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Kučerová D, Kollárová K, Vatehová Z, Lišková D. Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin involves changes in flavonoid accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:155-161. [PMID: 26691060 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) are signalling molecules originating from plant cell walls influencing plant growth and defence reactions. The present study focused on their interaction with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). GGMOs acted as auxin antagonists and diminished the effect of IAA on Arabidopsis primary root growth. Their effect is associated with meristem enlargement and prolongation of the elongation zone. Reduction of the elongation zone was a consequence of the IAA action, but IAA did not affect the size of the meristem. In the absence of auxin, GGMOs stimulated root growth, meristem enlargement and elongation zone prolongation. It is assumed that the effect of GGMOs in the absence of exogenous auxin resulted from their interaction with the endogenous form. In the presence of auxin transport inhibitor GGMOs did not affect root growth. It is known that flavonoids are auxin transport modulators but this is the first study suggesting the role of flavonoids in GGMOs' signalling. The accumulation of flavonoids in the meristem and elongation zone decreased in GGMOs' treatments in comparison with the control. These oligosaccharides also diminished the effect of IAA on the flavonoids' elevation. The fact that GGMOs decreased the accumulation of flavonoids, known to be modulators of auxin transport, and the loss of GGMOs' activity in the presence of the auxin transport inhibitor indicates that the root growth stimulation caused by GGMOs could be related to changes in auxin transport, possibly mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Kučerová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Vatehová
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovakia
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Porfírio S, Gomes da Silva MD, Peixe A, Cabrita MJ, Azadi P. Current analytical methods for plant auxin quantification – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 902:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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203
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Proteomic Analysis of Silk Viability in Maize Inbred Lines and Their Corresponding Hybrids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144050. [PMID: 26630375 PMCID: PMC4668103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A long period of silk viability is critical for a good seed setting rate in maize (Zea mays L.), especially for inbred lines and hybrids with a long interval between anthesis and silking. To explore the molecular mechanism of silk viability and its heterosis, three inbred lines with different silk viability characteristics (Xun928, Lx9801, and Zong3) and their two hybrids (Xun928×Zong3 and Lx9801×Zong3) were analyzed at different developmental stages by a proteomic method. The differentially accumulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and classified into metabolism, protein biosynthesis and folding, signal transduction and hormone homeostasis, stress and defense responses, and cellular processes. Proteins involved in nutrient (methionine) and energy (ATP) supply, which support the pollen tube growth in the silk, were important for silk viability and its heterosis. The additive and dominant effects at a single locus, as well as complex epistatic interactions at two or more loci in metabolic pathways, were the primary contributors for mid-parent heterosis of silk viability. Additionally, the proteins involved in the metabolism of anthocyanins, which indirectly negatively regulate local hormone accumulation, were also important for the mid-parent heterosis of silk viability. These results also might imply the developmental dependence of heterosis, because many of the differentially accumulated proteins made distinct contributions to the heterosis of silk viability at specific developmental stages.
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204
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Kosonen M, Lännenpää M, Ratilainen M, Kontunen-Soppela S, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Decreased anthocyanidin reductase expression strongly decreases silver birch (Betula pendula) growth and alters accumulation of phenolics. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:384-399. [PMID: 25611902 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics, formed via a complex phenylpropanoid pathway, are important defensive agents in plants and are strongly affected by nitrogen (N) fertilization. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are one possible endpoint of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) represents a key enzyme in PA biosynthesis. In this study, the expression of silver birch (Betula pendula) anthocyanidin reductase BpANR was inhibited using the RNA interference (RNAi) method, in three consequent BpANR RNAi (ANRi birches) lines. The growth, the metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and the number of resin glands of the ANRi birches were studied when grown at two N levels. ANRi birches showed decreased growth and reduction in PA content, while the accumulation of total phenolics in both stems and leaves increased. Moreover, ANRi birches produced more resin glands than did wild-type (WT) birches. The response of ANRi birches to N depletion varied compared with that of WT birches, and in particular, the concentrations of some phenolics in stems increased in WT birches and decreased in ANRi birches. Because the inhibition of PAs biosynthesis via ANR seriously affected birch growth and resulted in accumulation of the precursors, the native level of PAs in plant tissues is assumed to be the prerequisite for normal plant growth. This draws attention to the real plant developmental importance of PAs in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Kosonen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Mika Lännenpää
- BioCarelia Research Laboratory, Juurikka, 82580, Finland
| | - Milla Ratilainen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
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205
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Erb M, Robert CAM, Marti G, Lu J, Doyen GR, Villard N, Barrière Y, French BW, Wolfender JL, Turlings TCJ, Gershenzon J. A Physiological and Behavioral Mechanism for Leaf Herbivore-Induced Systemic Root Resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2884-94. [PMID: 26430225 PMCID: PMC4677881 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indirect plant-mediated interactions between herbivores are important drivers of community composition in terrestrial ecosystems. Among the most striking examples are the strong indirect interactions between spatially separated leaf- and root-feeding insects sharing a host plant. Although leaf feeders generally reduce the performance of root herbivores, little is known about the underlying systemic changes in root physiology and the associated behavioral responses of the root feeders. We investigated the consequences of maize (Zea mays) leaf infestation by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars for the root-feeding larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a major pest of maize. D. virgifera strongly avoided leaf-infested plants by recognizing systemic changes in soluble root components. The avoidance response occurred within 12 h and was induced by real and mimicked herbivory, but not wounding alone. Roots of leaf-infested plants showed altered patterns in soluble free and soluble conjugated phenolic acids. Biochemical inhibition and genetic manipulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis led to a complete disappearance of the avoidance response of D. virgifera. Furthermore, bioactivity-guided fractionation revealed a direct link between the avoidance response of D. virgifera and changes in soluble conjugated phenolic acids in the roots of leaf-attacked plants. Our study provides a physiological mechanism for a behavioral pattern that explains the negative effect of leaf attack on a root-feeding insect. Furthermore, it opens up the possibility to control D. virgifera in the field by genetically mimicking leaf herbivore-induced changes in root phenylpropanoid patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Guillaume Marti
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Gwladys R Doyen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Neil Villard
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Yves Barrière
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - B Wade French
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R.);Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry (M.E., C.A.M.R., J.L.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.G.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, DE-07745 Jena, Germany;Laboratory for Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland (M.E., C.A.M.R., G.R.D., N.V., T.C.J.T.);Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.M., J.-L.W.);Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France (Y.B.); andUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 (B.W.F.)
