201
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Pascual F. Polychlorinated Biphenyls as a Cardiovascular Health Risk: A New Threat from an Old Enemy? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:114003. [PMID: 33200950 PMCID: PMC7671093 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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202
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Taboureau O, El M'Selmi W, Audouze K. Integrative systems toxicology to predict human biological systems affected by exposure to environmental chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 405:115210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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203
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Ashammakhi N, Nasiri R, Barros NRD, Tebon P, Thakor J, Goudie M, Shamloo A, Martin MG, Khademhosseini A. Gut-on-a-chip: Current progress and future opportunities. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120196. [PMID: 32623181 PMCID: PMC7396314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology tries to mimic the complexity of native tissues in vitro. Important progress has recently been made in using this technology to study the gut with and without microbiota. These in vitro models can serve as an alternative to animal models for studying physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. While these models have greater physiological relevance than two-dimensional (2D) cell systems in vitro, endocrine and immunological functions in gut-on-a-chip models are still poorly represented. Furthermore, the construction of complex models, in which different cell types and structures interact, remains a challenge. Generally, gut-on-a-chip models have the potential to advance our understanding of the basic interactions found within the gut and lay the foundation for future applications in understanding pathophysiology, developing drugs, and personalizing medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jai Thakor
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Goudie
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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204
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Battaglin W, Duncker J, Terrio P, Bradley P, Barber L, DeCicco L. Evaluating the potential role of bioactive chemicals on the distribution of invasive Asian carp upstream and downstream from river mile 278 in the Illinois waterway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139458. [PMID: 32470670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two non-native carp species have invaded the Illinois Waterway and are a threat to Great Lakes ecosystems. Poor water quality in the upper Illinois Waterway may be a factor contributing to the stalling of the carp population front near river mile 278. In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 4 sets of water samples from two sites upstream and 4 sites downstream from river mile 278, and one tributary. Each sample was analyzed for up to 649 unique constituents of which 287 were detected including 96 pesticides, 62 pharmaceuticals, 39 wastewater indicator chemicals, 29 metals, 19 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 6 disinfection by-products (DBPs), 5 hormones, and 5 carboxylic acids. Potential for bioactivity was estimated by comparing chemical concentrations to aquatic life or human health criteria and to in-vitro bioactivity screening results in the U.S Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast™ database. The resulting hazard quotients and exposure-activity ratios (EARs) are toxicity indexes that can be used to rank potential bioactivity of individual chemicals and chemical mixtures. This analysis indicates that several bioactive chemicals (BCs) including: carbendazim, 2,4-D, metolachlor, terbuthylazine, and acetochlor (pesticides); 1,4-dioxane (VOC); metformin, diphenhydramine, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, fexofenadine, and the anti-depressants (pharmaceuticals); bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, galaxolide, 4-tert-octylphenol (wastewater indicator chemical); lead and boron (metals); and estrone (hormone) all occur in the upper Illinois Waterway at concentrations that produce elevated EARs values and may be adversely affecting carp reproduction and health. The clear differences in water quality upstream and downstream from river mile 278 with higher contaminant concentrations and potential bioactivity upstream could represent a barrier to carp range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Battaglin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Lakewood, CO, United States of America.
| | - James Duncker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Paul Terrio
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Paul Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Larry Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Laura DeCicco
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Science Center, Middleton, WI, United States of America
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205
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Goldsteen PA, Dolga AM, Gosens R. Advanced Modeling of Peripheral Neuro-Effector Communication and -Plasticity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:348-357. [PMID: 32783607 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00010.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) plays crucial roles in physiology and disease. Neuro-effector communication and neuroplasticity of the PNS are poorly studied, since suitable models are lacking. The emergence of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has great promise to resolve this deficit. hPSC-derived PNS neurons, integrated into organ-on-a-chip systems or organoid cultures, allow co-cultures with cells of the local microenvironment to study neuro-effector interactions and to probe mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pien A Goldsteen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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206
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Qu M, Xu H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xu B, Guo L, Xie J. Distinct Orchestration and Dynamic Processes on γ-H2AX and p-H3 for Two Major Types of Genotoxic Chemicals Revealed by Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2108-2119. [PMID: 32482060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic chemicals act by causing DNA damage, which, if left unrepaired, can have deleterious consequences for cell survival. DNA damage response (DDR) gets activated to repair or mitigate the effects of DNA damage. Histone H2AX and H3 phosphorylation biomarkers (γ-H2AX and p-H3) have attracted great attention as they play pivotal roles in the DDR. Simultaneous quantitation of γ-H2AX and p-H3 in exposed cells may monitor the toxicity of genotoxic chemicals and to some extent reflect the subsequent DDR process. Reported here is the first comprehensive characterization of distinct orchestration and dynamic processes on cellular γ-H2AX and p-H3 for two major types of genotoxic chemicals, clastogens and aneugens, by stable isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS). We find that clastogens significantly induce an increase in γ-H2AX and a decrease in p-H3; aneugens have no obvious effect on γ-H2AX, whereas induce either an increase or a decrease in p-H3. In addition, the specific profiles of clastogens and aneugens affecting DNA damage may be dynamically observed, which in turn provides insights into the processes involving DNA damage repair as well as transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that robust LC-MS/MS analysis of γ-H2AX and p-H3 can not only quantitatively differentiate mechanistic information on clastogens and aneugens but also dynamically present the detail profiles of DNA damage and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
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207
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Influence of ligand's directional configuration, chrysenes as model compounds, on the binding activity with aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13821. [PMID: 32796895 PMCID: PMC7428016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding what and how physico-chemical factors of a ligand configure conditions for ligand-receptor binding is a key to accurate assessment of toxic potencies of environmental pollutants. We investigated influences of the dipole-driven orientation and resulting directional configuration of ligands on receptor binding activities. Using physico-chemical properties calculated by ab initio density functional theory, directional reactivity factors (DRF) were devised as main indicators of toxic potencies, linking molecular ligand-receptor binding to in vitro responses. The directional reactive model was applied to predict variation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated toxic potencies among homologues of chrysene with structural modifications such as the numbers of constituent benzene rings, methylation and hydroxylation. Results of predictive models were consistent with empirical potencies determined by use of the H4IIE-luc transactivation bioassay. The experiment-free approach based on first principles provides an analytical framework for estimating molecular bioactivity in silico and complements conventional empirical approaches to studying molecular initiating events in adverse outcome pathways.
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208
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Ma X, Zhang X, Luo J, Liang B, Peng J, Chen C, Guo H, Wang Q, Xing X, Deng Q, Huang H, Liao Q, Chen W, Hu Q, Yu D, Xiao Y. MiR-486-5p-directed MAGI1/Rap1/RASSF5 signaling pathway contributes to hydroquinone-induced inhibition of erythroid differentiation in K562 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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209
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Glass Ionomer Cement Modified by Resin with Incorporation of Nanohydroxyapatite: In Vitro Evaluation of Physical-Biological Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071412. [PMID: 32707741 PMCID: PMC7408555 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) has important properties. However, like other restorative materials, it has limitations such as decreased biocompatibility. The incorporation of nanoparticles (NP) in the RMGIC resulted in improvements in some of its properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical-biological properties of RMGIC with the addition of nanohydroxyapatite (HANP). Material and Methods: Vitremer RMGIC was used, incorporating HANP by amalgamator, vortex and manual techniques, totaling ten experimental groups. The distribution and dispersion of the HANP were evaluated qualitatively by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM-FEG). The evaluation of image porosity (SEM-FEG) with the help of imageJ. Cell viability 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoline bromide (MTT) and cell morphology analyses were performed on MDPC-23 odontoblastoid cells at 24 and 72 h. Results: It was possible to observe good dispersion and distribution of HANP in the samples in all experimental groups. The incorporation of 5% HANP into the vortex stirred RMGIC resulted in fewer pores. The increase in the concentration of HANP was directly proportional to the decrease in cytotoxicity. Conclusions: It is concluded that the use of a vortex with the incorporation of 5% HANP is the most appropriate mixing technique when considering the smallest number of pores inside the material. A higher concentration of HANP resulted in better cell viability, suggesting that this association is promising for future studies of new restorative materials.
