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He W, King AJ, Khan MA, Cuevas JA, Ramiaramanana D, Graham IA. Analysis of seed phorbol-ester and curcin content together with genetic diversity in multiple provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Madagascar and Mexico. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:1183-90. [PMID: 21835630 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. has been promoted as an oilseed crop for use to meet the increased world demand for vegetable oil production, and in particular, as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Seed meal is a protein-rich by-product of vegetable oil extraction, which can either be used as an organic fertilizer, or converted to animal feed. However, conversion of J. curcas seed meal into animal feed is complicated by the presence of toxins, though plants producing "edible" or "non-toxic" seeds occur in Mexico. Toxins present in the seeds of J. curcas include phorbol esters and a type-I ribosome inactivating protein (curcin). Although the edible seeds of J. curcas are known to lack phorbol esters, the curcin content of these seeds has not previously been studied. We analyzed the phorbol ester and curcin content of J. curcas seeds obtained from Mexico and Madagascar, and conclude that while phorbol esters are lacking in edible seeds, both types contain curcin. We also analyzed spatial distribution of these toxins in seeds. Phorbol-esters were most concentrated in the tegmen. Curcin was found in both the endosperm and tegmen. We conclude that seed toxicity in J. curcas is likely to be due to a monogenic trait, which may be under maternal control. We also conducted AFLP analysis and conclude that genetic diversity is very limited in the Madagascan collection compared to the Mexican collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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202
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Repeated short-term stress synergizes the ROS signalling through up regulation of NFkB and iNOS expression induced due to combined exposure of trichloroethylene and UVB rays. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 360:133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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203
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Oskoueian E, Abdullah N, Ahmad S, Saad WZ, Omar AR, Ho YW. Bioactive compounds and biological activities of Jatropha curcas L. kernel meal extract. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5955-70. [PMID: 22016638 PMCID: PMC3189762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12095955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defatted Jatropha curcas L. (J. curcas) seed kernels contained a high percentage of crude protein (61.8%) and relatively little acid detergent fiber (4.8%) and neutral detergent fiber (9.7%). Spectrophotometric analysis of the methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids and saponins with values of 3.9, 0.4 and 19.0 mg/g DM, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses showed the presence of gallic acid and pyrogallol (phenolics), rutin and myricetin (flavonoids) and daidzein (isoflavonoid). The amount of phorbol esters in the methanolic extract estimated by HPLC was 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/g DM. Other metabolites detected by GC-MS include: 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2 nitro-1,3-propanediol, β-sitosterol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethy) and acetic acid in the methanolic extract; 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethy), acetic acid and furfural (2-furancarboxaldehyde) in the hot water extract. Methanolic and hot water extracts of kernel meal showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria (inhibition range: 0-1.63 cm) at the concentrations of 1 and 1.5 mg/disc. Methanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activities that are higher than hot water extract and comparable to β-carotene. The extracts tended to scavenge the free radicals in the reduction of ferric ion (Fe(3+)) to ferrous ion (Fe(2+)). Cytotoxicity assay results indicated the potential of methanolic extract as a source of anticancer therapeutic agents toward breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Oskoueian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (E.O.); (W.Z.S.)
| | - Norhani Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Wan Zuhainis Saad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (E.O.); (W.Z.S.)
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (A.R.O.); (Y.W.H.)
| | - Yin Wan Ho
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (A.R.O.); (Y.W.H.)
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204
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Lampé R, Szűcs S, Ádány R, Póka R. Granulocyte superoxide anion production and regulation by plasma factors in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 89:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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205
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Banning JE, Prosser AR, Alnasleh BK, Smarker J, Rubina M, Rubin M. Diastereoselectivity Control in Formal Nucleophilic Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes with Oxygen- and Sulfur-Based Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3968-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Banning
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Bassam K. Alnasleh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Jason Smarker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wesoce Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832, United States
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206
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Pravda J. Crohn's disease: evidence for involvement of unregulated transcytosis in disease etio-pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1416-26. [PMID: 21472099 PMCID: PMC3070014 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i11.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Research has identified genetic predisposition and environmental factors as key elements in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanism that initiates immune activation remains undefined. One pathway for luminal antigenic molecules to enter the sterile lamina propria and activate an immune response is via transcytosis. Transcytosis, although tightly regulated by the cell, has the potential for transepithelial transport of bacteria and highly antigenic luminal molecules whose uncontrolled translocation into the lamina propria can be the source of immune activation. Viewed as a whole, the evidence suggests that unregulated intestinal epithelial transcytosis is involved in the inappropriate presentation of immunogenic luminal macromolecules to the intestinal lamina propria. Thus fulfilling the role of an early pre-morbid mechanism that can result in antigenic overload of the lamina propria and initiate an immune response culminating in chronic inflammation characteristic of this disease. It is the aim of this paper to present evidence implicating enterocyte transcytosis in the early etio-pathogenesis of CD.