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206
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Meng C, Zhang S, Deng YS, Wang GD, Kong FY. Overexpression of a tomato flavanone 3-hydroxylase-like protein gene improves chilling tolerance in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:388-400. [PMID: 26372946 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites found in plants with a wide range of biological functions, such as stress protection. This study investigated the functions of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) flavanone 3-hydroxylase-like protein gene SlF3HL by using transgenic tobacco. The expression of the gene was up-regulated under chilling (4 °C), heat (42 °C), salt (NaCl) and oxidative (H2O2) stresses. The transgenic plants that displayed high SlF3HL mRNA and protein levels showed higher flavonoid content than the WT plants. Moreover, the expression of three flavonoid biosynthesis-related structural genes, namely, chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI) and flavonol synthase (FLS) was also higher in the transgenic plants than in the WT plants. Under chilling stress, the transgenic plants showed not only faster seed germination, better survival and growth, but also lower malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, relative electrical conductivity (REC) and H2O2 and O2(·-) levels compared with WT plants. These results suggested that SlF3HL stimulated flavonoid biosynthesis in response to chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agricultural, Cotton Research Centre, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Fan-Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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207
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Enhanced In Vitro Shoot Regeneration in Oldenlandia umbellata L. by Using Quercetin: A Naturally Occurring Auxin-Transport Inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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208
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Dash M, Yordanov YS, Georgieva T, Kumari S, Wei H, Busov V. A systems biology approach identifies new regulators of poplar root development under low nitrogen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:335-46. [PMID: 26315649 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In Populus, low nitrogen (LN) elicits rapid and vigorous lateral root (LR) proliferation, which is closely mirrored by corresponding transcriptomic changes. Using transcriptomic data, we built a genetic network encompassing a large proportion of the differentially regulated transcriptome. The network is organized in a hierarchical fashion, centered on 11 genes. Transgenic manipulations of only three of the 11 genes had a strong impact on root development under LN. These three genes encoded an F-box protein similar to Hawaiian Skirt (PtaHWS) and two transcription factors (PtaRAP2.11 and PtaNAC1). Up- and downregulation of the three genes caused increased and decreased root proliferation under LN conditions, respectively. The transgenic manipulations had a strong positive effect on growth under greenhouse conditions including increased shoot and root biomass. The three genes appeared to encompass a putative yet-unknown mechanism that underlies root development under LN. Specifically, the genes are predominantly expressed in roots and have a similar temporal response to LN. More importantly, transgenic manipulation for each of the three genes had a highly significant impact on the expression of the other two. The transgenic manipulations appear to also affect the expression of the regulatory miRNA (PtamiRNA164e) of one of the transcription factors (PtaNAC1), albeit in an opposite fashion. Consistent with a putative function of PtaHWS in proteasome degradation, treatment with proteasome inhibitor reversed the expression changes in the transgenic plants. The insights from this study will allow genetic modifications of root architecture for more efficient and dynamic nitrogen foraging in biofuel crops like poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Dash
- Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Yordan S Yordanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA
| | - Tatyana Georgieva
- Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Sapna Kumari
- Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Hairong Wei
- Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Victor Busov
- Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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209
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Vu TT, Jeong CY, Nguyen HN, Lee D, Lee SA, Kim JH, Hong SW, Lee H. Characterization of Brassica napus Flavonol Synthase Involved in Flavonol Biosynthesis in Brassica napus L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7819-29. [PMID: 26264830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Brassica napus has become a very important crop for plant oil production. Flavonols, an uncolored flavonoid subclass, have a high antioxidative effect and are known to have antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and neuropharmacological properties. In B. napus, some flavonoid structural genes have been identified, such as, BnF3H-1, BnCHS, and BnC4H-1. However, no studies on FLS genes in B. napus have been conducted. Thus, in this study, we cloned and characterized the function of BnFLS gene B. napus. By overexpression of the BnFLS gene, flavonol (kaempferol and quercetin) levels were recovered in the Arabidopsis atfls1-ko mutant. In addition, we found that the higher endogenous flavonol levels of BnFLS-ox in vitro shoots correlated with slightly higher ROS scavenging activities. Thus, our results indicate that the BnFLS gene encodes for a BnFLS enzyme that can be manipulated to specifically increase flavonol accumulation in oilseed plants and other species such as Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Thanh Vu
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Jeong
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University , Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoai Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University , Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang A Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University , Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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210
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Pandey A, Misra P, Trivedi PK. Constitutive expression of Arabidopsis MYB transcription factor, AtMYB11, in tobacco modulates flavonoid biosynthesis in favor of flavonol accumulation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1515-28. [PMID: 25981047 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Heterologous expression of AtMYB11 , a flavonol-specific transcription factor from Arabidopsis , in tobacco modulates flavonoid biosynthesis, however, with a lower efficiency as compared to its paralogs AtMYB12 and AtMYB111. Transcriptional regulation is the most important means for controlling flavonoid biosynthesis under temporal and spatial cues. In Arabidopsis, three functionally redundant MYB transcription factors (AtMYB11, AtMYB111 and AtMYB12) have been characterized as flavonol-specific regulators which positively modulate expression of biosynthetic genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis. Based on expression of AtMYB111 and AtMYB12 in heterologous systems, studies suggest that these transcription factors can be used to develop plants with enhanced flavonol biosynthesis. The potential of AtMYB11 to activate flavonol biosynthesis in a heterologous system has not yet been studied. In this study, the regulatory potential of AtMYB11 has been studied in Nicotiana tabacum by developing transgenic plants constitutively expressing AtMYB11. Our analysis using leaf and petal tissues of the transgenic plants indicates that AtMYB11 enhances flavonol and chlorogenic acid (CGA) biosynthesis in tobacco through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes. Activation of flavonol biosynthesis in tobacco by AtMYB11 is not as pronounced as with AtMYB12 or AtMYB111. Taken together, these results reveal a differential regulatory mechanism in plants for modulating flavonol biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that AtMYB11 can be strategically used for enhancing the health beneficial flavonols in species other than Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pandey
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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211
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Chormova D, Franková L, Defries A, Cutler SR, Fry SC. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity by high-throughput screening. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:220-236. [PMID: 26093490 PMCID: PMC4560162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules (xenobiotics) that inhibit cell-wall-localised enzymes are valuable for elucidating the enzymes' biological roles. We applied a high-throughput fluorescent dot-blot screen to search for inhibitors of Petroselinum xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity in vitro. Of 4216 xenobiotics tested, with cellulose-bound xyloglucan as donor-substrate, 18 inhibited XET activity and 18 promoted it (especially anthraquinones and flavonoids). No compounds promoted XET in quantitative assays with (cellulose-free) soluble xyloglucan as substrate, suggesting that promotion was dependent on enzyme-cellulose interactions. With cellulose-free xyloglucan as substrate, we found 22 XET-inhibitors - especially compounds that generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2) e.g., riboflavin (IC50 29 μM), retinoic acid, eosin (IC50 27 μM) and erythrosin (IC50 36 μM). The riboflavin effect was light-dependent, supporting (1)O2 involvement. Other inhibitors included tannins, sulphydryl reagents and triphenylmethanes. Some inhibitors (vulpinic acid and brilliant blue G) were relatively specific to XET, affecting only two or three, respectively, of nine other wall-enzyme activities tested; others [e.g. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and riboflavin] were non-specific. In vivo, out of eight XET-inhibitors bioassayed, erythrosin (1 μM) inhibited cell expansion in Rosa and Zea cell-suspension cultures, and 40 μM mycophenolic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited Zea culture growth. Our work showcases a general high-throughput strategy for discovering wall-enzyme inhibitors, some being plant growth inhibitors potentially valuable as physiological tools or herbicide leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Chormova
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Andrew Defries
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry (CFM), University of California, 5451 Boyce Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Chemistry (CFM), University of California, 5451 Boyce Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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212
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Ng JLP, Perrine-Walker F, Wasson AP, Mathesius U. The Control of Auxin Transport in Parasitic and Symbiotic Root-Microbe Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:606-43. [PMID: 27135343 PMCID: PMC4844411 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most field-grown plants are surrounded by microbes, especially from the soil. Some of these, including bacteria, fungi and nematodes, specifically manipulate the growth and development of their plant hosts, primarily for the formation of structures housing the microbes in roots. These developmental processes require the correct localization of the phytohormone auxin, which is involved in the control of cell division, cell enlargement, organ development and defense, and is thus a likely target for microbes that infect and invade plants. Some microbes have the ability to directly synthesize auxin. Others produce specific signals that indirectly alter the accumulation of auxin in the plant by altering auxin transport. This review highlights root-microbe interactions in which auxin transport is known to be targeted by symbionts and parasites to manipulate the development of their host root system. We include case studies for parasitic root-nematode interactions, mycorrhizal symbioses as well as nitrogen fixing symbioses in actinorhizal and legume hosts. The mechanisms to achieve auxin transport control that have been studied in model organisms include the induction of plant flavonoids that indirectly alter auxin transport and the direct targeting of auxin transporters by nematode effectors. In most cases, detailed mechanisms of auxin transport control remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Building 134, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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213
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OuYang F, Mao JF, Wang J, Zhang S, Li Y. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals that Red and Blue Light Regulate Growth and Phytohormone Metabolism in Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127896. [PMID: 26237749 PMCID: PMC4523189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which different light spectra regulate plant shoot elongation vary, and phytohormones respond differently to such spectrum-associated regulatory effects. Light supplementation can effectively control seedling growth in Norway spruce. However, knowledge of the effective spectrum for promoting growth and phytohormone metabolism in this species is lacking. In this study, 3-year-old Norway spruce clones were illuminated for 12 h after sunset under blue or red light-emitting diode (LED) light for 90 d, and stem increments and other growth traits were determined. Endogenous hormone levels and transcriptome differences in the current needles were assessed to identify genes related to the red and blue light regulatory responses. The results showed that the stem increment and gibberellin (GA) levels of the seedlings illuminated by red light were 8.6% and 29.0% higher, respectively, than those of the seedlings illuminated by blue light. The indoleacetic acid (IAA) level of the seedlings illuminated by red light was 54.6% lower than that of the seedlings illuminated by blue light, and there were no significant differences in abscisic acid (ABA) or zeatin riboside [ZR] between the two groups of seedlings. The transcriptome results revealed 58,736,166 and 60,555,192 clean reads for the blue-light- and red-light-illuminated samples, respectively. Illumina sequencing revealed 21,923 unigenes, and 2744 (approximately 93.8%) out of 2926 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be upregulated under blue light. The main KEGG classifications of the DEGs were metabolic pathway (29%), biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (20.49%) and hormone signal transduction (8.39%). With regard to hormone signal transduction, AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1), AUX/IAA genes, auxin-inducible genes, and early auxin-responsive genes [(auxin response factor (ARF) and small auxin-up RNA (SAUR)] were all upregulated under blue light compared with red light, which might have yielded the higher IAA level. DELLA and phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3), involved in negative GA signaling, were also upregulated under blue light, which may be related to the lower GA level. Light quality also affects endogenous hormones by influencing secondary metabolism. Blue light promoted phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, accompanied by upregulation of most of the genes in their pathways. In conclusion, red light may promote stem growth by regulating biosynthesis of GAs, and blue light may promote flavonoid, lignin, phenylpropanoid and some hormones (such as jasmonic acid) which were related to plant defense in Norway spruce, which might reduce the primary metabolites available for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqun OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
