201
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Daikoku T, Tranguch S, Chakrabarty A, Wang D, Khabele D, Orsulic S, Morrow JD, Dubois RN, Dey SK. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is a target of cyclooxygenase-1-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta signaling in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5285-92. [PMID: 17545608 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The underlying causes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are unclear, and treatment options for patients with advanced disease are limited. There is evidence that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with decreased risk of developing EOC. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, which catalyze prostaglandin biosynthesis. We previously showed that mouse and human EOCs have increased levels of COX-1, but not COX-2, and a COX-1-selective inhibitor, SC-560, attenuates prostaglandin production and tumor growth. However, the downstream targets of COX-1 signaling in EOC are not yet known. To address this question, we evaluated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) expression and function in EOC. We found that EOC cells express high levels of PPARdelta, and neutralizing PPARdelta function reduces tumor growth in vivo. More interestingly, aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that preferentially inhibits COX-1, compromises PPARdelta function and cell growth by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Our study, for the first time, shows that whereas PPARdelta can be a target of COX-1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase is a potential target of PPARdelta. The ability of aspirin to inhibit EOC growth in vivo is an exciting finding because of its low cost, lack of cardiovascular side effects, and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takiko Daikoku
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Reproductive and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2678, USA
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202
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Schug TT, Berry DC, Shaw NS, Travis SN, Noy N. Opposing effects of retinoic acid on cell growth result from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors. Cell 2007; 129:723-33. [PMID: 17512406 PMCID: PMC1948722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of the nuclear receptor RAR by retinoic acid (RA) often leads to inhibition of cell growth. However, in some tissues, RA promotes cell survival and hyperplasia, activities that are unlikely to be mediated by RAR. Here, we show that, in addition to functioning through RAR, RA activates the "orphan" nuclear receptor PPARbeta/delta, which, in turn, induces the expression of prosurvival genes. Partitioning of RA between the two receptors is regulated by the intracellular lipid binding proteins CRABP-II and FABP5. These proteins specifically deliver RA from the cytosol to nuclear RAR and PPARbeta/delta, respectively, thereby selectively enhancing the transcriptional activity of their cognate receptors. Consequently, RA functions through RAR and is a proapoptotic agent in cells with high CRABP-II/FABP5 ratio, but it signals through PPARbeta/delta and promotes survival in cells that highly express FABP5. Opposing effects of RA on cell growth thus emanate from alternate activation of two different nuclear receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Keratinocytes
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/physiopathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/physiopathology
- Mice
- PPAR-beta/drug effects
- PPAR-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/drug effects
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/physiology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus T Schug
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14850
| | - Daniel C. Berry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14850
| | - Natacha S. Shaw
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14850
| | - Skylar N. Travis
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14850
| | - Noa Noy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14850
- and Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- *Address correspondence to this author at: 724 Biomedical Research Building, Case, Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH, 44106-4965. Tel: 216-368-0302, Fax: 216-368-1300, E. mail:
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203
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Müller-Brüsselbach S, Kömhoff M, Rieck M, Meissner W, Kaddatz K, Adamkiewicz J, Keil B, Klose KJ, Moll R, Burdick AD, Peters JM, Müller R. Deregulation of tumor angiogenesis and blockade of tumor growth in PPARbeta-deficient mice. EMBO J 2007; 26:3686-98. [PMID: 17641685 PMCID: PMC1949001 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta (PPARbeta) has been implicated in tumorigenesis, but its precise role remains unclear. Here, we show that the growth of syngeneic Pparb wild-type tumors is impaired in Pparb(-/-) mice, concomitant with a diminished blood flow and an abundance of hyperplastic microvascular structures. Matrigel plugs containing pro-angiogenic growth factors harbor increased numbers of morphologically immature, proliferating endothelial cells in Pparb(-/-) mice, and retroviral transduction of Pparb triggers microvessel maturation. We have identified the Cdkn1c gene encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p57(Kip2) as a PPARbeta target gene and a mediator of the PPARbeta-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, which provides a possible mechanistic explanation for the observed tumor endothelial hyperplasia and deregulation of tumor angiogenesis in Pparb(-/-) mice. Our data point to an unexpected essential role for PPARbeta in constraining tumor endothelial cell proliferation to allow for the formation of functional tumor microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kömhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rieck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meissner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaddatz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Adamkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris Keil
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Small Animal and Molecular Imaging Center, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Klose
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Small Animal and Molecular Imaging Center, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Moll
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrew D Burdick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, Marburg 35032, Germany. Tel.: +49 6421 2866236; Fax: +49 6421 2868923; E-mail:
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204
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Romanowska M, al Yacoub N, Seidel H, Donandt S, Gerken H, Phillip S, Haritonova N, Artuc M, Schweiger S, Sterry W, Foerster J. PPARdelta enhances keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis and induces heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:110-24. [PMID: 17637826 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common skin disease involving keratinocyte proliferation and altered differentiation, as well as T-cell activation. Here, we show that altered gene transcription in psoriatic skin lesions is highly reproducible between independent data sets. Analysis of gene expression confirmed dysregulation in all expected functional categories, such as IFN signaling and keratinocyte differentiation, and allowed molecular fingerprinting of a previously characterized dendritic cell subset associated with psoriasis tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)- and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing CD11b(INT) DC (Tip-DC). Unexpectedly, a large group of dysregulated transcripts was related to fatty acid signaling and adipocyte differentiation, exhibiting a pattern consistent with the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta). PPARdelta itself was strongly induced in psoriasis in vivo. In primary keratinocytes, PPARdelta was induced by the transcription factor activator protein 1, in particular by junB, but not by canonical WNT signaling, in contrast to its regulation in colon carcinoma cells. Activation of PPARdelta enhanced proliferation of keratinocytes, while this was inhibited by knockdown of PPARdelta. Finally, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), known to induce epidermal hyperplasia and itself overexpressed in psoriasis, was identified as a direct target gene of PPARdelta. The present data suggest that activation of PPARdelta is a major event in psoriasis, contributing to the hyperproliferative phenotype by induction of HB-EGF.
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205
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Abstract
Carotenoids and retinoids are groups of nutritionally-relevant compounds present in many foods of plant origin (carotenoids) and animal origin (mainly retinoids). Their levels in human subjects vary depending on the diversity and amount of the individual's nutrient intake. Some carotenoids and retinoids have been investigated for their effects on the immune system bothin vitroandin vivo. It has been shown that retinoids have the potential to mediate or induce proliferative and differentiating effects on several immune-competent cells, and various carotenoids are known to be inducers of immune function. The immune-modulating effects of retinoids have been well documented, while the effects of carotenoids on the immune system have not been investigated as extensively, because little is known about their molecular mechanism of action. The present review will mainly focus on the molecular mechanism of action of retinoids and particularly carotenoids, their nutritional origin and intake, their transfer from the maternal diet to the child and their effects or potential effects on the developing immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt. 98, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary.
