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Zhang P, Li T, Liu C, Sindi M, Cheng X, Qi S, Liu X, Yan Y, Bao Y, Brand-Saberi B, Yang W, Wang G, Yang X. Nano-sulforaphane attenuates PhIP-induced early abnormal embryonic neuro-development. Ann Anat 2020; 233:151617. [PMID: 33098981 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyrimidine (PhIP), one of the most abundant heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) formed by cooking meat at high temperatures, may modify humans and rodents through the metabolic process prior to affecting nervous system development. In humans and rodents may be modified by metabolic processes and then affecting nervous system development. METHODS In this paper, PhIP was used to prepare a chicken embryo model with abnormal embryonic nervous system defects. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a derivative of a glucosinolate, which is abundant in cruciferous vegetables, and can pass through the placental barrier. Moreover, SFN has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic functions and is considered as a bioactive antioxidant with significant neuroprotective effects. Nano-sulforaphane (Nano-SFN, sulforaphane nanoparticles) was prepared by self-assembly using biocompatible, biodegradable methoxy polyethylene glycol 5000-b-polyglutamic acid 10,000 (mPEG5K-PGA10K) as the substrate, to explore the new application of Nano-SFN and its modified compounds as leading compounds in protecting against the abnormal development of the embryonic nervous system. RESULTS The results show that Nano-SFN could protect against PhIP-induced central nervous system (CNS, derived from neural tube) and peripheral nervous system (PNS, derived from neural crest cells, NCCs) defects and neural tube defects (NTDs), and increase the embryo survival rate. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that Nano-SFN can effectively alleviate the developmental defects of embryonic nervous system induced by PhIP in the microenvironment and has a protective effect on embryonic development. It not only helps with expanding the application of SFN and improving its medicinal value, but also provides a possibility of SFN being developed as a novel drug for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tingting Li
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chang Liu
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mustafa Sindi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xin Cheng
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shuangyu Qi
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Yan
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Weidong Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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202
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Wnt/PCP signalling cascade disruption by JNK inhibition as a potential mechanism underlying the teratogenic effects of potato glycoalkaloids. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9235-9238. [PMID: 33099761 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesised that the inhibition of the non-canonical Wnt/PCP intracellular signalling cascade by potato glycoalkaloids, [Formula: see text]-solanine and [Formula: see text]-chaconine, results in an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). One very prominent intracellular signalling pathway with substantial implications in the development and closure of the neural tube is the Wnt/PCP pathway. Experimental inhibition of this results in NTDs. A vital element of this signalling cascade is JNK, which controls the transcription of DNA, which controls cell polarity and directional cell migration. JNK inhibition also results in NTDs experimentally. Through their use in cancer research, [Formula: see text]-solanine and [Formula: see text]-chaconine were found to inhibit metastasis by inhibiting JNK, among other intracellular signalling molecules. Thus, this shows that potato glycoalkaloids increase the likelihood of causing NTDs by inhibiting the proper functioning of JNK in the Wnt/PCP pathway, resulting in defective neural tube closure.