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207
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Stewart MD, Morgan B, Massi F, Igumenova TI. Probing the determinants of diacylglycerol binding affinity in the C1B domain of protein kinase Cα. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:949-70. [PMID: 21419781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C1 domains are independently folded modules that are responsible for targeting their parent proteins to lipid membranes containing diacylglycerol (DAG), a ubiquitous second messenger. The DAG binding affinities of C1 domains determine the threshold concentration of DAG required for the propagation of signaling response and the selectivity of this response among DAG receptors in the cell. The structural information currently available for C1 domains offers little insight into the molecular basis of their differential DAG binding affinities. In this work, we characterized the C1B domain of protein kinase Cα (C1Bα) and its diagnostic mutant, Y123W, using solution NMR methods and molecular dynamics simulations. The mutation did not perturb the C1Bα structure or the sub-nanosecond dynamics of the protein backbone, but resulted in a >100-fold increase in DAG binding affinity and a substantial change in microsecond timescale conformational dynamics, as quantified by NMR rotating-frame relaxation-dispersion methods. The differences in the conformational exchange behavior between wild type and Y123W C1Bα were localized to the hinge regions of ligand-binding loops. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insight into the identity of the exchanging conformers and revealed the significance of a particular residue (Gln128) in modulating the geometry of the ligand-binding site. Taken together with the results of binding studies, our findings suggest that the conformational dynamics and preferential partitioning of the tryptophan side chain into the water-lipid interface are important factors that modulate the DAG binding properties of the C1 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela D Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 300 Olsen Boulevard, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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208
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Makkar HP, Kumar V, Oyeleye OO, Akinleye AO, Angulo-Escalante MA, Becker K. Jatropha platyphylla, a new non-toxic Jatropha species: Physical properties and chemical constituents including toxic and antinutritional factors of seeds. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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209
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Young SC, Fabio KM, Huang MT, Saxena J, Harman MP, Guillon CD, Vetrano AM, Heck DE, Flowers RA, Heindel ND, Laskin JD. Investigation of anticholinergic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory prodrugs which reduce chemically induced skin inflammation. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:135-41. [PMID: 21319177 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of a continuous effort to develop efficient counter measures against sulfur mustard injuries, several unique NSAID prodrugs have been developed and screened for anti-inflammatory properties. Presented herein are three classes of prodrugs which dually target inflammation and cholinergic dysfunction. Compounds 1-28 contain common NSAIDs linked either to choline bioisosteres or to structural analogs of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. These agents have shown utility as anti-vesicants and anti-inflammatory agents when screened in a mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) against both 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a blistering agent, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a common topical irritant. Many of the prodrugs have activity against CEES, with 5, 18, 22 and 27 reducing inflammation by more than 75% compared with a control. Compounds 12, 13, 15 and 22 show comparable activity against TPA. Promising activity in the MEVM is related to half-lives of NSAID release in plasma, moderate to high lipophilicity, and some degree of inhibition of AChE, a potential contributor to sulfur mustard-mediated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri C Young
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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210
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de Barros CRM, Ferreira LMM, Nunes FM, Bezerra RMF, Dias AA, Guedes CV, Cone JW, Marques GSM, Rodrigues MAM. The potential of white-rot fungi to degrade phorbol esters of Jatropha curcas L. seed cake. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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211
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Abstract
Natural product ligands have contributed significantly to the deorphanisation of TRP ion channels. Furthermore, natural product ligands continue to provide valuable leads for the identification of ligands acting at "orphan" TRP channels. Additional naturally occurring modulators at TRP channels can be expected to be discovered in future, aiding in our understanding of not only their pharmacology and physiology, but also the therapeutic potential of this fascinating family of ion channels.
