance with the metabolic needs of the heterotrophic sinks. To measure up with the sink organ's metabolic needs, the improvement of photosynthetic carbon to synthesis sucrose, its remobilization, and utilization at the sink level becomes imperative. However, environmental cues that influence sucrose balance within these plant organs, limiting positive yield prospects, have also been a rising issue over the past few decades. Thus, this review discusses strategies to improve photosynthetic carbon assimilation, the pathways actively involved in the transport of sucrose from source to sink organs, and their utilization at the sink organ. We further emphasize the impact of various environmental cues on sucrose transport and utilization, and the strategic yield improvement approaches under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Olayemi Aluko
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuanzong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Haobao Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (O.O.A.); (C.L.)
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211
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Moore CE, Meacham-Hensold K, Lemonnier P, Slattery RA, Benjamin C, Bernacchi CJ, Lawson T, Cavanagh AP. The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: from enzymes to ecosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2822-2844. [PMID: 33619527 PMCID: PMC8023210 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As global land surface temperature continues to rise and heatwave events increase in frequency, duration, and/or intensity, our key food and fuel cropping systems will likely face increased heat-related stress. A large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat. This review discusses (i) how crop photosynthesis changes with temperature at the enzymatic scale within the leaf; (ii) how stomata and plant transport systems are affected by temperature; (iii) what features make a plant susceptible or tolerant to elevated temperature and heat stress; and (iv) how these temperature and heat effects compound at the ecosystem scale to affect crop yields. Throughout the review, we identify current advancements and future research trajectories that are needed to make our cropping systems more resilient to rising temperature and heat stress, which are both projected to occur due to current global fossil fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Moore
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy & Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Katherine Meacham-Hensold
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | | | - Rebecca A Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Claire Benjamin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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Friesner J, Colón‐Carmona A, Schnoes AM, Stepanova A, Mason GA, Macintosh GC, Ullah H, Baxter I, Callis J, Sierra‐Cajas K, Elliott K, Haswell ES, Zavala ME, Wildermuth M, Williams M, Ayalew M, Henkhaus N, Prunet N, Lemaux PG, Yadegari R, Amasino R, Hangarter R, Innes R, Brady S, Long T, Woodford‐Thomas T, May V, Sun Y, Dinneny JR. Broadening the impact of plant science through innovative, integrative, and inclusive outreach. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e00316. [PMID: 33870032 PMCID: PMC8045900 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and climate change will impact food security and potentially exacerbate the environmental toll that agriculture has taken on our planet. These existential concerns demand that a passionate, interdisciplinary, and diverse community of plant science professionals is trained during the 21st century. Furthermore, societal trends that question the importance of science and expert knowledge highlight the need to better communicate the value of rigorous fundamental scientific exploration. Engaging students and the general public in the wonder of plants, and science in general, requires renewed efforts that take advantage of advances in technology and new models of funding and knowledge dissemination. In November 2018, funded by the National Science Foundation through the Arabidopsis Research and Training for the 21st century (ART 21) research coordination network, a symposium and workshop were held that included a diverse panel of students, scientists, educators, and administrators from across the US. The purpose of the workshop was to re-envision how outreach programs are funded, evaluated, acknowledged, and shared within the plant science community. One key objective was to generate a roadmap for future efforts. We hope that this document will serve as such, by providing a comprehensive resource for students and young faculty interested in developing effective outreach programs. We also anticipate that this document will guide the formation of community partnerships to scale up currently successful outreach programs, and lead to the design of future programs that effectively engage with a more diverse student body and citizenry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Friesner
- UC Davis & North American Arabidopsis Steering CommitteeAtlantaGAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary Williams
- American Society of Plant BiologistsGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Terri Long
- North Carolina State UniversityDavisCAUSA
| | | | - Victoria May
- University of Washington in St LouisSt LouisMOUSA
| | - Ying Sun
- Stanford UniversityLas VegasNVUSA
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Abstract
Since 1893, when the word "photosynthesis" was first coined by Charles Reid Barnes and Conway MacMillan, our understanding of the elements and regulation of this complex process is far from being entirely understood. We aim to review the most relevant advances in photosynthesis research from the last few years and to provide a perspective on the forthcoming research in this field. Recent discoveries related to light sensing, harvesting, and dissipation; kinetics of CO2 fixation; components and regulators of CO2 diffusion through stomata and mesophyll; and genetic engineering for improving photosynthetic and production capacities of crops are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, INAGEA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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215
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Chen F, Zheng G, Qu M, Wang Y, Lyu MJA, Zhu XG. Knocking out NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1 increases rice leaf photosynthesis and biomass production in the field. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1836-1849. [PMID: 33258954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis is a major approach to increasing crop yield potential. Here we identify a transcription factor as a negative regulator of photosynthesis, which can be manipulated to increase rice photosynthesis and plant biomass in the field. This transcription factor, named negative regulator of photosynthesis 1 (NRP1; Os07g0471900), was identified through a co-expression analysis using rice leaf RNA sequencing data. NRP1 expression showed significantly negative correlation with the expression of many genes involved in photosynthesis. Knocking out NRP1 led to greater photosynthesis and increased biomass in the field, while overexpression of NRP1 decreased photosynthesis and biomass. Transcriptomic data analysis shows that NRP1 can negatively regulate the expression of photosynthetic genes. Protein transactivation experiments show that NRP1 is a transcription activator, implying that NRP1 may indirectly regulate photosynthetic gene expression through an unknown regulator. This study shows that combination of bioinformatics analysis with transgenic testing can be used to identify new regulators to improve photosynthetic efficiency in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingnan Qu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Ju Amy Lyu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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216
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Yiotis C, McElwain JC, Osborne BA. Enhancing the productivity of ryegrass at elevated CO2 is dependent on tillering and leaf area development rather than leaf-level photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1962-1977. [PMID: 33315099 PMCID: PMC7921301 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Whilst a range of strategies have been proposed for enhancing crop productivity, many recent studies have focused primarily on enhancing leaf photosynthesis under current atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Given that the atmospheric CO2 concentration is likely to increase significantly in the foreseeable future, an alternative/complementary strategy might be to exploit any variability in the enhancement of growth/yield and photosynthesis at higher CO2 concentrations. To explore this, we investigated the responses of a diverse range of wild and cultivated ryegrass genotypes, with contrasting geographical origins, to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations and examined what genetically tractable plant trait(s) might be targeted by plant breeders for future yield enhancements. We found substantial ~7-fold intraspecific variations in biomass productivity among the different genotypes at both CO2 levels, which were related primarily to differences in tillering/leaf area, with only small differences due to leaf photosynthesis. Interestingly, the ranking of genotypes in terms of their response to both CO2 concentrations was similar. However, as expected, estimates of whole-plant photosynthesis were strongly correlated with plant productivity. Our results suggest that greater yield gains under elevated CO2 are likely through the exploitation of genetic differences in tillering and leaf area rather than focusing solely on improving leaf photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Yiotis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer C McElwain