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206
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Roles of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and β/δ in skin wound healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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207
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Seedorf U, Aberle J. Emerging roles of PPARdelta in metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1125-31. [PMID: 17588807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PPARdelta differs from the other two PPAR isotypes (alpha and gamma) by its more wide-spread tissue-specific expression pattern, its involvement in developmental processes and its profound impact on muscle and heart fat metabolism. Activation of PPARdelta modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages and is linked to altered lipoprotein metabolism, most importantly a significant raise of HDL cholesterol. PPARdelta activation in the liver decreases hepatic glucose output, thereby contributing to improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Several studies have shown that PPARdelta polymorphisms are associated with plasma lipid levels, body mass index and the risk for diabetes and coronary heart disease. These findings support that high affinity PPARdelta agonists may be promising drugs of the future to treat the metabolic syndrome which is an expanding overweight-related health threat characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Arteriosklerosforschung an der Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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208
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Liou JY, Ghelani D, Yeh S, Wu KK. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce colorectal cancer cell apoptosis by suppressing 14-3-3epsilon. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3185-91. [PMID: 17409426 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of 14-3-3 in colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), we evaluated the effects of sulindac on 14-3-3epsilon protein expression in colorectal cancer cells. Sulindac sulfide inhibited 14-3-3epsilon proteins in HT-29 and DLD-1 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Sulindac sulfone at 600 mumol/L inhibited 14-3-3epsilon protein expression in HT-29. Indomethacin and SC-236, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, exerted a similar effect as sulindac. Sulindac suppressed 14-3-3epsilon promoter activity. As 14-3-3epsilon promoter activation is mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta), we determined the correlation between 14-3-3epsilon inhibition and PPARdelta suppression by NSAIDs. Sulindac sulfide inhibited PPARdelta protein expression and PPARdelta transcriptional activity. Overexpression of PPARdelta by adenoviral transfer rescued 14-3-3epsilon proteins from elimination by sulindac or indomethacin. NSAID-induced 14-3-3epsilon suppression was associated with reduced cytosolic Bad with elevation of mitochondrial Bad and increase in apoptosis which was rescued by Ad-PPARdelta transduction. Stable expression of 14-3-3epsilon in HT-29 significantly protected cells from apoptosis. Our findings shed light on a novel mechanism by which NSAIDs induce colorectal cancer apoptosis via the PPARdelta/14-3-3epsilon transcriptional pathway. These results suggest that 14-3-3epsilon is a target for the prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yang Liou
- University of Texas Health Science Center, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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209
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Hall JM, McDonnell DP. The molecular mechanisms underlying the proinflammatory actions of thiazolidinediones in human macrophages. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1756-68. [PMID: 17488971 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the antiinflammatory actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may explain the protective effect of these receptors in diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and other inflammatory diseases. However, emerging evidence for proinflammatory activities of activated PPARs is concerning in light of new studies that associate PPAR modulators with an increased incidence of both cardiovascular events in humans and the sporadic formation of tumors in rodents. In an attempt to define the role of each PPAR subtype in inflammation, we made the unexpected observation that human PPARdelta is a positive regulator of inflammatory responses in both monocytes and macrophages. Notably, TNFalpha-stimulated cells administered PPARdelta agonists express and secrete elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Most surprising, however, was the finding that thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and other known PPARgamma ligands display different degrees of proinflammatory activities in a PPARgamma- and PPARalpha-independent manner via their ability to augment PPARdelta signaling. A series of mechanistic studies revealed that TZDs, at clinically relevant concentrations, bind and activate the transcriptional activity of PPARdelta. Collectively, these studies suggest that the observed proinflammatory and potentially deleterious effects of PPARgamma ligands may be mediated through an off-target effect on PPARdelta. These studies highlight the need for PPAR modulators with increased receptor subtype specificity. Furthermore, they suggest that differences in systemic exposure and consequently in the activation of PPARgamma and PPARdelta may explain why TZDs can exhibit both inflammatory and antiinflammatory activities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Hall
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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210
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Yu Z, Schneider C, Boeglin WE, Brash AR. Epidermal lipoxygenase products of the hepoxilin pathway selectively activate the nuclear receptor PPARalpha. Lipids 2007; 42:491-7. [PMID: 17436029 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be transformed into a specific epoxyalcohol product via the sequential action of two epidermal lipoxygenases, 12R-LOX and eLOX3. Functional impairment of either lipoxygenase gene (ALOX12B or ALOXE3) results in ichthyosis, suggesting a role for the common epoxyalcohol product or its metabolites in the differentiation of normal human skin. Here we tested the ability of products derived from the epidermal LOX pathway to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARalpha, gamma, and delta, which have been implicated in epidermal differentiation. Using a dual luciferase reporter assay in PC3 cells, the 12R-LOX/eLOX3-derived epoxyalcohol, 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxyeicosa-5Z,9E,14Z-trienoic acid, activated PPARalpha with similar in potency to the known natural ligand, 8S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8S-HETE) (both at 10 microM concentration). In contrast, the PPARgamma and PPARdelta receptor isoforms were not activated by the epoxyalcohol. Activation of PPARalpha was also observed using the trihydroxy hydrolysis products (trioxilins) of the unstable epoxyalcohol. Of the four trioxilins isolated and characterized, the highest activation was observed with the isomer that is also formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the epoxyalcohol. Formation of a ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARalpha may be one possibility by which 12R-LOX and eLOX3 contribute to epidermal differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/metabolism
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/chemistry
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Arachidonate Lipoxygenases/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Epidermal Cells
- Epidermis/enzymology
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism
- Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- PPAR delta/metabolism
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyong Yu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 23rd Ave. at Pierce, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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211
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Adamkiewicz J, Kaddatz K, Rieck M, Wilke B, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Müller R. Proteomic profile of mouse fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-β/δ gene. Proteomics 2007; 7:1208-16. [PMID: 17380536 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200601003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-beta (PPARbeta) plays an essential role in lipid metabolism, immune modulation, differentiation and cell proliferation. There is also strong evidence for a function in oncogenesis and tumor vascularization, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we have used fibroblasts derived from Pparb wild-type and null mice to determine by 2-DE and PMF analysis the contribution of PPARbeta to the protein profile of fibroblasts. Thirty-one differentially expressed proteins of different functional categories were identified. For at least two proteins a role in tumorigenesis and/or tumor vascularization has previously been reported: while the calcium intracellular channel-4 (CLIC4) was expressed at lower levels in Pparb null cells, expression of the cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1) was enhanced. Clic4 and Crbp1 gene expression patterns observed in different experimental settings in vitro and in vivo confirmed the proteomics data. Our findings indicate that the expression of a defined set of proteins is altered in fibroblasts and endothelial cells from Pparb null mice, that this is due to aberrant gene regulation, and that the altered expression of these proteins is consistent with the tumor vascularization phenotype of Pparb null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Adamkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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212
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Chêne G, Dubourdeau M, Balard P, Escoubet-Lozach L, Orfila C, Berry A, Bernad J, Aries MF, Charveron M, Pipy B. n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce the expression of COX-2 via PPARgamma activation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:576-89. [PMID: 17459764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Revised: 12/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 inhibit inflammation, in vivo and in vitro in keratinocytes. We examined in HaCaT keratinocyte cell line whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) a n-3 PUFA, gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) a n-6 PUFA, and arachidic acid a saturated fatty acid, modulate expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme pivotal to skin inflammation and reparation. We demonstrate that only treatment of HaCaT with GLA and EPA or a PPARgamma ligand (roziglitazone), induced COX-2 expression (protein and mRNA). Moreover stimulation of COX-2 promoter activity was increased by those PUFAs or rosiglitazone. The inhibitory effects of GW9662 and T0070907 (PPARgamma antagonists), on COX-2 expression and on stimulation of COX-2 promoter activity by EPA and GLA suggest that PPARgamma is implicated in COX-2 induction. Finally, PLA2 inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate blocked the PUFA effects on COX-2 induction, promoter activity and arachidonic acid mobilization suggesting involvement of AA metabolites in PPAR activation. These findings demonstrate that n-3 and n-6 PUFA increased PPARgamma activity is necessary for the COX-2 induction in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of EPA, we suggest that induction of COX-2 in keratinocytes may be important in the anti-inflammatory and protective mechanism of action of PUFAs n-3 or n-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Chêne