- National Engineering laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plant of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Jian-Feng Mao
- National Engineering laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plant of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Shougong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- National Engineering laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plant of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
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214
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Ng JLP, Hassan S, Truong TT, Hocart CH, Laffont C, Frugier F, Mathesius U. Flavonoids and Auxin Transport Inhibitors Rescue Symbiotic Nodulation in the Medicago truncatula Cytokinin Perception Mutant cre1. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2210-26. [PMID: 26253705 PMCID: PMC4568502 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of symbiotic nodules in legumes requires cytokinin signaling, but its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Here, we tested whether the failure to initiate nodules in the Medicago truncatula cytokinin perception mutant cre1 (cytokinin response1) is due to its altered ability to regulate auxin transport, auxin accumulation, and induction of flavonoids. We found that in the cre1 mutant, symbiotic rhizobia cannot locally alter acro- and basipetal auxin transport during nodule initiation and that these mutants show reduced auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) accumulation and auxin responses compared with the wild type. Quantification of flavonoids, which can act as endogenous auxin transport inhibitors, showed a deficiency in the induction of free naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, quercetin, and hesperetin in cre1 roots compared with wild-type roots 24 h after inoculation with rhizobia. Coinoculation of roots with rhizobia and the flavonoids naringenin, isoliquiritigenin, and kaempferol, or with the synthetic auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5,-triiodobenzoic acid, rescued nodulation efficiency in cre1 mutants and allowed auxin transport control in response to rhizobia. Our results suggest that CRE1-dependent cytokinin signaling leads to nodule initiation through the regulation of flavonoid accumulation required for local alteration of polar auxin transport and subsequent auxin accumulation in cortical cells during the early stages of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Samira Hassan
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thy T Truong
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, CNRS/INRA/Université Paris-Sud/Université Paris-Diderot/Université d'Evry, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay University (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, CNRS/INRA/Université Paris-Sud/Université Paris-Diderot/Université d'Evry, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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215
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Ncube B, Van Staden J. Tilting Plant Metabolism for Improved Metabolite Biosynthesis and Enhanced Human Benefit. Molecules 2015; 20:12698-731. [PMID: 26184148 PMCID: PMC6331799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immense chemical diversity of plant-derived secondary metabolites coupled with their vast array of biological functions has seen this group of compounds attract considerable research interest across a range of research disciplines. Medicinal and aromatic plants, in particular, have been exploited for this biogenic pool of phytochemicals for products such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, dyes, and insecticides, among others. With consumers showing increasing interests in these products, innovative biotechnological techniques are being developed and employed to alter plant secondary metabolism in efforts to improve on the quality and quantity of specific metabolites of interest. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis for phytochemical compounds with medicinal and other related properties and their associated biological activities. It also provides an insight into how their biosynthesis/biosynthetic pathways have been modified/altered to enhance production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhekumthetho Ncube
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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216
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Robson TM, Klem K, Urban O, Jansen MAK. Re-interpreting plant morphological responses to UV-B radiation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:856-66. [PMID: 24890713 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to reappraise the effects of UV-B radiation on plant morphology in light of improved mechanistic understanding of UV-B effects, particularly elucidation of the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) photoreceptor. We review responses at cell and organismal levels, and explore their underlying regulatory mechanisms, function in UV protection and consequences for plant fitness. UV-induced morphological changes include thicker leaves, shorter petioles, shorter stems, increased axillary branching and altered root:shoot ratios. At the cellular level, UV-B morphogenesis comprises changes in cell division, elongation and/or differentiation. However, notwithstanding substantial new knowledge of molecular, cellular and organismal UV-B responses, there remains a clear gap in our understanding of the interactions between these organizational levels, and how they control plant architecture. Furthermore, despite a broad consensus that UV-B induces relatively compact architecture, we note substantial diversity in reported phenotypes. This may relate to UV-induced morphological changes being underpinned by different mechanisms at high and low UV-B doses. It remains unproven whether UV-induced morphological changes have a protective function involving shading and decreased leaf penetration of UV-B, counterbalancing trade-offs such as decreased photosynthetic light capture and plant-competitive abilities. Future research will need to disentangle seemingly contradictory interactions occurring at the threshold UV dose where regulation and stress-induced morphogenesis overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matthew Robson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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217
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Hermann K, Klahre U, Venail J, Brandenburg A, Kuhlemeier C. The genetics of reproductive organ morphology in two Petunia species with contrasting pollination syndromes. PLANTA 2015; 241:1241-1254. [PMID: 25656052 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Switches between pollination syndromes have happened frequently during angiosperm evolution. Using QTL mapping and reciprocal introgressions, we show that changes in reproductive organ morphology have a simple genetic basis. In animal-pollinated plants, flowers have evolved to optimize pollination efficiency by different pollinator guilds and hence reproductive success. The two Petunia species, P. axillaris and P. exserta, display pollination syndromes adapted to moth or hummingbird pollination. For the floral traits color and scent, genetic loci of large phenotypic effect have been well documented. However, such large-effect loci may be typical for shifts in simple biochemical traits, whereas the evolution of morphological traits may involve multiple mutations of small phenotypic effect. Here, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of floral morphology, followed by an in-depth study of pistil and stamen morphology and the introgression of individual QTL into reciprocal parental backgrounds. Two QTLs, on chromosomes II and V, are sufficient to explain the interspecific difference in pistil and stamen length. Since most of the difference in organ length is caused by differences in cell number, genes underlying these QTLs are likely to be involved in cell cycle regulation. Interestingly, conservation of the locus on chromosome II in a different P. axillaris subspecies suggests that the evolution of organ elongation was initiated on chromosome II in adaptation to different pollinators. We recently showed that QTLs for pistil and stamen length on chromosome II are tightly linked to QTLs for petal color and volatile emission. Linkage of multiple traits will enable major phenotypic change within a few generations in hybridizing populations. Thus, the genomic architecture of pollination syndromes in Petunia allows for rapid responses to changing pollinator availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hermann
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
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218
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Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Trapero-Mozos A, Climent MFL, Gómez-Cadenas A, Gómez-Gómez L. Ectopic expression of a stress-inducible glycosyltransferase from saffron enhances salt and oxidative stress tolerance in Arabidopsis while alters anchor root formation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:60-73. [PMID: 25804810 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases play diverse roles in cellular metabolism by modifying the activities of regulatory metabolites. Three stress-regulated UDP-glucosyltransferase-encoding genes have been isolated from the stigmas of saffron, UGT85U1, UGT85U2 and UGT85V1, which belong to the UGT85 family that includes members associated with stress responses and cell cycle regulation. Arabidopsis constitutively expressing UGT85U1 exhibited and increased anchor root development. No differences were observed in the timing of root emergence, in leaf, stem and flower morphology or flowering time. However, salt and oxidative stress tolerance was enhanced in these plants. Levels of glycosylated compounds were measured in these plants and showed changes in the composition of several indole-derivatives. Moreover, auxin levels in the roots were higher compared to wild type. The expression of several key genes related to root development and auxin homeostasis, including CDKB2.1, CDKB2.2, PIN2, 3 and 4; TIR1, SHR, and CYCD6, were differentially regulated with an increase of expression level of SHR, CYCD6, CDKB2.1 and PIN2. The obtained results showed that UGT85U1 takes part in root growth regulation via auxin signal alteration and the modified expression of cell cycle-related genes, resulting in significantly improved survival during oxidative and salt stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Almudena Trapero-Mozos
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Universitat Jaume I, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
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219
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Petersen R, Djozgic H, Rieger B, Rapp S, Schmidt ER. Columnar apple primary roots share some features of the columnar-specific gene expression profile of aerial plant parts as evidenced by RNA-Seq analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25648715 PMCID: PMC4352258 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary roots (radicles) represent the first visible developmental stages of the plant and are crucial for nutrient supply and the integration of environmental signals. Few studies have analyzed primary roots at a molecular level, and were mostly limited to Arabidopsis. Here we study the primary root transcriptomes of standard type, heterozygous columnar and homozygous columnar apple (Malus x domestica) by RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR. The columnar growth habit is characterized by a stunted main axis and the development of short fruit spurs instead of long lateral branches. This compact growth possesses economic potential because it allows high density planting and mechanical harvesting of the trees. Its molecular basis has been identified as a nested Gypsy-44 retrotransposon insertion; however the link between the insertion and the phenotype as well as the timing of the phenotype emergence are as yet unclear. We extend the transcriptomic studies of columnar tissues to the radicles, which are the earliest developmental stage and investigate whether homozygous columnar seedlings are viable. RESULTS Radicles mainly express genes associated with primary metabolism, growth and development. About 200 genes show differential regulation in a comparison of heterozygous columnar radicles with non-columnar radicles, whereas the comparison of homozygous columnar radicles with non-columnar radicles yields about 300 differentially regulated genes. Genes involved in cellulose and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cell wall modification, transcription and translation, ethylene and jasmonate biosynthesis are upregulated in columnar radicles. Genes in the vicinity of the columnar-specific Gypsy-44 insertion experience an especially strong differential regulation: the direct downstream neighbor, dmr6-like, is downregulated in heterozygous columnar radicles, but strongly upregulated in columnar shoot apical meristems. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptomic profile of primary roots reflects their pivotal role in growth and development. Homozygous columnar embryos are viable and form normal radicles under natural conditions, and selection towards heterozygous plants most likely occurs due to breeders' preferences. Cell wall and phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism experience differential regulation in columnar radicles. Presumably the first step of the differential regulation most likely happens within the region of the retrotransposon insertion and its tissue-specificity suggests involvement of one (or several) tissue-specific regulator(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Petersen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, D-55128, Germany.