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210
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Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3359-3379. [PMID: 32638039 PMCID: PMC7502037 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Modern living challenges female reproductive health. We are witnessing a rise in reproductive disorders and drop in birth rates across the world. The reasons for these manifestations are multifaceted and most likely include continuous exposure to an ever-increasing number of chemicals. The cause–effect relationships between chemical exposure and female reproductive disorders, however, have proven problematic to determine. This has made it difficult to assess the risks chemical exposures pose to a woman’s reproductive development and function. To address this challenge, this review uses the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to summarize current knowledge about how chemical exposure can affect female reproductive health. We have a special focus on effects on the ovaries, since they are essential for lifelong reproductive health in women, being the source of both oocytes and several reproductive hormones, including sex steroids. The AOP framework is widely accepted as a new tool for toxicological safety assessment that enables better use of mechanistic knowledge for regulatory purposes. AOPs equip assessors and regulators with a pragmatic network of linear cause–effect relationships, enabling the use of a wider range of test method data in chemical risk assessment and regulation. Based on current knowledge, we propose ten putative AOPs relevant for female reproductive disorders that can be further elaborated and potentially be included in the AOPwiki. This effort is an important step towards better safeguarding the reproductive health of all girls and women.
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211
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Baldrick P, Cosenza ME, Alapatt T, Bolon B, Rhodes M, Waterson I. Toxicology Paradise: Sorting Out Adverse and Non-adverse Findings in Animal Toxicity Studies. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:365-378. [PMID: 32618214 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820935089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A challenge for all toxicologists is defining what study findings are actually adverse versus non-adverse in animal toxicity studies, and which ones are relevant for generating a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) to assess human risk. This article presents views on this challenge presented by toxicologists, toxicologic pathologists, and regulatory reviewers at the 2019 annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology during a workshop entitled "Toxicology Paradise: Sorting Out Adverse and Non-adverse Findings." The speakers noted that setting a NOAEL is not always straightforward, not only for small molecules but also for biopharmaceuticals, and that a "weight of evidence" approach often is more useful than a rigid threshold-setting algorithm. Regulators from the US Food and Drug Administration and European Union told how assessment of adverse nonclinical findings is undertaken to allow clinical studies to commence and drug marketing approvals to succeed, along with the process that allows successful dialogs with regulators. Nonclinical case studies of findings judged to be adverse versus non-adverse were presented in relation to the many factors that might halt or delay clinical development. The process of defining adverse findings and the NOAEL in final study reports was discussed, as well as who should be involved in the process.
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212
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Early microRNA indicators of PPARα pathway activation in the liver. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:805-815. [PMID: 32642447 PMCID: PMC7334544 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA species that play key roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs also serve as a promising source of early biomarkers for different environmental exposures and health effects, although there is limited information linking miRNA changes to specific target pathways. In this study, we measured liver miRNAs in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to a known chemical activator of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) pathway, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), for 7 and 28 days at concentrations of 0, 750, 1500, 3000, or 6000 ppm in feed. At the highest dose tested, DEHP altered 61 miRNAs after 7 days and 171 miRNAs after 28 days of exposure, with 48 overlapping miRNAs between timepoints. Analysis of these 48 common miRNAs indicated enrichment in PPARα–related targets and other pathways related to liver injury and cancer. Four of the 10 miRNAs exhibiting a clear dose trend were linked to the PPARα pathway: mmu-miRs-125a-5p, -182−5p, -20a−5p, and -378a−3p. mmu-miRs-182−5p and -378a−3p were subsequently measured using digital drop PCR across a dose range for DEHP and two related phthalates with weaker PPARα activity, di-n-octyl phthalate and n-butyl benzyl phthalate, following 7-day exposures. Analysis of mmu-miRs-182−5p and -378a−3p by transcriptional benchmark dose analysis correctly identified DEHP as having the greatest potency. However, benchmark dose estimates for DEHP based on these miRNAs (average 163; range 126−202 mg/kg-day) were higher on average than values for PPARα target genes (average 74; range 29−183 mg/kg-day). These findings identify putative miRNA biomarkers of PPARα pathway activity and suggest that early miRNA changes may be used to stratify chemical potency.
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Key Words
- AIC, Akaike Information Criterion
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AOP, adverse outcome pathway
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acox1, acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1
- Adverse outcome pathway (AOP)
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- BBP, n-butyl benzyl phthalate
- BMD, benchmark dose
- BMDA, apical-based benchmark dose
- BMDL, BMD lower confidence interval
- BMDT, transcriptional-based benchmark dose
- BMR, benchmark response
- BROD, benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylation
- Benchmark dose (BMD)
- Biomarkers
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- DEHP, di (2-thylhexyl) phthalate
- DEmiRs, differentially expressed miRNAs
- DNOP, di-n-octyl phthalate
- EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- EROD, ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- HCA, hepatocellular adenoma
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
- Liver toxicity
- MOA, mode of action
- MicroRNAs
- Mode of action (MOA)
- Nrf2, nuclear receptor erythroid 2-like 2
- POD, point-of-departure
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PROD, pentoxyresorufin O-depentylation
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)
- Phthalate
- SDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase
- TMM, trimmed mean of M-values
- ddPCR, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNAs, microRNAs
- mtDNA, mitochondrial
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
- smallRNA-seq, small RNA sequencing
- tRNA, transfer RNA
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213
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Hall DR, Peng H. Characterizing physical protein targets of chemical contaminants with chemical proteomics: Is it time to fill a crucial environmental toxicology knowledge gap? COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 34:100655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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214
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Zink D, Chuah JKC, Ying JY. Assessing Toxicity with Human Cell-Based In Vitro Methods. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:570-582. [PMID: 32470384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In toxicology, there is a strong push towards replacing animal experiments with alternative methods, which include cell-based in vitro methods for the assessment of adverse health effects in humans. High-throughput methods are of central interest due to the large and steadily growing numbers of compounds that require assessment. Tremendous progress has been made during the last decade in developing and applying such methods. Innovative technologies for addressing complex biological interactions include induced pluripotent stem cell- and organoid-based approaches, organotypic coculture systems, and microfluidic 'multiorgan' chips. Combining in vitro methods with bioinformatics and in silico modeling generates new powerful tools for toxicity assessment, and the rapid progress in the field is expected to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zink
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety Programme, A*STAR, Singapore.
| | - Jacqueline Kai Chin Chuah
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Cellbae Pte Ltd, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jackie Y Ying
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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215
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Harnessing the power of novel animal-free test methods for the development of COVID-19 drugs and vaccines. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2263-2272. [PMID: 32447523 PMCID: PMC7245508 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19-inducing virus, SARS-CoV2, is likely to remain a threat to human health unless efficient drugs or vaccines become available. Given the extent of the current pandemic (people in over one hundred countries infected) and its disastrous effect on world economy (associated with limitations of human rights), speedy drug discovery is critical. In this situation, past investments into the development of new (animal-free) approach methods (NAM) for drug safety, efficacy, and quality evaluation can be leveraged. For this, we provide an overview of repurposing ideas to shortcut drug development times. Animal-based testing would be too lengthy, and it largely fails, when a pathogen is species-specific or if the desired drug is based on specific features of human biology. Fortunately, industry has already largely shifted to NAM, and some public funding programs have advanced the development of animal-free technologies. For instance, NAM can predict genotoxicity (a major aspect of carcinogenicity) within days, human antibodies targeting virus epitopes can be generated in molecular biology laboratories within weeks, and various human cell-based organoids are available to test virus infectivity and the biological processes controlling them. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has formed an expert group to pave the way for the use of such approaches for accelerated drug development. This situation illustrates the importance of diversification in drug discovery strategies and clearly shows the shortcomings of an approach that invests 95% of resources into a single technology (animal experimentation) in the face of challenges that require alternative approaches.