- Macrophages, Mediateurs de l'Inflammation et Interactions Cellulaires, Université Paul Sabatier, EA 2405- INSERM IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France
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213
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Higashiyama H, Billin AN, Okamoto Y, Kinoshita M, Asano S. Expression profiling of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta) in mouse tissues using tissue microarray. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 127:485-94. [PMID: 17333240 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta) is known as a transcription factor involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis in several tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissues. In this study, to elucidate systemic physiological functions of PPAR-delta, we examined the tissue distribution and localization of PPAR-delta in adult mouse tissues using tissue microarray (TMA)-based immunohistochemistry. PPAR-delta positive signals were observed on variety of tissues/cells in multiple systems including cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, nervous, hematopoietic, immune, musculoskeletal, sensory and reproductive organ systems. In these organs, PPAR-delta immunoreactivity was generally localized on the nucleus, although cytoplasmic localization was observed on several cell types including neurons in the nervous system and cells of the islet of Langerhans. These expression profiling data implicate various physiological roles of PPAR-delta in multiple organ systems. TMA-based immunohistochemistry enables to profile comprehensive protein localization and distribution in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Higashiyama
- Pharmacology Department, Tsukuba Research Laboratories and Nuclear Receptor Discovery Research, High Throughput Biology, Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, 43 Wadai, 300-4247, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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214
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Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, Chatterjee VK, Glass CK, Gonzalez FJ, Grimaldi PA, Kadowaki T, Lazar MA, O'Rahilly S, Palmer CNA, Plutzky J, Reddy JK, Spiegelman BM, Staels B, Wahli W. International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:726-41. [PMID: 17132851 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They share a high degree of structural homology with all members of the superfamily, particularly in the DNA-binding domain and ligand- and cofactor-binding domain. Many cellular and systemic roles have been attributed to these receptors, reaching far beyond the stimulation of peroxisome proliferation in rodents after which they were initially named. PPARs exhibit broad, isotype-specific tissue expression patterns. PPARalpha is expressed at high levels in organs with significant catabolism of fatty acids. PPARbeta/delta has the broadest expression pattern, and the levels of expression in certain tissues depend on the extent of cell proliferation and differentiation. PPARgamma is expressed as two isoforms, of which PPARgamma2 is found at high levels in the adipose tissues, whereas PPARgamma1 has a broader expression pattern. Transcriptional regulation by PPARs requires heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). When activated by a ligand, the dimer modulates transcription via binding to a specific DNA sequence element called a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) in the promoter region of target genes. A wide variety of natural or synthetic compounds was identified as PPAR ligands. Among the synthetic ligands, the lipid-lowering drugs, fibrates, and the insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones, are PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists, respectively, which underscores the important role of PPARs as therapeutic targets. Transcriptional control by PPAR/RXR heterodimers also requires interaction with coregulator complexes. Thus, selective action of PPARs in vivo results from the interplay at a given time point between expression levels of each of the three PPAR and RXR isotypes, affinity for a specific promoter PPRE, and ligand and cofactor availabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Centre "Frontiers in Genetics," University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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215
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Genini D, Catapano CV. Block of nuclear receptor ubiquitination. A mechanism of ligand-dependent control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11776-85. [PMID: 17324937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in many physiological and pathological processes. PPARdelta is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic, chronic inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, limited information is available about the mechanisms that control the activity of this nuclear receptor. Here, we examined the role of the ubiquitinproteasome system in PPARdelta turnover. The receptor was ubiquitinated and subject to rapid degradation by the 26 S proteasome. Unlike most nuclear receptors that are degraded upon ligand binding, PPARdelta ligands inhibited the ubiquitination of the receptor, thereby preventing its degradation. Ligand binding was required for inhibition of the ubiquitination since disruption of the ligand binding domain abolished the effect. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the DNA binding domain was also required, indicating that ligands preferentially stabilized the DNA-bound receptor. In contrast, the activation function-2 domain and co-repressor binding site were not involved in ligand-induced stabilization. Block of ubiquitination by ligands may be an essential step to avoid rapid degradation of a receptor, like PPARdelta, with a very short half-life and sustain its transcriptional activity once it is engaged in transcriptional activation complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Genini
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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216
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Dutt Gunturu
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division of Maimonides Infants and Children's Hospital of Brooklyn, New York, USA
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217
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Burdick AD, Bility MT, Girroir EE, Billin AN, Willson TM, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta(PPARbeta/delta) inhibits cell growth of human N/TERT-1 keratinocytes. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1163-71. [PMID: 17254750 PMCID: PMC1913217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta(PPARbeta; also referred to as PPARdelta) in epidermal cell growth remains controversial. Recent evidence suggests that ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta increases cell growth and inhibits apoptosis in epidermal cells. In contrast, other reports suggest that ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta leads to the induction of terminal differentiation and inhibition of cell growth. In the present study, the effect of the highly specific PPARbeta/delta ligand GW0742 on cell growth was examined using a human keratinocyte cell line (N/TERT-1) and mouse primary keratinocytes. Ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta with GW0742 prevented cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase and attenuated cell proliferation in N/TERT-1 cells. Despite specifically activating PPARbeta/delta as revealed by target gene induction, no changes in PTEN, PDK and ILK expression or downstream phosphorylation of Akt were found in either N/TERT-1 cells or primary keratinocytes. Further, altered cell growth resulting from serum withdrawal and the induction of caspase-3 activity by ultraviolet radiation were unchanged in the absence of PPARbeta/delta expression and/or the presence of GW0742. While no changes in the expression of mRNAs encoding cell cycle control proteins were found in response to GW0742, a significant decrease in the level of ERK phosphorylation was observed. Results from these studies demonstrate that ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta does not lead to an anti-apoptotic effect in either human or mouse keratinocytes, but rather, leads to inhibition of cell growth likely through the induction of terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Burdick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, United States
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218
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Conjugated linoleic acid modulates phorbol ester–induced PPAR-δ and K-FABP mRNA expression in mouse skin. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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219
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Huang JC, Wun WSA, Goldsby JS, Wun IC, Noorhasan D, Wu KK. Stimulation of embryo hatching and implantation by prostacyclin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ activation: implication in IVF. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:807-14. [PMID: 17114194 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful IVF depends in part on quality embryos. Recent work suggests that prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2) or prostacyclin) promotes the development of embryos in vitro and enhances their implantation potential. The mechanism underlying the effects of PGI(2) is unclear. It has been reported that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) mediates the effects of PGI(2) at the implantation sites. METHODS The expression of PPARdelta in the preimplantation embryos was examined by RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Synthetic PPARdelta ligand (L-165041) and PPARdelta targeted (PPARdelta(-/-)) embryos were used to reveal the roles of PPARdelta in PGI(2)-stimulated and spontaneous embryo development. RESULTS Preimplantation embryos express PPARdelta, which is essential for the enhancing effect of PGI(2) and the spontaneous progression of preimplantation embryos. Enhanced blastocyst hatching by PGI(2) (P < 0.05) was abrogated by PPARdelta deletion. Blastocyst formation and embryo hatching were impaired in PPARdelta(-/-) embryos. PPARdelta deletion significantly reduced embryo cell proliferation (P < 0.01); PPARdelta activation increased embryo cell proliferation (P < 0.05). PPARdelta activation enhanced the implantation of wild-type (WT) embryos (P < 0.05); PPARdelta deletion reduced embryo implantation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PPARdelta is essential for spontaneous and PGI(2)-stimulated embryo development and blastocyst hatching. The implantation of cultured embryos is enhanced by PPARdelta activation. PPARdelta represents a novel therapeutic target to improve IVF outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Services, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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220