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce A Osborne
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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217
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Suganami M, Suzuki Y, Tazoe Y, Yamori W, Makino A. Co-overproducing Rubisco and Rubisco activase enhances photosynthesis in the optimal temperature range in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:108-119. [PMID: 33631807 PMCID: PMC8133551 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco limits C3 photosynthesis under some conditions and is therefore a potential target for improving photosynthetic efficiency. The overproduction of Rubisco is often accompanied by a decline in Rubisco activation, and the protein ratio of Rubisco activase (RCA) to Rubisco (RCA/Rubisco) greatly decreases in Rubisco-overproducing plants (RBCS-ox). Here, we produced transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants co-overproducing both Rubisco and RCA (RBCS-RCA-ox). Rubisco content in RBCS-RCA-ox plants increased by 23%-44%, and RCA/Rubisco levels were similar or higher than those of wild-type plants. However, although the activation state of Rubisco in RBCS-RCA-ox plants was enhanced, the rates of CO2 assimilation at 25°C in RBCS-RCA-ox plants did not differ from that of wild-type plants. Alternatively, at a moderately high temperature (optimal range of 32°C-36°C), the rates of CO2 assimilation in RBCS-ox and RBCS-RCA-ox plants were higher than in wild-type plants under conditions equal to or lower than current atmospheric CO2 levels. The activation state of Rubisco in RBCS-RCA-ox remained higher than that of RBCS-ox plants, and activated Rubisco content in RCA overproducing, RBCS-ox, RBCS-RCA-ox, and wild-type plants was highly correlated with the initial slope of CO2 assimilation against intercellular CO2 pressures (A:Ci) at 36°C. Thus, a simultaneous increase in Rubisco and RCA contents leads to enhanced photosynthesis within the optimal temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Suganami
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Youshi Tazoe
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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218
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Vickers CJ, Fraga D, Patrick WM. Quantifying the taxonomic bias in enzymology. Protein Sci 2021; 30:914-921. [PMID: 33583070 PMCID: PMC7980516 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing biotechnological revolution is rooted in our knowledge of enzymes. However, metagenomics is showing how little we know about Earth's enzyme repertoire. Deep sequencing has revolutionized our view of the tree of life. The genomes of newly‐discovered organisms are replete with novel sequences, emphasizing the trove of enzyme structures and functions waiting to be explored by biochemists. Here, we sought to draw attention to the vastness of the “enzymatic dark matter” within the tree of life by placing enzymological knowledge in the context of phylogeny. We used kinetic parameters from the BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase (BRENDA) as our proxy for enzymological knowledge. Mapping 12,677 BRENDA entries onto the phylogenetic tree revealed that 55% of these data were from eukaryotes, even though they are the least diverse part of the tree. At the next taxonomic level, only four of 18 archaeal phyla and 24 of 111 bacterial phyla are represented in the BRENDA dataset. One phylum, the Proteobacteria, accounts for over half of all bacterial entries. Similarly, the supergroup Amorphea, which includes animals and fungi, contains over half the data on eukaryotes. Many major taxonomic groups are notable for their complete absence from BRENDA, including the ultra‐diverse bacterial Candidate Phyla Radiation. At the species level, five mammals (including human) contribute 15% of BRENDA entries. The taxonomic bias in enzymology is strong, but in the era of gene synthesis we now have the tools to address it. Doing so promises to enrich our biochemical understanding of life and uncover powerful new biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Vickers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dean Fraga
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Wayne M Patrick
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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219
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Slattery RA, Ort DR. Perspectives on improving light distribution and light use efficiency in crop canopies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:34-48. [PMID: 33631812 PMCID: PMC8133579 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant stands in nature differ markedly from most seen in modern agriculture. In a dense mixed stand, plants must vie for resources, including light, for greater survival and fitness. Competitive advantages over surrounding plants improve fitness of the individual, thus maintaining the competitive traits in the gene pool. In contrast, monoculture crop production strives to increase output at the stand level and thus benefits from cooperation to increase yield of the community. In choosing plants with higher yields to propagate and grow for food, humans may have inadvertently selected the best competitors rather than the best cooperators. Here, we discuss how this selection for competitiveness has led to overinvestment in characteristics that increase light interception and, consequently, sub-optimal light use efficiency in crop fields that constrains yield improvement. Decades of crop canopy modeling research have provided potential strategies for improving light distribution in crop canopies, and we review the current progress of these strategies, including balancing light distribution through reducing pigment concentration. Based on recent research revealing red-shifted photosynthetic pigments in algae and photosynthetic bacteria, we also discuss potential strategies for optimizing light interception and use through introducing alternative pigment types in crops. These strategies for improving light distribution and expanding the wavelengths of light beyond those traditionally defined for photosynthesis in plant canopies may have large implications for improving crop yield and closing the yield gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology & Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Author for communication:
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220
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221
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Fu P, Meacham-Hensold K, Siebers MH, Bernacchi CJ. The inverse relationship between solar-induced fluorescence yield and photosynthetic capacity: benefits for field phenotyping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1295-1306. [PMID: 33340310 PMCID: PMC7904154 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis is considered a promising way to increase crop yield to feed a growing population. Realizing this goal requires non-destructive techniques to quantify photosynthetic variation among crop cultivars. Despite existing remote sensing-based approaches, it remains a question whether solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) can facilitate screening crop cultivars of improved photosynthetic capacity in plant breeding trials. Here we tested a hypothesis that SIF yield rather than SIF had a better relationship with the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax). Time-synchronized hyperspectral images and irradiance spectra of sunlight under clear-sky conditions were combined to estimate SIF and SIF yield, which were then correlated with ground-truth Vcmax and Jmax. With observations binned over time (i.e. group 1: 6, 7, and 12 July 2017; group 2: 31 July and 18 August 2017; and group 3: 24 and 25 July 2018), SIF yield showed a stronger negative relationship, compared with SIF, with photosynthetic variables. Using SIF yield for Jmax (Vcmax) predictions, the regression analysis exhibited an R2 of 0.62 (0.71) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 11.88 (46.86) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 1, an R2 of 0.85 (0.72) and RMSE of 13.51 (49.32) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 2, and an R2 of 0.92 (0.87) and RMSE of 15.23 (30.29) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 3. The combined use of hyperspectral images and irradiance measurements provides an alternative yet promising approach to characterization of photosynthetic parameters at plot level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Meacham-Hensold
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew H Siebers
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carl J Bernacchi
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
- Correspondence:
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222
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Synthetic Biology Approaches To Enhance Microalgal Productivity. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1019-1036. [PMID: 33541719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major bottleneck in commercializing biofuels and other commodities produced by microalgae is the high cost associated with phototrophic cultivation. Improving microalgal productivities could be a solution to this problem. Synthetic biology methods have recently been used to engineer the downstream production pathways in several microalgal strains. However, engineering upstream photosynthetic and carbon fixation metabolism to enhance growth, productivity, and yield has barely been explored in microalgae. We describe strategies to improve the generation of reducing power from light, as well as to improve the assimilation of CO2 by either the native Calvin cycle or synthetic alternatives. Overall, we are optimistic that recent technological advances will prompt long-awaited breakthroughs in microalgal research.