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212
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Shankaran H, Chrisler WB, Sontag RL, Weber TJ. Inhibition of ERK oscillations by ionizing radiation and reactive oxygen species. Mol Carcinog 2010; 50:424-32. [PMID: 21557328 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The shuttling of activated protein kinases between the cytoplasm and nucleus is an essential feature of normal growth factor signaling cascades. Here we demonstrate that transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) induces oscillations in extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) cytoplasmic-nuclear translocations in human keratinocytes. TGFα-dependent ERK oscillations mediated through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are inhibited by low dose X-irradiation (10 cGy) and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.32-3.26 µM H(2)O(2)) used as a model reactive oxygen species (ROS). A fluorescent indicator dye (H2-DCFDA) was used to measure cellular ROS levels following X-irradiation, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and H(2)O(2). X-irradiation did not generate significant ROS production while 0.32 µM H(2)O(2) and TPA induced significant increases in ROS levels with H(2)O(2) > TPA. TPA alone induced transactivation of the EGFR but did not induce ERK oscillations. TPA as a cotreatment did not inhibit TGFα-stimulated ERK oscillations but qualitatively altered TGFα-dependent ERK oscillation characteristics (amplitude, time-period). Collectively, these observations demonstrate that TGFα-induced ERK oscillations are inhibited by ionizing radiation/ROS and perturbed by epigenetic carcinogen in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Shankaran
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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213
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214
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Devappa RK, Makkar HP, Becker K. Biodegradation of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters in soil. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:2090-2097. [PMID: 20632388 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas seed cake is generated as a by-product during biodiesel production. Seed cake containing toxic phorbol esters (PEs) is currently used as a fertiliser and thus it is of eco-toxicological concern. In the present study the fate of PEs in soil was studied. RESULTS Two approaches for the incorporation of PEs in soil were used. In the first, silica was bound to PEs, and in the second, seedcake was used. At day 0, the concentration of PEs in soil was 2.6 and 0.37 mg g(-1) for approach 1 and 2 respectively. PEs from silica bound PEs were completely degraded after 19, 12, 12 days (at 130 g kg(-1) moisture) and after 17, 9, 9 days (at 230 g kg(-1) moisture) at room temperature, 32 degrees C and 42 degrees C respectively. Similarly at these temperatures PEs from seed cake were degraded after 21, 17 and 17 days (at 130 g kg(-1) moisture) and after 23, 17, and 15 days (at 230 g kg(-1) moisture). Increase in temperature and moisture increased rate of PEs degradation. Using the snail (Physa fontinalis) bioassay, mortality by PE-amended soil extracts decreased with the decrease in PE concentration in soil. CONCLUSION Jatropha PEs are biodegradable. The degraded products are innocuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit K Devappa
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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215
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Devappa RK, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Jatropha toxicity--a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:476-507. [PMID: 20711929 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.499736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha is a nonedible oil seed plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae family. Global awareness of sustainable and alternative energy resources has propelled research on Jatropha oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production. During the past two decades, several cultivation projects were undertaken to produce Jatropha oil. In future, the increased cultivation of toxic Jatropha plants and utilization of its agro-industrial by-products may raise the frequency of contact with humans, animals, and other organisms. An attempt was thus made to present known information on toxicity of Jatropha plants. The toxicity of Jatropha plant extracts from fruit, seed, oil, roots, latex, bark, and leaf to a number of species, from microorganisms to higher animals, is well established. Broadly, these extracts possess moluscicidal, piscicidal, insecticidal, rodenticidal, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, and exert adverse effects on animals including rats, poultry, and ruminants. The toxicity attributed to these seeds due to their accidental consumption by children is also well documented. An attempt was also made to identify areas that need further study. The information provided in this review may aid in enhancing awareness in agroindustries involved in the cultivation, harvesting, and utilization of Jatropha plants and its products with respect to the potential toxicity of Jatropha, and consequently in application and enforcement of occupational safety measures. Data on the wide range of bioactivities of Jatropha and its products were collated and it is hoped will create new avenues for exploiting these chemicals by the phamaceutical industry to develop chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit K Devappa
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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216