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Tanaka T. [PPAR delta and metabolic syndrome]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 128:225-30. [PMID: 17038785 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.128.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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221
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Robitaille J, Gaudet D, Pérusse L, Vohl MC. Features of the metabolic syndrome are modulated by an interaction between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta −87T>C polymorphism and dietary fat in French-Canadians. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 31:411-7. [PMID: 16953259 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We verified whether genetic variants in this gene are associated with the MS and whether dietary fatty acids interact with the -87T>C polymorphism. METHODS By direct sequencing, we identified 15 variants in the PPAR-delta gene and analyses were pursued with the -87T>C polymorphism for 340 subjects. RESULTS Metabolic variables were comparable among each genotype group. The -87T>C polymorphism, fat intake and the interaction accounted, respectively for 2.2, 1.9 and 1.5% of the variance in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (P<0.05) (age, sex and energy intake were included into the model). The total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio was also modulated by a gene-diet interaction and by the -87T>C polymorphism (P<0.05). No gene-diet interaction effects were observed for other features of the MS. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of exhibiting three or more features of the MS when carrying the -87C allele was 0.62 (P=0.04) compared to -87T/T. However, in subjects consuming less than 34.4% of energy from fat (median of fat consumption), the OR in carriers of the -87C allele was of 0.42 (P=0.008). CONCLUSION These data suggest that the PPAR-delta -87T>C polymorphism may be associated with a lower risk to exhibit the MS and this association is influenced by dietary fat intake. The metabolic syndrome (MS) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta), a transcription factor involved in lipid metabolism, is a candidate gene for the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robitaille
- Lipid Research Center, CHUQ-CHUL Pavilion, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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222
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Icre G, Wahli W, Michalik L. Functions of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and beta in skin homeostasis, epithelial repair, and morphogenesis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2006; 11:30-5. [PMID: 17069008 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR alpha, PPAR beta, and PPAR gamma) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They are regarded as being sensors of physiological levels of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives. In the adult mouse skin, they are found in hair follicle keratinocytes but not in interfollicular epidermis keratinocytes. Skin injury stimulates the expression of PPAR alpha and PPAR beta at the site of the wound. Here, we review the spatiotemporal program that triggers PPAR beta expression immediately after an injury, and then gradually represses it during epithelial repair. The opposing effects of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta-1 signalling pathways on the activity of the PPAR beta promoter are the key elements of this regulation. We then compare the involvement of PPAR beta in the skin in response to an injury and during hair morphogenesis, and underscore the similarity of its action on cell survival in both situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Icre
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
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223
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Varnat F, Heggeler BBT, Grisel P, Boucard N, Corthésy-Theulaz I, Wahli W, Desvergne B. PPARbeta/delta regulates paneth cell differentiation via controlling the hedgehog signaling pathway. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:538-53. [PMID: 16890607 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS All 4 differentiated epithelial cell types found in the intestinal epithelium derive from the intestinal epithelial stem cells present in the crypt unit, in a process whose molecular clues are intensely scrutinized. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta (PPARbeta) is a nuclear hormone receptor activated by fatty acids and is highly expressed in the digestive tract. However, its function in intestinal epithelium homeostasis is understood poorly. METHODS To assess the role of PPARbeta in the small intestinal epithelium, we combined various cellular and molecular approaches in wild-type and PPARbeta-mutant mice. RESULTS We show that the expression of PPARbeta is particularly remarkable at the bottom of the crypt of the small intestine where Paneth cells reside. These cells, which have an important role in the innate immunity, are strikingly affected in PPARbeta-null mice. We then show that Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is a signal sent by mature Paneth cells to their precursors, negatively regulating their differentiation. Importantly, PPARbeta acts on Paneth cell homeostasis by down-regulating the expression of Ihh, an effect that can be mimicked by cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS We unraveled the Ihh-dependent regulatory loop that controls mature Paneth cell homeostasis and its modulation by PPARbeta. PPARbeta currently is being assessed as a drug target for metabolic diseases; these results reveal some important clues with respect to the signals controlling epithelial cell fate in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Varnat
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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224
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Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in vascular biology-molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:19-28. [PMID: 16782410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)alpha, gamma and beta/delta belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. PPARs heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and then act as transcription factors to modulate the function of many target genes. PPARalpha, gamma and beta/delta subtypes have significant differences in their ligand and gene specificities. PPARalpha is activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids and by fibrate drugs (fenofibrate and gemfibrozil) and controls expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. PPARgamma is activated by fatty acid derivatives, such as hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODEs), prostaglandin derivatives, such as 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2, and thiazolidinedione (glitazone) drugs, such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. PPARgamma is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and adipogenesis. PPARbeta/delta ligands include polyunsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins and synthetic compounds and stimulate fatty acid oxidation. All PPARs are expressed in vascular cells where they exert antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory and vasculoprotective actions. Activators of PPARalpha (fibrates) and PPARgamma (thiazolidinediones or glitazones) antagonize angiotensin II effects in vivo and in vitro and have cardiovascular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. PPAR agonists slightly reduce blood pressure are cardio-protective and correct vascular structure and endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of hypertension. Because of these beneficial effects, activators of PPARs may have therapeutic potential in the prevention of cardiovascular disease beyond their actions on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The present chapter focuses on the role of PPARs in vascular biology and discusses the clinical implications of using PPAR agonists in the management of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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225
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Marin HE, Peraza MA, Billin AN, Willson TM, Ward JM, Kennett MJ, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Ligand activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta inhibits colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4394-401. [PMID: 16618765 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable debate whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) ligands potentiate or suppress colon carcinogenesis. Whereas administration of a PPARbeta ligand causes increased small intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(min/+) mice, PPARbeta-null (Pparb-/-) mice exhibit increased colon polyp multiplicity in colon cancer bioassays, suggesting that ligand activation of this receptor will inhibit colon carcinogenesis. This hypothesis was examined by treating wild-type (Pparb+/+) and Pparb-/- with azoxymethane, coupled with a highly specific PPARbeta ligand, GW0742. Ligand activation of PPARbeta in Pparb+/+ mice caused an increase in the expression of mRNA encoding adipocyte differentiation-related protein, fatty acid-binding protein, and cathepsin E. These findings are indicative of colonocyte differentiation, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. No PPARbeta-dependent differences in replicative DNA synthesis or expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase, integrin-linked kinase, or phospho-Akt were detected in ligand-treated mouse colonic epithelial cells although increased apoptosis was found in GW0742-treated Pparb+/+ mice. Consistent with increased colonocyte differentiation and apoptosis, inhibition of colon polyp multiplicity was also found in ligand-treated Pparb+/+ mice, and all of these effects were not found in Pparb-/- mice. In contrast to previous reports suggesting that activation of PPARbeta potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis, here we show that ligand activation of PPARbeta attenuates chemically induced colon carcinogenesis and that PPARbeta-dependent induction of cathepsin E could explain the reported disparity in the literature about the effect of ligand activation of PPARbeta in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Marin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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226