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223
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Harman GE, Doni F, Khadka RB, Uphoff N. Endophytic strains of Trichoderma increase plants' photosynthetic capability. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 130:529-546. [PMID: 31271695 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The world faces two enormous challenges that can be met, at least in part and at low cost, by making certain changes in agricultural practices. There is need to produce enough food and fibre for a growing population in the face of adverse climatic trends, and to remove greenhouse gases to avert the worst consequences of global climate change. Improving photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants can help meet both challenges. Fortuitously, when crop plants' roots are colonized by certain root endophytic fungi in the genus Trichoderma, this induces up-regulation of genes and pigments that improve the plants' photosynthesis. Plants under physiological or environmental stress suffer losses in their photosynthetic capability through damage to photosystems and other cellular processes caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). But certain Trichoderma strains activate biochemical pathways that reduce ROS to less harmful molecules. This and other mechanisms described here make plants more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. The net effect of these fungi's residence in plants is to induce greater shoot and root growth, increasing crop yields, which will raise future food production. Furthermore, if photosynthesis rates are increased, more CO2 will be extracted from the atmosphere, and enhanced plant root growth means that more sequestered C will be transferred to roots and stored in the soil. Reductions in global greenhouse gas levels can be accelerated by giving incentives for climate-friendly carbon farming and carbon cap-and-trade programmes that reward practices transferring carbon from the atmosphere into the soil, also enhancing soil fertility and agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Doni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R B Khadka
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - N Uphoff
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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224
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Liang Y, Wang J, Zeng F, Wang Q, Zhu L, Li H, Guo N, Chen H. Photorespiration Regulates Carbon-Nitrogen Metabolism by Magnesium Chelatase D Subunit in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:112-125. [PMID: 33353295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growth and development of plants are dependent on the interaction between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Essential information about the metabolic regulation of carbon-nitrogen metabolism is still lacking, such as possible interactions among nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, and photorespiration. This study shows that higher photorespiration consumes more CO2 fixed by photosynthesis, making the high photosynthetic efficiency mutant fail to increase production. In order to clarify the effects of photosynthesis and photorespiration on carbon and nitrogen metabolism in high photosynthetic efficiency mutant, a yellow-green leaf mutant (ygl53) was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L.). Its chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased, but chloroplast development was not affected. Genetic analysis demonstrated that YGL53 encodes the magnesium chelatase D subunit (ChlD). The ygl53 mutant showed an increased net assimilation rate (An) and electron transport flux efficiency and catalase (CAT) activity, and it also had a higher photorespiration rate (Pr), lower H2O2, and reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE); however, there was no loss in yield. The higher activities of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) ensure the α-ketoglutaric acid (2-OG) and ammonia (NH3) availabilities, which are produced from photorespiration in the ygl53 mutant. These have an important function for carbon and nitrogen metabolism homeostasis in ygl53. Further analysis indicated that the energy and substances derived from carbon metabolism supplemented nitrogen metabolism in the form of photorespiration to ensure its normal development when the An of photosynthesis was increased in the ygl53 mutant with reduced NUpE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinpei Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Faliang Zeng
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Naihui Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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225
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Zhou J, Chen S, Shi W, David-Schwartz R, Li S, Yang F, Lin Z. Transcriptome profiling reveals the effects of drought tolerance in Giant Juncao. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33390157 PMCID: PMC7780708 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant Juncao is often used as feed for livestock because of its huge biomass. However, drought stress reduces forage production by affecting the normal growth and development of plants. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance will provide important information for the improvement of drought tolerance in this grass. RESULTS A total of 144.96 Gb of clean data was generated and assembled into 144,806 transcripts and 93,907 unigenes. After 7 and 14 days of drought stress, a total of 16,726 and 46,492 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed, respectively. Compared with normal irrigation, 16,247, 23,503, and 11,598 DEGs were observed in 1, 5, and 9 days following rehydration, respectively. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed abiotic stress-responsive genes and pathways related to catalytic activity, methyltransferase activity, transferase activity, and superoxide metabolic process. We also identified transcription factors belonging to several families, including basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), WRKY, NAM (no apical meristem), ATAF1/2 and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon) (NAC), fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR1), B3, myeloblastosis (MYB)-related, and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) families, which are important drought-rehydration-responsive proteins. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was also used to analyze the RNA-seq data to predict the interrelationship between genes. Twenty modules were obtained, and four of these modules may be involved in photosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction that respond to drought and rehydration conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our research is the first to provide a more comprehensive understanding of DEGs involved in drought stress at the transcriptome level in Giant Juncao with different drought and recovery conditions. These results may reveal insights into the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in Giant Juncao and provide diverse genetic resources involved in drought tolerance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Juncao, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Siqi Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenjiao Shi
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agriculture Research Organization, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sutao Li
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fulin Yang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanxi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Juncao, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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226
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Anderson JA, Herman RA, Carlson A, Mathesius C, Maxwell C, Mirsky H, Roper J, Smith B, Walker C, Wu J. Hypothesis-based food, feed, and environmental safety assessment of GM crops: A case study using maize event DP-202216-6. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:282-291. [PMID: 33472515 PMCID: PMC7833765 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1869492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Event DP-2Ø2216-6 (referred to as DP202216 maize) was genetically modified to increase and extend the expression of the introduced zmm28 gene relative to endogenous zmm28 gene expression, resulting in plants with enhanced grain yield potential. The zmm28 gene expresses the ZMM28 protein, a MADS-box transcription factor. The safety assessment of DP202216 maize included an assessment of the potential hazard of the ZMM28 protein, as well as an assessment of potential unintended effects of the genetic insertion on agronomics, composition, and nutrition. The history of safe use (HOSU) of the ZMM28 protein was evaluated and a bioinformatics approach was used to compare the deduced amino acid sequence of the ZMM28 protein to databases of known allergens and toxins. Based on HOSU and the bioinformatics assessment, the ZMM28 protein was determined to be unlikely to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. The composition of DP202216 maize forage and grain was comparable to non-modified forage and grain, with no unintended effects on nutrition or food and feed safety. Additionally, feeding studies with broiler chickens and rats demonstrated a low likelihood of unintentional alterations in nutrition and low potential for adverse effects. Furthermore, the agronomics observed for DP202216 maize and non-modified maize were comparable, indicating that the likelihood of increased weediness or invasiveness of DP202216 maize in the environment is low. This comprehensive review serves as a reference for regulatory agencies and decision-makers in countries where authorization of DP202216 maize will be pursued, and for others interested in food, feed, and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingrui Wu