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203
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Brooks ER, Islam MT, Anderson KV, Zallen JA. Sonic hedgehog signaling directs patterned cell remodeling during cranial neural tube closure. eLife 2020; 9:60234. [PMID: 33103996 PMCID: PMC7655103 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube closure defects are a major cause of infant mortality, with exencephaly accounting for nearly one-third of cases. However, the mechanisms of cranial neural tube closure are not well understood. Here, we show that this process involves a tissue-wide pattern of apical constriction controlled by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Midline cells in the mouse midbrain neuroepithelium are flat with large apical surfaces, whereas lateral cells are taller and undergo synchronous apical constriction, driving neural fold elevation. Embryos lacking the Shh effector Gli2 fail to produce appropriate midline cell architecture, whereas embryos with expanded Shh signaling, including the IFT-A complex mutants Ift122 and Ttc21b and embryos expressing activated Smoothened, display apical constriction defects in lateral cells. Disruption of lateral, but not midline, cell remodeling results in exencephaly. These results reveal a morphogenetic program of patterned apical constriction governed by Shh signaling that generates structural changes in the developing mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Brooks
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Mohammed Tarek Islam
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
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204
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Hiraga K, Inoue YU, Asami J, Hotta M, Morimoto Y, Tatsumoto S, Hoshino M, Go Y, Inoue T. Redundant type II cadherins define neuroepithelial cell states for cytoarchitectonic robustness. Commun Biol 2020; 3:574. [PMID: 33060832 PMCID: PMC7567090 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual cell shape and integrity must precisely be orchestrated during morphogenesis. Here, we determine function of type II cadherins, Cdh6, Cdh8, and Cdh11, whose expression combinatorially demarcates the mouse neural plate/tube. While CRISPR/Cas9-based single type II cadherin mutants show no obvious phenotype, Cdh6/8 double knockout (DKO) mice develop intermingled forebrain/midbrain compartments as these two cadherins' expression opposes at the nascent boundary. Cdh6/8/11 triple, Cdh6/8 or Cdh8/11 DKO mice further cause exencephaly just within the cranial region where mutated cadherins' expression merges. In the Cdh8/11 DKO midbrain, we observe less-constricted apical actin meshwork, ventrally-directed spreading, and occasional hyperproliferation among dorsal neuroepithelial cells as origins for exencephaly. These results provide rigid evidence that, by conferring distinct adhesive codes to each cell, redundant type II cadherins serve essential and shared roles in compartmentalization and neurulation, both of which proceed under the robust control of the number, positioning, constriction, and fluidity of neuroepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Hiraga
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yukiko U Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Asami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakamachi 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shoji Tatsumoto
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Saigo-naka 38, Myoudaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Saigo-naka 38, Myoudaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Saigo-naka 38, Myoudaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Saigo-naka 38, Myoudaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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205
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Barnes KM, Fan L, Moyle MW, Brittin CA, Xu Y, Colón-Ramos DA, Santella A, Bao Z. Cadherin preserves cohesion across involuting tissues during C. elegans neurulation. eLife 2020; 9:e58626. [PMID: 33030428 PMCID: PMC7544503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The internalization of the central nervous system, termed neurulation in vertebrates, is a critical step in embryogenesis. Open questions remain regarding how force propels coordinated tissue movement during the process, and little is known as to how internalization happens in invertebrates. We show that in C. elegans morphogenesis, apical constriction in the retracting pharynx drives involution of the adjacent neuroectoderm. HMR-1/cadherin mediates this process via inter-tissue attachment, as well as cohesion within the neuroectoderm. Our results demonstrate that HMR-1 is capable of mediating embryo-wide reorganization driven by a centrally located force generator, and indicate a non-canonical use of cadherin on the basal side of an epithelium that may apply to vertebrate neurulation. Additionally, we highlight shared morphology and gene expression in tissues driving involution, which suggests that neuroectoderm involution in C. elegans is potentially homologous with vertebrate neurulation and thus may help elucidate the evolutionary origin of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Barnes
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Li Fan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mark W Moyle
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Christopher A Brittin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yichi Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel A Colón-Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Recinto de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Puerto RicoSan JuanUnited States
| | - Anthony Santella
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Molecular Cytology Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
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206
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Detecting New Allies: Modifier Screen Identifies a Genetic Interaction Between Imaginal disc growth factor 3 and combover, a Rho-kinase Substrate, During Dorsal Appendage Tube Formation in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3585-3599. [PMID: 32855169 PMCID: PMC7534437 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological tube formation underlies organ development and, when disrupted, can cause severe birth defects. To investigate the genetic basis of tubulogenesis, we study the formation of Drosophila melanogaster eggshell structures, called dorsal appendages, which are produced by epithelial tubes. Previously we found that precise levels of Drosophila Chitinase-Like Proteins (CLPs), encoded by the Imaginal disc growth factor (Idgf) gene family, are needed to regulate dorsal-appendage tube closure and tube migration. To identify factors that act in the Idgf pathway, we developed a genetic modifier screen based on the finding that overexpressing Idgf3 causes dorsal appendage defects with ∼50% frequency. Using a library of partially overlapping heterozygous deficiencies, we scanned chromosome 3L and found regions that enhanced or suppressed the Idgf3-overexpression phenotype. Using smaller deletions, RNAi, and mutant alleles, we further mapped five regions and refined the interactions to 58 candidate genes. Importantly, mutant alleles identified combover (cmb), a substrate of Rho-kinase (Rok) and a component of the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway, as an Idgf3-interacting gene: loss of function enhanced while gain of function suppressed the dorsal appendage defects. Since PCP drives cell intercalation in other systems, we asked if cmb/+ affected cell intercalation in our model, but we found no evidence of its involvement in this step. Instead, we found that loss of cmb dominantly enhanced tube defects associated with Idgf3 overexpression by expanding the apical area of dorsal appendage cells. Apical surface area determines tube volume and shape; in this way, Idgf3 and cmb regulate tube morphology.
