201
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Godoy GJ, Paira DA, Olivera C, Breser ML, Sanchez LR, Motrich RD, Rivero VE. Differences in T regulatory cells between mouse strains frequently used in immunological research. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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202
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Krop J, Heidt S, Claas FHJ, Eikmans M. Regulatory T Cells in Pregnancy: It Is Not All About FoxP3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1182. [PMID: 32655556 PMCID: PMC7324675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In pregnancy, the semi-allogeneic fetus needs to be tolerated by the mother's immune system. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a prominent role in this process. Novel technologies allow for in-depth phenotyping of previously unidentified immune cell subsets, which has resulted in the appreciation of a vast heterogeneity of Treg subsets. Similar to other immunological events, there appears to be great diversity within the Treg population during pregnancy, both at the maternal-fetal interface as in the peripheral blood. Different Treg subsets have distinct phenotypes and various ways of functioning. Furthermore, the frequency of individual Treg subsets varies throughout gestation and is altered in aberrant pregnancies. This suggests that distinct Treg subsets play a role at different time points of gestation and that their role in maintaining healthy pregnancy is crucial, as reflected for instance by their reduced frequency in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Since pregnancy is essential for the existence of mankind, multiple immune regulatory mechanisms and cell types are likely at play to assure successful pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to understand the complete microenvironment of the decidua, preferably in the context of the whole immune cell repertoire of the pregnant woman. So far, most studies have focused on a single mechanism or cell type, which often is the FoxP3 positive regulatory T cell when studying immune regulation. In this review, we instead focus on the contribution of FoxP3 negative Treg subsets to the decidual microenvironment and their possible role in pregnancy complications. Their phenotype, function, and effect in pregnancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Krop
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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203
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Makita S, Takatori H, Iwata A, Tanaka S, Furuta S, Ikeda K, Suto A, Suzuki K, Ramos SBV, Nakajima H. RNA-Binding Protein ZFP36L2 Downregulates Helios Expression and Suppresses the Function of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1291. [PMID: 32655569 PMCID: PMC7324482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger protein 36-like 2, ZFP36L2, is a member of a small family of RNA-binding proteins composed by ZFP36 (also known as tristetraprolin, TTP), ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 in humans, with corresponding murine orthologs. These proteins bind to adenine uridine-rich element (ARE) in the 3′untranslated region of target messenger RNA and stimulate target degradation. ZFP36 functions as an anti-inflammatory modulator in murine models of inflammatory diseases by down-regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α. However, how ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 alter the function of CD4+ T cells is not completely understood. We addressed this issue by searching for the target genes of ZFP36L2 by comprehensive transcriptome analysis. We observed that ZFP36L2 is highly expressed in naïve CD4+ T cells; however, when CD4+ T cells are stimulated through their T cell receptors, ZFP36L2 expression is rapidly reduced in both humans and mice. Among CD4+ T cell populations, the expression levels of ZFP36L2 in regulatory T cells (Tregs) were significantly lower than those in naïve or effector CD4+ T cells. RNA-sequence analysis revealed that the forced expression of ZFP36L2 decreased Ikzf2 (encoding Helios) expression in Foxp3+ Tregs and inhibited the ability of induced Tregs (iTregs). ZFP36L2 directly bound to and destabilized the 3′untranslated region of Ikzf2 mRNA, which contains AU-rich elements. These results indicate that ZFP36L2 reduces the expression of Ikzf2 and suppresses iTreg function, raising the interesting possibility that the inhibition of ZFP36L2 in iTregs could be a therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Makita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takatori
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Furuta
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Ikeda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Suto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Silvia B V Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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204
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Zhou S, Wu W, Wang Z, Wang Z, Su Q, Li X, Yu Y, Zhang W, Zhu M, Lin W. RelB regulates the homeostatic proliferation but not the function of Tregs. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:37. [PMID: 32552667 PMCID: PMC7302365 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RelB, a member of the NF-κB family, plays a critical role in the development of T cells. However, the role of RelB in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains controversial. Results Using a bone marrow chimeric mouse model, we demonstrated that the expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs in vivo could be mediated by extrinsic mechanisms. RelB plays an important role in inhibiting the homeostatic proliferation of Tregs, but not their survival. Even with the heightened expansion, RelB−/− Treg cells displayed normal suppressive function in vitro. Among the expanded populations of Treg cells, most were nTreg cells; however, the population of iTregs did not increase. Mechanistically, RelB seems to regulate Treg proliferation independently of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathway. Conclusions These data suggest that RelB regulates Treg proliferation independently of the STAT5 pathway, but does not alter the function of Tregs. Further studies are warranted to uncover such mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhou
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China.
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Zhaopeng Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Qinghong Su
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China.
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205
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Kwun J, Li J, Rouse C, Park JB, Farris AB, Kuchibhatla M, Turek JW, Knechtle SJ, Kirk AD, Markert ML. Cultured thymus tissue implantation promotes donor-specific tolerance to allogeneic heart transplants. JCI Insight 2020; 5:129983. [PMID: 32352934 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty-six infants born without a thymus have been treated with allogeneic cultured thymus tissue implantation (CTTI). These infants, who lack T cells and are profoundly immunodeficient at birth, after CTTI from an unmatched donor develop T cells similar to those of recipient that are tolerant to both their own major histocompatibility antigens and those of the donor. We tested use of CTTI with the goal of inducing tolerance to unmatched heart transplants in immunocompetent rats. We thymectomized and T cell-depleted Lewis rats. The rats were then given cultured thymus tissue from F1 (Lewis × Dark Agouti ) under the kidney capsule and vascularized Dark Agouti (DA) heart transplants in the abdomen. Cyclosporine was administered for 4 months. The control group did not receive CTTI. Recipients with CTTI showed repopulation of naive and recent thymic emigrant CD4 T cells; controls had none. Recipients of CTTI did not reject DA cardiac allografts. Control animals did not reject DA grafts, due to lack of functional T cells. To confirm donor-specific unresponsiveness, MHC-mismatched Brown Norway (BN) hearts were transplanted 6 months after the initial DA heart transplant. LW rats with LWxDA CTTI rejected the third-party BN hearts (mean survival time 10 days); controls did not. CTTI recipients produced antibody against third-party BN donor but not against the DA thymus donor, demonstrating humoral donor-specific tolerance. Taken together, F1(LWxDA) CTTI given to Lewis rats resulted in specific tolerance to the allogeneic DA MHC expressed in the donor thymus, with resulting long-term survival of DA heart transplants after withdrawal of all immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kwun
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clay Rouse
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Joseph W Turek
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stuart J Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Louise Markert
- Department of Immunology, and.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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206
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Honaker Y, Hubbard N, Xiang Y, Fisher L, Hagin D, Sommer K, Song Y, Yang SJ, Lopez C, Tappen T, Dam EM, Khan I, Hale M, Buckner JH, Scharenberg AM, Torgerson TR, Rawlings DJ. Gene editing to induce FOXP3 expression in human CD4+ T cells leads to a stable regulatory phenotype and function. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/546/eaay6422. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymic regulatory T cells (tTregs) are potent inhibitors of autoreactive immune responses, and loss of tTreg function results in fatal autoimmune disease. Defects in tTreg number or function are also implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases, leading to growing interest in use of Treg as cell therapies to establish immune tolerance. Because tTregs are present at low numbers in circulating blood and may be challenging to purify and expand and also inherently defective in some subjects, we designed an alternative strategy to create autologous Treg-like cells from bulk CD4+ T cells. We used homology-directed repair (HDR)–based gene editing to enforce expression of FOXP3, the master transcription factor for tTreg. Targeted insertion of a robust enhancer/promoter proximal to the first coding exon bypassed epigenetic silencing, permitting stable and robust expression of endogenous FOXP3. HDR-edited T cells, edTregs, manifested a transcriptional program leading to sustained expression of canonical markers and suppressive activity of tTreg. Both human and murine edTregs mediated immunosuppression in vivo in models of inflammatory disease. Further, this engineering strategy permitted generation of antigen-specific edTreg with robust in vitro and in vivo functional activity. Last, edTreg could be enriched and expanded at scale using clinically relevant methods. Together, these findings suggest that edTreg production may permit broad future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Honaker
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Nicholas Hubbard
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Logan Fisher
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - David Hagin
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Sommer
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yumei Song
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Christina Lopez
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Tori Tappen
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew M. Scharenberg
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Troy R. Torgerson
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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207