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Nadra K, Anghel SI, Joye E, Tan NS, Basu-Modak S, Trono D, Wahli W, Desvergne B. Differentiation of trophoblast giant cells and their metabolic functions are dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3266-81. [PMID: 16581799 PMCID: PMC1446964 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.8.3266-3281.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) severely affects placenta development, leading to embryonic death at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) to E10.5 of most, but not all, PPARbeta/delta-null mutant embryos. While very little is known at present about the pathway governed by PPARbeta/delta in the developing placenta, this paper demonstrates that the main alteration of the placenta of PPARbeta/delta-null embryos is found in the giant cell layer. PPARbeta/delta activity is in fact essential for the differentiation of the Rcho-1 cells in giant cells, as shown by the severe inhibition of differentiation once PPARbeta/delta is silenced. Conversely, exposure of Rcho-1 cells to a PPARbeta/delta agonist triggers a massive differentiation via increased expression of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and integrin-linked kinase and subsequent phosphorylation of Akt. The links between PPARbeta/delta activity in giant cells and its role on Akt activity are further strengthened by the remarkable pattern of phospho-Akt expression in vivo at E9.5, specifically in the nucleus of the giant cells. In addition to this phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt main pathway, PPARbeta/delta also induced giant cell differentiation via increased expression of I-mfa, an inhibitor of Mash-2 activity. Finally, giant cell differentiation at E9.5 is accompanied by a PPARbeta/delta-dependent accumulation of lipid droplets and an increased expression of the adipose differentiation-related protein (also called adipophilin), which may participate to lipid metabolism and/or steroidogenesis. Altogether, this important role of PPARbeta/delta in placenta development and giant cell differentiation should be considered when contemplating the potency of PPARbeta/delta agonist as therapeutic agents of broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nadra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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227
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López-Soriano J, Chiellini C, Maffei M, Grimaldi PA, Argilés JM. Roles of skeletal muscle and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the development and treatment of obesity. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:318-29. [PMID: 16556851 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disturbances associated with alterations in lipid metabolism, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and syndrome X, are becoming more and more prominent in Western societies. Despite extensive research in such pathologies and their molecular basis, we are still far from completely understanding how these metabolic perturbations are produced and interrelate and, consequently, how to treat them efficiently. The discovery that adipose tissue is, in fact, an endocrine tissue able to secrete active molecules related to lipid homeostasis--the adipokines--has dramatically changed our understanding of the molecular events that take place in such diseases. This knowledge has been further improved by the discovery of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands, at present commonly used for the clinical treatment of lipid disturbances. However, a key point remains to be solved, and that is the role of muscle lipid metabolism, notably because of the main role played by this tissue in the development of such pathologies. In addition, a reciprocal regulation between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle has been proposed. New discoveries on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta in skeletal muscle functions as well as the secretory capabilities of muscle, now considered as an endocrine tissue, have changed the general point of view on lipid homeostasis, opening new and promising doors for the treatment of lipid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín López-Soriano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ospedale di Cisanello, University of Pisa, Italy
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228
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Liou JY, Lee S, Ghelani D, Matijevic-Aleksic N, Wu KK. Protection of endothelial survival by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta mediated 14-3-3 upregulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1481-7. [PMID: 16645156 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000223875.14120.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) in protecting endothelial cells (ECs) from apoptosis and elucidate the protective mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS To evaluate the effect of PGI2 on EC survival, we treated ECs with Ad-COX1/PGIS (Ad-COPI), which augmented selectively PGI2 production or carbaprostacyclin (cPGI2) followed by H2O2 for 4 hours. Ad-COPI inhibited annexin V-positive cells and blocked caspase 3 activation. cPGI2 inhibited apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. L-165041 had a similar effect, suggesting the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARdelta). ECs expressed functional PPARdelta. PPARdelta overexpression enhanced whereas PPARdelta knockdown by small interfering RNA abrogated the antiapoptotic action of cPGI2 and L-165041. Our results show for the first time that PGI2 stimulated 14-3-3alpha expression via PPARdelta activation. cPGI2 and L-165041 induced binding oaf PPARdelta to PPAR response elements located between -1426 and -1477 of 14-3-3alpha promoter region, thereby activating 14-3-3alpha promoter activity and protein expression. Upregulation of 14-3-3alpha proteins resulted in an increase in Bad binding to 14-3-3alpha and a reduction in Bad translocation to mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS PGI2 protects ECs from H2O2-induced apoptosis by inducing PPARdelta binding to 14-3-3alpha promoter, thereby upregulating 14-3-3alpha protein expression. Elevated 14-3-3alpha augments Bad sequestration and prevents Bad-triggered apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yang Liou
- Vascular Biology Research Center, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-1503, USA
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229
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Michalik L, Wahli W. Involvement of PPAR nuclear receptors in tissue injury and wound repair. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:598-606. [PMID: 16511592 PMCID: PMC1386118 DOI: 10.1172/jci27958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from chemical, mechanical, and biological injury, or from interrupted blood flow and reperfusion, is often life threatening. The subsequent tissue response involves an intricate series of events including inflammation, oxidative stress, immune cell recruitment, and cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In addition, fibrotic repair characterized by myofibroblast transdifferentiation and the deposition of ECM proteins is activated. Failure to initiate, maintain, or stop this repair program has dramatic consequences, such as cell death and associated tissue necrosis or carcinogenesis. In this sense, inflammation and oxidative stress, which are beneficial defense processes, can become harmful if they do not resolve in time. This repair program is largely based on rapid and specific changes in gene expression controlled by transcription factors that sense injury. PPARs are such factors and are activated by lipid mediators produced after wounding. Here we highlight advances in our understanding of PPAR action during tissue repair and discuss the potential for these nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets for tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Centre Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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230
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Lathion C, Michalik L, Wahli W. Physiological ligands of PPARs in inflammation and lipid homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.1.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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231
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Kim DJ, Bility MT, Billin AN, Willson TM, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. PPARbeta/delta selectively induces differentiation and inhibits cell proliferation. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:53-60. [PMID: 16021179 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) beta-null mice exhibit exacerbated epithelial cell proliferation and enhanced sensitivity to skin carcinogenesis, suggesting that ligand activation of PPARbeta will inhibit keratinocyte proliferation. By using of a highly specific ligand (GW0742) and the PPARbeta-null mouse model, activation of PPARbeta was found to selectively induce keratinocyte terminal differentiation and inhibit keratinocyte proliferation. Additionally, GW0742 was found to be anti-inflammatory due to inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity, independent of PPARbeta. These data suggest that ligand activation of PPARbeta could be a novel approach to selectively induce differentiation and inhibit cell proliferation, thus representing a new molecular target for the treatment of skin disorders resulting from altered cell proliferation such as psoriasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kim
- Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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232
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Masternak MM, Al-Regaiey KA, Del Rosario Lim MM, Jimenez-Ortega V, Panici JA, Bonkowski MS, Kopchick JJ, Wang Z, Bartke A. Caloric restriction and growth hormone receptor knockout: effects on expression of genes involved in insulin action in the heart. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:417-29. [PMID: 16524678 PMCID: PMC3082456 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of growth hormone (GH), decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) action and increased insulin sensitivity are associated with life extension and an apparent slowing of the aging process. We examined expression of genes involved in insulin action, IR, IRS1, IRS2, IGF1, IGF1R, GLUT4, PPARs and RXRs in the hearts of normal and GHR-/- (KO) mice fed ad libitum or subjected to 30% caloric restriction (CR). CR increased the cardiac expression of IR, IRS1, IGF1, IGF1R and GLUT4 in normal mice and IRS1, GLUT4, PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta in GHR-KO animals. Expression of IR, IRS1, IRS2, IGF1, GLUT4, PPARgamma and PPARalpha did not differ between GHR-KO and normal mice. These unexpected results suggest that CR may lead to major modifications of insulin action in the heart, but high insulin sensitivity of GHR-KO mice is not associated with alterations in the levels of most of the examined molecules related to intracellular insulin signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Caloric Restriction
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/genetics
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism
- Growth Hormone/genetics
- Growth Hormone/metabolism
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardium/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- PPAR delta/genetics
- PPAR delta/metabolism
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- PPAR-beta/genetics
- PPAR-beta/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Masternak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA.