- Corteva Agriscience™, Johnston, Iowa, USA
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227
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Swift TA, Fagan D, Benito-Alifonso D, Hill SA, Yallop ML, Oliver TAA, Lawson T, Galan MC, Whitney HM. Photosynthesis and crop productivity are enhanced by glucose-functionalised carbon dots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:783-790. [PMID: 32813888 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
From global food security to textile production and biofuels, the demands currently made on plant photosynthetic productivity will continue to increase. Enhancing photosynthesis using designer, green and sustainable materials offers an attractive alternative to current genetic-based strategies and promising work with nanomaterials has recently started to emerge. Here we describe the in planta use of carbon-based nanoparticles produced by low-cost renewable routes that are bioavailable to mature plants. Uptake of these functionalised nanoparticles directly from the soil improves photosynthesis and also increases crop production. We show for the first time that glucose functionalisation enhances nanoparticle uptake, photoprotection and pigment production, unlocking enhanced yields. This was demonstrated in Triticum aestivum 'Apogee' (dwarf bread wheat) and resulted in an 18% increase in grain yield. This establishes the viability of a functional nanomaterial to augment photosynthesis as a route to increased crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Swift
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Daniel Fagan
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Marian L Yallop
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Heather M Whitney
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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228
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Wang L, Wang X, Han X, Gao Y, Liu B, Zhang X, Wang G. Potamogeton crispus responses to varying water depth in morphological plasticity and physiological traits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4253-4261. [PMID: 32939652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submerged macrophytes, important primary producers in shallow lakes, play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem structure and function. By altering a series of environmental factors, especially light intensity, water depth has great influences on growth of submerged macrophytes. Here, by hanging pots statically at water depths of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, and 220 cm, respectively, we investigated effects of water depths on morphological plasticity and physiological traits of Potamogeton crispus. At 40 and 60 cm water depths versus other water depths, P. crispus showed lower plant height, larger stem diameter, thicker leaves, and smaller leaf area, leaf length, and specific leaf area. With water depth increasing, the plant height, leaf area, and leaf length gradually increased until 160 cm water depth, while the stem diameter and leaf thickness gradually decreased until 200 cm water depth. In comparison, the plant height, leaf length, and leaf number significantly decreased when the water depth further increased to 180-220 cm. The leaves contained lower concentrations of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase at 100-160 cm water depth, and lower catalase concentrations at 40-140 cm water depth, especially at 80-100 cm. In shallow waters, the concentration of chlorophyll a and b in leaves were both lower, while the ratio of chlorophyll a to b was relatively higher. As the water depth of 40-220 cm, the chlorophyll a and b concentrations increased significantly with increasing water depth, while their ratio gradually decreased. The present study provides new insights into the adaptation strategies of submerged macrophytes to the variation in water levels, and our findings are beneficial for ecosystem construction and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaohui Han
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Baogui Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinhou Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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229
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Zeng F, Wang G, Liang Y, Guo N, Zhu L, Wang Q, Chen H, Ma D, Wang J. Disentangling the photosynthesis performance in japonica rice during natural leaf senescence using OJIP fluorescence transient analysis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:206-217. [PMID: 33099327 DOI: 10.1071/fp20104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice undergoes leaf senescence accompanied with grain filling when the plants reach the end of their temporal niche, and a delay in leaf senescence ultimately improves the yield and quality of grain. To estimate the decline in photosynthesis during leaf senescence and to find an efficient and useful tool to identify rice genotypes with a longer duration of active photosynthesis, we examined PSII photosynthetic activity in the flag leaves of japonica rice Shennong265 (SN265) and Beigeng3 (BG3) during leaf senescence using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics. The results show that inhibition occurred in the electron transport chains, but the energetic connectivity of PSII units was not affected as dramatically during leaf senescence. PSII reaction centres (RCs) were transformed into 'silent RCs,' and the chlorophyll content decreased during leaf senescence. However the size of the 'economic' antennae increased. Further, the percentage of variation of the specific energy flux parameters can rationally be used to indicate leaf senescence from the perspective of energy balance. Although the performance indices were more sensitive than other functional and structural JIP-test parameters, they still did not serve as an indicator of crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faliang Zeng
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Guojiao Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Yinpei Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Naihui Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dianrong Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
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Yang X, Medford JI, Markel K, Shih PM, De Paoli HC, Trinh CT, McCormick AJ, Ployet R, Hussey SG, Myburg AA, Jensen PE, Hassan MM, Zhang J, Muchero W, Kalluri UC, Yin H, Zhuo R, Abraham PE, Chen JG, Weston DJ, Yang Y, Liu D, Li Y, Labbe J, Yang B, Lee JH, Cottingham RW, Martin S, Lu M, Tschaplinski TJ, Yuan G, Lu H, Ranjan P, Mitchell JC, Wullschleger SD, Tuskan GA. Plant Biosystems Design Research Roadmap 1.0. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2020; 2020:8051764. [PMID: 37849899 PMCID: PMC10521729 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8051764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human life intimately depends on plants for food, biomaterials, health, energy, and a sustainable environment. Various plants have been genetically improved mostly through breeding, along with limited modification via genetic engineering, yet they are still not able to meet the ever-increasing needs, in terms of both quantity and quality, resulting from the rapid increase in world population and expected standards of living. A step change that may address these challenges would be to expand the potential of plants using biosystems design approaches. This represents a shift in plant science research from relatively simple trial-and-error approaches to innovative strategies based on predictive models of biological systems. Plant biosystems design seeks to accelerate plant genetic improvement using genome editing and genetic circuit engineering or create novel plant systems through de novo synthesis of plant genomes. From this perspective, we present a comprehensive roadmap of plant biosystems design covering theories, principles, and technical methods, along with potential applications in basic and applied plant biology research. We highlight current challenges, future opportunities, and research priorities, along with a framework for international collaboration, towards rapid advancement of this emerging interdisciplinary area of research. Finally, we discuss the importance of social responsibility in utilizing plant biosystems design and suggest strategies for improving public perception, trust, and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - June I. Medford
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kasey Markel
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Henrique C. De Paoli
- Department of Biodesign, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cong T. Trinh
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Alistair J. McCormick
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Raphael Ployet
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Steven G. Hussey
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1858, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Md Mahmudul Hassan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Udaya C. Kalluri
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Paul E. Abraham
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David J. Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yinong Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology and the Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Degao Liu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Precision Plant Genomics and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jessy Labbe
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Stanton Martin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Haiwei Lu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Julie C. Mitchell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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231