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van de Wouw M, Walsh AM, Crispie F, van Leuven L, Lyte JM, Boehme M, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cotter PD, Cryan JF. Distinct actions of the fermented beverage kefir on host behaviour, immunity and microbiome gut-brain modules in the mouse. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:67. [PMID: 32423436 PMCID: PMC7236220 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain physiology and behaviour, through bi-directional communication, along the gut-brain axis. As such, the gut microbiota represents a potential therapeutic target for influencing centrally mediated events and host behaviour. It is thus notable that the fermented milk beverage kefir has recently been shown to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in mice. It is unclear whether kefirs have differential effects on microbiota-gut-brain axis and whether they can modulate host behaviour per se. METHODS To address this, two distinct kefirs (Fr1 and UK4), or unfermented milk control, were administered to mice that underwent a battery of tests to characterise their behavioural phenotype. In addition, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of ileal, caecal and faecal matter was performed, as was faecal metabolome analysis. Finally, systemic immunity measures and gut serotonin levels were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Fr1 ameliorated the stress-induced decrease in serotonergic signalling in the colon and reward-seeking behaviour in the saccharin preference test. On the other hand, UK4 decreased repetitive behaviour and ameliorated stress-induced deficits in reward-seeking behaviour. Furthermore, UK4 increased fear-dependent contextual memory, yet decreased milk gavage-induced improvements in long-term spatial learning. In the peripheral immune system, UK4 increased the prevalence of Treg cells and interleukin 10 levels, whereas Fr1 ameliorated the milk gavage stress-induced elevation in neutrophil levels and CXCL1 levels. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that both kefirs significantly changed the composition and functional capacity of the host microbiota, where specific bacterial species were changed in a kefir-dependent manner. Furthermore, both kefirs increased the capacity of the gut microbiota to produce GABA, which was linked to an increased prevalence in Lactobacillus reuteri. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data show that kefir can signal through the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and modulate host behaviour. In addition, different kefirs may direct the microbiota toward distinct immunological and behavioural modulatory effects. These results indicate that kefir can positively modulate specific aspects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and support the broadening of the definition of psychobiotic to include kefir fermented foods. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aaron M Walsh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Joshua M Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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208
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Keller HR, Kim HK, Jo Y, Gress RE, Hong C, Park JH. The Abundance and Availability of Cytokine Receptor IL-2Rβ (CD122) Constrain the Lymphopenia-Induced Homeostatic Proliferation of Naive CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3227-3235. [PMID: 32393513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation (LIP) is a critical mechanism for restoring T cell immunity upon lymphodepleting insults or infections. LIP is primarily driven by homeostatic cytokines, such as IL-7 and IL-15, but not all T cells respond with the same efficiency to homeostatic proliferative cues. Although CD8 T cells vigorously proliferate under lymphopenic conditions, naive CD4 T cells are substantially impaired in their response to homeostatic cytokines, and they fail to fully expand. In this study, we show that the availability of IL-2Rβ (CD122), which is a receptor subunit shared by IL-2 and IL-15, affects both the cytokine responsiveness and the LIP of naive CD4 T cells in the mouse. The enumeration of surface IL-2Rβ molecules on murine naive CD4 and naive CD8 T cells revealed a 5-fold difference in IL-2Rβ abundance. Notably, it was the limited availability of IL-2Rβ that impaired CD4 T cell responsiveness to IL-15 and suppressed their LIP. As such, forced IL-2Rβ expression on CD4 T cells by transgenesis bestowed IL-15 responsiveness onto naive CD4 T cells, which thus acquired the ability to undergo robust LIP. Collectively, these results identify IL-2Rβ availability as a new regulatory mechanism to control cytokine responsiveness and the homeostatic proliferation of murine CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary R Keller
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA 18840
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yuna Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Changwan Hong
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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209
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Zhu L, Song H, Zhang L, Meng H. Characterization of IL-17-producing Treg cells in type 2 diabetes patients. Immunol Res 2020; 67:443-449. [PMID: 31713831 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis and immune-mediated tissue damage and insulin resistance suggests that T2D patients might benefit from the suppression of pathogenic inflammation. Foxp3+ Treg cells are crucial suppressors of inflammation, but the differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg cells is not static and is subject to conversion into IL-17-producing Th17-like cells upon receiving external signals. In this study, we examined the production of IL-17 by Treg cells. Compared to non-T2D controls, T2D patients presented significantly higher levels of IL-17-expressing cells in both Foxp3- CD4 T cells and Foxp3+ Treg cells. The frequencies of IL-17-nonexpressing Foxp3+ Treg cells, on the other hand, were not changed. Interestingly, IL-17-expressing Foxp3+ Treg cells were mutually exclusive from IL-10-expressing and TGF-β-expressing Foxp3+ Treg cells, suggesting that multiple subpopulations exist within the Foxp3+ Treg cells from T2D patients. In T2D patients, the frequencies of IL-17-expressing Foxp3+ Treg cells were positively correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and the HbA1c levels of T2D patients. The frequencies of IL-10-expressing Treg cells, on the other hand, were inversely associated with the BMI of both non-T2D controls and T2D patients. In addition, the suppressive activity of Treg cells was significantly lower in T2D patients than in non-T2D controls. Together, our study uncovered a dysregulation in Foxp3+ Treg cells from T2D patients, characterized by high IL-17 expression and low suppression activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, 11 Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Haihan Song
- DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, 11 Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, 11 Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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210
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Hou J, Sun Y. Role of Regulatory T Cells in Disturbed Immune Homeostasis in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32411140 PMCID: PMC7198877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic disease in which T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation has been shown to play a key role. Accumulating evidence shows that COPD has many of the characteristics of an autoimmune response. An adaptive immune response directed against lung self-antigens, which are released during the initial innate inflammatory response and are triggered by constant exposure to cigarette smoke and epithelial injury, drives the persistent inflammatory response found in smokers. The development and severity of adaptive inflammation depend on the level of tolerance to self-antigens. For these reasons, the effect of regulatory T (Treg) cells on adaptive immunity in COPD patients is of particular interest and could be targeted therapeutically. The disturbance in immune homeostasis caused by changes in the number or function of Treg cells, which is related to cigarette smoke exposure, may be of importance in understanding the development and progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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211
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Ahmadzadeh M, Pasetto A, Jia L, Deniger DC, Stevanović S, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Tumor-infiltrating human CD4 + regulatory T cells display a distinct TCR repertoire and exhibit tumor and neoantigen reactivity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/31/eaao4310. [PMID: 30635355 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells have an essential function in maintaining self-tolerance; however, they may also play a detrimental role in antitumor immune responses. The presence of elevated frequencies of Treg cells in tumors correlates with disease progression and poor survival in patients with cancer. The antigen specificity of Treg cells that have expanded in the tumor microenvironment is poorly understood; answering this question may provide important insights for immunotherapeutic approaches. To address this, we used a novel combinatorial approach to characterizing the T cell receptor (TCR) profiles of intratumoral Treg cells from patients with metastatic melanoma, gastrointestinal, and ovarian cancers and elucidated their antigen specificities. The TCR repertoires of tumor-resident Treg cells were diverse yet displayed significant overlap with circulating Treg cells but not with conventional T cells in tumor or blood. TCRs isolated from Treg cells displayed specific reactivity against autologous tumors and mutated neoantigens, suggesting that intratumoral Treg cells act in a tumor antigen-selective manner leading to their activation and clonal expansion in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor antigen-specific Treg-derived TCRs resided in the tumor and in the circulation, suggesting that both Treg cell compartments may serve as a source for tumor-specific TCRs. These findings provide insights into the TCR specificity of tumor-infiltrating human Treg cells that may have potential implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Ahmadzadeh
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Pasetto
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Li Jia
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Drew C Deniger
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sanja Stevanović
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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212
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Modulation of regulatory T cell function and stability by co-inhibitory receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:680-693. [PMID: 32269380 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a dynamic population that is essential for controlling immune responses in health and disease. Defects in Treg cell function and decreases in Treg cell numbers have been observed in patients with autoimmunity and the opposite effects on Treg cells occur in cancer settings. Current research on new therapies for these diseases is focused on modulating Treg cell function to increase or decrease suppressive activity in autoimmunity and cancer, respectively. In this regard, several co-inhibitory receptors that are preferentially expressed by Treg cells under homeostatic conditions have recently been shown to control Treg cell function and stability in different disease settings. These receptors could be amenable to therapeutic targeting aimed at modulating Treg cell function and plasticity. This Review summarizes recent data regarding the role of co-inhibitory molecules in the control of Treg cell function and stability, with a focus on their roles and potential therapeutic use in autoimmunity and cancer.