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233
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Yang Q, Yamada A, Kimura S, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ. Alterations in skin and stratified epithelia by constitutively activated PPARalpha. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:374-85. [PMID: 16374467 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha is a pleiotropic regulator in many cell types and has recently been implicated in skin homeostasis. To determine the role of PPARalpha in skin physiology, transgenic mice were generated using the tetracycline Tet-off regulatory system to target constitutively activated PPARalpha to the epidermis and other stratified epithelia by the bovine keratin K5 promoter. Expression of the transgene during early development resulted in postnatal lethality within 2 days after birth. A thin epidermis, few hair follicles, and abnormal development of the tongue were observed in neonatal transgenic mice. Early mortality was not observed when transgenic PPARalpha expression was diminished by administration of doxycycline (dox) to the mothers. The alterations noted in neonatal mice were not observed in adult mice upon re-expression of the PPARalpha transgene by withdrawing dox. Attenuated hyperplasia of interfollicular epidermis after topical application of the tumor promotor 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was observed in adult mice expressing the PPARalpha transgene. In addition, expression of the PPARalpha transgene in mammary gland during pregnancy resulted in abnormal development of this organ and impaired lactation. Further investigations using primary keratinocytes revealed that expression of the transgene in keratinocytes resulted in increased differentiation and decreased proliferation, which may contribute to the observed phenotype in the transgenic mice. Thus, these results indicate that PPARalpha plays an important role in the development of stratified epithelia including skin, tongue, and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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234
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Arsenijevic D, de Bilbao F, Plamondon J, Paradis E, Vallet P, Richard D, Langhans W, Giannakopoulos P. Increased infarct size and lack of hyperphagic response after focal cerebral ischemia in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta-deficient mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:433-45. [PMID: 16094319 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in energy expenditure, regulation of inflammatory processes, and cellular protection in peripheral tissues. Among the different types of PPARs, PPARbeta is the only one to be widely expressed in cortical neurons. Using PPARbeta knockout (KO) mice, we report here a detailed investigation of the role of PPARbeta in cerebral ischemic damage, associated inflammatory and antioxidant processes as well as food intake regulation after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The PPARbeta KO mice had a two-fold increase in infarct size compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Brain oxidative stress was dramatically enhanced in these KO mice, as documented by an increased content of malondialdehyde, decreased levels of glutathione and manganese superoxide dismutase, and no induction of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) mRNA. Unlike WT mice, PPARbeta KO mice showed a marked increase of prooxidant interferon-gamma but no induction of nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha after MCAO. In WT mice, MCAO resulted in inflammation-specific transient hyperphagia from day 3 to day 5 after ischemia, which was associated with an increase in neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA. This hyperphagic phase and NPY mRNA induction were not observed in PPARbeta KO mice. Furthermore, our study also suggests for the first time that UCP2 is involved in MCAO food intake response. These data indicate that PPARbeta plays an important role in integrating and regulating central inflammation, antioxidant mechanisms, and food intake after MCAO, and suggest that the use of PPARbeta agonists may be of interest for the prevention of central ischemic damage.
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235
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Barish GD, Narkar VA, Evans RM. PPAR delta: a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:590-7. [PMID: 16511591 PMCID: PMC1386117 DOI: 10.1172/jci27955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing threat to global health by virtue of its association with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, collectively known as the metabolic syndrome or syndrome X. The nuclear receptors PPARalpha and PPARgamma are therapeutic targets for hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, respectively, and drugs that modulate these receptors are currently in clinical use. More recent work on the less-described PPAR isotype PPARdelta has uncovered a dual benefit for both hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, highlighting the broad potential of PPARdelta in the treatment of metabolic disease. PPARdelta enhances fatty acid catabolism and energy uncoupling in adipose tissue and muscle, and it suppresses macrophage-derived inflammation. Its combined activities in these and other tissues make it a multifaceted therapeutic target for the metabolic syndrome with the potential to control weight gain, enhance physical endurance, improve insulin sensitivity, and ameliorate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Barish
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037-1099, USA
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236
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Fauti T, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Kreutzer M, Rieck M, Meissner W, Rapp U, Schweer H, Kömhoff M, Müller R. Induction of PPARbeta and prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis by Raf signaling: failure of PGI2 to activate PPARbeta. FEBS J 2006; 273:170-9. [PMID: 16367757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A role for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta (PPARbeta) in oncogenesis has been suggested by a number of observations but its precise role remains elusive. Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), a major arachidonic acid (AA) derived cyclooxygenase (Cox) product, has been proposed as a PPARbeta agonist. Here, we show that the 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) mediated activation of a C-Raf-estrogen receptor fusion protein leads to the induction of both the PPARbeta and Cox-2 genes, concomitant with a dramatic increase in PGI2 synthesis. Surprisingly, however, 4-OHT failed to activate PPARbeta transcriptional activity, indicating that PGI2 is insufficient for PPARbeta activation. In agreement with this conclusion, the overexpression of ectopic Cox-2 and PGI2 synthase (PGIS) resulted in massive PGI2 synthesis but did not activate the transcriptional activity of PPARbeta. Conversely, inhibition of PGIS blocked PGI2 synthesis but did not affect the AA mediated activation of PPARbeta. Our data obtained with four different cell types and different experimental strategies do not support the prevailing opinion that PGI2 plays a significant role in the regulation of PPARbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fauti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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237
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Li AC, Palinski W. PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: How Their Effects on Macrophages Can Lead to the Development of a New Drug Therapy Against Atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 46:1-39. [PMID: 16402897 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha (alpha), beta/delta (beta/delta), and gamma (gamma) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which also includes the estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors. Recent evidence suggests that PPARs regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation in various tissues; however, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Anti-diabetic drugs, called glitazones, can selectively activate PPARgamma, and hypolipidemic drugs, called fibrates, can weakly activate PPARalpha. Both classes of drugs can decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemias, which also makes them attractive for treating the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome exhibits a constellation of risk factors for atherosclerosis that include obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Interestingly, all three PPARs are present in macrophages and can therefore have a profound effect on several disease processes, including atherosclerosis. Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesion development. Currently, the first line of defense in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis is aimed at lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and raising high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but a large percentage of patients on statins still succumb to coronary artery disease. However, with the development of drugs selectively activating PPARs, a new arsenal of drugs specifically targeting to the macrophage/foam cell may potentially have a profound impact on how we treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA.