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216
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Yao W, Ding M, Bao L, Zhao Y, Wang D, Li Y, Qu Y, Hao C. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells as an in vitro alternative model cell to evaluate the immunotoxicity of 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:118-127. [PMID: 32413475 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in science and technology have led to the increasing threats of new chemicals to the public health. It is crucial to evaluate the toxicity, especially immunotoxicology. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be more favorable choices in immunotoxicity evaluations. To obtain and evaluate the value of human monocyte-derived immature DCs (imDCs) in vitro applications in immunotoxicology, compared the results in vitro. DCs were obtained from enriched leukocytes of peripheral blood by using magnetic cell sorting and cytokine (rhGM-CSF + rhIL-4) co-induction. imDCs function in vitro and the surface antigens changes both in imDCs and THP-1 after 24 h of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) exposure were determined. The results were compared with those of DNCB-induced rats. The feasibility of imDCs applications in immunotoxicology was evaluated. In vivo, the splenic nodules, lymphocytes, and CD103+DC surface antigen expression were altered in the spleen of DNCB-induced rats. Moreover, DNCB exposure increased CD8+ T cell numbers both in peripheral blood and in the spleen of DNCB-induced rats. In vitro, DNCB exposure reduced the antigen uptake capacity and enhanced the T cell proliferative capacity of imDCs. The results are consistent with in vivo, but superior to that of the THP-1. Our results suggest that human monocyte-derived DCs may have potential applications as an attractive in vitro alternative cell model to evaluate the sensitization of DNCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Bao
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - YaQian Qu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Disease, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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217
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Maki JA, Cavallin JE, Lott KG, Saari TW, Ankley GT, Villeneuve DL. A method for CRISPR/Cas9 mutation of genes in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105464. [PMID: 32160575 PMCID: PMC7280908 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing allows for the disruption or modification of genes in a multitude of model organisms. In the present study, we describe and employ the method for use in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), in part, to assist in the development and validation of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The gene coding for an enzyme responsible for melanin production, tyrosinase (tyr), was the initial target chosen for development and assessment of the method since its disruption results in abnormal pigmentation, a phenotype obvious within 3-4 d after injection of fathead minnow embryos. Three tyrosinase-targeting guide strands were generated using the fathead minnow sequence in tandem with the CRISPOR guide strand selection tool. The strands targeted two areas: one stretch of sequence in a conserved region that demonstrated homology to EGF-like or laminin-like domains as determined by Protein Basic Local Alignment Search Tool in concert with the Conserved Domain Database, and a second area in the N-terminal region of the tyrosinase domain. To generate one cell embryos, in vitro fertilization was performed, allowing for microinjection of hundreds of developmentally-synchronized embryos with Cas9 proteins complexed to each of the three guide strands. Altered retinal pigmentation was observed in a portion of the tyr guide strand injected population within 3 d post fertilization (dpf). By 14 dpf, fish without skin and swim bladder pigmentation were observed. Among the three guide strands injected, the guide targeting the EGF/laminin-like domain was most effective in generating mutants. CRISPR greatly advances our ability to directly investigate gene function in fathead minnow, allowing for advanced approaches to AOP validation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Maki
- ORISE Research Participation Program, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The College of St. Scholastica, 1200 Kenwood Ave., Duluth, MN, 55811, USA.
| | - Jenna E Cavallin
- Badger Technical Services, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Kevin G Lott
- Badger Technical Services, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Travis W Saari
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
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218
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived 3D-Neurospheres are Suitable for Neurotoxicity Screening. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051122. [PMID: 32369990 PMCID: PMC7290365 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a hiPSC-based 3D in vitro system suitable to test neurotoxicity (NT). Human iPSCs-derived 3D neurospheres grown in 96-well plate format were characterized timewise for 6-weeks. Changes in complexity and homogeneity were followed by immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptional activity of major developmental, structural, and cell-type-specific markers was investigated at weekly intervals to present the differentiation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Neurospheres were exposed to different well-known toxicants with or without neurotoxic effect (e.g., paraquat, acrylamide, or ibuprofen) and examined at various stages of the differentiation with an ATP-based cell viability assay optimized for 3D-tissues. Concentration responses were investigated after acute (72 h) exposure. Moreover, the compound-specific effect of rotenone was investigated by a panel of ER-stress assay, TUNEL assay, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, and in 3D-spheroid based neurite outgrowth assay. The acute exposure to different classes of toxicants revealed distinct susceptibility profiles in a differentiation stage-dependent manner, indicating that hiPSC-based 3D in vitro neurosphere models could be used effectively to evaluate NT, and can be developed further to detect developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and thus replace or complement the use of animal models in various basic research and pharmaceutical applications.
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219
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Peropadre A, Hazen MJ, Pérez Martín JM, Fernández Freire P. An acute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid causes non-reversible plasma membrane injury in HeLa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114008. [PMID: 31995777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health and environmental risks regarding perfluorooctanoic acid, a well-known perfluorinated compound, are still a subject of great concern. Ubiquitous exposure and disparity of results make it difficult to determine the underlying mechanism of action, especially at the cellular level. This study proposes an experimental design to assess the reversibility of adverse effects after a one-time exposure to the compound, in comparison with other more conventional timings. Complementary endpoints including total protein content, neutral red uptake and MTT reduction tests along with division rates and microscopic observations were evaluated in HeLa cells. In addition, PFOA quantification inside the cells was performed. The cellular effects exerted after 24 h exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid are non-reversible after a 48 h recovery period. In addition, we describe for the first time the induction of plasma membrane blebbing and the activation of membrane repair mechanisms after recovery from non-cytotoxic treatments with the compound. This experimental design has provided relevant information regarding the toxicity of this perfluorinated compound, relating all the adverse effects detected to its interaction with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peropadre
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Hazen
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Pérez Martín
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández Freire
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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220
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Jiang T, Amadei CA, Gou N, Lin Y, Lan J, Vecitis CD, Gu AZ. Toxicity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs): Effect of Lengths, Functional Groups and Electronic Structures Revealed by a Quantitative Toxicogenomics Assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2020; 7:1348-1364. [PMID: 33537148 PMCID: PMC7853656 DOI: 10.1039/d0en00230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a group of widely used carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) with various applications, which raise increasing public concerns associated with their potential toxicological effect and risks on human and ecosystems. In this report, we comprehensively evaluated the nanotoxicity of SWCNTs with their relationship to varying lengths, functional groups and electronic structures, by employing both newly established quantitative toxicogenomics test, as well as conventional phenotypic bioassays. The objective is to reveal potential cellular toxicity and mechanisms of SWCNTs at the molecular level, and to probe their potential relationships with their morphological, surface, and electronic properties. The results indicated that DNA damage and oxidative stress were the dominant mechanisms of action for all SWCNTs and, the toxicity level and characteristics varied with length, surface functionalization and electronic structure. Distinguishable molecular toxicity fingerprints were revealed for the two SWCNTs with varying length, with short SWCNT exhibiting higher toxicity level than the long one. In terms of surface properties, SWCNT functionalization, namely carboxylation and hydroxylation, led to elevated overall toxicity, especially genotoxicity, as compared to unmodified SWCNT. Carboxylated SWCNT induced a greater toxicity than the hydroxylated SWCNT. The nucleus is likely the primary target site for long, short, and carboxylated SWCNTs and mechanical perturbation is likely responsible for the DNA damage, specifically related to degradation of the DNA double helix structure. Finally, dramatically different electronic structure-dependent toxicity was observed with metallic SWCNT exerting much higher toxicity than the semiconducting one that exhibited minimal toxicity among all SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Carlo Alberto Amadei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Na Gou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Dr., Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Yishan Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Dr., Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jiaqi Lan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
- Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - April Z. Gu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Dr., Ithaca, NY 14853
- Corresponding authors: ,
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221
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Ramm S, Todorov P, Chandrasekaran V, Dohlman A, Monteiro MB, Pavkovic M, Muhlich J, Shankaran H, Chen WW, Mettetal JT, Vaidya VS. A Systems Toxicology Approach for the Prediction of Kidney Toxicity and Its Mechanisms In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:54-69. [PMID: 30649541 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to predict kidney toxicity of new chemical entities early in the development process before they reach humans remains a critical issue. Here, we used primary human kidney cells and applied a systems biology approach that combines multidimensional datasets and machine learning to identify biomarkers that not only predict nephrotoxic compounds but also provide hints toward their mechanism of toxicity. Gene expression and high-content imaging-derived phenotypical data from 46 diverse kidney toxicants were analyzed using Random Forest machine learning. Imaging features capturing changes in cell morphology and nucleus texture along with mRNA levels of HMOX1 and SQSTM1 were identified as the most powerful predictors of toxicity. These biomarkers were validated by their ability to accurately predict kidney toxicity of four out of six candidate therapeutics that exhibited toxicity only in late stage preclinical/clinical studies. Network analysis of similarities in toxic phenotypes was performed based on live-cell high-content image analysis at seven time points. Using compounds with known mechanism as reference, we could infer potential mechanisms of toxicity of candidate therapeutics. In summary, we report an approach to generate a multidimensional biomarker panel for mechanistic de-risking and prediction of kidney toxicity in in vitro for new therapeutic candidates and chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Petar Todorov
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - Vidya Chandrasekaran
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Anders Dohlman
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Maria B Monteiro
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Mira Pavkovic
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy Muhlich