| | - Haris Djozgic
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, D-55128, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Rieger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, D-55128, Germany.
| | - Steffen Rapp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, D-55128, Germany.
| | - Erwin Robert Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, D-55128, Germany.
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220
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Schluttenhofer C, Yuan L. Regulation of specialized metabolism by WRKY transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:295-306. [PMID: 25501946 PMCID: PMC4326757 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are well known for regulating plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. However, much less is known about how WRKY TFs affect plant-specialized metabolism. Analysis of WRKY TFs regulating the production of specialized metabolites emphasizes the values of the family outside of traditionally accepted roles in stress tolerance. WRKYs with conserved roles across plant species seem to be essential in regulating specialized metabolism. Overall, the WRKY family plays an essential role in regulating the biosynthesis of important pharmaceutical, aromatherapy, biofuel, and industrial components, warranting considerable attention in the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Schluttenhofer
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
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221
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Production and Metabolism of Indole Acetic Acid in Root Nodules and Symbiont (Rhizobium undicola) Isolated from Root Nodule of Aquatic Medicinal Legume Neptunia oleracea Lour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/575067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Indole acetic acid is a phytohormone which plays a vital role in plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to shed some light on the production of IAA in roots, nodules, and symbionts of an aquatic legume Neptunia oleracea and its possible role in nodular symbiosis. The symbiont (N37) was isolated from nodules of this plant and identified as Rhizobium undicola based on biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence homology, and DNA-DNA hybridization results. The root nodules were found to contain more IAA and tryptophan than root; however, no detectable amount of IAA was found in root. The IAA metabolizing enzymes IAA oxidase, IAA peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.7), and polyphenol oxidase (E.C.1.14.18.1) were higher in root than nodule but total phenol and IAA content were reversed. The strain N37 was found to produce copious amount of IAA in YEM broth medium with tryptophan and reached its stationary phase at 20 h. An enrichment of the medium with mannitol, ammonium sulphate, B12, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was found to promote the IAA production. The presence of IAA metabolizing enzymes and IAA production with PGPR traits including ACC deaminase activity of the symbionts was essential for plant microbe interaction and nodule function.
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Howe GT, Horvath DP, Dharmawardhana P, Priest HD, Mockler TC, Strauss SH. Extensive Transcriptome Changes During Natural Onset and Release of Vegetative Bud Dormancy in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:989. [PMID: 26734012 PMCID: PMC4681841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive winter, many perennial plants become endodormant, a state of suspended growth maintained even in favorable growing environments. To understand vegetative bud endodormancy, we collected paradormant, endodormant, and ecodormant axillary buds from Populus trees growing under natural conditions. Of 44,441 Populus gene models analyzed using NimbleGen microarrays, we found that 1,362 (3.1%) were differentially expressed among the three dormancy states, and 429 (1.0%) were differentially expressed during only one of the two dormancy transitions (FDR p-value < 0.05). Of all differentially expressed genes, 69% were down-regulated from paradormancy to endodormancy, which was expected given the lower metabolic activity associated with endodormancy. Dormancy transitions were accompanied by changes in genes associated with DNA methylation (via RNA-directed DNA methylation) and histone modifications (via Polycomb Repressive Complex 2), confirming and extending knowledge of chromatin modifications as major features of dormancy transitions. Among the chromatin-associated genes, two genes similar to SPT (SUPPRESSOR OF TY) were strongly up-regulated during endodormancy. Transcription factor genes and gene sets that were atypically up-regulated during endodormancy include a gene that seems to encode a trihelix transcription factor and genes associated with proteins involved in responses to ethylene, cold, and other abiotic stresses. These latter transcription factors include ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (EBP), ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF), ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 10 (ZAT10), ZAT12, and WRKY DNA-binding domain proteins. Analyses of phytohormone-associated genes suggest important changes in responses to ethylene, auxin, and brassinosteroids occur during endodormancy. We found weaker evidence for changes in genes associated with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and little evidence for important changes in genes associated with gibberellins, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. We identified 315 upstream sequence motifs associated with eight patterns of gene expression, including novel motifs and motifs associated with the circadian clock and responses to photoperiod, cold, dehydration, and ABA. Analogies between flowering and endodormancy suggest important roles for genes similar to SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL), DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM), and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Howe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - David P. Horvath
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceFargo, ND, USA
| | - Palitha Dharmawardhana
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Henry D. Priest
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Todd C. Mockler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Steven H. Strauss,
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Francisco M, Ali M, Ferreres F, Moreno DA, Velasco P, Soengas P. Organ-Specific Quantitative Genetics and Candidate Genes of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Brassica oleracea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1240. [PMID: 26858727 PMCID: PMC4729930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are proving to be increasingly important for human health and in crop development, defense and adaptation. In spite of the economical importance of Brassica crops in agriculture, the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds presents in these species remain unknown. The genetic and metabolic basis of phenolics accumulation was dissected through analysis of total phenolics concentration and its individual components in leaves, flower buds, and seeds of a double haploid (DH) mapping population of Brassica oleracea. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) that had an effect on phenolics concentration in each organ were integrated, resulting in 33 consensus QTLs controlling phenolics traits. Most of the studied compounds had organ-specific genomic regulation. Moreover, this information allowed us to propose candidate genes and to predict the function of genes underlying the QTL. A number of previously unknown potential regulatory regions involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were identified and this study illustrates how plant ontogeny can affect a biochemical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francisco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mahmoud Ali
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC)Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC)Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pilar Soengas
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Truong HN, Thalineau E, Bonneau L, Fournier C, Potin S, Balzergue S, VAN Tuinen D, Jeandroz S, Morandi D. The Medicago truncatula hypermycorrhizal B9 mutant displays an altered response to phosphate and is more susceptible to Aphanomyces euteiches. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:73-88. [PMID: 24815324 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a key role in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, which is favoured when Pi is limiting in the environment. We have characterized the Medicago truncatula hypermycorrhizal B9 mutant for its response to limiting (P/10) and replete (P2) Pi. On P2, mycorrhization was significantly higher in B9 plants than in wild-type (WT). The B9 mutant displayed hallmarks of Pi-limited plants, including higher levels of anthocyanins and lower concentrations of Pi in shoots than WT plants. Transcriptome analyses of roots of WT and B9 plants cultivated on P2 or on P/10 confirmed the Pi-limited profile of the mutant on P2 and highlighted its altered response to Pi on P/10. Furthermore, the B9 mutant displayed a higher expression of defence/stress-related genes and was more susceptible to infection by the root oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches than WT plants. We propose that the hypermycorrhizal phenotype of the B9 mutant is linked to its Pi-limited status favouring AM symbiosis in contrast to WT plants in Pi-replete conditions, and discuss the possible links between the altered response of the B9 mutant to Pi, mycorrhization and infection by A. euteiches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Nam Truong
- INRA/AgroSup/Université de Bourgogne UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, F-21065, France
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Brenner WG, Schmülling T. Summarizing and exploring data of a decade of cytokinin-related transcriptomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 25741346 PMCID: PMC4330702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The genome-wide transcriptional response of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to cytokinin has been investigated by different research groups as soon as large-scale transcriptomic techniques became affordable. Over the last 10 years many transcriptomic datasets related to cytokinin have been generated using different technological platforms, some of which are published only in databases, culminating in an RNA sequencing experiment. Two approaches have been made to establish a core set of cytokinin-regulated transcripts by meta-analysis of these datasets using different preferences regarding their selection. Here we add another meta-analysis derived from an independent microarray platform (CATMA), combine all the meta-analyses available with RNAseq data in order to establish an advanced core set of cytokinin-regulated transcripts, and compare the results with the regulation of orthologous rice genes by cytokinin. We discuss the functions of some of the less known cytokinin-regulated genes indicating areas deserving further research to explore cytokinin function. Finally, we investigate the promoters of the core set of cytokinin-induced genes for the abundance and distribution of known cytokinin-responsive cis elements and identify a set of novel candidate motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram G. Brenner
- *Correspondence: Wolfram G. Brenner and Thomas Schmülling, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany e-mail: ;
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- *Correspondence: Wolfram G. Brenner and Thomas Schmülling, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany e-mail: ;