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Mantilla-Perez MB, Bao Y, Tang L, Schnable PS, Salas-Fernandez MG. Toward "Smart Canopy" Sorghum: Discovery of the Genetic Control of Leaf Angle Across Layers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1927-1940. [PMID: 33093232 PMCID: PMC7723111 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A "smart canopy" ideotype has been proposed with leaves being upright at the top and more horizontal toward the bottom of the plant to maximize light interception and conversion efficiencies, and thus increasing yield. The genetic control of leaf angle has, to date, been studied on one or two leaves, or data have been merged from multiple leaves to generate average values. This approach has limited our understanding of the diversity of leaf angles across layers and their genetic control. Genome-wide association studies and quantitative trait loci mapping studies in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were performed using layer-specific angle data collected manually and via high-throughput phenotyping strategies. The observed distribution of angles in indoor and field settings is opposite to the ideotype. Several genomic regions were associated with leaf angle within layers or across the canopy. The expression of the brassinosteroid-related transcription factor BZR1/BES1 and the auxin-transporter Dwarf3 were found to be highly correlated with the distribution of angles at different layers. The application of a brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor could not revert the undesirable overall angle distribution. These discoveries demonstrate that the exploitation of layer-specific quantitative trait loci/genes will be instrumental to reversing the natural angle distribution in sorghum according to the "smart canopy" ideotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin Bao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Lie Tang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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232
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Vayenos D, Romanos GE, Papageorgiou GC, Stamatakis K. Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942: a cyanobacterium cell factory for producing useful chemicals and fuels under abiotic stress conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 146:235-245. [PMID: 32301003 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, a compatible osmolyte in cyanobacteria, functions both as an energy reserve and as osmoprotectant. Sugars are the most common substrates used by microorganisms to produce hydrogen (H2) by means of anaerobic dark fermentation. Cells of the unicellular, non-nitrogen fixing, freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 accumulate sucrose under salt stress. In the present work, we used this cyanobacterium and a genetically engineered strain of it (known as PAMCOD) to investigate the optimal conditions for (a) photosynthetic activity, (b) cell proliferation and (c) sucrose accumulation, which are necessary for H2 production via anaerobic dark fermentation of the accumulated sucrose. PAMCOD (Deshnium et al. in Plant Mol Biol 29:897-902, 1995) contains the gene codA that codes for choline oxidase, the enzyme which converts choline to the zwitterion glycine betaine. Glycine betaine is a compatible osmolyte which increases the salt tolerance of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. Furthermore, glycine betaine maintains cell proliferation under salt stress and results in increased sucrose accumulation. In the present study, we examine the environmental factors, such as the NaCl concentration, the culture medium pH, and the carbon dioxide content of the air bubbled through it. At optimal conditions, sucrose accumulated in the cyanobacteria cells up to 13.5 mol per mole Chl a. Overall, genetically engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 produces sucrose in sufficient quantities such that it may be a viable alternative (a) to sucrose synthesis, and (b) to H2 formation via anaerobic dark fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vayenos
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece
| | - George Em Romanos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece
| | - George C Papageorgiou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatakis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece.
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233
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Zhen S, Bugbee B. Steady-state stomatal responses of C 3 and C 4 species to blue light fraction: Interactions with CO 2 concentration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1259-1272. [PMID: 32929764 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Blue light induced stomatal opening has been studied by applying a short pulse (~5 to 60 s) of blue light to a background of saturating photosynthetic red photons, but little is known about steady-state stomatal responses. Here we report stomatal responses to blue light at high and low CO2 concentrations. Steady-state stomatal conductance (gs ) of C3 plants increased asymptotically with increasing blue light to a maximum at 20% blue (120 μmol m-2 s-1 ). This response was consistent from 200 to 800 μmol mol-1 atmospheric CO2 (Ca ). In contrast, blue light induced only a transient stomatal opening (~5 min) in C4 species above a Ca of 400 μmol mol-1 . Steady-state gs of C4 plants generally decreased with increasing blue intensity. The net photosynthetic rate of all species decreased above 20% blue because blue photons have lower quantum yield (moles carbon fixed per mole photons absorbed) than red photons. Our findings indicate that photosynthesis, rather than a blue light signal, plays a dominant role in stomatal regulation in C4 species. Additionally, we found that blue light affected only stomata on the illuminated side of the leaf. Contrary to widely held belief, the blue light-induced stomatal opening minimally enhanced photosynthesis and consistently decreased water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhen
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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234
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Khurshid G, Abbassi AZ, Khalid MF, Gondal MN, Naqvi TA, Shah MM, Chaudhary SU, Ahmad R. A cyanobacterial photorespiratory bypass model to enhance photosynthesis by rerouting photorespiratory pathway in C 3 plants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20879. [PMID: 33257792 PMCID: PMC7705653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants employ photosynthesis to produce sugars for supporting their growth. During photosynthesis, an enzyme Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) combines its substrate Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (RuBP) with CO2 to produce phosphoglycerate (PGA). Alongside, Rubisco also takes up O2 and produce 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG), a toxic compound broken down into PGA through photorespiration. Photorespiration is not only a resource-demanding process but also results in CO2 loss which affects photosynthetic efficiency in C3 plants. Here, we propose to circumvent photorespiration by adopting the cyanobacterial glycolate decarboxylation pathway into C3 plants. For that, we have integrated the cyanobacterial glycolate decarboxylation pathway into a kinetic model of C3 photosynthetic pathway to evaluate its impact on photosynthesis and photorespiration. Our results show that the cyanobacterial glycolate decarboxylation bypass model exhibits a 10% increase in net photosynthetic rate (A) in comparison with C3 model. Moreover, an increased supply of intercellular CO2 (Ci) from the bypass resulted in a 54.8% increase in PGA while reducing photorespiratory intermediates including glycolate (- 49%) and serine (- 32%). The bypass model, at default conditions, also elucidated a decline in phosphate-based metabolites including RuBP (- 61.3%). The C3 model at elevated level of inorganic phosphate (Pi), exhibited a significant change in RuBP (+ 355%) and PGA (- 98%) which is attributable to the low availability of Ci. Whereas, at elevated Pi, the bypass model exhibited an increase of 73.1% and 33.9% in PGA and RuBP, respectively. Therefore, we deduce a synergistic effect of elevation in CO2 and Pi pool on photosynthesis. We also evaluated the integrative action of CO2, Pi, and Rubisco carboxylation activity (Vcmax) on A and observed that their simultaneous increase raised A by 26%, in the bypass model. Taken together, the study potentiates engineering of cyanobacterial decarboxylation pathway in C3 plants to bypass photorespiration thereby increasing the overall efficiency of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Khurshid
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- Biomedical Informatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anum Zeb Abbassi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farhan Khalid
- Biomedical Informatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Naseer Gondal
- Biomedical Informatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tatheer Alam Naqvi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Maroof Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Safee Ullah Chaudhary
- Biomedical Informatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Raza Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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235