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Makkar HPS, Becker K. Are Jatropha curcas phorbol esters degraded by rumen microbes? JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1562-1565. [PMID: 20549813 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas, a non-edible oil plant, is being promoted as a biofuel plant in a number of countries in tropical and subtropical regions. The kernel meal left after extraction of the oil is a potentially protein-rich feed ingredient. However, the presence of highly toxic phorbol esters limits its use. Degradation of J. curcas phorbol esters by rumen microbes, using an in vitro rumen fermentation system, has been investigated in this study. RESULTS The difference between phorbol ester contents in the residues obtained with and without substrates at 0, 24, 48 or 72 h of the incubations was statistically similar. Phorbol esters did not affect either the gas or short chain production in the in vitro rumen fermentation system. CONCLUSIONS Rumen microbes can not degrade phorbol esters. In addition, the phorbol esters do not adversely affect rumen fermentation. Ruminants are expected to be as prone as monogastric animals to the toxicity of Jatropha seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinder P S Makkar
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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217
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Abdulla R, Chan ES, Ravindra P. Biodiesel production fromJatropha curcas: a critical review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:53-64. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.487185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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218
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Devappa RK, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Nutritional, biochemical, and pharmaceutical potential of proteins and peptides from jatropha: review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6543-6555. [PMID: 20465279 DOI: 10.1021/jf100003z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increased bioenergy consciousness and high demand for animal products have propelled the search for alternative resources that could meet the dual demands. Jatropha seeds have potential to fit these roles in view of their multipurpose uses, broad climatic adaptability features, and high oil and protein contents. During the past five years many large-scale cultivation projects have been undertaken to produce jatropha seed oil as a feedstock for the biodiesel industry. The present review aims at providing biological significance of jatropha proteins and peptides along with their nutritional and therapeutic applications. The nutritional qualities of the kernel meal and protein concentrates or isolates prepared from seed cake are presented, enabling their efficient use in animal nutrition. In addition, (a) biologically active proteins involved in plant protection, for example, aquaporin and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, which have roles in drought resistance, and beta-glucanase, which has antifungal activity, as well as those having pharmaceutical properties, and (b) cyclic peptides with various biological activities such as antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, antifungal, and antimalarial activity are discussed. It is expected that the information collated will open avenues for new applications of proteins present in jatropha plant, thereby contributing to enhance the financial viability and sustainability of a jatropha-based biodiesel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit K Devappa
- Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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219
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Boothe J, Nykiforuk C, Shen Y, Zaplachinski S, Szarka S, Kuhlman P, Murray E, Morck D, Moloney MM. Seed-based expression systems for plant molecular farming. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:588-606. [PMID: 20500681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the seed system provides enormous adaptability to the gymnosperms and angiosperms, because of the properties of dormancy, nutrient storage and seedling vigour. Many of the unique properties of seeds can be exploited in molecular farming applications, particularly where it is desirable to produce large quantities of a recombinant protein. Seeds of transgenic plants have been widely used to generate a raw material for the extraction and isolation of proteins and polypeptides, which can be processed into valuable biopharmaceuticals. The factors that control high-level accumulation of recombinant proteins in seed are reviewed in the following paragraphs. These include promoters and enhancers, which regulate transcript abundance. However, it is shown that subcellular trafficking and targeting of the desired polypeptides or proteins play a crucial role in their accumulation at economically useful levels. Seeds have proven to be versatile hosts for recombinant proteins of all types, including peptides or short and long polypeptides as well as complex, noncontiguous proteins like antibodies and other immunoglobulins. The extraction and recovery of recombinant proteins from seeds is greatly assisted by their dormancy properties, because this allows for long-term stability of stored products including recombinant proteins and a decoupling of processing from the growth and harvest cycles. Furthermore, the low water content and relatively low bioload of seeds help greatly in designing cost-effective manufacturing processes for the desired active pharmaceutical ingredient. The development of cGMP processes based on seed-derived materials has only been attempted by a few groups to date, but we provide a review of the key issues and criteria based on interactions with Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. This article uses 'case studies' to highlight the utility of seeds as vehicles for pharmaceutical production including: insulin, human growth hormone, lysozyme and lactoferrin. These examples serve to illustrate the preclinical and, in one case, clinical information required to move these plant-derived molecules through the research phase and into the regulatory pathway en route to eventual approval.