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Harish Shankaran
- Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - William W Chen
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA
| | - Jerome T Mettetal
- Safety and ADME Modeling, Drug Safety, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham MA
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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222
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Chen RJ, Chen YY, Liao MY, Lee YH, Chen ZY, Yan SJ, Yeh YL, Yang LX, Lee YL, Wu YH, Wang YJ. The Current Understanding of Autophagy in Nanomaterial Toxicity and Its Implementation in Safety Assessment-Related Alternative Testing Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2387. [PMID: 32235610 PMCID: PMC7177614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has rapidly promoted the development of a new generation of industrial and commercial products; however, it has also raised some concerns about human health and safety. To evaluate the toxicity of the great diversity of nanomaterials (NMs) in the traditional manner, a tremendous number of safety assessments and a very large number of animals would be required. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the use of alternative testing strategies or methods that reduce, refine, or replace (3Rs) the use of animals for assessing the toxicity of NMs. Autophagy is considered an early indicator of NM interactions with cells and has been recently recognized as an important form of cell death in nanoparticle-induced toxicity. Impairment of autophagy is related to the accelerated pathogenesis of diseases. By using mechanism-based high-throughput screening in vitro, we can predict the NMs that may lead to the generation of disease outcomes in vivo. Thus, a tiered testing strategy is suggested that includes a set of standardized assays in relevant human cell lines followed by critical validation studies carried out in animals or whole organism models such as C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans), zebrafish (Danio rerio), and Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster)for improved screening of NM safety. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which NMs perturb biological systems, including autophagy induction, is critical for a more comprehensive elucidation of nanotoxicity. A more profound understanding of toxicity mechanisms will also facilitate the development of prevention and intervention policies against adverse outcomes induced by NMs. The development of a tiered testing strategy for NM hazard assessment not only promotes a more widespread adoption of non-rodent or 3R principles but also makes nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost- and time-efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
| | - Mei-Yi Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 651, Taiwan;
| | - Zi-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
| | - Shian-Jang Yan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
| | - Li-Xing Yang
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Ling Lee
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tainan Hospital of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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223
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Ribeiro NE, Pereira PS, de Oliveira TB, de Arruda Lima SM, Silva TMS, Santana ALBD, do Nascimento MS, Santisteban RM, Teixeira ÁAC, da Silva TG. Acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity of Chrysobalanusicaco L. leaf aqueous extract. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104643. [PMID: 32199870 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chrysobalanus icaco L. is a native plant of Brazil used as a food source and traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. The aim of study was performed the phytochemical analysis by UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, and evaluated acute and repeated dose oral toxicities of the C. icaco L. leaf aqueous extract (AECi). The acute toxicity study was performed using a dose of AECi 2000 mg/kg, while the repeated dose toxicity study, the AECi was administered daily at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, for 28 days. Behavior and mortality of animals were observed during the test period and body weight, as well water and eating consumption. Hematological, biochemical parameters and histopathological examinations were carried out. Phytochemical analysis of the AECi revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins. Oral single dose of 2000 mg/kg of AECi resulted in no mortalities or abnormal clinical signs. Studies of repeated dose toxicity promoted a reduction in the body weight of treated animals and an increase of hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in both, males and females. Histopathological analyzes showed alterations in the livers of animals treated with AECi. Thus, this study recommends the population take care when using this species, especially during prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Emanuelle Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Bezerra de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sandrine Maria de Arruda Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Sarmento Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Manuel de Medeiros, 96, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Andréa Lopes Bandeira Delmiro Santana
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Márcia Silva do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rogelio Moreno Santisteban
- Department of Chemistry, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Manuel de Medeiros, 96, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Prospecting of Bioactive Products (BIOFARMATOX), Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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224
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Xu T, Ngan DK, Ye L, Xia M, Xie HQ, Zhao B, Simeonov A, Huang R. Predictive Models for Human Organ Toxicity Based on In Vitro Bioactivity Data and Chemical Structure. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:731-741. [PMID: 32077278 PMCID: PMC10926239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditional toxicity testing reliant on animal models is costly and low throughput, posing a significant challenge with the increasing numbers of chemicals that humans are exposed to in the environment. The purpose of this investigation was to build optimal prediction models for various human in vivo/organ-level toxicity end points (extracted from ChemIDPlus) using chemical structure and Tox21 in vitro quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) bioactivity assay data. Several supervised machine learning algorithms were applied to model 14 human toxicity end points pertaining to vascular, kidney, ureter and bladder, and liver organ systems. Three metrics were used to evaluate model performance: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), balanced accuracy (BA), and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The top four models, with AUC-ROC values >0.8, were derived for endocrine (0.90 ± 0.00), musculoskeletal (0.88 ± 0.02), peripheral nerve and sensation (0.85 ± 0.01), and brain and coverings (0.83 ± 0.02) toxicities, whereas the best model AUC-ROC values were >0.7 for the remaining 10 toxicities. Model performance was found to be dependent on the specific data set, model type, and feature selection method used. In addition, chemical structure and assay data showed different levels of contribution to the prediction of different toxicity end points. Although in vitro assay data, when combined with chemical structure, slightly improved the predictive accuracy for most end points (11 out of 14), a noteworthy finding was the near equal success of the structure-only models, which do not require Tox21 qHTS screening data, and the relatively poor performance of assay-only models. Thus, the top-performing structure-only models from this study could be applied for hazard screening of large sets of chemicals for potential human toxicity, whereas the largest assay contributions to models (i.e., cellular targets) could be used, along with the top-contributing structural features, to provide insight into toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Xu
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Deborah K. Ngan
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Lin Ye
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Heidi Q. Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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225
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Mondou M, Hickey GM, Rahman HT, Maguire S, Pain G, Crump D, Hecker M, Basu N. Factors Affecting the Perception of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in the Ecotoxicology Community. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:269-281. [PMID: 31944596 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given current legislative mandates to assess the safety of thousands of chemicals and the slow pace at which conventional testing proceeds, there is a need to accelerate chemical risk assessment. Governments and businesses are increasingly interested in new approach methodologies (NAMs) that promise to reduce costs and delays. We explore 5 sociological factors within the ecotoxicology community that can influence the perception of NAMs: 1) professional profile (educational cohort, employer), 2) internal science communication within professional forums, 3) concern for "error cost," 4) collaboration across stakeholders, and 5) fundamental beliefs regarding toxicology. We conducted an online survey (n = 171; 2018) asking participants about their experiences and perspectives at events of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) to assess 1) how NAMs are discussed compared to conventional testing and 2) how respondents perceive their viability. We developed ordered logistic regression (OLR) models to understand the influence of exploratory variables (cohort, core views on toxicology, frequency of collaboration) on respondents' evaluation of the viability of different NAMs. Our results showed that 1) NAMs were more likely than conventional methods to be challenged in forum discussions, which may be fueled by concerns for error costs in regulatory decision making; 2) perceptions of the viability of NAMs tended to follow a "pattern of familiarity," whereby respondents that were more knowledgeable about a test method tended to find it more viable; 3) respondents who agreed with the Paracelsus maxim had a greater likelihood of finding conventional testing viable; and 4) the more a respondent reported collaborating with industry on alternative testing strategies, the more likely she or he was to report that NAMs were less viable. These results suggest that there are professional and organizational barriers to greater acceptance of NAMs that can be addressed through a social learning process within the professional community. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:269-281. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Mondou
- McGill University, Natural Resource Sciences, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada
| | - Gordon M Hickey
- McGill University, Natural Resource Sciences, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada
| | - Hm Tuihedur Rahman
- McGill University, Natural Resource Sciences, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada
| | - Steve Maguire
- The University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guillaume Pain
- McGill University, Natural Resource Sciences, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Niladri Basu
- McGill University, Natural Resource Sciences, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Canada
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226
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Gironde C, Dufour C, Furger C. Use of LUCS (Light-Up Cell System) as an alternative live cell method to predict human acute oral toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:403-412. [PMID: 32140424 PMCID: PMC7047139 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
LUCS (Light-Up Cell System) is a new live cell test that allows assessment of a cell's homeostasis and its alteration by a toxic agent. To evaluate the effectiveness of LUCS as an alternative test method for acute oral toxicity, we compared EC50s determined in HepG2 cells treated with 53 chemicals selected from the ACuteTox EU database with corresponding human blood LC50s derived from human acute poisoning cases. Linear regression analysis showed that LUCS results predict human data to 69 %. Rodent oral LD50s and LUCS EC50s were then correlated to human LC50s using shared data sets. Linear regression analyses comparing LUCS and animal data clearly showed that LUCS always predicts human toxicity better than animal data do. These successful prediction values prompted us to simplify the LUCS test, adapting it to regulatory and high throughput applications, resulting in a new protocol with consistent dose-response profiles and EC50s. This study demonstrates that the LUCS test method could be relevant for assessing human acute oral toxicity with a simplified protocol adapted to commercially available fluorescence readers. We suggest that this new alternative method can be used for acute systemic toxicity testing in combination with other tests under European REACH and other regulations, wherever pertinent alternative methods are still lacking.