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Taylor SH, Orr DJ, Carmo-Silva E, Long SP. During photosynthetic induction, biochemical and stomatal limitations differ between Brassica crops. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2623-2636. [PMID: 32740963 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interventions to increase crop radiation use efficiency rely on understanding of how biochemical and stomatal limitations affect photosynthesis. When leaves transition from shade to high light, slow increases in maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate and stomatal conductance limit net CO2 assimilation for several minutes. However, as stomata open intercellular [CO2 ] increases, so electron transport rate could also become limiting. Photosynthetic limitations were evaluated in three important Brassica crops: Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus. Measurements of induction after a period of shade showed that net CO2 assimilation by B. rapa and B. napus saturated by 10 min. A new method of analyzing limitations to induction by varying intercellular [CO2 ] showed this was due to co-limitation by Rubisco and electron transport. By contrast, in B. oleracea persistent Rubisco limitation meant that CO2 assimilation was still recovering 15 min after induction. Correspondingly, B. oleracea had the lowest Rubisco total activity. The methodology developed, and its application here, shows a means to identify the basis of variation in photosynthetic efficiency in fluctuating light, which could be exploited in breeding and bioengineering to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Douglas J Orr
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Stephen P Long
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Departments of Plant Biology and of Crop Sciences, Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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236
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Feiz L, Strickler SR, van Eck J, Mao L, Movahed N, Taylor C, Gourabathini P, Fei Z, Stern DB. Setaria viridis chlorotic and seedling-lethal mutants define critical functions for chloroplast gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:917-931. [PMID: 32812296 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep insights into chloroplast biogenesis have been obtained by mutant analysis; however, in C4 plants a relevant mutant collection has only been developed and exploited for maize. Here, we report the initial characterization of an ethyl methyl sulfonate-induced mutant population for the C4 model Setaria viridis. Approximately 1000 M2 families were screened for the segregation of pale-green seedlings in the M3 generation, and a subset of these was identified to be deficient in post-transcriptional steps of chloroplast gene expression. Causative mutations were identified for three lines using deep sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis, and in one case confirmed by transgenic complementation. Using chloroplast RNA-sequencing and other molecular assays, we describe phenotypes of mutants deficient in PSRP7, a plastid-specific ribosomal protein, OTP86, an RNA editing factor, and cpPNP, the chloroplast isozyme of polynucleotide phosphorylase. The psrp mutant is globally defective in chloroplast translation, and has varying deficiencies in the accumulation of chloroplast-encoded proteins. The otp86 mutant, like its Arabidopsis counterpart, is specifically defective in editing of the rps14 mRNA; however, the conditional pale-green mutant phenotype contrasts with the normal growth of the Arabidopsis mutant. The pnp mutant exhibited multiple defects in 3' end maturation as well as other qualitative changes in the chloroplast RNA population. Overall, our collection opens the door to global analysis of photosynthesis and early seedling development in an emerging C4 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Feiz
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | | | - Joyce van Eck
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Linyong Mao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Navid Movahed
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Q² Solutions, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Caroline Taylor
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Lansing High School, Lansing, New York, 14882, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, New York, 14850, USA
| | | | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - David B Stern
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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237
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Pignon CP, Long SP. Retrospective analysis of biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in 49 species: C 4 crops appear still adapted to pre-industrial atmospheric [CO 2 ]. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2606-2622. [PMID: 32743797 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf CO2 uptake (A) in C4 photosynthesis is limited by the maximum apparent rate of PEPc carboxylation (Vpmax ) at low intercellular [CO2 ] (ci ) with a sharp transition to a ci -saturated rate (Vmax ) due to co-limitation by ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and regeneration of PEP. The response of A to ci has been widely used to determine these two parameters. Vmax and Vpmax depend on different enzymes but draw on a shared pool of leaf resources, such that resource distribution is optimized, and A maximized, when Vmax and Vpmax are co-limiting. We collected published A/ci curves in 49 C4 species and assessed variation in photosynthetic traits between phylogenetic groups, and as a function of atmospheric [CO2 ]. The balance of Vmax -Vpmax varied among evolutionary lineages and C4 subtypes. Operating A was strongly Vmax -limited, such that re-allocation of resources from Vpmax towards Vmax was predicted to improve A by 12% in C4 crops. This would not require additional inputs but rather altered partitioning of existing leaf nutrients, resulting in increased water and nutrient-use efficiency. Optimal partitioning was achieved only in plants grown at pre-industrial atmospheric [CO2 ], suggesting C4 crops have not adjusted to the rapid increase in atmospheric [CO2 ] of the past few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Pignon
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, UK
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238
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Bhatta BP, Malla S. Improving Horticultural Crops via CRISPR/Cas9: Current Successes and Prospects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1360. [PMID: 33066510 PMCID: PMC7602190 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Horticultural crops include a diverse array of crops comprising fruits, vegetables, nuts, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants. They provide nutritional, medicinal, and aesthetic benefits to mankind. However, these crops undergo many biotic (e.g., diseases, pests) and abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salinity). Conventional breeding strategies to improve traits in crops involve the use of a series of backcrossing and selection for introgression of a beneficial trait into elite germplasm, which is time and resource consuming. Recent new plant breeding tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) /CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) technique have the potential to be rapid, cost-effective, and precise tools for crop improvement. In this review article, we explore the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, its history, classification, general applications, specific uses in horticultural crops, challenges, existing resources, associated regulatory aspects, and the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bed Prakash Bhatta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA
| | - Subas Malla
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA
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239
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Leaf Transcriptome and Weight Gene Co-expression Network Analysis Uncovers Genes Associated with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Camellia oleifera. Biochem Genet 2020; 59:398-421. [PMID: 33040171 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera Abel. (C. oleifera) as an important economic tree species in China has drawn growing attention because of its highly commercial, medic, cosmetic, and ornamental value. To deepen our understanding about the photosynthetic characters during the whole developmental stage as well as the molecular basis of photosynthesis, a comparative analysis of the leaf transcriptome of two C. oleifera cultivars, 'Guoyou No.13' (GY13) and 'Xianglin No.82' (XL82), with different photosynthetic characteristics from May to September has been conducted. In this study, a group of genes related to photosynthesis, hormone regulation, circadian clock and transcription factor, involved in the photosynthetic advantage. Photosynthetic parameters from May to September of these two cultivars provided evidence supporting photosynthetic advantage of GY13 compared to XL82. In addition, expression levels of 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). To screen gene clusters and hub genes that might directly regulated the photosynthetic differences between cultivars, a Weight Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted. Three co-expression network (module) and top ten connected genes (hub genes) were identified that might play crucial role in the regulatory network of photosynthesis. The results not only showed multiple functional genes that might involve in the differences of photosynthetic characteristics between cultivars, but also provide some evidences for the heat tolerance might be an important character which helps GY13 kept higher photosynthetic parameters than XL82 during the developmental stage. In summary, our transcriptomic approach together with RT-PCR tests allowed us to expand our understanding of the characters of C. oleifera cultivars with different photosynthetic efficiency during the developmental stage and to further exploring new candidate genes involve in high photosynthetic efficiency in molecular-assisted breeding program of C. oleifera.