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Thirunavukkarasu N, Hossain F, Arora K, Sharma R, Shiriga K, Mittal S, Mohan S, Namratha PM, Dogga S, Rani TS, Katragadda S, Rathore A, Shah T, Mohapatra T, Gupta HS. Functional mechanisms of drought tolerance in subtropical maize (Zea mays L.) identified using genome-wide association mapping. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1182. [PMID: 25539911 PMCID: PMC4367829 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier studies were focused on the genetics of temperate and tropical maize under drought. We identified genetic loci and their association with functional mechanisms in 240 accessions of subtropical maize using a high-density marker set under water stress. Results Out of 61 significant SNPs (11 were false-discovery-rate-corrected associations), identified across agronomic traits, models, and locations by subjecting the accessions to water stress at flowering stage, 48% were associated with drought-tolerant genes. Maize gene models revealed that SNPs mapped for agronomic traits were in fact associated with number of functional traits as follows: stomatal closure, 28; flowering, 15; root development, 5; detoxification, 4; and reduced water potential, 2. Interactions of these SNPS through the functional traits could lead to drought tolerance. The SNPs associated with ABA-dependent signalling pathways played a major role in the plant’s response to stress by regulating a series of functions including flowering, root development, auxin metabolism, guard cell functions, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). ABA signalling genes regulate flowering through epigenetic changes in stress-responsive genes. ROS generated by ABA signalling are reduced by the interplay between ethylene, ABA, and detoxification signalling transductions. Integration of ABA-signalling genes with auxin-inducible genes regulates root development which in turn, maintains the water balance by regulating electrochemical gradient in plant. Conclusions Several genes are directly or indirectly involved in the functioning of agronomic traits related to water stress. Genes involved in these crucial biological functions interacted significantly in order to maintain the primary as well as exclusive functions related to coping with water stress. SNPs associated with drought-tolerant genes involved in strategic biological functions will be useful to understand the mechanisms of drought tolerance in subtropical maize. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1182) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Häusler RE, Ludewig F, Krueger S. Amino acids--a life between metabolism and signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:225-237. [PMID: 25443849 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids serve as constituents of proteins, precursors for anabolism, and, in some cases, as signaling molecules in mammalians and plants. This review is focused on new insights, or speculations, on signaling functions of serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and phenylalanine-derived phenylpropanoids. Serine acts as signal in brain tissue and mammalian cancer cells. In plants, de novo serine biosynthesis is also highly active in fast growing tissues such as meristems, suggesting a similar role of serine as in mammalians. GABA functions as inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. In plants, GABA is also abundant and seems to be involved in sexual reproduction, cell elongation, patterning and cell identity. The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are precursors for the production of secondary plant products. Besides their pharmaceutical value, lignans, neolignans and hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAA) deriving from phenylpropanoid metabolism and, in the case of HCAA, also from arginine have been shown to fulfill signaling functions or are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Although some basics on phenylpropanoid-derived signaling have been described, little is known on recognition- or signal transduction mechanisms. In general, mutant- and transgenic approaches will be helpful to elucidate the mechanistic basis of metabolite signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer E Häusler
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicherstr. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicherstr. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicherstr. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Sanz L, Fernández-Marcos M, Modrego A, Lewis DR, Muday GK, Pollmann S, Dueñas M, Santos-Buelga C, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide plays a role in stem cell niche homeostasis through its interaction with auxin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1972-84. [PMID: 25315603 PMCID: PMC4256006 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique reactive nitrogen molecule with an array of signaling functions that modulates plant developmental processes and stress responses. To explore the mechanisms by which NO modulates root development, we used a pharmacological approach and NO-deficient mutants to unravel the role of NO in establishing auxin distribution patterns necessary for stem cell niche homeostasis. Using the NO synthase inhibitor and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NO biosynthesis mutants (nitric oxide-associated1 [noa1], nitrate reductase1 [nia1] and nia2, and nia1 nia2 noa1), we show that depletion of NO in noa1 reduces primary root elongation and increases flavonol accumulation consistent with elevated reactive oxygen species levels. The elevated flavonols are required for the growth effect, because the transparent testa4 mutation reverses the noa1 mutant root elongation phenotype. In addition, noa1 and nia1 nia2 noa1 NO-deficient mutant roots display small root meristems with abnormal divisions. Concomitantly, auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are perturbed. We further show that NO accumulates in cortex/endodermis stem cells and their precursor cells. In endodermal and cortical cells, the noa1 mutant acts synergistically to the effect of the wuschel-related homeobox5 mutation on the proximal meristem, suggesting that NO could play an important role in regulating stem cell decisions, which has been reported in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sanz
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - María Fernández-Marcos
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Abelardo Modrego
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Daniel R Lewis
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Montserrat Dueñas
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain (L.S., M.F.-M., A.M., O.L.);Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106 (D.R.L., G.K.M.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (S.P.); andGrupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain (M.D., C.S.-B.)
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Chen MS, Pan BZ, Wang GJ, Ni J, Niu L, Xu ZF. Analysis of the transcriptional responses in inflorescence buds of Jatropha curcas exposed to cytokinin treatment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:318. [PMID: 25433671 PMCID: PMC4272566 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas L. is a potential biofuel plant. Application of exogenous cytokinin (6-benzyladenine, BA) on its inflorescence buds can significantly increase the number of female flowers, thereby improving seed yield. To investigate which genes and signal pathways are involved in the response to cytokinin in J. curcas inflorescence buds, we monitored transcriptional activity in inflorescences at 0, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after BA treatment using a microarray. RESULTS We detected 5,555 differentially expressed transcripts over the course of the experiment, which could be grouped into 12 distinct temporal expression patterns. We also identified 31 and 131 transcripts in J. curcas whose homologs in model plants function in flowering and phytohormonal signaling pathways, respectively. According to the transcriptional analysis of genes involved in flower development, we hypothesized that BA treatment delays floral organ formation by inhibiting the transcription of the A, B and E classes of floral organ-identity genes, which would allow more time to generate more floral primordia in inflorescence meristems, thereby enhancing inflorescence branching and significantly increasing flower number per inflorescence. BA treatment might also play an important role in maintaining the flowering signals by activating the transcription of GIGANTEA (GI) and inactivating the transcription of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1b (TFL1b). In addition, exogenous cytokinin treatment could regulate the expression of genes involved in the metabolism and signaling of other phytohormones, indicating that cytokinin and other phytohormones jointly regulate flower development in J. curcas inflorescence buds. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a framework to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in flowering traits in response to cytokinin treatment in J. curcas inflorescence buds. The results provide valuable information related to the mechanisms of cross-talk among multiple phytohormone signaling pathways in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Chen
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bang-Zhen Pan
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Gui-Juan Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Jun Ni
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China
- />School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 China
| | - Longjian Niu
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China
- />School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- />Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303 China
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Mierziak J, Kostyn K, Kulma A. Flavonoids as important molecules of plant interactions with the environment. Molecules 2014; 19:16240-65. [PMID: 25310150 PMCID: PMC6270724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are small molecular secondary metabolites synthesized by plants with various biological activities. Due to their physical and biochemical properties, they are capable of participating in plants' interactions with other organisms (microorganisms, animals and other plants) and their reactions to environmental stresses. The majority of their functions result from their strong antioxidative properties. Although an increasing number of studies focus on the application of flavonoids in medicine or the food industry, their relevance for the plants themselves also deserves extensive investigations. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functions of flavonoids in the physiology of plants and their relations with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mierziak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
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Yan Z, Guo H, Yang J, Liu Q, Jin H, Xu R, Cui H, Qin B. Phytotoxic flavonoids from roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. (Thymelaeaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 106:61-68. [PMID: 25096753 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy, the negative effect on plants of chemicals released to the surroundings by a neighboring plant, is an important factor which contributes to the spread of some weeds in plant communities. In this field, Stellera chamaejasme L. (Thymelaeaceae) is one of the most toxic and ecologically-threatening weeds in some of the grasslands of north and west China. Bioassay-guided fractionation of root extracts of this plant led to the isolation of eight flavonoids 1-8, whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. All compounds obtained, except 7-methoxylneochaejasmin A (4) and (+)-epiafzelechin (5), showed strong phytotoxic activity against Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Seedling growth was reduced by neochamaejasmin B (1), mesoneochamaejasmin A (2), chamaejasmenin C (3), genkwanol A (6), daphnodorin B (7) and dihydrodaphnodorin B (8) with IC50 values of 6.9, 12.1, 43.2, 74.8, 7.1 and 27.3μg/mL, respectively, and all of these compounds disrupted root development. Endogenous auxin levels at the root tips of the A. thaliana DR5::GUS transgenic line were largely reduced by compounds 1, 2 and 6-8, and were increased by compound 4. Moreover, the inhibition rate of A. thaliana auxin transport mutants pin2 and aux1-7 by compounds 1-8 were all lower than the wild type (Col-0). The influence of these compounds on endogenous auxin distribution is thus proposed as a critical factor for the phytotoxic effect. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 8 were found in soils associated with S. chamaejasme, and these flavonoids also showed phytotoxicity to Clinelymus nutans L., an associated weed of S. chamaejasme. These results indicated that some phytotoxic compounds from roots of S. chamaejasme may be involved in the potential allelopathic behavior of this widespread weed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hongru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jiayue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Bo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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232