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213
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de Wolf ACMT, Herberts CA, Hoefnagel MHN. Dawn of Monitoring Regulatory T Cells in (Pre-)clinical Studies: Their Relevance Is Slowly Recognised. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:91. [PMID: 32300597 PMCID: PMC7142310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a prominent role in the control of immune homeostasis. Pharmacological impact on their activity or balance with effector T cells could contribute to (impaired) clinical responses or adverse events. Monitoring treatment-related effects on T cell subsets may therefore be part of (pre-)clinical studies for medicinal products. However, the extent of immune monitoring performed in studies for marketing authorisation and the degree of correspondence with data available in the public domain is not known. We evaluated the presence of T cell immunomonitoring in 46 registration dossiers of monoclonal antibodies indicated for immune-related disorders and published scientific papers. We found that the depth of Treg analysis in registration dossiers was rather small. Nevertheless, data on treatment-related Treg effects are available in public academia-driven studies (post-registration) and suggest that Tregs may act as a biomarker for clinical responses. However, public data are fragmented and obtained with heterogeneity of experimental approaches from a diversity of species and tissues. To reveal the potential added value of T cell (and particular Treg) evaluation in (pre-)clinical studies, more cell-specific data should be acquired, at least for medicinal products with an immunomodulatory mechanism. Therefore, extensive analysis of T cell subset contribution to clinical responses and the relevance of treatment-induced changes in their levels is needed. Preferably, industry and academia should work together to obtain these data in a standardised manner and to enrich our knowledge about T cell activity in disease pathogenesis and therapies. This will ultimately elucidate the necessity of T cell subset monitoring in the therapeutic benefit-risk assessment.
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214
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Alvarez F, Al-Aubodah TA, Yang YH, Piccirillo CA. Mechanisms of T REG cell adaptation to inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:559-571. [PMID: 32202345 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0120-196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important defense mechanism. In this complex and dynamic process, drastic changes in the tissue micro-environment play key roles in dictating the nature of the evolving immune response. However, uncontrolled inflammation is detrimental, leading to unwanted cellular damage, loss of physiological functions, and even death. As such, the immune system possesses tools to limit inflammation while ensuring rapid and effective clearance of the inflammatory trigger. Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG ) cells, a potently immunosuppressive CD4+ T cell subset, play a crucial role in immune tolerance by controlling the extent of the response to self and non-self Ags, all-the-while promoting a quick return to immune homeostasis. TREG cells adapt to changes in the local micro-environment enabling them to migrate, proliferate, survive, differentiate, and tailor their suppressive ability at inflamed sites. Several inflammation-associated factors can impact TREG cell functional adaptation in situ including locally released alarmins, oxygen availability, tissue acidity and osmolarity and nutrient availability. Here, we review some of these key signals and pathways that control the adaptation of TREG cell function in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yujian H Yang
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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215
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Deya-Martinez A, Flinn AM, Gennery AR. Neonatal thymectomy in children-accelerating the immunologic clock? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:236-243. [PMID: 32169378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is critical for central tolerance and diverse T-lymphocyte repertoire development, to provide lifelong defense against pathogens while maintaining self-tolerance. Peak thymic output occurs in utero, during infancy, and in early childhood, diminishing throughout life. Infants with congenital heart disease requiring sternotomy often undergo thymectomy to clear the surgical field. The long-term effects of early thymectomy are just being appreciated. Many patients remain asymptomatic despite immunologic findings mirroring those of immunosenescence. Few develop increased infection or lymphoreticular malignancy risk. When considering the effects of infant thymectomy, patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations may be instructive. These patients are lymphocytopenic, with increased early-onset infection and autoimmunity risk that is not seen in most patients who underwent thymectomy during infancy. The thymic structure of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome or hypomorphic RAG is abnormal, with disrupted architecture inclining to perturbation of central tolerance. Similar findings may be seen in patients with myasthenia gravis, although disrupted peripheral tolerance may play a greater role in autoimmunity development. In conclusion, thymectomy during infancy may increase future risk of infection or autoimmunity, with premature immunosenescence mediated through disruption of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms initiated by early cessation or diminution of thymic output. Ideally, some thymic tissue should be preserved at the time of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Deya-Martinez
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aisling M Flinn
- Paediatric Immunology and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Great North Childrens' Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Paediatric Immunology and Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Great North Childrens' Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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216
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Ono M. Control of regulatory T-cell differentiation and function by T-cell receptor signalling and Foxp3 transcription factor complexes. Immunology 2020; 160:24-37. [PMID: 32022254 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxp3 controls the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells (Treg). Studies in the past decades identified numerous Foxp3-interacting protein partners. However, it is still not clear how Foxp3 produces the Treg-type transcriptomic landscape through cooperating with its partners. Here I show the current understanding of how Foxp3 transcription factor complexes regulate the differentiation, maintenance and functional maturation of Treg. Importantly, T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling plays central roles in Treg differentiation and Foxp3-mediated gene regulation. Differentiating Treg will have recognized their cognate antigens and received TCR signals before initiating Foxp3 transcription, which is triggered by TCR-induced transcription factors including NFAT, AP-1 and NF-κB. Once expressed, Foxp3 seizes TCR signal-induced transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms through interacting with AML1/Runx1 and NFAT. Thus, Foxp3 modifies gene expression dynamics of TCR-induced genes, which constitute cardinal mechanisms for Treg-mediated immune suppression. Next, I discuss the following key topics, proposing new mechanistic models for Foxp3-mediated gene regulation: (i) how Foxp3 transcription is induced and maintained by the Foxp3-inducing enhanceosome and the Foxp3 autoregulatory transcription factor complex; (ii) molecular mechanisms for effector Treg differentiation (i.e. Treg maturation); (iii) how Foxp3 activates or represses its target genes through recruiting coactivators and corepressors; (iv) the 'decision-making' Foxp3-containing transcription factor complex for Th17 and Treg differentiation; and (v) the roles of post-translational modification in Foxp3 regulation. Thus, this article provides cutting-edge understanding of molecular biology of Foxp3 and Treg, integrating findings by biochemical and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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217
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Atif M, Conti F, Gorochov G, Oo YH, Miyara M. Regulatory T cells in solid organ transplantation. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e01099. [PMID: 32104579 PMCID: PMC7036337 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of graft tolerance remains the holy grail of transplantation. This is important as chronic allograft dysfunction and the side effects of immunosuppression regimens place a major burden on the lives of transplant patients and their healthcare systems. This has mandated the need to understand the immunobiology of graft rejection and identify novel therapeutics. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in modulating pro-inflammatory microenvironments and maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, there are fundamental unanswered questions regarding Treg cell immunobiology. These cells are a heterogeneous entity with functionally diverse roles. Moreover, the adoption of novel deeper immunophenotyping and genomic sequencing technologies has identified this phenotype and function to be more complex than expected. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of Treg cell heterogeneity is needed to safely and effectively exploit their therapeutic potential. From a clinical perspective, the recent decade has seen different clinical teams commence and complete first-in-man clinical trials utilising Treg cells as an adoptive cellular therapy. In this review, we discuss these trials from a translational perspective with an important focus on safety. Finally, we identify crucial knowledge gaps for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1135Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI‐Paris)Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreAP‐HPParisFrance
- Unité de Transplantation HépatiqueHôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreAP‐HPParisFrance
- Centre for Liver and Gastro ResearchNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Academic Department of SurgeryUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Filomena Conti
- Unité de Transplantation HépatiqueHôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1135Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI‐Paris)Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastro ResearchNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Liver Transplant and HPB UnitQueen Elizabeth HospitalUniversity Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1135Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI‐Paris)Hôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreAP‐HPParisFrance
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218
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Arroyo Hornero R, Hamad I, Côrte-Real B, Kleinewietfeld M. The Impact of Dietary Components on Regulatory T Cells and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:253. [PMID: 32153577 PMCID: PMC7047770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in developed societies has been associated with a change in lifestyle patterns. Among other factors, increased consumption of certain dietary components, such as table salt and fatty acids and excessive caloric intake has been associated with defective immunological tolerance. Dietary nutrients have shown to modulate the immune response by a direct effect on the function of immune cells or, indirectly, by acting on the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis, modulating chronic tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease. It is now well-recognized that Tregs show certain degree of plasticity and can gain effector functions to adapt their regulatory function to different physiological situations during an immune response. However, plasticity of Tregs might also result in conversion into effector T cells that may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis. Yet, which environmental cues regulate Treg plasticity and function is currently poorly understood, but it is of significant importance for therapeutic purposes. Here we review the current understanding on the effect of certain dietary nutrients that characterize Western diets in Treg metabolism, stability, and function. Moreover, we will discuss the role of Tregs linking diet and autoimmunity and the potential of dietary-based interventions to modulate Treg function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arroyo Hornero
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Côrte-Real
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
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219
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Chen X, Hill M, Vander Lugt M, Escolar M, Fang Z, Chen W, Szabolcs P. Rapid reconstitution of regulatory T-cell subsets is associated with reduced rates of acute graft-versus-host disease and absence of viremia after cord blood transplantation in children with reduced-intensity conditioning using alemtuzumab. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:149-157. [PMID: 32089448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T cell (Treg) reconstitution after unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation in chemotherapy-naïve children is incompletely characterized. We studied 21 children with nonmalignant diseases receiving an identical alemtuzumab-containing regimen. We hypothesized that Treg recovery may be perturbed in patients not only by acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) but also by viremia. Tregs and their memory and naïve subsets were serially monitored for proliferation and apoptosis along with conventional T cells (Tcon). A "reconstitution index" (RI) was calculated relative to pretransplantation values for each parameter. At 3 months post-UCBT, the RI of Tregs was faster compared with other immune components tested and was most rapid in patients free of aGVHD and viremia. There were significantly fewer Tregs in patients experiencing grade I-II aGVHD and/or viremia, leading to an imbalance between Tregs-Tcon ratios. Central and effector memory Tregs were most affected at this time point when they dominated in the circulation. Impaired Treg proliferation without increased apoptosis accounted for the reduced Treg-Tcon ratio. In patients affected with grade II aGVHD and viremia, the overall reduction in circulating Treg pool were associated with a more oligoclonal T-cell receptor β repertoire. Taken together, aGVHD and viremia can lead to defective Treg expansion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chen