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207
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Joshi P, Bodnya C, Rasmussen ML, Romero-Morales AI, Bright A, Gama V. Modeling the function of BAX and BAK in early human brain development using iPSC-derived systems. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:808. [PMID: 32978370 PMCID: PMC7519160 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis relies on the ability of the BCL-2 family to induce the formation of pores on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Previous studies have shown that both BAX and BAK are essential during murine embryogenesis, and reports in human cancer cell lines identified non-canonical roles for BAX and BAK in mitochondrial fission during apoptosis. BAX and BAK function in human brain development remains elusive due to the lack of appropriate model systems. Here, we generated BAX/BAK double knockout human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), neural rosettes, and cerebral organoids to uncover the effects of BAX and BAK deletion in an in vitro model of early human brain development. We found that BAX and BAK-deficient cells have abnormal mitochondrial morphology and give rise to aberrant cortical structures. We suggest crucial functions for BAX and BAK during human development, including maintenance of homeostatic mitochondrial morphology, which is crucial for proper development of progenitors and neurons of the cortex. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived systems can be useful platforms to reveal novel functions of the apoptotic machinery in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Joshi
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caroline Bodnya
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Anna Bright
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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208
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Hebert L, Hillman P, Baker C, Brown M, Ashley-Koch A, Hixson JE, Morrison AC, Northrup H, Au KS. Burden of rare deleterious variants in WNT signaling genes among 511 myelomeningocele patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239083. [PMID: 32970752 PMCID: PMC7514064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes in the noncanonical WNT signaling pathway controlling planar cell polarity have been linked to the neural tube defect myelomeningocele. We hypothesized that some genes in the WNT signaling network have a higher mutational burden in myelomeningocele subjects than in reference subjects in gnomAD. Exome sequencing data from 511 myelomeningocele subjects was obtained in-house and data from 29,940 ethnically matched subjects was provided by version 2 of the publicly available Genome Aggregation Database. To compare mutational burden, we collapsed rare deleterious variants across each of 523 human WNT signaling genes in case and reference populations. Ten WNT signaling genes were disrupted with a higher mutational burden among Mexican American myelomeningocele subjects compared to reference subjects (Fishers exact test, P ≤ 0.05) and seven different genes were disrupted among individuals of European ancestry compared to reference subjects. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicate that genes disrupted only in the Mexican American population play a role in planar cell polarity whereas genes identified in both populations are important for the regulation of canonical WNT signaling. In summary, evidence for WNT signaling genes that may contribute to myelomeningocele in humans is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hebert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Paul Hillman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Craig Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - James E. Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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209
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Vitamin E is necessary for zebrafish nervous system development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15028. [PMID: 32958954 PMCID: PMC7506018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E (VitE) deficiency results in embryonic lethality. Knockdown of the gene ttpa encoding for the VitE regulatory protein [α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP)] in zebrafish embryos causes death within 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). To test the hypothesis that VitE, not just α-TTP, is necessary for nervous system development, adult 5D strain zebrafish, fed either VitE sufficient (E+) or deficient (E-) diets, were spawned to obtain E+ and E- embryos, which were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. Ttpa was expressed ubiquitously in embryos up to 12 hpf. Early gastrulation (6 hpf) assessed by goosecoid expression was unaffected by VitE status. By 24 hpf, embryos expressed ttpa in brain ventricle borders, which showed abnormal closure in E- embryos. They also displayed disrupted patterns of paired box 2a (pax2a) and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (sox10) expression in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. In E- embryos, the collagen sheath notochord markers (col2a1a and col9a2) appeared bent. Severe developmental errors in E- embryos were characterized by improper nervous system patterning of the usually carefully programmed transcriptional signals. Histological analysis also showed developmental defects in the formation of the fore-, mid- and hindbrain and somites of E- embryos at 24 hpf. Ttpa expression profile was not altered by the VitE status demonstrating that VitE itself, and not ttpa, is required for development of the brain and peripheral nervous system in this vertebrate embryo model.