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240
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Krzeszowiec W, Novokreshchenova M, Gabryś H. Chloroplasts in C3 grasses move in response to blue-light. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1331-1343. [PMID: 32661816 PMCID: PMC7497455 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Brachypodium distachyon is a good model for studying chloropla st movements in the crop plants, wheat, rye and barley. The movements are activated only by blue light, similar to Arabidopsis. Chloroplast translocations are ubiquitous in photosynthetic organisms. On the one hand, they serve to optimize energy capture under limiting light, on the other hand, they minimize potential photodamage to the photosynthetic apparatus in excess light. In higher plants chloroplast movements are mediated by phototropins (phots), blue light receptors that also control other light acclimation responses. So far, Arabidopsis thaliana has been the main model for studying the mechanism of blue light signaling to chloroplast translocations in terrestrial plants. Here, we propose Brachypodium distachyon as a model in research into chloroplast movements in C3 cereals. Brachypodium chloroplasts respond to light in a similar way to those in Arabidopsis. The amino acid sequence of Brachypodium PHOT1 is 79.3% identical, and that of PHOT2 is 73.6% identical to the sequence of the corresponding phototropin in Arabidopsis. Both phototropin1 and 2 are expressed in Brachypodium, as shown using quantitative real-time PCR. Intriguingly, the light-expression pattern of BradiPHOT1 and BradiPHOT2 is the opposite of that for Arabidopsis phototropins, suggesting potential unique light signaling in C3 grasses. To investigate if Brachypodium is a good model for studying grass chloroplast movements we analyzed these movements in the leaves of three C3 crop grasses, namely wheat, rye and barley. Similarly to Brachypodium, chloroplasts only respond to blue light in all these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Krzeszowiec
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Novokreshchenova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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241
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Croce R, van Amerongen H. Light harvesting in oxygenic photosynthesis: Structural biology meets spectroscopy. Science 2020; 369:369/6506/eaay2058. [PMID: 32820091 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is the main process that drives life on earth. It starts with the harvesting of solar photons that, after transformation into electronic excitations, lead to charge separation in the reaction centers of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII). These photosystems are large, modular pigment-protein complexes that work in series to fuel the formation of carbohydrates, concomitantly producing molecular oxygen. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have enabled the determination of PSI and PSII structures in complex with light-harvesting components called "supercomplexes" from different organisms at near-atomic resolution. Here, we review the structural and spectroscopic aspects of PSI and PSII from plants and algae that directly relate to their light-harvesting properties, with special attention paid to the pathways and efficiency of excitation energy transfer and the regulatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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242
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Stirbet A, Lazár D, Guo Y, Govindjee G. Photosynthesis: basics, history and modelling. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:511-537. [PMID: 31641747 PMCID: PMC7489092 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With limited agricultural land and increasing human population, it is essential to enhance overall photosynthesis and thus productivity. Oxygenic photosynthesis begins with light absorption, followed by excitation energy transfer to the reaction centres, primary photochemistry, electron and proton transport, NADPH and ATP synthesis, and then CO2 fixation (Calvin-Benson cycle, as well as Hatch-Slack cycle). Here we cover some of the discoveries related to this process, such as the existence of two light reactions and two photosystems connected by an electron transport 'chain' (the Z-scheme), chemiosmotic hypothesis for ATP synthesis, water oxidation clock for oxygen evolution, steps for carbon fixation, and finally the diverse mechanisms of regulatory processes, such as 'state transitions' and 'non-photochemical quenching' of the excited state of chlorophyll a. SCOPE In this review, we emphasize that mathematical modelling is a highly valuable tool in understanding and making predictions regarding photosynthesis. Different mathematical models have been used to examine current theories on diverse photosynthetic processes; these have been validated through simulation(s) of available experimental data, such as chlorophyll a fluorescence induction, measured with fluorometers using continuous (or modulated) exciting light, and absorbance changes at 820 nm (ΔA820) related to redox changes in P700, the reaction centre of photosystem I. CONCLUSIONS We highlight here the important role of modelling in deciphering and untangling complex photosynthesis processes taking place simultaneously, as well as in predicting possible ways to obtain higher biomass and productivity in plants, algae and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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243
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von Caemmerer S. Rubisco carboxylase/oxygenase: From the enzyme to the globe: A gas exchange perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153240. [PMID: 32707452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco is the primary carboxylase of the photosynthetic process, the most abundant enzyme in the biosphere, and also one of the best-characterized enzymes. Rubisco also functions as an oxygenase, a discovery made 50 years ago by Bill Ogren. Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is the first step of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle and leads to the assimilation of CO2, whereas the oxygenase activity necessitates the recycling of phosphoglycolate through the photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle with concomitant loss of CO2. Since the discovery of Rubisco's dual function, the biochemical properties of Rubisco have underpinned the mechanistic mathematical models of photosynthetic CO2 fixation which link Rubisco kinetic properties to gas exchange of leaves. This has allowed assessments of global CO2 exchange and predictions of how Rubisco has and will shape the environmental responses of crop and global photosynthesis in future climates. Rubisco's biochemical properties, including its slow catalytic turnover and poor affinity for CO2, constrain crop growth and therefore improving its activity and regulation and minimising photorespiration are key targets for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Caemmerer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia.
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244
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Moreno JC, Mi J, Agrawal S, Kössler S, Turečková V, Tarkowská D, Thiele W, Al-Babili S, Bock R, Schöttler MA. Expression of a carotenogenic gene allows faster biomass production by redesigning plant architecture and improving photosynthetic efficiency in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1967-1984. [PMID: 32623777 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Because carotenoids act as accessory pigments in photosynthesis, play a key photoprotective role and are of major nutritional importance, carotenogenesis has been a target for crop improvement. Although carotenoids are important precursors of phytohormones, previous genetic manipulations reported little if any effects on biomass production and plant development, but resulted in specific modifications in carotenoid content. Unexpectedly, the expression of the carrot lycopene β-cyclase (DcLCYB1) in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi not only resulted in increased carotenoid accumulation, but also in altered plant architecture characterized by longer internodes, faster plant growth, early flowering and increased biomass. Here, we have challenged these transformants with a range of growth conditions to determine the robustness of their phenotype and analyze the underlying mechanisms. Transgenic DcLCYB1 lines showed increased transcript levels of key genes involved in carotenoid, chlorophyll, gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, but also in photosynthesis-related genes. Accordingly, their carotenoid, chlorophyll, ABA and GA contents were increased. Hormone application and inhibitor experiments confirmed the key role of altered GA/ABA contents in the growth phenotype. Because the longer internodes reduce shading of mature leaves, induction of leaf senescence was delayed, and mature leaves maintained a high photosynthetic capacity. This increased total plant assimilation, as reflected in higher plant yields under both fully controlled constant and fluctuating light, and in non-controlled conditions. Furthermore, our data are a warning that engineering of isoprenoid metabolism can cause complex changes in phytohormone homeostasis and therefore plant development, which have not been sufficiently considered in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jianing Mi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Stella Kössler
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Thiele
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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245