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Maloney GS, DiNapoli KT, Muday GK. The anthocyanin reduced tomato mutant demonstrates the role of flavonols in tomato lateral root and root hair development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:614-31. [PMID: 25006027 PMCID: PMC4213093 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants with altered flavonoid biosynthesis to understand the impact of these metabolites on root development. The mutant anthocyanin reduced (are) has a mutation in the gene encoding FLAVONOID 3-HYDROXYLASE (F3H), the first step in flavonol synthesis, and accumulates higher concentrations of the F3H substrate, naringenin, and lower levels of the downstream products kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and anthocyanins, than the wild type. Complementation of are with the p35S:F3H transgene reduced naringenin and increased flavonols to wild-type levels. The initiation of lateral roots is reduced in are, and p35S:F3H complementation restores wild-type root formation. The flavonoid mutant anthocyanin without has a defect in the gene encoding DIHYDROFLAVONOL REDUCTASE, resulting in elevated flavonols and the absence of anthocyanins and displays increased lateral root formation. These results are consistent with a positive role of flavonols in lateral root formation. The are mutant has increased indole-3-acetic acid transport and greater sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of the auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid on lateral root formation. Expression of the auxin-induced reporter (DR5-β-glucuronidase) is reduced in initiating lateral roots and increased in primary root tips of are. Levels of reactive oxygen species are elevated in are root epidermal tissues and root hairs, and are forms more root hairs, consistent with a role of flavonols as antioxidants that modulate root hair formation. Together, these experiments identify positive roles of flavonols in the formation of lateral roots and negative roles in the formation of root hairs through the modulation of auxin transport and reactive oxygen species, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Maloney
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
| | - Kathleen T DiNapoli
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Communication and Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109
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233
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Considine MJ, Foyer CH. Redox regulation of plant development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014. [PMID: 24180689 DOI: 10.1089/ars.20135665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We provide a conceptual framework for the interactions between the cellular redox signaling hub and the phytohormone signaling network that controls plant growth and development to maximize plant productivity under stress-free situations, while limiting growth and altering development on exposure to stress. RECENT ADVANCES Enhanced cellular oxidation plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. Oxidative signals or cycles of oxidation and reduction are crucial for the alleviation of dormancy and quiescence, activating the cell cycle and triggering genetic and epigenetic control that underpin growth and differentiation responses to changing environmental conditions. CRITICAL ISSUES The redox signaling hub interfaces directly with the phytohormone network in the synergistic control of growth and its modulation in response to environmental stress, but a few components have been identified. Accumulating evidence points to a complex interplay of phytohormone and redox controls that operate at multiple levels. For simplicity, we focus here on redox-dependent processes that control root growth and development and bud burst. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The multiple roles of reactive oxygen species in the control of plant growth and development have been identified, but increasing emphasis should now be placed on the functions of redox-regulated proteins, along with the central roles of reductants such as NAD(P)H, thioredoxins, glutathione, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins, ascorbate, and reduced ferredoxin in the regulation of the genetic and epigenetic factors that modulate the growth and vigor of crop plants, particularly within an agricultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- 1 School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
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234
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We provide a conceptual framework for the interactions between the cellular redox signaling hub and the phytohormone signaling network that controls plant growth and development to maximize plant productivity under stress-free situations, while limiting growth and altering development on exposure to stress. RECENT ADVANCES Enhanced cellular oxidation plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and stress responses. Oxidative signals or cycles of oxidation and reduction are crucial for the alleviation of dormancy and quiescence, activating the cell cycle and triggering genetic and epigenetic control that underpin growth and differentiation responses to changing environmental conditions. CRITICAL ISSUES The redox signaling hub interfaces directly with the phytohormone network in the synergistic control of growth and its modulation in response to environmental stress, but a few components have been identified. Accumulating evidence points to a complex interplay of phytohormone and redox controls that operate at multiple levels. For simplicity, we focus here on redox-dependent processes that control root growth and development and bud burst. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The multiple roles of reactive oxygen species in the control of plant growth and development have been identified, but increasing emphasis should now be placed on the functions of redox-regulated proteins, along with the central roles of reductants such as NAD(P)H, thioredoxins, glutathione, glutaredoxins, peroxiredoxins, ascorbate, and reduced ferredoxin in the regulation of the genetic and epigenetic factors that modulate the growth and vigor of crop plants, particularly within an agricultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- 1 School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
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235
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Maximova SN, Florez S, Shen X, Niemenak N, Zhang Y, Curtis W, Guiltinan MJ. Genome-wide analysis reveals divergent patterns of gene expression during zygotic and somatic embryo maturation of Theobroma cacao L., the chocolate tree. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:185. [PMID: 25030026 PMCID: PMC4110631 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theobroma cacao L. is a tropical fruit tree, the seeds of which are used to create chocolate. In vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) of cacao is a propagation system useful for rapid mass-multiplication to accelerate breeding programs and to provide plants directly to farmers. Two major limitations of cacao SE remain: the efficiency of embryo production is highly genotype dependent and the lack of full cotyledon development results in low embryo to plant conversion rates. With the goal to better understand SE development and to improve the efficiency of SE conversion we examined gene expression differences between zygotic and somatic embryos using a whole genome microarray. RESULTS The expression of 28,752 genes was determined at 4 developmental time points during zygotic embryogenesis (ZE) and 2 time points during cacao somatic embryogenesis (SE). Within the ZE time course, 10,288 differentially expressed genes were enriched for functions related to responses to abiotic and biotic stimulus, metabolic and cellular processes. A comparison ZE and SE expression profiles identified 10,175 differentially expressed genes. Many TF genes, putatively involved in ethylene metabolism and response, were more strongly expressed in SEs as compared to ZEs. Expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis and seed storage protein genes were also differentially expressed in the two types of embryos. CONCLUSIONS Large numbers of genes were differentially regulated during various stages of both ZE and SE development in cacao. The relatively higher expression of ethylene and flavonoid related genes during SE suggests that the developing tissues may be experiencing high levels of stress during SE maturation caused by the in vitro environment. The expression of genes involved in the synthesis of auxin, polyunsaturated fatty acids and secondary metabolites was higher in SEs relative to ZEs despite lack of lipid and metabolite accumulation. These differences in gene transcript levels associated with critical processes during seed development are consistent with the fact that somatic embryos do not fully develop the large storage cotyledons found in zygotic embryos. These results provide insight towards design of improved protocols for cacao somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siela N Maximova
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sergio Florez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Xiangling Shen
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nicolas Niemenak
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Science, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Wayne Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Plant Science and Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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236
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Fasano R, Gonzalez N, Tosco A, Dal Piaz F, Docimo T, Serrano R, Grillo S, Leone A, Inzé D. Role of Arabidopsis UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 in plant growth reduction under osmotic stress and low levels of UV-B. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:773-91. [PMID: 24413416 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In high-light environments, plants are exposed to different types of stresses, such as an excess of UV-B, but also drought stress which triggers a common morphogenic adaptive response resulting in a general reduction of plant growth. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) gene, a known regulator of the UV-B morphogenic response, was able to complement a Saccharomyces cerevisiae osmo-sensitive mutant and its expression was induced after osmotic or salt stress in Arabidopsis plants. Under low levels of UV-B, plants overexpressing UVR8 are dwarfed with a reduced root development and accumulate more flavonoids compared to control plants. The growth defects are mainly due to the inhibition of cell expansion. The growth inhibition triggered by UVR8 overexpression in plants under low levels of UV-B was exacerbated by mannitol-induced osmotic stress, but it was not significantly affected by ionic stress. In contrast, uvr8-6 mutant plants do not differ from wild-type plants under standard conditions, but they show an increased shoot growth under high-salt stress. Our data suggest that UVR8-mediated accumulation of flavonoid and possibly changes in auxin homeostasis are the underlying mechanism of the observed growth phenotypes and that UVR8 might have an important role for integrating plant growth and stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Fasano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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237