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
| | - Memphis Hill
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
| | - Mark Vander Lugt
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy
| | | | - Zhou Fang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Paul Szabolcs
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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220
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Ko A, Watanabe M, Nguyen T, Shi A, Achour A, Zhang B, Sun X, Wang Q, Zhuang Y, Weng NP, Hodes RJ. TCR Repertoires of Thymic Conventional and Regulatory T Cells: Identification and Characterization of Both Unique and Shared TCR Sequences. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:858-867. [PMID: 31924652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic regulatory T cells (tTreg) are critical in the maintenance of normal T cell immunity and tolerance. The role of TCR in tTreg selection remains incompletely understood. In this study, we assessed TCRα and TCRβ sequences of mouse tTreg and thymic conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconv) by high-throughput sequencing. We identified αβ TCR sequences that were unique to either tTreg or Tconv and found that these were distinct as recognized by machine learning algorithm and by preferentially used amino acid trimers in αβ CDR3 of tTreg. In addition, a proportion of αβ TCR sequences expressed by tTreg were also found in Tconv, and machine learning classified the great majority of these shared αβ TCR sequences as characteristic of Tconv and not tTreg. These findings identify two populations of tTreg, one in which the regulatory T cell fate is associated with unique properties of the TCR and another with TCR properties characteristic of Tconv for which tTreg fate is determined by factors beyond TCR sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 21224
| | - Masashi Watanabe
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 21224
| | - Alvin Shi
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | - Achouak Achour
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 21224
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 21224
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 21224;
| | - Richard J Hodes
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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221
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Cortés-Hernández A, Alvarez-Salazar E, Arteaga-Cruz S, Alberu-Gómez J, Soldevila G. Ex vivo expansion of regulatory T cells from long-term Belatacept-treated kidney transplant patients restores their phenotype and suppressive function but not their FOXP3 TSDR demethylation status. Cell Immunol 2020; 348:104044. [PMID: 32005344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that Tregs from long-term Belatacept-treated kidney transplant patients displayed an altered phenotype and impaired suppressive function compared to Tregs from healthy controls. However, it remains unknown whether ex vivo expansion of Tregs from patients who underwent long-term immunosuppression may be feasible to be used in their treatment. In this work, Tregs from Belatacept-treated patients were polyclonally expanded in vitro in the presence of rapamycin and IL-2. After four weeks of expansion, Tregs from patients expressed high levels of FOXP3, CD25, CTLA-4, Helios and CCR7, and showed strong suppressive activity, even in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, FOXP3 TSDR demethylation remained lower in expanded Tregs from Belatacept-treated patients compared to healthy control Tregs. These data suggest that ex vivo expansion of Tregs from patients undergoing long-term immunosuppression may require the use of epigenetic modifying agents to stabilize FOXP3 expression to be considered as treatment in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cortés-Hernández
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Alvarez-Salazar
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Arteaga-Cruz
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Alberu-Gómez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, N.L., México 64710, Mexico
| | - G Soldevila
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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222
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Huang Q, Liu X, Zhang Y, Huang J, Li D, Li B. Molecular feature and therapeutic perspectives of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:17-26. [PMID: 32081609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subtype of immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells, are vital for maintaining immune homeostasis in healthy people. Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3), a member of the forkhead-winged-helix family, is the pivotal transcriptional factor of Treg cells. The expression, post-translational modifications, and protein complex of FOXP3 present a great impact on the functional stability and immune plasticity of Treg cells in vivo. In particular, the mutation of FOXP3 can result in immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, which is a rare genetic disease mostly diagnosed in early childhood and can soon be fatal. IPEX syndrome is related to several manifestations, including dermatitis, enteropathy, type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, and so on. Here, we summarize some recent findings on FOXP3 regulation and Treg cell function. We also review the current knowledge about the underlying mechanism of FOXP3 mutant-induced IPEX syndrome and some latest clinical prospects. At last, this review offers a novel insight into the role played by the FOXP3 complex in potential therapeutic applications in IPEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingyao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Wei T, Zhong W, Li Q. Role of heterogeneous regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104659. [PMID: 31982490 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) modulate ongoing immune responses to prevent autoimmunity in healthy bodies and inhibit effective anti-tumor immunity responses in tumor patients, leading to tumor progression. The function of Tregs in tumor immunity suggests that elimination of Tregs in the host may enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Despite the success of strategies for depleting Tregs in tumor-bearing patients, the overall clinical efficacy is limited and accompanied by undesirable side effects. The present review describes the diverse anti-tumor roles and differentiation mechanisms of heterogeneous Tregs and proposes methods for modulating them in the tumor microenvironment. This information is critical for improving clinical outcomes and preventing adverse effects in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy targeting Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Geriatrics, Hematology & Oncology Ward, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180 Guangdong, China.
| | - Qingshan Li
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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224
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Sidwell T, Liao Y, Garnham AL, Vasanthakumar A, Gloury R, Blume J, Teh PP, Chisanga D, Thelemann C, de Labastida Rivera F, Engwerda CR, Corcoran L, Kometani K, Kurosaki T, Smyth GK, Shi W, Kallies A. Attenuation of TCR-induced transcription by Bach2 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and homeostasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 31937752 PMCID: PMC6959360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and homeostasis of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are strictly controlled by T-cell receptor (TCR) signals; however, molecular mechanisms that govern these processes are incompletely understood. Here we show that Bach2 is an important regulator of Treg cell differentiation and homeostasis downstream of TCR signaling. Bach2 prevents premature differentiation of fully suppressive effector Treg (eTreg) cells, limits IL-10 production and is required for the development of peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Bach2 attenuates TCR signaling-induced IRF4-dependent Treg cell differentiation. Deletion of IRF4 promotes inducible Treg cell differentiation and rescues pTreg cell differentiation in the absence of Bach2. In turn, loss of Bach2 normalizes eTreg cell differentiation of IRF4-deficient Treg cells. Mechanistically, Bach2 counteracts the DNA-binding activity of IRF4 and limits chromatin accessibility, thereby attenuating IRF4-dependent transcription. Thus, Bach2 balances TCR signaling induced transcriptional activity of IRF4 to maintain homeostasis of thymically-derived and peripherally-derived Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sidwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Renee Gloury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonas Blume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peggy P Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - David Chisanga
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christoph Thelemann
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Lynn Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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225
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Whangbo JS, Antin JH, Koreth J. The role of regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease management. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:141-154. [PMID: 31874061 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1709436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite improvements in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching algorithms and supportive care, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the leading cause of non-relapse morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Acute GVHD, typically occurring in the first 100 days post-HSCT, is mediated by mature effector T cells from the donor (graft) that become activated after encountering alloantigens in the recipient (host). Chronic GVHD, characterized by aberrant immune responses to both autoantigens and alloantigens, occurs later and arises from a failure to develop tolerance after HSCT. CD4+ CD25+ CD127- FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) function to suppress auto- and alloreactive immune responses and are key mediators of immune tolerance.Areas covered: In this review, authors discuss the biologic and therapeutic roles of Tregs in acute and chronic GVHD, including in vivo and ex vivo strategies for Treg expansion and adoptive Treg cellular therapy.Expert opinion: Although they comprise only a small subset of circulating CD4 + T cells, Tregs play an important role in establishing and maintaining immune tolerance following allogeneic HSCT. The development of GVHD has been associated with reduced Treg frequency or numbers. Consequently, the immunosuppressive properties of Tregs are being harnessed in clinical trials for GVHD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Whangbo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph H Antin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Koreth
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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226
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Salminen A. Activation of immunosuppressive network in the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100998. [PMID: 31838128 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation has a key role in the aging process, a state called inflammaging. It is known that the chronic inflammatory condition generates counteracting immunosuppressive state in many diseases. Inflammaging is also associated with an immune deficiency; generally termed as immunosenescence, although it is not known whether it represents the senescence of immune cells or the active remodeling of immune system. Evidence has accumulated since the 1970's indicating that immunosenescence might be caused by an increased activity of immunosuppressive cells rather than cellular senescence. Immune cells display remarkable plasticity; many of these cells can express both proinflammatory and immunosuppressive phenotypes in a context-dependent manner. The immunosuppressive network involves the regulatory subtypes of T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells as well as regulatory phenotypes of macrophages (Mreg), dendritic (DCreg), natural killer (NKreg), and type II natural killer T (NKT) cells. The immunosuppressive network also includes monocytic (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN-MDSC) myeloid-derived suppressor cells which are immature myeloid cells induced by inflammatory mediators. This co-operative network is stimulated in chronic inflammatory conditions preventing excessive inflammatory responses but at the same time they exert harmful effects on the immune system and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed that the aging process is associated with the activation of immunosuppressive network, especially the functions of MDSCs, Tregs, and Mregs are increased. I will briefly review the properties of the regulatory phenotypes of immune cells and examine in detail the evidences for an activation of immunosuppressive network with aging.