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Yu Q, Tungsuchat-Huang T, Verma K, Radler MR, Maliga P. Independent translation of ORFs in dicistronic operons, synthetic building blocks for polycistronic chloroplast gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2318-2329. [PMID: 32497322 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We designed a dicistronic plastid marker system that relies on the plastid's ability to translate polycistronic mRNAs. The identification of transplastomic clones is based on selection for antibiotic resistance encoded in the first open reading frame (ORF) and accumulation of the reporter gene product in tobacco chloroplasts encoded in the second ORF. The antibiotic resistance gene may encode spectinomycin or kanamycin resistance based on the expression of aadA or neo genes, respectively. The reporter gene used in the study is the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The mRNA level depends on the 5'-untranslated region of the first ORF. The protein output depends on the strengths of the ribosome binding, and is proportional with the level of translatable mRNA. Because the dicistronic mRNA is not processed, we could show that protein output from the second ORF is independent from the first ORF. High-level GFP accumulation from the second ORF facilitates identification of transplastomic events under ultraviolet light. Expression of multiple proteins from an unprocessed mRNA is an experimental design that enables predictable protein output from polycistronic mRNAs, expanding the toolkit of plant synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Yu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | | | - Kanak Verma
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Megan R Radler
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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246
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Chitarra W, Nerva L. Photosynthetic Traits and Nitrogen Uptake in Crops: Which Is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1105. [PMID: 32867243 PMCID: PMC7570035 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that provide mineral nutrients to the host plant in exchange for carbon compounds. AM fungi positively affect several aspects of plant life, improving nutrition and leading to a better growth, stress tolerance, and disease resistance and they interact with most crop plants such as cereals, horticultural species, and fruit trees. For this reason, they receive expanding attention for the potential use in sustainable and climate-smart agriculture context. Although several positive effects have been reported on photosynthetic traits in host plants, showing improved performances under abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperature, the involved mechanisms are still to be fully discovered. In this review, some controversy aspects related to AM symbiosis and photosynthesis performances will be discussed, with a specific focus on nitrogen acquisition-mediated by AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Walter Chitarra
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, (CREA-VE), 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, (CREA-VE), 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
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247
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Wang R, Liu C, Li Q, Chen Z, Sun S, Wang X. Spatiotemporal Resolved Leaf Angle Establishment Improves Rice Grain Yield via Controlling Population Density. iScience 2020; 23:101489. [PMID: 32898833 PMCID: PMC7486458 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf angle is mainly determined by the lamina joint (LJ) and contributes to ideal crop architecture for high yield. Here, we dissected five successive stages with distinct cytological features of LJs spanning organogenesis to leaf angle formation and obtained the underlying stage-specific mRNAs and small RNAs, which well explained the cytological dynamics during LJ organogenesis and leaf angle plasticity. Combining the gene coexpression correlation with high-throughput promoter analysis, we identified a set of transcription factors (TFs) determining the stage- and/or cytological structure-specific profiles. The functional studies of these TFs demonstrated that cytological dynamics determined leaf angle and that the knockout rice of these TFs with erect leaves significantly enhanced yield by maintaining the proper tiller number under dense planting. This work revealed the high-resolution mechanisms of how the cytological dynamics of LJ determined leaf erectness and served as a valuable resource to remodel rice architecture for high yield by controlling population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongna Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qinzhong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhina Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Phosphoglycolate salvage in a chemolithoautotroph using the Calvin cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22452-22461. [PMID: 32820073 PMCID: PMC7486775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012288117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Calvin cycle is the most important carbon fixation pathway in the biosphere. However, its carboxylating enzyme Rubisco also accepts oxygen, thus producing 2-phosphoglycolate. Phosphoglycolate salvage pathways were extensively studied in photoautotrophs but remain uncharacterized in chemolithoautotrophs using the Calvin cycle. Here, we study phosphoglycolate salvage in the chemolithoautotrophic model bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16. We demonstrate that this bacterium mainly reassimilates 2-phosphoglycolate via the glycerate pathway. Upon disruption of this pathway, a secondary route, which we term the malate cycle, supports photorespiration by completely oxidizing 2-phosphoglycolate to CO2. While the malate cycle was not previously known to metabolize 2-phosphoglycolate in nature, a bioinformatic analysis suggests that it may support phosphoglycolate salvage in diverse chemoautotrophic bacteria. Carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle is constrained by the side activity of Rubisco with dioxygen, generating 2-phosphoglycolate. The metabolic recycling of phosphoglycolate was extensively studied in photoautotrophic organisms, including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, where it is referred to as photorespiration. While receiving little attention so far, aerobic chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that operate the Calvin cycle independent of light must also recycle phosphoglycolate. As the term photorespiration is inappropriate for describing phosphoglycolate recycling in these nonphotosynthetic autotrophs, we suggest the more general term “phosphoglycolate salvage.” Here, we study phosphoglycolate salvage in the model chemolithoautotroph Cupriavidus necator H16 (Ralstonia eutropha H16) by characterizing the proxy process of glycolate metabolism, performing comparative transcriptomics of autotrophic growth under low and high CO2 concentrations, and testing autotrophic growth phenotypes of gene deletion strains at ambient CO2. We find that the canonical plant-like C2 cycle does not operate in this bacterium, and instead, the bacterial-like glycerate pathway is the main route for phosphoglycolate salvage. Upon disruption of the glycerate pathway, we find that an oxidative pathway, which we term the malate cycle, supports phosphoglycolate salvage. In this cycle, glyoxylate is condensed with acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to give malate, which undergoes two oxidative decarboxylation steps to regenerate acetyl-CoA. When both pathways are disrupted, autotrophic growth is abolished at ambient CO2. We present bioinformatic data suggesting that the malate cycle may support phosphoglycolate salvage in diverse chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. This study thus demonstrates a so far unknown phosphoglycolate salvage pathway, highlighting important diversity in microbial carbon fixation metabolism.
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Lim SD, Mayer JA, Yim WC, Cushman JC. Plant tissue succulence engineering improves water-use efficiency, water-deficit stress attenuation and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1049-1072. [PMID: 32338788 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue succulence (ratio of tissue water/leaf area or dry mass) or the ability to store water within living tissues is among the most successful adaptations to drought in the plant kingdom. This taxonomically widespread adaptation helps plants avoid the damaging effects of drought, and is often associated with the occupancy of epiphytic, epilithic, semi-arid and arid environments. Tissue succulence was engineered in Arabidopsis thaliana by overexpression of a codon-optimized helix-loop-helix transcription factor (VvCEB1opt ) from wine grape involved in the cell expansion phase of berry development. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines displayed significant increases in cell size, succulence and decreased intercellular air space. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines showed increased instantaneous and integrated water-use efficiency (WUE) due to reduced stomatal conductance caused by reduced stomatal aperture and density resulting in increased attenuation of water-deficit stress. VvCEB1opt -overexpressing lines also showed increased salinity tolerance due to reduced salinity uptake and dilution of internal Na+ and Cl- as well as other ions. Alterations in transporter activities were further suggested by media and apoplastic acidification, hygromycin B tolerance and changes in relative transcript abundance patterns of various transporters with known functions in salinity tolerance. Engineered tissue succulence might provide an effective strategy for improving WUE, drought avoidance or attenuation, salinity tolerance, and for crassulacean acid metabolism biodesign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Don Lim
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won Cheol Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
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Harvesting far-red light: Functional integration of chlorophyll f into Photosystem I complexes of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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