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227
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Leedale JA, Kyffin JA, Harding AL, Colley HE, Murdoch C, Sharma P, Williams DP, Webb SD, Bearon RN. Multiscale modelling of drug transport and metabolism in liver spheroids. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190041. [PMID: 32194929 PMCID: PMC7061947 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In early preclinical drug development, potential candidates are tested in the laboratory using isolated cells. These in vitro experiments traditionally involve cells cultured in a two-dimensional monolayer environment. However, cells cultured in three-dimensional spheroid systems have been shown to more closely resemble the functionality and morphology of cells in vivo. While the increasing usage of hepatic spheroid cultures allows for more relevant experimentation in a more realistic biological environment, the underlying physical processes of drug transport, uptake and metabolism contributing to the spatial distribution of drugs in these spheroids remain poorly understood. The development of a multiscale mathematical modelling framework describing the spatio-temporal dynamics of drugs in multicellular environments enables mechanistic insight into the behaviour of these systems. Here, our analysis of cell membrane permeation and porosity throughout the spheroid reveals the impact of these properties on drug penetration, with maximal disparity between zonal metabolism rates occurring for drugs of intermediate lipophilicity. Our research shows how mathematical models can be used to simulate the activity and transport of drugs in hepatic spheroids and in principle any organoid, with the ultimate aim of better informing experimentalists on how to regulate dosing and culture conditions to more effectively optimize drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Leedale
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK
| | - Jonathan A Kyffin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Amy L Harding
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca, IMED Biotech Unit, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Rachel N Bearon
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK
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228
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White PA, Long AS, Johnson GE. Quantitative Interpretation of Genetic Toxicity Dose-Response Data for Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision-Making: Current Status and Emerging Priorities. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:66-83. [PMID: 31794061 DOI: 10.1002/em.22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The screen-and-bin approach for interpretation of genotoxicity data is predicated on three false assumptions: that genotoxicants are rare, that genotoxicity dose-response functions do not contain a low-dose region mechanistically characterized by zero-order kinetics, and that genotoxicity is not a bona fide toxicological endpoint. Consequently, there is a need to develop and implement quantitative methods to interpret genotoxicity dose-response data for risk assessment and regulatory decision-making. Standardized methods to analyze dose-response data, and determine point-of-departure (PoD) metrics, have been established; the most robust PoD is the benchmark dose (BMD). However, there are no standards for regulatory interpretation of mutagenicity BMDs. Although 5-10% is often used as a critical effect size (CES) for BMD determination, values for genotoxicity endpoints have not been established. The use of BMDs to determine health-based guidance values (HBGVs) requires assessment factors (AFs) to account for interspecies differences and variability in human sensitivity. Default AFs used for other endpoints may not be appropriate for interpretation of in vivo mutagenicity BMDs. Analyses of published dose-response data showing the effects of compensatory pathway deficiency indicate that AFs for sensitivity differences should be in the range of 2-20. Additional analyses indicate that the AF to compensate for short treatment durations should be in the range of 5-15. Future work should use available data to empirically determine endpoint-specific CES values; similarly, to determine AF values for BMD adjustment. Future work should also evaluate the ability to use in vitro dose-response data for risk assessment, and the utility of probabilistic methods for determination of mutagenicity HBGVs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:66-83, 2020. © 2019 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra S Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George E Johnson
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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229
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MacFarlane EM, Bruin JE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Unique Tool for Toxicity Testing in Pancreatic Progenitor and Endocrine Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:604998. [PMID: 33542706 PMCID: PMC7851047 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.604998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, and epidemiological studies report an association between diabetes incidence and environmental pollutant exposure. There are >84,000 chemicals in commerce, many of which are released into the environment without a clear understanding of potential adverse health consequences. While in vivo rodent studies remain an important tool for testing chemical toxicity systemically, we urgently need high-throughput screening platforms in biologically relevant models to efficiently prioritize chemicals for in depth toxicity analysis. Given the increasing global burden of obesity and diabetes, identifying chemicals that disrupt metabolism should be a high priority. Pancreatic endocrine cells are key regulators of systemic metabolism, yet often overlooked as a target tissue in toxicology studies. Immortalized β-cell lines and primary human, porcine, and rodent islets are widely used for studying the endocrine pancreas in vitro, but each have important limitations in terms of scalability, lifespan, and/or biological relevance. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture is a powerful tool for in vitro toxicity testing that addresses many of the limitations with other β-cell models. Current in vitro differentiation protocols can efficiently generate glucose-responsive insulin-secreting β-like cells that are not fully mature, but still valuable for high-throughput toxicity screening in vitro. Furthermore, hPSCs can be applied as a model of developing pancreatic endocrine cells to screen for chemicals that influence endocrine cell formation during critical windows of differentiation. Given their versatility, we recommend using hPSCs to identify potential β-cell toxins, which can then be prioritized as chemicals of concern for metabolic disruption.