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227
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Hippen KL, Aguilar EG, Rhee SY, Bolivar-Wagers S, Blazar BR. Distinct Regulatory and Effector T Cell Metabolic Demands during Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:77-91. [PMID: 31791718 PMCID: PMC6934920 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylactic agents, the success and wider utilization of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is limited by GVHD. Increasing donor graft regulatory T cell (Treg):effector T cell (Teff) ratios can substantially reduce GVHD in cancer patients, but pre-HSCT conditioning regimens and GVHD create a challenging inflammatory environment for Treg stability, persistence, and function. Metabolism plays a crucial role in T cell and Treg differentiation, and development of effector function. Although glycolysis is a main driver of allogeneic T cell-driven GVHD, oxidative phosphorylation is a main driver of Treg suppressor function. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of Treg metabolism in the context of GVHD, and discusses potential therapeutic applications of Tregs in the prevention or treatment of GVHD in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli L Hippen
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ethan G Aguilar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Rhee
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sara Bolivar-Wagers
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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228
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Shi H, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Treg Cell Stability, Plasticity, and Tissue-Specific Heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2716. [PMID: 31921097 PMCID: PMC6917616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for peripheral immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity and tissue damage. Treg cells are inherently defined by the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which enforces lineage development and immune suppressive function of these cells. Under various conditions as observed in autoimmunity, cancer and non-lymphoid tissues, a proportion of Treg cells respond to specific environmental signals and display altered stability, plasticity and tissue-specific heterogeneity, which further shape their context-dependent suppressive functions. Recent studies have revealed that metabolic programs play pivotal roles in controlling these processes in Treg cells, thereby considerably expanding our understanding of Treg cell biology. Here we summarize these recent advances that highlight how cell-extrinsic factors, such as nutrients, vitamins and metabolites, and cell-intrinsic metabolic programs, orchestrate Treg cell stability, plasticity, and tissue-specific heterogeneity. Understanding metabolic regulation of Treg cells should provide new insight into immune homeostasis and disease, with important therapeutic implications for autoimmunity, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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229
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Homeobox protein Hhex negatively regulates Treg cells by inhibiting Foxp3 expression and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25790-25799. [PMID: 31792183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907224116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis, but the suppressive function of Treg cells can be an obstacle in the treatment of cancer and chronic infectious diseases. Here, we identified the homeobox protein Hhex as a negative regulator of Treg cells. The expression of Hhex was lower in Treg cells than in conventional T (Tconv) cells. Hhex expression was repressed in Treg cells by TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Retroviral overexpression of Hhex inhibited the differentiation of induced Treg (iTreg) cells and the stability of thymic Treg (tTreg) cells by significantly reducing Foxp3 expression. Moreover, Hhex-overexpressing Treg cells lost their immunosuppressive activity and failed to prevent colitis in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Hhex expression was increased; however, Foxp3 expression was decreased in Treg cells in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, a type I immune reaction. Hhex directly bound to the promoters of Foxp3 and other Treg signature genes, including Il2ra and Ctla4, and repressed their transactivation. The homeodomain and N-terminal repression domain of Hhex were critical for inhibiting Foxp3 and other Treg signature genes. Thus, Hhex plays an essential role in inhibiting Treg cell differentiation and function via inhibition of Foxp3.
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230
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Langhans B, Nischalke HD, Krämer B, Dold L, Lutz P, Mohr R, Vogt A, Toma M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Nattermann J, Strassburg CP, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Spengler U. Role of regulatory T cells and checkpoint inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:2055-2066. [PMID: 31724091 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition suggests promising progress for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear because liver cancer cells apparently do not upregulate inhibitory checkpoint molecules. Here, we analysed whether regulatory T cells (Tregs) can alternatively trigger checkpoint inhibition pathways in HCC. Using flow cytometry we analysed expression of checkpoint molecules (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, GITR, Tim-3) on peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and their secretion of inhibitory mediators (IL-10, IL-35, TGF-beta, galectin-9) in 116 individuals (50 patients with HCC, 41 non-tumour bearing liver disease controls, 25 healthy controls). Functional activity of Tregs on T effector cells (IFN-gamma production, cytotoxicity) was characterized in vitro using a lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC) assay against checkpoint inhibitor-negative P815 target cells. Unlike liver patients without malignancy and healthy controls, the frequency of checkpoint inhibitor-positive Tregs inversely correlated to age of patients with HCC (PD-L1, p = 0.0080; CTLA-4, p = 0.0029) and corresponded to enhanced numbers of Tregs producing IL-10 and IL-35 (p < 0.05 each). Tregs inhibited IFN-gamma secretion and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells when added to LDCC against P815 cells. Treg-induced inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion could be partially blocked by neutralizing PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies specifically in HCC patients. In HCC peripheral Tregs upregulate checkpoint inhibitors and contribute to systemic immune dysfunction and antitumoural activity by several inhibitory pathways, presumably facilitating tumour development at young age. Blocking PD-L1/PD-1 interactions in vitro selectively interfered with inhibitory Treg -T effector cell interactions in the patients with HCC and resulted in improved antitumoural activity also against checkpoint inhibitor-negative tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Langhans
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hans Dieter Nischalke
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Krämer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leona Dold
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Lutz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Raphael Mohr
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annabelle Vogt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marieta Toma
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn (UKB), Venusberg-Campus-1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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231
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Nakasone H, Kikuchi M, Kawamura K, Akahoshi Y, Sato M, Kawamura S, Yoshino N, Takeshita J, Yoshimura K, Misaki Y, Gomyo A, Tanihara A, Kusuda M, Tamaki M, Kimura SI, Kako S, Kanda Y. Increased CD83 expression of CD34-positive monocytes in donors during peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16499. [PMID: 31712609 PMCID: PMC6848192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CD34-positive monocytes (CD34+mono) have recently been identified in grafts mobilized by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. We analyzed transplant outcomes of 73 patients whose donor's peripheral blood cells were cryopreserved during mobilization. CD34+mono was detected more frequently in male donors (67% vs. 40%, P = 0.03), while the detection of CD34+mono in donors was not associated with the patient background. Although there was no significant difference in overall survival in the whole cohort, the detection of CD34+mono in donors were significantly associated with a decreased risk of non-relapse mortality (HR 0.23, P = 0.035). Fatal infectious events tended to be less frequent in donors with CD34+mono. Gene expression profile analyses of CD34+mono in humans revealed that the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL6, CCL3, IL8, VEGFA, and IL1A were elevated in CD34+mono, and those cytokines were enriched in the immune response, especially against infectious pathogens in the gene ontology analyses. In addition, the expression of CD83 was specifically increased in CD34+mono. It might play a role of antigen presentation in the immune network, leading in a clinical benefit against infections. Further investigations will be required to confirm the biological functions and clinical roles of CD34+mono in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Misato Kikuchi
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Akahoshi
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miki Sato
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunto Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshino
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junko Takeshita
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshimura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukiko Misaki
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Gomyo
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aki Tanihara
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Machiko Kusuda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tamaki
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kako
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
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232
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Liu L, Zhang Q, Chen P, Guo N, Song A, Huang X, Xia W, Li L, Moog C, Wu H, Su B, Zhang T. Foxp3 +Helios + regulatory T cells are associated with monocyte subsets and their PD-1 expression during acute HIV-1 infection. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:38. [PMID: 31651258 PMCID: PMC6813100 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helios has been reported to stabilize regulatory T (Treg) suppressive function. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression in three human monocyte subsets modulates immune responses. Recently, our team reported that three monocyte subsets are associated with T helper cell differentiation in HIV-1-infected patients. Until now, the effects of monocyte subsets and their PD-1 expression on Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells have not been fully characterized, especially during acute HIV-1 infection. Results The frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells is significantly higher in patients with acute HIV-1 infection than those of healthy controls and chronic HIV-1-infected patients undergoing combined antiretroviral therapy. The frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells is inversely correlated with CD4 T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio in chronic HIV-1-infected patients. During acute HIV-1 infection, the frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells is inversely correlated with the frequency of the intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocyte subset, but positively correlated with PD-1 expression in both intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical CD14+CD16++ monocyte subsets. Conclusions In this study, the perturbations of Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells were characterized, and the association between monocyte subsets and their PD-1 expression and Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells was evaluated during HIV-1 infection. Our observations provide new evidence of the roles for Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells and PD-1 expression on monocyte subsets in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Na Guo
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Aixin Song
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China.