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210
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Yin C, Cai H, Yang D, Jian Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Wang D. Cigarette smoke induced neural tube defects by down-regulating noggin expression. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:5-13. [PMID: 32949110 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking or passive smoking during gestation increases the risk of congenital birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs). Cigarette smoke is a recognized teratogen that causes NTDs, although the mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS An established model of passive smoking in pregnant golden hamsters was used to observe the effect of cigarette smoke on neural tube development using scanning electron microscopy. Level of noggin expression in placenta and neural tube was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our results indicated that cigarette smoke can cause the neural tube closure of the golden hamster embryo to be delayed or not closed. In normal placental tissues noggin protein and RNA levels were highly expressed, and the expression level in the term placenta was lower than in that of the first trimester or second trimester through analyzing the Human Protein Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Cigarette smoke can down-regulate noggin expression in the placenta and promote cell apoptosis. We observed that noggin expression was reduced and BMP2 expression was increased by cigarette smoke. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke may cause cell apoptosis and accelerate placenta maturation. Meanwhile, cigarette smoke may inhibit the development of the embryo, and lead to the formation of NTDs via downregulating the expression of noggin and dis-inhibition of BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of introduction to medicine, School of basic medicine, Shandong first medical university & Shandong academy of medical sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Jian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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211
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Heusinkveld HJ, Staal YCM, Baker NC, Daston G, Knudsen TB, Piersma A. An ontology for developmental processes and toxicities of neural tube closure. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 99:160-167. [PMID: 32926990 PMCID: PMC10083840 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development and implementation of animal-free approaches to chemical and pharmaceutical hazard and risk assessment has taken off. Alternative approaches are being developed starting from the perspective of human biology and physiology. Neural tube closure is a vital step that occurs early in human development. Correct closure of the neural tube depends on a complex interplay between proteins along a number of protein concentration gradients. The sensitivity of neural tube closure to chemical disturbance of signalling pathways such as the retinoid pathway, is well known. To map the pathways underlying neural tube closure, literature data on the molecular regulation of neural tube closure were collected. As the process of neural tube closure is highly conserved in vertebrates, the extensive literature available for the mouse was used whilst considering its relevance for humans. Thus, important cell compartments, regulatory pathways, and protein interactions essential for neural tube closure under physiological circumstances were identified and mapped. An understanding of aberrant processes leading to neural tube defects (NTDs) requires detailed maps of neural tube embryology, including the complex genetic signals and responses underlying critical cellular dynamical and biomechanical processes. The retinoid signaling pathway serves as a case study for this ontology because of well-defined crosstalk with the genetic control of neural tube patterning and morphogenesis. It is a known target for mechanistically-diverse chemical structures that disrupt neural tube closure The data presented in this manuscript will set the stage for constructing mathematical models and computer simulation of neural tube closure for human-relevant AOPs and predictive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne C M Staal
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - George Daston
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, USA
| | - Aldert Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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212
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Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Xiong S, Williams-Villalobo AE. A Glance of p53 Functions in Brain Development, Neural Stem Cells, and Brain Cancer. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090285. [PMID: 32932978 PMCID: PMC7564678 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p53 is one of the most intensively studied tumor suppressors. It transcriptionally regulates a broad range of genes to modulate a series of cellular events, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and metabolic remodeling, which are fundamental for both development and cancer. This review discusses the role of p53 in brain development, neural stem cell regulation and the mechanisms of inactivating p53 in gliomas. p53 null or p53 mutant mice show female biased exencephaly, potentially due to X chromosome inactivation failure and/or hormone-related gene expression. Oxidative cellular status, increased PI3K/Akt signaling, elevated ID1, and metabolism are all implicated in p53-loss induced neurogenesis. However, p53 has also been shown to promote neuronal differentiation. In addition, p53 mutations are frequently identified in brain tumors, especially glioblastomas. Mechanisms underlying p53 inactivation in brain tumor cells include disruption of p53 protein stability, gene expression and transactivation potential as well as p53 gene loss or mutation. Loss of p53 function and gain-of-function of mutant p53 are both implicated in brain development and tumor genesis. Further understanding of the role of p53 in the brain may provide therapeutic insights for brain developmental syndromes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xiong