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230
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Luijten M, Ball NS, Dearfield KL, Gollapudi BB, Johnson GE, Madia F, Peel L, Pfuhler S, Settivari RS, ter Burg W, White PA, van Benthem J. Utility of a next generation framework for assessment of genomic damage: A case study using the industrial chemical benzene. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:94-113. [PMID: 31709603 PMCID: PMC6972600 DOI: 10.1002/em.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We recently published a next generation framework for assessing the risk of genomic damage via exposure to chemical substances. The framework entails a systematic approach with the aim to quantify risk levels for substances that induce genomic damage contributing to human adverse health outcomes. Here, we evaluated the utility of the framework for assessing the risk for industrial chemicals, using the case of benzene. Benzene is a well-studied substance that is generally considered a genotoxic carcinogen and is known to cause leukemia. The case study limits its focus on occupational and general population health as it relates to benzene exposure. Using the framework as guidance, available data on benzene considered relevant for assessment of genetic damage were collected. Based on these data, we were able to conduct quantitative analyses for relevant data sets to estimate acceptable exposure levels and to characterize the risk of genetic damage. Key observations include the need for robust exposure assessments, the importance of information on toxicokinetic properties, and the benefits of cheminformatics. The framework points to the need for further improvement on understanding of the mechanism(s) of action involved, which would also provide support for the use of targeted tests rather than a prescribed set of assays. Overall, this case study demonstrates the utility of the next generation framework to quantitatively model human risk on the basis of genetic damage, thereby enabling a new, innovative risk assessment concept. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:94-113, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - George E. Johnson
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUnited Kingdom
| | - Federica Madia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | - Lauren Peel
- Health and Environmental Sciences InstituteWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | | | | | - Wouter ter Burg
- Centre for Safety of Substances and ProductsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul A. White
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jan van Benthem
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
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231
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Anaraki MT, Lysak DH, Soong R, Simpson MJ, Spraul M, Bermel W, Heumann H, Gundy M, Boenisch H, Simpson AJ. NMR assignment of the in vivo daphnia magna metabolome. Analyst 2020; 145:5787-5800. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Daphnia (freshwater fleas) are among the most widely used organisms in regulatory aquatic toxicology/ecology, while their recent listing as an NIH model organism is stimulating research for understanding human diseases and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Myrna J. Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | | | | | | | | | - André J. Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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232
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Marescotti D, Mathis C, Belcastro V, Leroy P, Acali S, Martin F, Dulize R, Bornand D, Peric D, Guedj E, Ortega Torres L, Biasioli M, Fuhrimann M, Fernandes E, Frauendorfer F, Gonzalez Suarez I, Sciuscio D, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems toxicology assessment of a representative e-liquid formulation using human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2019; 7:67-80. [PMID: 31886136 PMCID: PMC6921209 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of reduced-risk products aims to provide alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm for adult smokers. Responsible use of flavoring substances in these products may fulfill an important role in product acceptance. While most flavoring substances used in such products are also used by the food industry and are considered safe when ingested, their impact when inhaled may require further assessment. To aid in such an assessment, a three-step approach combining real-time cellular analysis, phenotypic high-content screening assays, and gene expression analysis was developed and tested in normal human bronchial epithelial cells with 28 flavoring substances commonly used in e-liquid formulations, dissolved individually or as a mixture in a base solution composed of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and 0.6% nicotine. By employing this approach, we identified individual flavoring substances that potentially contribute greatly to the overall mixture effect (citronellol and alpha-pinene). By assessing modified mixtures, we showed that, although cytotoxic effects were found when assessed individually, alpha-pinene did not contribute to the overall mixture cytotoxicity. Most of the cytotoxic effect appeared to be attributable to citronellol, with the remaining substances contributing due to synergistic effects. We developed and used different scoring methods (Tox-Score, Phenotypic Score, and Biological Impact Factor/Network Perturbation Amplitude), ultimately enabling a ranking based on cytotoxicity, phenotypic outcome, and molecular network perturbations. This case study highlights the benefits of testing both individual flavoring substances and mixtures for e-liquid flavor assessment and emphasized the importance of data sharing for the benefit of consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marescotti
- Corresponding author at: PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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233
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Warner GR, Flaws JA. Bisphenol A and Phthalates: How Environmental Chemicals Are Reshaping Toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:246-249. [PMID: 30496570 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genoa R Warner
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802
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234
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Soufan O, Ewald J, Viau C, Crump D, Hecker M, Basu N, Xia J. T1000: a reduced gene set prioritized for toxicogenomic studies. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7975. [PMID: 31681519 PMCID: PMC6824333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest within regulatory agencies and toxicological research communities to develop, test, and apply new approaches, such as toxicogenomics, to more efficiently evaluate chemical hazards. Given the complexity of analyzing thousands of genes simultaneously, there is a need to identify reduced gene sets. Though several gene sets have been defined for toxicological applications, few of these were purposefully derived using toxicogenomics data. Here, we developed and applied a systematic approach to identify 1,000 genes (called Toxicogenomics-1000 or T1000) highly responsive to chemical exposures. First, a co-expression network of 11,210 genes was built by leveraging microarray data from the Open TG-GATEs program. This network was then re-weighted based on prior knowledge of their biological (KEGG, MSigDB) and toxicological (CTD) relevance. Finally, weighted correlation network analysis was applied to identify 258 gene clusters. T1000 was defined by selecting genes from each cluster that were most associated with outcome measures. For model evaluation, we compared the performance of T1000 to that of other gene sets (L1000, S1500, Genes selected by Limma, and random set) using two external datasets based on the rat model. Additionally, a smaller (T384) and a larger version (T1500) of T1000 were used for dose-response modeling to test the effect of gene set size. Our findings demonstrated that the T1000 gene set is predictive of apical outcomes across a range of conditions (e.g., in vitro and in vivo, dose-response, multiple species, tissues, and chemicals), and generally performs as well, or better than other gene sets available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Soufan
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jessica Ewald
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Charles Viau
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of the Environment & Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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235
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Rivetti C, Allen TEH, Brown JB, Butler E, Carmichael PL, Colbourne JK, Dent M, Falciani F, Gunnarsson L, Gutsell S, Harrill JA, Hodges G, Jennings P, Judson R, Kienzler A, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Muller I, Owen SF, Rendal C, Russell PJ, Scott S, Sewell F, Shah I, Sorrel I, Viant MR, Westmoreland C, White A, Campos B. Vision of a near future: Bridging the human health-environment divide. Toward an integrated strategy to understand mechanisms across species for chemical safety assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104692. [PMID: 31669395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that application of mechanistic approaches to understand cross-species shared molecular targets and pathway conservation in the context of hazard characterization, provide significant opportunities in risk assessment (RA) for both human health and environmental safety. Specifically, it has been recognized that a more comprehensive and reliable understanding of similarities and differences in biological pathways across a variety of species will better enable cross-species extrapolation of potential adverse toxicological effects. Ultimately, this would also advance the generation and use of mechanistic data for both human health and environmental RA. A workshop brought together representatives from industry, academia and government to discuss how to improve the use of existing data, and to generate new NAMs data to derive better mechanistic understanding between humans and environmentally-relevant species, ultimately resulting in holistic chemical safety decisions. Thanks to a thorough dialogue among all participants, key challenges, current gaps and research needs were identified, and potential solutions proposed. This discussion highlighted the common objective to progress toward more predictive, mechanistically based, data-driven and animal-free chemical safety assessments. Overall, the participants recognized that there is no single approach which would provide all the answers for bridging the gap between mechanism-based human health and environmental RA, but acknowledged we now have the incentive, tools and data availability to address this concept, maximizing the potential for improvements in both human health and environmental RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rivetti
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E H Allen
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James B Brown
- Department of Genome Dynamics Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Emma Butler
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - John K Colbourne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dent
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Falciani
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Gunnarsson
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua A Harrill
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code B205-01, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code B205-01, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Aude Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, VA, Italy
| | | | - Iris Muller
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilie Rendal
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Russell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Scott
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Sewell
- NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Imran Shah
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code B205-01, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Ian Sorrel
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Campos
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom.