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233
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Ouaguia L, Moralès O, Aoudjehane L, Wychowski C, Kumar A, Dubuisson J, Calmus Y, Conti F, Delhem N. Hepatitis C Virus Improves Human Tregs Suppressive Function and Promotes Their Recruitment to the Liver. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101296. [PMID: 31652598 PMCID: PMC6829901 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is now well established in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) linked to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, nothing is known about the potential interplay between Tregs and HCV. In this pilot study, we have investigated the ability of Tregs to hang HCV on and the subsequent effect on their suppressive function and phenotype. Moreover, we have evaluated how HCV could promote the recruitment of Tregs by infected primary human hepatocytes. Methods: Tregs of healthy donors were incubated with JFH-1/HCVcc. Viral inoculation was assessed using adapted assays (RT-qPCR, Flow Citometry (FACS) and Western Blot (WB). Expression of Tregs phenotypic (CD4, CD25, CD127 and Foxp3) and functional (IL-10, GZMB, TGF-β1 and IL-2) markers was monitored by RT-qPCR, FACS and ELISA. Suppressive activity was validated by suppressive assays. Tregs recruitment by infected primary hepatic cells was evaluated using Boyden Chamber. Results: Tregs express the classical HCV receptors (CD81, CLDN1 and LDLR) and some co-receptors (CD5). HCV inoculation significantly increases the suppressive phenotype and activity of Tregs, and raises their anergy by inducing an unexpected IL-2 production. Moreover, HCV infection induces the expression of chemokines (CCL17, CXCL16, and CCL20) by primary hepatic human hepatocytes and chemokine receptors (CCR4, CXCR6 and CCR6) by Tregs. Finally, infected hepatocytes have a significantly higher potential to recruit Tregs in a seemingly CCL20-dependent manner. Conclusions: Direct interaction between HCV and Tregs represents a newly defined mechanism that could potentiate HCV immune evasion and favor intratumoral recruitment contributing to HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurissa Ouaguia
- Université Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
- CNRS-UMR 8161, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Moralès
- Université Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
- CNRS-UMR 8161, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Lynda Aoudjehane
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Czeslaw Wychowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Université Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
- CNRS-UMR 8161, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Yvon Calmus
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Medical Liver Transplantation, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Filomena Conti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75013 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), F-75012 Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Medical Liver Transplantation, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Nadira Delhem
- Université Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France.
- CNRS-UMR 8161, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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234
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Duffy SS, Keating BA, Moalem-Taylor G. Adoptive Transfer of Regulatory T Cells as a Promising Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1107. [PMID: 31680840 PMCID: PMC6803619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Duffy
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Brooke A Keating
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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235
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Epigenetic mechanisms regulating T-cell responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:728-743. [PMID: 30195378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, advances in sequencing technologies allowed production of a wealth of information on epigenetic modifications in T cells. Epigenome maps, in combination with mechanistic studies, have demonstrated that T cells undergo extensive epigenome remodeling in response to signals, which has a strong effect on phenotypic stability and function of lymphocytes. In this review we focus on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structure as important epigenetic mechanisms involved in controlling T-cell responses. In particular, we discuss epigenetic processes in light of the development, activation, and differentiation of CD4+ T helper (TH), regulatory T, and CD8+ T cells. As central aspects of the adaptive immune system, we review mechanisms that ensure molecular memory, stability, plasticity, and exhaustion of T cells. We further discuss the effect of the tissue environment on imprinting T-cell epigenomes with potential implications for immunotherapy.
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236
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Thornton AM, Shevach EM. Helios: still behind the clouds. Immunology 2019; 158:161-170. [PMID: 31517385 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that are critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance. The forkhead box transcription factor Foxp3 is a master regulator for the Treg phenotype and function and its expression is essential in Treg cells, as the loss of Foxp3 results in lethal autoimmunity. Two major subsets of Treg cells have been described in vivo; thymus-derived Treg (tTreg) cells that develop in the thymus and peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells that are derived from conventional CD4+ Foxp3- T cells and are converted in peripheral tissues to cells that express Foxp3 and acquire suppressive ability. The transcription factor Helios, a member of the Ikaros transcription factor family, is expressed in 60-70% of Treg cells in both mouse and man, and is believed to be a marker of tTreg cells. In this review, we discuss the role and function of Helios in Treg cells, the controversy surrounding the use of Helios as a marker of tTreg cells, and how Helios controls specific aspects of the Treg cell program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Thornton
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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237
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Park SH, Ham S, Lee A, Möller A, Kim TS. NLRP3 negatively regulates Treg differentiation through Kpna2-mediated nuclear translocation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17951-17961. [PMID: 31597697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve CD4+ T cells in the periphery differentiate into regulatory T cells (Tregs) in which Foxp3 is expressed for their suppressive function. NLRP3, a pro-inflammatory molecule, is known to be involved in inflammasome activation associated with several diseases. Recently, the expression of NLRP3 in CD4+ T cells, as well as in myeloid cells, has been described; however, a role of T cell-intrinsic NLRP3 in Treg differentiation remains unknown. Here, we report that NLRP3 impeded the expression of Foxp3 independent of inflammasome activation in Tregs. NLRP3-deficient mice elevate Treg generation in various organs in the de novo pathway. NLRP3 deficiency increased the amount and suppressive activity of Treg populations, whereas NLRP3 overexpression reduced Foxp3 expression and Treg abundance. Importantly, NLRP3 interacted with Kpna2 and translocated to the nucleus from the cytoplasm under Treg-polarizing conditions. Taken together, our results identify a novel role for NLRP3 as a new negative regulator of Treg differentiation, mediated via its interaction with Kpna2 for nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ho Park
- Division of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arim Lee
- Division of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Division of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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238
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Verma R, Lee C, Jeun EJ, Yi J, Kim KS, Ghosh A, Byun S, Lee CG, Kang HJ, Kim GC, Jun CD, Jan G, Suh CH, Jung JY, Sprent J, Rudra D, De Castro C, Molinaro A, Surh CD, Im SH. Cell surface polysaccharides of Bifidobacterium bifidum induce the generation of Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/28/eaat6975. [PMID: 30341145 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of intestinal microflora is linked to inflammatory disorders associated with compromised immunosuppressive functions of Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. Although mucosa-associated commensal microbiota has been implicated in Treg generation, molecular identities of the "effector" components controlling this process remain largely unknown. Here, we have defined Bifidobacterium bifidum as a potent inducer of Foxp3+ Treg cells with diverse T cell receptor specificity to dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and B. bifidum itself. Cell surface β-glucan/galactan (CSGG) polysaccharides of B. bifidum were identified as key components responsible for Treg induction. CSGG efficiently recapitulated the activity of whole bacteria and acted via regulatory dendritic cells through a partially Toll-like receptor 2-mediated mechanism. Treg cells induced by B. bifidum or purified CSGG display stable and robust suppressive capacity toward experimental colitis. By identifying CSGG as a functional component of Treg-inducing bacteria, our studies highlight the immunomodulatory potential of CSGG and CSGG-producing microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Verma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhon Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Jeun
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ambarnil Ghosh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Byun
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Gu Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Kang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Cheon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwenaël Jan
- INRA-Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, UMR 1253 STLO, Rennes, France
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine,164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine,164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli, 80055 Portici, Italy.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Charles D Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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239