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Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Muhammad D, Mezzich R, Lee BS, Jayathilaka L, Kaufman LS, Warpeha KM. Pirin1 (PRN1) is a multifunctional protein that regulates quercetin, and impacts specific light and UV responses in the seed-to-seedling transition of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93371. [PMID: 24705271 PMCID: PMC3976398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirins are cupin-fold proteins, implicated in apoptosis and cellular stress in eukaryotic organisms. Pirin1 (PRN1) plays a role in seed germination and transcription of a light- and ABA-regulated gene under specific conditions in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we describe that PRN1 possesses previously unreported functions that can profoundly affect early growth, development, and stress responses. In vitro-translated PRN1 possesses quercetinase activity. When PRN1 was incubated with G-protein-α subunit (GPA1) in the inactive conformation (GDP-bound), quercetinase activity was observed. Quercetinase activity was not observed when PRN1 was incubated with GPA1 in the active form (GTP-bound). Dark-grown prn1 mutant seedlings produced more quercetin after UV (317 nm) induction, compared to levels observed in wild type (WT) seedlings. prn1 mutant seedlings survived a dose of high-energy UV (254 nm) radiation that killed WT seedlings. prn1 mutant seedlings grown for 3 days in continuous white light display disoriented hypocotyl growth compared to WT, but hypocotyls of dark-grown prn1 seedlings appeared like WT. prn1 mutant seedlings transformed with GFP constructs containing the native PRN1 promoter and full ORF (PRN1::PRN1-GFP) were restored to WT responses, in that they did not survive UV (254 nm), and there was no significant hypocotyl disorientation in response to white light. prn1 mutants transformed with PRN1::PRN1-GFP were observed by confocal microscopy, where expression in the cotyledon epidermis was largely localized to the nucleus, adjacent to the nucleus, and diffuse and punctate expression occurred within some cells. WT seedlings transformed with the 35S::PRN1-GFP construct exhibited widespread expression in the epidermis of the cotyledon, also with localization in the nucleus. PRN1 may play a critical role in cellular quercetin levels and influence light- or hormonal-directed early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Orozco-Nunnelly
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raquel Mezzich
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bao-Shiang Lee
- Protein Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lasanthi Jayathilaka
- Protein Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lon S. Kaufman
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Warpeha
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pons C, Martí C, Forment J, Crisosto CH, Dandekar AM, Granell A. A bulk segregant gene expression analysis of a peach population reveals components of the underlying mechanism of the fruit cold response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90706. [PMID: 24598973 PMCID: PMC3944608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peach fruits subjected for long periods of cold storage are primed to develop chilling injury once fruits are shelf ripened at room temperature. Very little is known about the molecular changes occurring in fruits during cold exposure. To get some insight into this process a transcript profiling analyses was performed on fruits from a PopDG population segregating for chilling injury CI responses. A bulked segregant gene expression analysis based on groups of fruits showing extreme CI responses indicated that the transcriptome of peach fruits was modified already during cold storage consistently with eventual CI development. Most peach cold-responsive genes have orthologs in Arabidopsis that participate in cold acclimation and other stresses responses, while some of them showed expression patterns that differs in fruits according to their susceptibility to develop mealiness. Members of ICE1, CBF1/3 and HOS9 regulons seem to have a prominent role in differential cold responses between low and high sensitive fruits. In high sensitive fruits, an alternative cold response program is detected. This program is probably associated with dehydration/osmotic stress and regulated by ABA, auxins and ethylene. In addition, the observation that tolerant siblings showed a series of genes encoding for stress protective activities with higher expression both at harvest and during cold treatment, suggests that preprogrammed mechanisms could shape fruit ability to tolerate postharvest cold-induced stress. A number of genes differentially expressed were validated and extended to individual genotypes by medium-throughput RT-qPCR. Analyses presented here provide a global view of the responses of peach fruits to cold storage and highlights new peach genes that probably play important roles in the tolerance/sensitivity to cold storage. Our results provide a roadmap for further experiments and would help to develop new postharvest protocols and gene directed breeding strategies to better cope with chilling injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pons
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Martí
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Forment
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos H. Crisosto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Antonio Granell
- Plant Genomics and Biotechnology lab, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Spaepen S, Bossuyt S, Engelen K, Marchal K, Vanderleyden J. Phenotypical and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a result of inoculation with the auxin-producing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:850-861. [PMID: 24219779 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The auxin-producing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 can promote the growth of several plant species. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was chosen as host plant to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern this interaction. The determination of differential gene expression in Arabidopsis roots after inoculation with either A. brasilense wild-type or an auxin biosynthesis mutant was achieved by microarray analysis. Arabidopsis thaliana inoculation with A. brasilense wild-type increases the number of lateral roots and root hairs, and elevates the internal auxin concentration in the plant. The A. thaliana root transcriptome undergoes extensive changes on A. brasilense inoculation, and the effects are more pronounced at later time points. The wild-type bacterial strain induces changes in hormone- and defense-related genes, as well as in plant cell wall-related genes. The A. brasilense mutant, however, does not elicit these transcriptional changes to the same extent. There are qualitative and quantitative differences between A. thaliana responses to the wild-type A. brasilense strain and the auxin biosynthesis mutant strain, based on both phenotypic and transcriptomic data. This illustrates the major role played by auxin in the Azospirillum-Arabidopsis interaction, and possibly also in other bacterium-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Spaepen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Stijn Bossuyt
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Yokawa K, Fasano R, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Light as stress factor to plant roots - case of root halotropism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:718. [PMID: 25566292 PMCID: PMC4264407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing underground, largely in darkness, roots emerge to be very sensitive to light. Recently, several important papers have been published which reveal that plant roots not only express all known light receptors but also that their growth, physiology and adaptive stress responses are light-sensitive. In Arabidopsis, illumination of roots speeds-up root growth via reactive oxygen species-mediated and F-actin dependent process. On the other hand, keeping Arabidopsis roots in darkness alters F-actin distribution, polar localization of PIN proteins as well as polar transport of auxin. Several signaling components activated by phytohormones are overlapping with light-related signaling cascade. We demonstrated that the sensitivity of roots to salinity is altered in the light-grown Arabidopsis roots. Particularly, light-exposed roots are less effective in their salt-avoidance behavior known as root halotropism. Here we discuss these new aspects of light-mediated root behavior from cellular, physiological and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of SalernoFisciano, Italy
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: František Baluška, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany e-mail:
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241
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It Takes More Than Two to Tango: Regulation of Plant ABC Transporters. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06511-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ueda J, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Oka M, Yano S, Higashibata A, Ishioka N. Close relationships between polar auxin transport and graviresponse in plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:43-49. [PMID: 24128007 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gravitational force on Earth is one of the major environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Spacecraft and the International Space Station (ISS), and a three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat have been available to clarify the effects of gravistimulation on plant growth and development in space and on ground conditions, respectively. Under a stimulus-free environment such as space conditions, plants show a growth and developmental habit designated as 'automorphosis' or 'automorphogenesis'. Recent studies in hormonal physiology, together with space and molecular biology, have demonstrated the close relationships between automorphosis and polar auxin transport. Reduced polar auxin transport in space conditions, or induced by the application of polar auxin transport inhibitors, substantially induced automorphosis or automorphosis-like growth and development, indicating that polar auxin transport is responsible for graviresponse in plants. This concise review covers graviresponse in plants and automorphosis observed in space conditions, and polar auxin transport related to graviresponse in etiolated Alaska and ageotropum pea seedlings. Molecular aspects of polar auxin transport clarified in recent studies are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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243
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Wolters PJ, Schouten HJ, Velasco R, Si-Ammour A, Baldi P. Evidence for regulation of columnar habit in apple by a putative 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:993-9. [PMID: 24571666 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling columnar-type growth in the apple mutant 'Wijcik' will provide insights on how tree architecture and growth are regulated in fruit trees. In apple, columnar-type growth is controlled by a single major gene at the Columnar (Co) locus. By comparing the genomic sequence of the Co region of 'Wijcik' with its wild-type 'McIntosh', a novel non-coding DNA element of 1956 bp specific to Pyreae was found to be inserted in an intergenic region of 'Wijcik'. Expression analysis of selected genes located in the vicinity of the insertion revealed the upregulation of the MdCo31 gene encoding a putative 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase in axillary buds of 'Wijcik'. Constitutive expression of MdCo31 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in compact plants with shortened floral internodes, a phenotype reminiscent of the one observed in columnar apple trees. We conclude that MdCo31 is a strong candidate gene for the control of columnar growth in 'Wijcik'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J Wolters
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all' Adige, Italy; Wageningen University and Research Centre, Plant Breeding, PO Box 16, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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244