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236
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Krewski D, Bird M, Al-Zoughool M, Birkett N, Billard M, Milton B, Rice JM, Grosse Y, Cogliano VJ, Hill MA, Baan RA, Little J, Zielinski JM. Key characteristics of 86 agents known to cause cancer in humans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:244-263. [PMID: 31637961 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the early 1970s, the IARC Monographs Programme has evaluated more than 1000 agents with respect to carcinogenic hazard; of these, up to and including Volume 119 of the IARC Monographs, 120 agents met the criteria for classification as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Volume 100 of the IARC Monographs provided a review and update of Group 1 carcinogens. These agents were divided into six broad categories: (I) pharmaceuticals; (II) biological agents; (III) arsenic, metals, fibers, and dusts; (IV) radiation; (V) personal habits and indoor combustions; and (VI) chemical agents and related occupations. Data on biological mechanisms of action (MOA) were extracted from the Monographs to assemble a database on the basis of ten key characteristics attributed to human carcinogens. After some grouping of similar agents, the characteristic profiles were examined for 86 Group 1 agents for which mechanistic information was available in the IARC Monographs up to and including Volume 106, based upon data derived from human in vivo, human in vitro, animal in vivo, and animal in vitro studies. The most prevalent key characteristic was "is genotoxic", followed by "alters cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply" and "induces oxidative stress". Most agents exhibited several of the ten key characteristics, with an average of four characteristics per agent, a finding consistent with the notion that cancer development in humans involves multiple pathways. Information on the key characteristics was often available from multiple sources, with many agents demonstrating concordance between human and animal sources, particularly with respect to genotoxicity. Although a detailed comparison of the characteristics of different types of agents was not attempted here, the overall characteristic profiles for pharmaceutical agents and for chemical agents and related occupations appeared similar. Further in-depth analyses of this rich database of characteristics of human carcinogens are expected to provide additional insights into the MOA of human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mélissa Billard
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jerry M Rice
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yann Grosse
- IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent J Cogliano
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark A Hill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan M Zielinski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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237
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Vo AH, Van Vleet TR, Gupta RR, Liguori MJ, Rao MS. An Overview of Machine Learning and Big Data for Drug Toxicity Evaluation. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:20-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy H. Vo
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terry R. Van Vleet
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rishi R. Gupta
- Information Research, Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael J. Liguori
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mohan S. Rao
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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238
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Corsi SR, De Cicco LA, Villeneuve DL, Blackwell BR, Fay KA, Ankley GT, Baldwin AK. Prioritizing chemicals of ecological concern in Great Lakes tributaries using high-throughput screening data and adverse outcome pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:995-1009. [PMID: 31412529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical monitoring data were collected in surface waters from 57 Great Lakes tributaries from 2010 to 13 to identify chemicals of potential biological relevance and sites at which these chemicals occur. Traditional water-quality benchmarks for aquatic life based on in vivo toxicity data were available for 34 of 67 evaluated chemicals. To expand evaluation of potential biological effects, measured chemical concentrations were compared to chemical-specific biological activities determined in high-throughput (ToxCast) in vitro assays. Resulting exposure-activity ratios (EARs) were used to prioritize the chemicals of greatest potential concern: 4‑nonylphenol, bisphenol A, metolachlor, atrazine, DEET, caffeine, tris(2‑butoxyethyl) phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzophenone. Water-quality benchmarks were unavailable for five of these chemicals, but for the remaining seven, EAR-based prioritization was consistent with that based on toxicity quotients calculated from benchmarks. Water-quality benchmarks identified three additional PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) not prioritized using EARs. Through this analysis, an EAR of 10-3 was identified as a reasonable threshold above which a chemical might be of potential concern. To better understand apical hazards potentially associated with biological activities captured in ToxCast assays, in vitro bioactivity data were matched with available adverse outcome pathway (AOP) information. The 49 ToxCast assays prioritized via EAR analysis aligned with 23 potentially-relevant AOPs present in the AOP-Wiki. Mixture effects at monitored sites were estimated by summation of EAR values for multiple chemicals by individual assay or individual AOP. Commonly predicted adverse outcomes included impacts on reproduction and mitochondrial function. The EAR approach provided a screening-level assessment for evidence-based prioritization of chemicals and sites with potential for adverse biological effects. The approach aids prioritization of future monitoring activities and provides testable hypotheses to help focus those efforts. This also expands the fraction of detected chemicals for which biologically-based benchmark concentrations are available to help contextualize chemical monitoring results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, WI 53562, United States.
| | | | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Brett R Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Kellie A Fay
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
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239
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Mallock N, Pieper E, Hutzler C, Henkler-Stephani F, Luch A. Heated Tobacco Products: A Review of Current Knowledge and Initial Assessments. Front Public Health 2019; 7:287. [PMID: 31649912 PMCID: PMC6795920 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The health risks of tobacco smoking have been documented in numerous studies and smoking rates have declined in developed countries over the last 50 years. Today, we know that cigarette smoking is the major cause of preventable deaths due to tobacco smoke induced diseases. As a consequence of an increased awareness of smoking-related health risks, heated tobacco products (HTPs) are marketed as reduced toxicant alternatives to conventional tobacco products. Manufacturers claim that levels of toxicants and hazardous compounds are significantly reduced, implying that inhalation of the modified aerosol is less harmful compared to conventional cigarettes. In this manuscript, previous assessments of HTPs are briefly summarized, including a short discussion on challenges with the adaption of standard analytical methods used for tobacco smoke. The reliability of analytical data is important for risk assessment approaches that are based on reduced toxicant exposure. In order to assess a putative reduction of health risks, an integrated study design is required that should include clinical studies and epidemiology data. One manufacturer applied for a classification as a Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) in the United States, based on extensive toxicological studies that have also been published. However, data are not yet sufficient for a reliable assessment or recognition of putatively reduced health risks. Challenges regarding a classification in Europe are also discussed briefly in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Henkler-Stephani
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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240
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Kienzler A, Connors KA, Bonnell M, Barron MG, Beasley A, Inglis CG, Norberg‐King TJ, Martin T, Sanderson H, Vallotton N, Wilson P, Embry MR. Mode of Action Classifications in the EnviroTox Database: Development and Implementation of a Consensus MOA Classification. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2294-2304. [PMID: 31269286 PMCID: PMC6851772 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mode of action (MOA) frameworks have been developed in aquatic ecotoxicology, mainly based on fish toxicity. These frameworks provide information on a key determinant of chemical toxicity, but the MOA categories and level of specificity remain unique to each of the classification schemes. The present study aimed to develop a consensus MOA assignment within EnviroTox, a curated in vivo aquatic toxicity database, based on the following MOA classification schemes: Verhaar (modified) framework, Assessment Tool for Evaluating Risk, Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, and OASIS. The MOA classifications from each scheme were first collapsed into one of 3 categories: non-specifically acting (i.e., narcosis), specifically acting, or nonclassifiable. Consensus rules were developed based on the degree of concordance among the 4 individual MOA classifications to attribute a consensus MOA to each chemical. A confidence rank was also assigned to the consensus MOA classification based on the degree of consensus. Overall, 40% of the chemicals were classified as narcotics, 17% as specifically acting, and 43% as unclassified. Sixty percent of chemicals had a medium to high consensus MOA assignment. When compared to empirical acute toxicity data, the general trend of specifically acting chemicals being more toxic is clearly observed for both fish and invertebrates but not for algae. EnviroTox is the first approach to establishing a high-level consensus across 4 computationally and structurally distinct MOA classification schemes. This consensus MOA classification provides both a transparent understanding of the variation between MOA classification schemes and an added certainty of the MOA assignment. In terms of regulatory relevance, a reliable understanding of MOA can provide information that can be useful for the prioritization (ranking) and risk assessment of chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2294-2304. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, IspraItaly
| | | | - Mark Bonnell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | - Mace G. Barron
- Gulf Ecology DivisionUS Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf BreezeFlorida
| | | | | | | | - Todd Martin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, CinncinatiOhio
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241
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Spinu N, Bal-Price A, Cronin MTD, Enoch SJ, Madden JC, Worth AP. Development and analysis of an adverse outcome pathway network for human neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2759-2772. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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242
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Davis AP, Wiegers J, Wiegers TC, Mattingly CJ. Public data sources to support systems toxicology applications. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 16:17-24. [PMID: 33604492 PMCID: PMC7889036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Public databases provide a wealth of freely available information about chemicals, genes, proteins, biological networks, phenotypes, diseases, and exposure science that can be integrated to construct pathways for systems toxicology applications. Relating this disparate information from public repositories, however, can be challenging since databases use a variety of ways to represent, describe, and make available their content. The use of standard vocabularies to annotate key data concepts, however, allows the information to be more easily exchanged and combined for discovery of new findings. We explore some of the many public data sources currently available to support systems toxicology, and demonstrate the value of standardizing data to help construct chemical-induced outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Peter Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jolene Wiegers