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238
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Feige JN, Gelman L, Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W. From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions. Prog Lipid Res 2006; 45:120-59. [PMID: 16476485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) compose a family of three nuclear receptors which act as lipid sensors to modulate gene expression. As such, PPARs are implicated in major metabolic and inflammatory regulations with far-reaching medical consequences, as well as in important processes controlling cellular fate. Throughout this review, we focus on the cellular functions of these receptors. The molecular mechanisms through which PPARs regulate transcription are thoroughly addressed with particular emphasis on the latest results on corepressor and coactivator action. Their implication in cellular metabolism and in the control of the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and survival is then reviewed. Finally, we discuss how the integration of various intra-cellular signaling pathways allows PPARs to participate to whole-body homeostasis by mediating regulatory crosstalks between organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme N Feige
- Center for Integrative Genomics, NCCR Frontiers in Genetics, Le Génopode, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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239
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Masternak MM, Al-Regaiey KA, Del Rosario Lim MM, Jimenez-Ortega V, Panici JA, Bonkowski MS, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A. Effects of caloric restriction and growth hormone resistance on the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors superfamily in liver of normal and long-lived growth hormone receptor/binding protein knockout mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 60:1394-8. [PMID: 16339324 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/60.11.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor/binding protein knockout (GHR-KO) mice live approximately 40% longer than their normal siblings do. These mice have dramatically reduced plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and enhanced insulin sensitivity. We examined the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoid X receptors family genes in the livers of normal and GHR-KO mice fed ad libitum or subjected to long-term 30% caloric restriction (CR). The levels of PPARgamma and PPARalpha messenger RNA and proteins and the levels of retinoid X receptors messenger RNA were elevated in long-lived GHR-KO mice as compared to normal mice with no major effect of CR in either genotype. These findings suggest that enhanced insulin sensitivity of GHR-KO mice may be related to the altered actions of PPARs family members in the liver. The results also indicate that CR may increase insulin sensitivity through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Masternak
- Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge St., Room 4389, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.
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240
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Masternak MM, Al-Regaiey KA, Del Rosario Lim MM, Bonkowski MS, Panici JA, Przybylski GK, Bartke A. Caloric restriction results in decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor superfamily in muscle of normal and long-lived growth hormone receptor/binding protein knockout mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 60:1238-45. [PMID: 16282554 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/60.10.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to growth hormone, reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) action, and enhanced insulin sensitivity are likely mediators of extended life span and delayed aging process in growth hormone receptor/binding protein knockout (GHR-KO) mice. Fat metabolism and genes involved in fatty acid oxidation are strongly involved in insulin action. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot we have examined expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) genes in the skeletal muscle of normal and GHR-KO mice subjected to 30% caloric restriction. The results indicate that caloric restriction decreased the expression of PPARgamma, PPARalpha, and PPARbeta/delta which would lead to down-regulation of fat metabolism. This suggested metabolic change clearly does not affect whole-body insulin action. These findings suggest that whole-animal insulin sensitivity is not regulated through skeletal muscle insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Masternak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illnois University School of Medicine, Springfield, 62794-9628, USA.
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241
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Denning GM, Stoll LL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: potential therapeutic targets in lung disease? Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:23-34. [PMID: 16267824 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that play central roles in lipid and glucose homeostasis, cellular differentiation, and the immune/inflammatory response. Growing evidence indicates that changes in expression and activation of PPARs likely modulate conditions as diverse as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, asthma, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Activation of these receptors by natural or pharmacologic ligands leads to both gene-dependent and gene-independent effects that alter the expression of a wide array of proteins. In the lung, PPARs are expressed by alveolar macrophages, as well as by epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Studies both in vitro and in vivo suggest that PPAR ligands may have anti-inflammatory effects in asthma, pulmonary sarcoidosis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, as well as antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects in epithelial lung cancers. Further studies to understand the contribution of these receptors to health and disease will be important for determining whether they represent a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerene M Denning
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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242
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PPARs in fetal and early postnatal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(06)16002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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243
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Aung CS, Faddy HM, Lister EJ, Monteith GR, Roberts-Thomson SJ. Isoform specific changes in PPAR alpha and beta in colon and breast cancer with differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 340:656-60. [PMID: 16378595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha and beta in the differentiation of colon cancer cells, we differentiated HT-29 cells using sodium butyrate (NaB) and culturing post-confluence and assessed differentiation using the marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase. While PPARalpha levels only changed with culturing post confluence, PPARbeta levels increased independent of the method of differentiation. To explore further the differences induced by NaB, we assessed changes in both PPAR isoforms in MCF-7 breast cancer cells cultured in the presence of NaB over 48h. Again a very different expression pattern was observed with PPARalpha increasing after 4h and remaining elevated, while PPARbeta increased transiently. Our studies suggest that the expression of PPARs is dependent upon both the method of differentiation and on time. Moreover, these studies show that changes in PPARalpha levels are not required for the differentiation of colon cancer cell lines, whereas changes in PPARbeta are more closely associated with differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho S Aung
- The School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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244
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Seimandi M, Lemaire G, Pillon A, Perrin A, Carlavan I, Voegel JJ, Vignon F, Nicolas JC, Balaguer P. Differential responses of PPARalpha, PPARdelta, and PPARgamma reporter cell lines to selective PPAR synthetic ligands. Anal Biochem 2005; 344:8-15. [PMID: 16038868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the specificity of synthetic compounds for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), three stable cell lines expressing the ligand binding domain (LBD) of human PPARalpha, PPARdelta, or PPARgamma fused to the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain (DBD) were developed. These reporter cell lines were generated by a two-step transfection procedure. First, a stable cell line, HG5LN, expressing the reporter gene was developed. These cells were then transfected with the different receptor genes. With the help of the three PPAR reporter cell lines, we assessed the selectivity and activity of PPAR agonists GW7647, WY-14-643, L-165041, GW501516, BRL49653, ciglitazone, and pioglitazone. GW7647, L-165041, and BRL49653 were the most potent and selective agonists for hPPARalpha, hPPARdelta, and hPPARgamma, respectively. Two PPAR antagonists, GW9662 and BADGE, were also tested. GW9662 was a selective PPARgamma antagonist, whereas BADGE was a low-affinity PPAR ligand. Furthermore, GW9662 was a full antagonist on PPARgamma and PPARdelta, whereas it showed partial agonism on PPARalpha. We conclude that our stable models allow specific and sensitive measurement of PPAR ligand activities and are a high-throughput, cell-based screening tool for identifying and characterizing PPAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Seimandi
- INSERM unité 540, Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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245