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220
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Calcium is required for coelomocyte activation in earthworms. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2047-56. [PMID: 20439116 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of calcium signaling in activation of both innate and adaptive immunity is basically important, however, the evolutionary aspects are not clarified yet. Currently limited data are available about calcium levels of coelomocytes, cellular mediators of earthworm immunity. We aimed to observe basal and induced Ca(2+) levels of coelomocyte subgroups after various stimulations in Eisenia fetida and Allolobophora caliginosa using a Ca(2+)-sensitive dye. E. fetida chloragocytes had the highest basal Ca(2+) levels among subpopulations; however there was no detectable Ca(2+) influx after any stimuli, while coelomocytes showed strong Ca(2+) increase after ionomycin treatment, which could be attenuated using phorbol ester. A. caliginosa coelomocytes showed a weak response to ionophore, while chloragocytes, similar to those in E. fetida, exhibited no changes after this stimulation. Intracellular calcium is mainly stored in the endoplasmic reticulum of coelomocytes as proved by thapsigargin treatments. Among several mitogens only phytohemagglutinin caused increased Ca(2+) level in E. fetida coelomocytes, but not in A. caliginosa coelomocytes. Moreover, the chemoattractant fMLP revealed calcium influx of Eisenia coelomocytes. For the first time we observed various basal Ca(2+) levels and sensibility to Ca(2+) influx inducers (including mitogens and chemoattractant) of coelomocyte subgroups using flow cytometry. These observations suggest that Ca(2+) influx and signal transduction may play crucial roles in the innate immunity of the earthworm.
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Basavaiah D, Aravindu K, Kumar KS, Reddy KR. Simple, One-Pot, and Facile Synthesis of Angularly Fused [6-7-5], [6-7-6], [6-7-7], and [6,7] Ring Systems Using Baylis-Hillman Acetates. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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222
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Wender PA, Stemmler RT, Sirois LE. A Metal-Catalyzed Intermolecular [5+2] Cycloaddition/Nazarov Cyclization Sequence and Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2532-3. [PMID: 20141136 DOI: 10.1021/ja910696x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - René T. Stemmler
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
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223
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224
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Li CY, Devappa RK, Liu JX, Lv JM, Makkar H, Becker K. Toxicity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:620-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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225
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Hayes PY, Chow S, Somerville MJ, De Voss JJ, Fletcher MT. Pimelotides A and B, diterpenoid ketal-lactone orthoesters with an unprecedented skeleton from Pimelea elongata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:2081-2083. [PMID: 19968293 DOI: 10.1021/np900573k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the minor phytochemical components of Pimelea elongata foliage led to the discovery of two new diterpenoid daphnane ketal-lactone orthoesters with an unprecedented skeleton, pimelotides A (1) and B (2). Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Y Hayes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia, and Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Locked Mail Bag 4 Moorooka, 4105, Australia
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226
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Does Biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas Represent a Sustainable Alternative Energy Source? SUSTAINABILITY 2009. [DOI: 10.3390/su1041035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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227
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Vinken M, Doktorova T, Decrock E, Leybaert L, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Gap junctional intercellular communication as a target for liver toxicity and carcinogenicity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:201-22. [PMID: 19635038 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct communication between hepatocytes, mediated by gap junctions, constitutes a major regulatory platform in the control of liver homeostasis, ranging from hepatocellular proliferation to hepatocyte cell death. Inherent to this pivotal task, gap junction functionality is frequently disrupted upon impairment of the homeostatic balance, as occurs during liver toxicity and carcinogenicity. In the present paper, the deleterious effects of a number of chemical and biological toxic compounds on hepatic gap junctions are discussed, including environmental pollutants, biological toxins, organic solvents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, peroxides, metals and phthalates. Particular attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms that underlie the abrogation of gap junction functionality. Since hepatic gap junctions are specifically targeted by tumor promoters and epigenetic carcinogens, both in vivo and in vitro, inhibition of gap junction functionality is considered as a suitable indicator for the detection of nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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228
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Makkar HPS, Becker K. Jatropha curcas, a promising crop for the generation of biodiesel and value-added coproducts. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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229
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Klausen TK, Pagani A, Minassi A, Ech-Chahad A, Prenen J, Owsianik G, Hoffmann EK, Pedersen SF, Appendino G, Nilius B. Modulation of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Channel TRPV4 by 4α-Phorbol Esters: A Structure−Activity Study. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2933-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kjær Klausen
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alberto Pagani
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alberto Minassi
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Abdellah Ech-Chahad
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jean Prenen
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Grzegorz Owsianik
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Else Kay Hoffmann
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 802, Leuven, Belgium, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Via Bovio 9, 28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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230