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thomas C Wiegers
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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243
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Malinowska JM, Viant MR. Confidence in metabolite identification dictates the applicability of metabolomics to regulatory toxicology. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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244
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Advancing Drug Discovery via Artificial Intelligence. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:592-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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245
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Fernandes J, Chandler JD, Lili LN, Uppal K, Hu X, Hao L, Go YM, Jones DP. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Responses to Physiologic versus Toxic Manganese Exposure in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Front Genet 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31396262 PMCID: PMC6668488 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, which also causes neurotoxicity in exposed occupational workers. Mn causes mitochondrial toxicity; however, little is known about transcriptional responses discriminated by physiological and toxicological levels of Mn. Identification of such mechanisms could provide means to evaluate risk of Mn toxicity and also potential avenues to protect against adverse effects. To study the Mn dose-response effects on transcription, analyzed by RNA-Seq, we used human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed for 5 h to Mn (0 to 100 μM), a time point where no immediate cell death occurred at any of the doses. Results showed widespread effects on abundance of protein-coding genes for metabolism of reactive oxygen species, energy sensing, glycolysis, and protein homeostasis including the unfolded protein response and transcriptional regulation. Exposure to a concentration (10 μM Mn for 5 h) that did not result in cell death after 24-h increased abundance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the protein secretion pathway that function in protein trafficking and cellular homeostasis. These include BET1 (Golgi vesicular membrane-trafficking protein), ADAM10 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10), and ARFGAP3 (ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3). In contrast, 5-h exposure to 100 μM Mn, a concentration that caused cell death after 24 h, increased abundance of DEGs for components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Integrated pathway analysis results showed that protein secretion gene set was associated with amino acid metabolites in response to 10 μM Mn, while oxidative phosphorylation gene set was associated with energy, lipid, and neurotransmitter metabolites at 100 μM Mn. These results show that differential effects of Mn occur at a concentration which does not cause subsequent cell death compared to a concentration that causes subsequent cell death. If these responses translate to effects on the secretory pathway and mitochondrial functions in vivo, differential activities of these systems could provide a sensitive basis to discriminate sub-toxic and toxic environmental and occupational Mn exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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246
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Lanter BB, Eaton AD, Roper JM, Zimmermann C, Delaney B, Hurley BP. Single versus repeated exposure to human polarized intestinal epithelial monolayers for in vitro protein hazard characterization. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110666. [PMID: 31288052 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest human-derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines cultured as polarized monolayers on permeable Transwell® filters are effective at differentiating between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins following a single exposure. In this study, IEC polarized monolayers were subjected to hazardous or non-hazardous proteins in nine exposures over 30 days and compared to a single exposure of the same protein. The objective was to evaluate whether repeated exposures to a protein differently alter barrier integrity or compromise cell viability compared to single exposures. Proteins tested included Clostridium difficile toxin A, Streptolysin O, Wheat Germ Agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris Hemagglutinin-E, bovine serum albumin, porcine serum albumin, and fibronectin. Evidence of diminished barrier integrity and/or cell viability following exposure to hazardous proteins was more pronounced in magnitude when IECs were subjected to multiple rather than single exposures. In some cases, an effect on IEC monolayers was observed only with repeated exposures. In general, IEC responses to non-hazardous proteins following either single or repeated exposures were minimal. Results from these studies support the utility of using cultured human IEC polarized monolayers to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins and suggest that repeated exposures may reveal a greater magnitude of response when compared to single exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Lanter
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - A D Eaton
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - J M Roper
- Corteva Agriscience, Newark, DE, 19711, United States
| | - C Zimmermann
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, United States.
| | - B Delaney
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, United States
| | - B P Hurley
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
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247
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Kumar N, Awoyemi O, Willis A, Schmitt C, Ramalingam L, Moustaid-Moussa N, Crago J. Comparative Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis in Embryo-Larval Zebrafish Exposed to 3 Azole Fungicides, Tebuconazole, Propiconazole, and Myclobutanil, at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1455-1466. [PMID: 30919521 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides have entered the aquatic environment through agricultural and residential runoff. In the present study, we compared the off-target toxicity of tebuconazole, propiconazole, and myclobutanil using embryo-larval zebrafish as a model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative toxicity of tebuconazole, propiconazole, and myclobutanil using multiple-level endpoints such as behavioral endpoints and enzymatic and molecular biomarkers associated with their mode of action. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to azoles at environmentally relevant and high concentrations, 0.3, 1.0, and 1000 µg/L, starting at 5 h postfertilization (hpf) up to 48 hpf, as well as 5 d postfertilization (dpf). Relative mRNA expressions of cytochrome P450 family 51 lanosterol-14α-demethylase, glutathione S-transferase, caspase 9, phosphoprotein p53, and BCL2-associated X protein were measured to assess toxicity attributable to fungicides at the mRNA level, whereas caspase 3/7 (apoptosis) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (lipid peroxidation) levels were measured at the enzymatic level. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction was measure through the Mito Stress test using the Seahorse XFe24 at 48 hpf. In addition, light to dark movement behavior was monitored at 5 dpf using Danio Vision® to understand adverse effects at the organismal level. There was no significant difference in the light to dark behavior with exposure to azoles compared to controls. The molecular biomarkers indicated that propiconazole and myclobutanil induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and potentially apoptosis at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3 and 1 µg/L). The results from the mitochondrial respiration assay indicated a slight decrease in spare respiratory capacity with an acute exposure (48 hpf) to all 3 azoles at 1000 µg/L. Based on the present results, propiconazole and myclobutanil are acutely toxic compared to tebuconazole in aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1455-1466. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - O Awoyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - A Willis
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - C Schmitt
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - L Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - N Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - J Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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248
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Franco ME, Lavado R. Applicability of in vitro methods in evaluating the biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish: Advances and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:685-695. [PMID: 30939321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biochemical mechanisms involved in such process continue to be intensively studied in the fields of environmental science and toxicology. The investigation of PAH biotransformation in fish is fundamental to understand how piscine species cope with PAH exposure, as these compounds are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and impact different levels of biological organization. New approaches are continuously developed in the field of ecotoxicology, allowing live animal testing to be combined with and, in some cases, replaced with novel in vitro systems. Many in vitro techniques have been developed and effectively applied in the investigation of the biochemical pathways driving the biotransformation of PAH in fish. In vitro experimentation has been fundamental in the advancement of not only understanding PAH-mediated toxicity, but also in highlighting suitable cell-based models for such investigations. Therefore, the present review highlights the value and applicability of in vitro systems for PAH biotransformation studies, and provides up-to-date information on the use of in vitro fish models in the evaluation of PAH biotransformation, common biomarkers, and challenges encountered when developing and applying such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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249
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Garcia EB, Alms C, Hinman AW, Kelly C, Smith A, Vance M, Loncarek J, Marr LC, Cimini D. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals that Chronic Silver Nanoparticle Exposure Induces Cell Division Defects in Human Epithelial Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2061. [PMID: 31212667 PMCID: PMC6603987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organizations have urged a paradigm shift from traditional, whole animal, chemical safety testing to alternative methods. Although these forward-looking methods exist for risk assessment and predication, animal testing is still the preferred method and will remain so until more robust cellular and computational methods are established. To meet this need, we aimed to develop a new, cell division-focused approach based on the idea that defective cell division may be a better predictor of risk than traditional measurements. To develop such an approach, we investigated the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human epithelial cells. AgNPs are the type of nanoparticle most widely employed in consumer and medical products, yet toxicity reports are still confounding. Cells were exposed to a range of AgNP doses for both short- and-long term exposure times. The analysis of treated cell populations identified an effect on cell division and the emergence of abnormal nuclear morphologies, including micronuclei and binucleated cells. Overall, our results indicate that AgNPs impair cell division, not only further confirming toxicity to human cells, but also highlighting the propagation of adverse phenotypes within the cell population. Furthermore, this work illustrates that cell division-based analysis will be an important addition to future toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Cynthia Alms
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Albert W Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Conor Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Adam Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Marina Vance
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Piersma AH, van Benthem J, Ezendam J, Staal YCM, Kienhuis AS. The virtual human in chemical safety assessment. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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