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Istomine R, Alvarez F, Almadani Y, Philip A, Piccirillo CA. The Deubiquitinating Enzyme Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 11 Potentiates TGF-β Signaling in CD4 + T Cells to Facilitate Foxp3 + Regulatory T and T H17 Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2388-2400. [PMID: 31554694 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG) cells are central mediators in the control of peripheral immune responses. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles show canonical signatures for Foxp3+ TREG cells, distinguishing them from Foxp3- effector T (TEFF) cells. We previously uncovered distinct mRNA translational signatures differentiating CD4+ TEFF and TREG cells through parallel measurements of cytosolic (global) and polysome-associated (translationally enhanced) mRNA levels in both subsets. We show that the mRNA encoding for the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11), a known modulator of TGF-β signaling, was preferentially translated in TCR-activated TREG cells compared with conventional, murine CD4+ T cells. TGF-β is a key cytokine driving the induction and maintenance of Foxp3 expression in T cells. We hypothesized that differential translation of USP11 mRNA endows TREG cells with an advantage to respond to TGF-β signals. In an in vivo mouse model promoting TREG cells plasticity, we found that USP11 protein was expressed at elevated levels in stable TREG cells, whereas ectopic USP11 expression enhanced the suppressive capacity and lineage commitment of these cells in vitro and in vivo. USP11 overexpression in TEFF cells enhanced the activation of the TGF-β pathway and promoted TREG or TH17, but not Th1, cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo, an effect abrogated by USP11 gene silencing or the inhibition of enzymatic activity. Thus, USP11 potentiates TGF-β signaling in both TREG and TEFF cells, in turn driving increased suppressive function and lineage commitment in thymic-derived TREG cells and potentiating the TGF-β-dependent differentiation of TEFF cells to peripherally induced TREG and TH17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Istomine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Yasser Almadani
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada; and.,Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Anie Philip
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada; and.,Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; .,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
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240
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Cepika AM, Sato Y, Liu JMH, Uyeda MJ, Bacchetta R, Roncarolo MG. Tregopathies: Monogenic diseases resulting in regulatory T-cell deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:1679-1695. [PMID: 30527062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic diseases of the immune system, also known as inborn errors of immunity, are caused by single-gene mutations resulting in immune deficiency and dysregulation. More than 350 diseases have been described to date, and the number is rapidly expanding, with increasing availability of next-generation sequencing facilitating the diagnosis. The spectrum of immune dysregulation is wide, encompassing deficiencies in humoral, cellular, innate, and adaptive immunity; phagocytosis; and the complement system, which lead to autoinflammation and autoimmunity. Multiorgan autoimmunity is a dominant symptom when genetic mutations lead to defects in molecules essential for the development, survival, and/or function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Studies of "Tregopathies" are providing critical mechanistic information on Treg cell biology, the role of Treg cell-associated molecules, and regulation of peripheral tolerance in human subjects. The pathogenic immune networks underlying these diseases need to be dissected to apply and develop immunomodulatory treatments and design curative treatments using cell and gene therapy. Here we review the pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current and future treatments of major known Tregopathies caused by mutations in FOXP3, CD25, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), LPS-responsive and beige-like anchor protein (LRBA), and BTB domain and CNC homolog 2 (BACH2) and gain-of-function mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We also discuss deficiencies in genes encoding STAT5b and IL-10 or IL-10 receptor as potential Tregopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma-Martina Cepika
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yohei Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Jeffrey Mao-Hwa Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Molly Javier Uyeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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241
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Lu J, Hong X, Xu L. MicroRNA‑30a controls the instability of inducible CD4+ Tregs through SOCS1. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4303-4314. [PMID: 31545427 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) are an important subset of Tregs and play a role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and the occurrence of a number of diseases, including tumors and autoimmune diseases. However, the instability of iTregs is a major obstacle for their potential application in clinical trials. The underlying mechanism of iTreg instability remains largely unknown. In the present study, the expression level of microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑30a in murine iTregs was evaluated using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. miR‑30a mimics and a miR‑negative control (NC) were transiently transfected into iTregs using Nucleofector technology. The effects of miR‑30a on the suppressive function of murine iTregs in vitro and in vivo were investigated using MTT, adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and flow cytometry assays, as well as a murine model of lung cancer. In the present study, it was identified that the expression level of miR‑30a was lower in murine iTregs in vitro compared with natural (n)Tregs. Furthermore, compared with miR‑NC, miR‑30a mimics impaired the suppressive function of murine iTregs on murine CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro, which was accompanied by the altered expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte‑associated antigen 4 and glucocorticoid induced tumor necrosis factor receptor, as well as transforming growth factor‑β and interleukin‑10. It was also observed that, compared with miR‑NC, miR‑30a mimics abrogated the suppressive effects of murine iTregs on murine CD8+ T cell function in vivo, producing an effective antitumor effect in mice bearing 3LL lung cancer cells in the ACT assay. From a mechanistic point, the expression level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, a putative target of miR‑30a, was elevated, altering the activation of the Akt and STAT1 pathway in the miR‑30a mimic transfected group compared with the miR‑NC group, reducing the suppressive function of murine iTregs. The present study identified a role for miR‑30a in the instability of iTregs and provided a novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for promoting T‑cell immunity via the regulation of iTreg instability by targeting specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yongju Li
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Hong
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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242
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Wing JB, Tanaka A, Sakaguchi S. Human FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity and Function in Autoimmunity and Cancer. Immunity 2019; 50:302-316. [PMID: 30784578 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. Recent advances in single cell analyses have revealed a range of Treg cell activation and differentiation states in different human pathologies. Here we review recent progress in the understanding of human Treg cell heterogeneity and function. We discuss these findings within the context of concepts in Treg cell development and function derived from preclinical models and insight from approaches targeting Treg cells in clinical settings. Distinguishing functional Treg cells from other T cells and understanding the context-dependent function(s) of different Treg subsets will be crucial to the development of strategies toward the selective therapeutic manipulation of Treg cells in autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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243
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Kanamori M, Nakatsukasa H, Ito M, Chikuma S, Yoshimura A. Reprogramming of Th1 cells into regulatory T cells through rewiring of the metabolic status. Int Immunol 2019; 30:357-373. [PMID: 29982622 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 1 (Th1) cells form one of the most stable CD4 T-cell subsets, and direct conversion of fully differentiated Th1 to regulatory T (Treg) cells has been poorly investigated. Here, we established a culture method for inducing Foxp3 from Th1 cells of mice and humans. This is achieved simply by resting Th1 cells without T-cell receptor ligation before stimulation in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). We named the resulting Th1-derived Foxp3+ cells Th1reg cells. Mouse Th1reg cells showed an inducible Treg-like phenotype and suppressive ability both in vitro and in vivo. Th1reg cells could also be induced from in vivo-developed mouse Th1 cells. Unexpectedly, the resting process enabled Foxp3 expression not through epigenetic changes at the locus, but through metabolic change resulting from reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. mTORC1 suppressed TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in Th1 cells, which was restored in rested cells. Our study warrants future research aiming at development of immunotherapy with Th1reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chikuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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244
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Karl M, Sommer C, Gabriel CH, Hecklau K, Venzke M, Hennig AF, Radbruch A, Selbach M, Baumgrass R. Recruitment of Histone Methyltransferase Ehmt1 to Foxp3 TSDR Counteracts Differentiation of Induced Regulatory T Cells. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3606-3625. [PMID: 31362003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation toward CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells is essentially dependent on an epigenetic program at Treg signature genes, which involves remodeling of the Treg-specific demethylated regions (TSDRs). In particular, the epigenetic status of the conserved non-coding sequence 2 of Foxp3 (Foxp3 TSDR) determines expression stability of the master transcription factor and thus Treg lineage identity. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the epigenetic remodeling at TSDRs in Treg and conventional T cells are largely unknown. Using a combined approach of DNA pull-down and mass spectrometric analysis, we report a novel regulatory mechanism in which transcription factor Wiz recruits the histone methyltransferase Ehmt1 to Foxp3 TSDR. We show that both Wiz and Ehmt1 are crucial for shaping the region with the repressive histone modification H3K9me2 in conventional T cells. Consistently, knocking out either Ehmt1 or Wiz by CRISPR/Cas resulted in the loss of H3K9me2 and enhanced Foxp3 expression during iTreg differentiation. Moreover, the essential role of the Wiz-Ehmt1 interaction as observed at several TSDRs indicates a global function of Ehmt1 in the Treg differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Karl
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sommer
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian H Gabriel
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hecklau
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Venzke
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Floriane Hennig
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Charité-University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Proteome Dynamics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- Signal Transduction, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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245