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Mialoundama AS, Jadid N, Brunel J, Di Pascoli T, Heintz D, Erhardt M, Mutterer J, Bergdoll M, Ayoub D, Van Dorsselaer A, Rahier A, Nkeng P, Geoffroy P, Miesch M, Camara B, Bouvier F. Arabidopsis ERG28 tethers the sterol C4-demethylation complex to prevent accumulation of a biosynthetic intermediate that interferes with polar auxin transport. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4879-93. [PMID: 24326590 PMCID: PMC3903993 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are vital for cellular functions and eukaryotic development because of their essential role as membrane constituents. Sterol biosynthetic intermediates (SBIs) represent a potential reservoir of signaling molecules in mammals and fungi, but little is known about their functions in plants. SBIs are derived from the sterol C4-demethylation enzyme complex that is tethered to the membrane by Ergosterol biosynthetic protein28 (ERG28). Here, using nonlethal loss-of-function strategies focused on Arabidopsis thaliana ERG28, we found that the previously undetected SBI 4-carboxy-4-methyl-24-methylenecycloartanol (CMMC) inhibits polar auxin transport (PAT), a key mechanism by which the phytohormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth, including development and responses to environmental factors. The induced accumulation of CMMC in Arabidopsis erg28 plants was associated with diagnostic hallmarks of altered PAT, including the differentiation of pin-like inflorescence, loss of apical dominance, leaf fusion, and reduced root growth. PAT inhibition by CMMC occurs in a brassinosteroid-independent manner. The data presented show that ERG28 is required for PAT in plants. Furthermore, it is accumulation of an atypical SBI that may act to negatively regulate PAT in plants. Hence, the sterol pathway offers further prospects for mining new target molecules that could regulate plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Nurul Jadid
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- Department of Biology Botanical and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Sepuluh Nopember Institut of Technology, 60111 East-Java, Indonesia
| | - Julien Brunel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Thomas Di Pascoli
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Marc Bergdoll
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Paul Nkeng
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Education et de la Communication, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Université de Strasbourg-Institut de Chimie, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Université de Strasbourg-Institut de Chimie, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Bilal Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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245
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Kazan K. Auxin and the integration of environmental signals into plant root development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1655-65. [PMID: 24136877 PMCID: PMC3838554 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin is a versatile plant hormone with important roles in many essential physiological processes. In recent years, significant progress has been made towards understanding the roles of this hormone in plant growth and development. Recent evidence also points to a less well-known but equally important role for auxin as a mediator of environmental adaptation in plants. SCOPE This review briefly discusses recent findings on how plants utilize auxin signalling and transport to modify their root system architecture when responding to diverse biotic and abiotic rhizosphere signals, including macro- and micro-nutrient starvation, cold and water stress, soil acidity, pathogenic and beneficial microbes, nematodes and neighbouring plants. Stress-responsive transcription factors and microRNAs that modulate auxin- and environment-mediated root development are also briefly highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The auxin pathway constitutes an essential component of the plant's biotic and abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms. Further understanding of the specific roles that auxin plays in environmental adaptation can ultimately lead to the development of crops better adapted to stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct (QBP), Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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246
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Liu R, Dong Y, Fan G, Zhao Z, Deng M, Cao X, Niu S. Discovery of genes related to witches broom disease in Paulownia tomentosa × Paulownia fortunei by a De Novo assembled transcriptome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80238. [PMID: 24278262 PMCID: PMC3836977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of its economic importance, very little molecular genetics and genomic research has been targeted at the family Paulownia spp. The little genetic information on this plant is a big obstacle to studying the mechanisms of its ability to resist Paulownia Witches' Broom (PaWB) disease. Analysis of the Paulownia transcriptome and its expression profile data are essential to extending the genetic resources on this species, thus will greatly improves our studies on Paulownia. In the current study, we performed the de novo assembly of a transcriptome on P. tomentosa × P. fortunei using the short-read sequencing technology (Illumina). 203,664 unigenes with a mean length of 1,328 bp was obtained. Of these unigenes, 32,976 (30% of all unigenes) containing complete structures were chosen. Eukaryotic clusters of orthologous groups, gene orthology, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotations were performed of these unigenes. Genes related to PaWB disease resistance were analyzed in detail. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the genetic makeup of Paulownia. This transcriptome provides a quick way to understanding Paulownia, increases the number of gene sequences available for further functional genomics studies and provides clues to the identification of potential PaWB disease resistance genes. This study has provided a comprehensive insight into gene expression profiles at different states, which facilitates the study of each gene's roles in the developmental process and in PaWB disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongning Liu
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhenli Zhao
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Deng
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xibing Cao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Suyan Niu
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
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247
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Van Oosten MJ, Sharkhuu A, Batelli G, Bressan RA, Maggio A. The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant air1 implicates SOS3 in the regulation of anthocyanins under salt stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:405-15. [PMID: 23925404 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of anthocyanins in plants exposed to salt stress has been largely documented. However, the functional link and regulatory components underlying the biosynthesis of these molecules during exposure to stress are largely unknown. In a screen of second site suppressors of the salt overly sensitive3-1 (sos3-1) mutant, we isolated the anthocyanin-impaired-response-1 (air1) mutant. air1 is unable to accumulate anthocyanins under salt stress, a key phenotype of sos3-1 under high NaCl levels (120 mM). The air1 mutant showed a defect in anthocyanin production in response to salt stress but not to other stresses such as high light, low phosphorous, high temperature or drought stress. This specificity indicated that air1 mutation did not affect anthocyanin biosynthesis but rather its regulation in response to salt stress. Analysis of this mutant revealed a T-DNA insertion at the first exon of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding for a basic region-leucine zipper transcription factor. air1 mutants displayed higher survival rates compared to wild-type in oxidative stress conditions, and presented an altered expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes such as F3H, F3'H and LDOX in salt stress conditions. The results presented here indicate that AIR1 is involved in the regulation of various steps of the flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation pathways and is itself regulated by the salt-stress response signalling machinery. The discovery and characterization of AIR1 opens avenues to dissect the connections between abiotic stress and accumulation of antioxidants in the form of flavonoids and anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael James Van Oosten
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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248
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Abdel-Lateif K, Vaissayre V, Gherbi H, Verries C, Meudec E, Perrine-Walker F, Cheynier V, Svistoonoff S, Franche C, Bogusz D, Hocher V. Silencing of the chalcone synthase gene in Casuarina glauca highlights the important role of flavonoids during nodulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:1012-1021. [PMID: 23692063 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodulation is confined to four plant orders, including > 14,000 Leguminosae, one nonlegume genus Parasponia and c. 200 actinorhizal species that form symbioses with rhizobia and Frankia bacterial species, respectively. Flavonoids have been identified as plant signals and developmental regulators for nodulation in legumes and have long been hypothesized to play a critical role during actinorhizal nodulation. However, direct evidence of their involvement in actinorhizal symbiosis is lacking. Here, we used RNA interference to silence chalcone synthase, which is involved in the first committed step of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, in the actinorhizal tropical tree Casuarina glauca. Transformed flavonoid-deficient hairy roots were generated and used to study flavonoid accumulation and further nodulation. Knockdown of chalcone synthase expression reduced the level of specific flavonoids and resulted in severely impaired nodulation. Nodule formation was rescued by supplementing the plants with naringenin, which is an upstream intermediate in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results provide, for the first time, direct evidence of an important role for flavonoids during the early stages of actinorhizal nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abdel-Lateif
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Virginie Vaissayre
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassen Gherbi
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clotilde Verries
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences pour l'Oenologie, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences pour l'Oenologie, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Perrine-Walker
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Sergio Svistoonoff
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudine Franche
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Hocher
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Arai T, Toda Y, Kato K, Miyamoto K, Hasegawa T, Yamada K, Ueda J, Hasegawa K, Inoue T, Shigemori H. Artabolide, a novel polar auxin transport inhibitor isolated from Artemisia absinthium. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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250
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Pu Z, Wang J, Zheng Y, Li Y, Wei Y. Regulation, evolution, and functionality of flavonoids in cereal crops. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1765-80. [PMID: 23881316 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that contribute to the adaptation of plants to environmental stresses, including resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. Flavonoids are also beneficial for human health and depress the progression of some chronic diseases. The biosynthesis of flavonoids, which belong to a large family of phenolic compounds, is a complex metabolic process with many pathways that produce different metabolites, controlled by key enzymes. There is limited knowledge about the composition, biosynthesis and regulation of flavonoids in cereals. Improved understanding of the accumulation of flavonoids in cereal grains would help to improve human nutrition through these staple foods. The biosynthesis of flavonoids, scope for altering the flavonoid composition in cereal crops and benefits for human nutrition are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehou Liu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu-Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China,
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