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Dong B, Matsumura F. The conversion of rapid TCCD nongenomic signals to persistent inflammatory effects via select protein kinases in MCF10A cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:549-58. [PMID: 19147701 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we found that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces rapid inflammatory cellular responses in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells through a distinct nongenomic pathway by activating cytosolic phospholipase A2 and Src kinase within 30 min. In the current study we investigated how such an initial, seemingly transient signaling induced by TCDD is subsequently converted into more stable long-term messages. We found that TCDD causes prolonged activation of the binding activity of nuclear proteins to the oligonucleotide probes representing consensus activator protein 1 and CCAAT enhancer binding protein response element sequences, followed by later induction of some diagnostic marker including cyclooxgenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2, colony stimulating factor-1, and cytochrome P450 19 (or aromatase). Blocking the early steps of the nongenomic pathway inhibits this action of TCDD. It was also found that Src kinase is mainly responsible for the increase of binding activity to the activator protein 1 probe, and another kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), is accountable for most of the increase of binding activity to the CCAAT enhancer binding protein probe. The induction of those diagnostic markers is also affected by 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (a Src kinase inhibitor) or H89 (a PKA inhibitor). These results indicate that Src kinase and PKA act as the second messengers in propagating the initial nongenomic signaling of TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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231
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Acda MN. Toxicity, tunneling and feeding behavior of the termite, Coptotermes vastator, in sand treated with oil of the physic nut, Jatropha curcas. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2009; 9:1-8. [PMID: 20053119 PMCID: PMC3011962 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oil of the physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), was evaluated in the laboratory for its barrier and repellent activity against the Philippine milk termite Coptotermes vastator Light (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). The study showed that J. curcas oil had anti-feeding effect, induced reduction in tunneling activity and increased mortality in C. vastator. Behavior of termites exposed to sand treated with J. curcas oil indicated that it is toxic or repellent to C. vastator. Toxicity and repellent thresholds, were higher than those reported for other naturally occurring compounds tested against the Formosan subterranean termite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menandro N Acda
- Dept of Forest Products and Paper Science, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
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232
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Removal and Degradation of Phorbol Esters during Pre-treatment and Transesterification of Jatropha curcas Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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233
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Hook V, Toneff T, Baylon S, Sei C. Differential activation of enkephalin, galanin, somatostatin, NPY, and VIP neuropeptide production by stimulators of protein kinases A and C in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:503-11. [PMID: 18619673 PMCID: PMC2745396 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides function as peptide neurotransmitters and hormones to mediate cell-cell communication. The goal of this study was to understand how different neuropeptides may be similarly or differentially regulated by protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) intracellular signaling mechanisms. Therefore, this study compared the differential effects of treating neuroendocrine chromaffin cells with stimulators of PKA and PKC on the production of the neuropeptides (Met)enkephalin, galanin, somatostatin, NPY, and VIP. Significantly, selective increases in production of these neuropeptides were observed by forskolin or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) which stimulate PKA and PKC mechanisms, respectively. (Met)enkephalin production was stimulated by up to 2-fold by forskolin treatment, but not by PMA. In contrast, PMA treatment (but not forskolin) resulted in a 2-fold increase in production of galanin and somatostatin, and a 3-fold increase in NPY production. Notably, VIP production was highly stimulated by forskolin and PMA, with increases of 3-fold and 10-15-fold, respectively. Differences in elevated neuropeptides occurred in cell extracts compared to secretion media, which consisted of (i) increased NPY primarily in secretion media, (ii) increased (Met)enkephalin and somatostatin in secretion media (not cell extracts), and (iii) increased galanin and VIP in both cell extracts and secretion media. Involvement of PKA or PKC for forskolin or PMA regulation of neuropeptide biosynthesis, respectively, was confirmed with direct inhibitors of PKA and PKC. The selective activation of neuropeptide production by forskolin and PMA demonstrates that PKA and PKC pathways are involved in the differential regulation of neuropeptide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0744, La Jolla, CA 92093-0744, USA.
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234
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Chen A, Luo M, Yuan G, Yu J, Deng T, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Mitchelson K, Cheng J. Complementary analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:2045-52. [PMID: 18648749 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs constitute an important part of gene regulatory networks, influencing diverse biological phenomena. To discover novel regulatory pathways during myeloid differentiation, we performed miRNA as well as mRNA expression profiling of in vitro-differentiating HL-60 cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The main findings were up-regulation of miR-146a/b, miR-21, miR-221, miR-222, miR-155, miR-26a and down-regulation of miR-199a*, miR-181c, miR-142-3p, miR-92. After integrating the miRNA and mRNA expression data into a Transcriptome Interaction Database by Molecule Annotation System (MAS) software, a number of differently expressed mRNAs were revealed as potential targets of these miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiang Chen
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100084, Peoples' Republic of China
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235
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Becker K, Makkar HPS. Jatropha curcas: A potential source for tomorrow' s oil and biodiesel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.200800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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