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Whiteside TL. Human regulatory T cells (Treg) and their response to cancer. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2019; 4:215-228. [PMID: 32953989 PMCID: PMC7500484 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2019.1634471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory T cells (Treg) and their role in health and disease is being intensively investigated. Today, human Treg emerge as a highly heterogeneous subset of CD4+ T cells which mediate immune suppression but also regulate responses of non-immune cells. In cancer, Treg occupy a critical although not yet entirely understood role. AREAS COVERED Newly acquired insights into Treg indicate a much greater plasticity and functional heterogeneity of this T cell subset than was previously known. Functional redundancy of Treg and their interactions with a variety of immune and non-immune cellular targets emphasize the central role Treg play in cancer. Treg not only regulate the host responses to cancer; they may also regulate responses to immune therapies. The impact of immune checkpoint blockade on Treg survival, stability and suppressive activity remains to be elucidated. T cell reprogramming by tumor-derived factors, including tumor-derived exosomes (TEX), plays a key role in shaping the Treg repertoire in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The reprogrammed or induced iTreg acquire capabilities to strongly down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses by mechanisms that are specific for each TME. Therapeutic silencing of such Treg calls for the discrimination of "bad" from "good" Treg subsets, an approach that remains elusive in the absence of a definitive "Treg signature." EXPERT OPINION Context-related plasticity and heterogeneity of Treg in the TME are significant barriers to selective therapeutic depletion of those Treg subsets that are reprogramed by the tumor to suppress anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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246
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Yesillik S, Agrawal S, Gollapudi SV, Gupta S. Phenotypic Analysis of CD4+ Treg, CD8+ Treg, and Breg Cells in Adult Common Variable Immunodeficiency Patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 180:150-158. [PMID: 31284281 DOI: 10.1159/000501457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory lymphocytes (CD4+ T regulatory cells [Treg], CD8+ Treg, and B regulatory cells [Breg]) play a critical role in immune homeostasis and tolerance. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is associated with increased susceptibility to infections and increased frequency of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. CD4+ Treg cell abnormalities have been reported in CVID; however, CD8+ Treg cells have not been reported in CVID. The objective of this study was to evaluate CD4+ Treg and CD8+ Treg cells in CVID patients. METHODS In 25 patients with CVID and age-matched healthy controls, Treg cells, evaluated in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (natural; nCD4+ Treg and nCD8+ Treg) and following in vitro activation with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies (induced; iCD4+ Treg and iCD8+ Treg) as well as Breg cells were analyzed with specific monoclonal antibodies and isotype controls using flow cytometry. RESULTS The proportions of nCD4+ Treg (CD4+ CD127low CD25high FoxP3+), iCD4+ Treg (CD4+ CD127low CD25high FoxP3+), iCD8+ Treg (CD8+ CD25high CD183+ FoxP3+), and Breg (CD19+ CD24high CD38high) lymphocytes were significantly lower in patients with CVID than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Altered regulatory lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis and autoimmunity and inflammation associated with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Yesillik
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sastry V Gollapudi
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA,
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247
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Ryba-Stanisławowska M, Sakowska J, Zieliński M, Ławrynowicz U, Trzonkowski P. Regulatory T cells: the future of autoimmune disease treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:777-789. [PMID: 31104510 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1620602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described as the most potent immunosuppressive cells in the human body. They have been found to control autoimmunity, and clinical attempts have been made to apply them to treat autoimmune diseases. Some specific pathways utilized by Tregs in the regulation of immune response or Tregs directly as cellular products are tested in the clinic. Areas covered: Here, we present recent advances in the research on the biology and clinical applications of Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Expert opinion: Regulatory T cells seem to be a promising tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The development of both cell-based therapies and modern pharmacotherapies which affect Tregs may strongly improve the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Growing knowledge about Treg biology together with the latest biotechnology tools may give an opportunity for personalized therapies in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ryba-Stanisławowska
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Justyna Sakowska
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Maciej Zieliński
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Urszula Ławrynowicz
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- a Department of Medical Immunology , Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
- b Department of Medical Immunology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Debinki , Poland
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248
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Peng Q, Ratnasothy K, Boardman DA, Jacob J, Tung SL, McCluskey D, Smyth LA, Lechler RI, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Protease Activated Receptor 4 as a Novel Modulator of Regulatory T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1311. [PMID: 31275306 PMCID: PMC6591367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells that maintain immunological tolerance. In inflammatory responses the function of Tregs is tightly controlled by several factors including signaling through innate receptors such as Toll like receptors and anaphylatoxin receptors allowing an effective immune response to be generated. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are another family of innate receptors expressed on multiple cell types and involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Whether proteases are able to directly modulate Treg function is unknown. Here, we show using two complimentary approaches that signaling through PAR-4 influences the expression of CD25, CD62L, and CD73, the suppressive capacity, and the stability of Tregs, via phosphorylation of FoxO1 and negative regulation of PTEN and FoxP3. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important role of PAR4 in tuning the function of Tregs and open the possibility of targeting PAR4 to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kulachelvy Ratnasothy
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A Boardman
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacinta Jacob
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sim Lai Tung
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel McCluskey
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A Smyth
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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249
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Mazzurana L, Forkel M, Rao A, Van Acker A, Kokkinou E, Ichiya T, Almer S, Höög C, Friberg D, Mjösberg J. Suppression of Aiolos and Ikaros expression by lenalidomide reduces human ILC3-ILC1/NK cell transdifferentiation. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1344-1355. [PMID: 31151137 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Ikaros family of transcription factors (TFs) are important regulators of lymphocyte function. However, their roles in human innate lymphoid cell (ILC) function remain unclear. Here, we found that Ikaros (IKZF1) is expressed by all ILC subsets, including NK cells, in blood, tonsil, and gut, while Helios (IKZF2) is preferentially expressed by ILC3 in tonsil and gut. Aiolos (IKZF3) followed the expression pattern of T-bet and Eomes, being predominantly expressed by ILC1 and NK cells. Differentiation of IFN-γ-producing ILC1 and NK cells from ILC3 by IL-1β plus IL-12-stimulation was associated with upregulation of T-bet and Aiolos. Selective degradation of Aiolos and Ikaros by lenalidomide suppressed ILC1 and NK cell differentiation and expression of ILC1 and NK cell-related transcripts (LEF1, PRF1, GRZB, CD244, NCR3, and IRF8). In line with reduced ILC1/NK cell differentiation, we observed an increase in the expression of the ILC3-related TF Helios, as well as ILC3 transcripts (TNFSF13B, IL22, NRP1, and RORC) and in the frequency of IL-22 producing ILC3 in cultures with IL-1β and IL-23. These data suggest that suppression of Aiolos and Ikaros expression inhibits ILC1 and NK cell differentiation while ILC3 function is maintained. Hence, our results open up for new possibilities in targeting Ikaros family TFs for modulation of type 1/3 immunity in inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzurana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Forkel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aline Van Acker
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamaki Ichiya
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Almer
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and IBD-Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Höög
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and GHP Stockholm Gastro Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
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Expression of costimulatory and inhibitory receptors in FoxP3 + regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment: Implications for combination immunotherapy approaches. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:193-261. [PMID: 31349899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has given rise to a rapidly growing number of immuno-oncology agents undergoing preclinical and clinical development and an exponential increase in possible combinations. Defining a clear rationale for combinations by identifying synergies between immunomodulatory pathways has therefore become a high priority. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) represent a major roadblock to endogenous and therapeutic tumor immunity. However, Tregs are also essential for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, and share many molecular pathways with conventional T cells including cytotoxic T cells, the primary mediators of tumor immunity. Hence the inability to specifically target and neutralize Tregs within the TME of cancer patients without globally compromising self-tolerance poses a significant challenge. Here we review recent advances in the characterization of tumor-infiltrating Tregs with a focus on costimulatory and inhibitory receptors. We discuss receptor expression patterns, their functional role in Treg biology and mechanistic insights gained from targeting these receptors in preclinical models to evaluate their potential as clinical targets. We further outline a framework of parameters that could be used to refine the assessment of Tregs in cancer patients and increase their value as predictive biomarkers. Finally, we propose modalities to integrate our increasing knowledge on Treg phenotype and function for the rational design of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapies. Such combinations have great potential for synergy, as they could concomitantly enhance cytotoxic T cells and inhibit Tregs within the TME, thereby increasing the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies.
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