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Tan NS, Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta as a target for wound healing drugs. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 8:39-48. [PMID: 14996617 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Healing of cutaneous wounds, which is crucial for survival after an injury, proceeds via a well-tuned pattern of events including inflammation, re-epithelialisation, and matrix and tissue remodelling. These events are regulated spatio-temporally by a variety of growth factors and cytokines. The inflammation that immediately follows injury increases the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta in the wound edge keratinocytes and triggers the production of endogenous PPARbeta ligands that activate the newly produced receptor. This elevated PPARbeta activity results in increased resistance of the keratinocytes to the apoptotic signals released during wounding, allowing faster re-epithelialisation. The authors speculate that, in parallel, ligand activation of PPARbeta in infiltrated macrophages attenuates the inflammatory response, which also promotes repair. Thus, current understanding of the roles of PPARbeta in different cell types implicated in tissue repair has revealed an intriguing intercellular cross-talk that coordinates, spatially and temporally, inflammation, keratinocyte survival, proliferation and migration, which are all essential for efficient wound repair. These novel insights into the orchestrating roles of PPARbeta during wound healing may be helpful in the development of drugs for acute and chronic wound disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguan Soon Tan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, NNCR Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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246
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Peraza MA, Burdick AD, Marin HE, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. The Toxicology of Ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR). Toxicol Sci 2005; 90:269-95. [PMID: 16322072 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated transcription factors that modulate target gene expression in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands. Ligands for the PPARs have been widely developed for the treatment of various diseases including dyslipidemias and diabetes. While targeting selective receptor activation is an established therapeutic approach for the treatment of various diseases, a variety of toxicities are known to occur in response to ligand administration. Whether PPAR ligands produce toxicity via a receptor-dependent and/or off-target-mediated mechanism(s) is not always known. Extrapolation of data derived from animal models and/or in vitro models, to humans, is also questionable. The different toxicities and mechanisms associated with administration of ligands for the three PPARs will be discussed, and important data gaps that could increase our current understanding of how PPAR ligands lead to toxicity will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Peraza
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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247
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Gurnell M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the regulation of adipocyte function: lessons from human genetic studies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 19:501-23. [PMID: 16311214 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the thiazolidinediones (e.g. rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) have emerged as an exciting novel class of therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the human metabolic syndrome. At first glance, the use of these high-affinity peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, that promote adipogenesis, to treat a group of disorders that typically have their origins in obesity seems counter-intuitive. However, to view PPARgamma simply as a regulator of fat mass, and adipocytes themselves as passive vessels for energy storage, is to ignore an extensive body of data that speaks of the diverse roles of both this receptor and adipose tissue in the maintenance of normal metabolic homeostasis. This article highlights the important clinical and laboratory observations made in human subjects harbouring genetic variations in PPARgamma that have confirmed its pivotal role in the regulation of adipocyte endocrine function, and thus our metabolic response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gurnell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, UK.
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248
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Graham TL, Mookherjee C, Suckling KE, Palmer CNA, Patel L. The PPARdelta agonist GW0742X reduces atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181:29-37. [PMID: 15939051 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest a biological role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARdelta) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Administration of synthetic PPARdelta agonists to obese rhesus monkeys elevates serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as a result of increased reverse cholesterol transport whilst in vitro studies have suggested a role for PPARdelta in lipid uptake into macrophages. Recent studies have found that PPARdelta depletion from macrophages in LDL receptor (LDLR(-/-)) mice decreases lesion area via modulation of the inflammatory status of the macrophage, an effect also seen on pharmacological activation of PPARdelta in vitro. We demonstrate here that the PPARdelta agonist, GW0742X has potent anti-atherogenic activity in the LDLR(-/-) mouse, decreasing lesion area by up to 50%. Administration of GW0742X had no effect on total cholesterol, HDL or LDL cholesterol and modest effects on very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Treatment with GW0742X resulted in decreased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and intracellular adhesion moleculae 1 (ICAM-1) in the aortae of treated mice. In addition, GW0742X decreased tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) expression in peritoneal macrophages, aortae and adipose tissue in comparison with control animals. Changes in gene expression were reflected in decreased plasma levels of MCP-1. These observations support an atheroprotective effect of PPARdelta agonists in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Graham
- Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
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249
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Ali FY, Egan K, FitzGerald GA, Desvergne B, Wahli W, Bishop-Bailey D, Warner TD, Mitchell JA. Role of prostacyclin versus peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta receptors in prostacyclin sensing by lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:242-6. [PMID: 16239641 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0289oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin and its mimetics are used therapeutically for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. These drugs act via cell surface prostacyclin receptors (IP receptors); however, some of them can also activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta (PPARbeta). We examined the possibility that PPARbeta is a therapeutic target for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Using the newly approved (for pulmonary hypertension) prostacyclin mimetic treprostinil sodium, reporter gene assays for PPARbeta activation and measurement of lung fibroblast proliferation were analyzed. Treprostinil sodium was found to activate PPARbeta in reporter gene assays and to inhibit proliferation of human lung fibroblasts at concentrations consistent with an effect on PPARs but not on IP receptors. The effects of treprostinil sodium on human lung cell proliferation are mimicked by those of the highly selective PPARbeta ligand GW0742. There are no receptor antagonists for PPARbeta or for IP receptors, but by using lung fibroblasts cultured from mice lacking PPARbeta (PPARbeta-/-) or IP (IP-/-), we demonstrate that the antiproliferative effects of treprostinil sodium are mediated by PPARbeta and not IP in lung fibroblasts. These observations suggest that some of the local, longer-term benefits of treprostinil sodium on reducing the remodeling associated with pulmonary hypertension may be mediated by PPARbeta. This study is the first to identify PPARbeta as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, which is important because orally active PPARbeta ligands have been developed for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhana Y Ali
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Tachibana K, Kobayashi Y, Tanaka T, Tagami M, Sugiyama A, Katayama T, Ueda C, Yamasaki D, Ishimoto K, Sumitomo M, Uchiyama Y, Kohro T, Sakai J, Hamakubo T, Kodama T, Doi T. Gene expression profiling of potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target genes in human hepatoblastoma cell lines inducibly expressing different PPAR isoforms. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR 2005; 3:3. [PMID: 16197558 PMCID: PMC1262764 DOI: 10.1186/1478-1336-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors and commonly play an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. To identify human PPARs-responsive genes, we established tetracycline-regulated human hepatoblastoma cell lines that can be induced to express each human PPAR and investigated the gene expression profiles of these cells. RESULTS The expression of each introduced PPAR gene was investigated using the various concentrations of doxycycline in the culture media. We found that the expression of each PPAR subtype was tightly controlled by the concentration of doxycycline in these established cell lines. DNA microarray analyses using these cell lines were performed with or without adding each subtype ligand and provided much important information on the PPAR target genes involved in lipid metabolism, transport, storage and other activities. Interestingly, it was noted that while ligand-activated PPARdelta induced target gene expression, unliganded PPARdelta repressed these genes. The real-time RT-PCR was used to verify the altered expression of selected genes by PPARs and we found that these genes were induced to express in the same pattern as detected in the microarray analyses. Furthermore, we analysed the 5'-flanking region of the human adipose differentiation-related protein (adrp) gene that responded to all subtypes of PPARs. From the detailed analyses by reporter assays, the EMSAs, and ChIP assays, we determined the functional PPRE of the human adrp gene. CONCLUSION The results suggest that these cell lines are important tools used to identify the human PPARs-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiya Tanaka
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tagami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Perseus Proteomics Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikako Sumitomo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Uchiyama
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Perseus Proteomics Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Kohro
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juro Sakai
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine, The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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