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-313-7557
| | - Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Abie E. Williams-Villalobo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
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213
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Ovayolu A, Ovayolu G, Karaman E, Yuce T, Ozek MA, Turksoy VA. Amniotic fluid levels of selected trace elements and heavy metals in pregnancies complicated with neural tube defects. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2020; 60:136-141. [PMID: 31743503 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the levels of trace elements and heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women, and to investigate their relationship with neural tube defects (NTDs). The study included 36 pregnant women whose fetuses were complicated with NTDs (study group) and 39 pregnant women with unaffected healthy fetuses (control group), who were matched for body mass index and gestational weeks. The amniotic fluid levels of trace elements and heavy metals were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and compared between the two groups. Significantly lower mean levels of Zn and Mo and significantly higher levels of Al, Sn, Sb, and Hg in the study group than in the healthy control group were observed, which implied that these elements are possibly correlated with risk factors for the occurrence of NTDs. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the levels of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb between the groups (P ≥ .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ovayolu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cengiz Gokcek Women's and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Gamze Ovayolu
- Department of Biostatistics, Umay IVF Center, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Erbil Karaman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Yuce
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cengiz Gokcek Women's and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Murat A Ozek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cengiz Gokcek Women's and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Vugar A Turksoy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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214
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Sundararajan V, Pang QY, Choolani M, Huang RYJ. Spotlight on the Granules (Grainyhead-Like Proteins) - From an Evolutionary Conserved Controller of Epithelial Trait to Pioneering the Chromatin Landscape. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:213. [PMID: 32974388 PMCID: PMC7471608 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the transcription factors that are conserved across phylogeny, the grainyhead family holds vital roles in driving the epithelial cell fate. In Drosophila, the function of grainyhead (grh) gene is essential during developmental processes such as epithelial differentiation, tracheal tube formation, maintenance of wing and hair polarity, and epidermal barrier wound repair. Three main mammalian orthologs of grh: Grainyhead-like 1-3 (GRHL1, GRHL2, and GRHL3) are highly conserved in terms of their gene structures and functions. GRHL proteins are essentially associated with the development and maintenance of the epithelial phenotype across diverse physiological conditions such as epidermal differentiation and craniofacial development as well as pathological functions including hearing impairment and neural tube defects. More importantly, through direct chromatin binding and induction of epigenetic alterations, GRHL factors function as potent suppressors of oncogenic cellular dedifferentiation program - epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its associated tumor-promoting phenotypes such as tumor cell migration and invasion. On the contrary, GRHL factors also induce pro-tumorigenic effects such as increased migration and anchorage-independent growth in certain tumor types. Furthermore, investigations focusing on the epithelial-specific activation of grh and GRHL factors have revealed that these factors potentially act as a pioneer factor in establishing a cell-type/cell-state specific accessible chromatin landscape that is exclusive for epithelial gene transcription. In this review, we highlight the essential roles of grh and GRHL factors during embryogenesis and pathogenesis, with a special focus on its emerging pioneering function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundararajan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing You Pang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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215
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Huang X, Yang X, Sun C, Huang S, Cheng M, Han Y. Biophysical signal transduction in cancer cells: Understanding its role in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188402. [PMID: 32771535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling between cells can promote both the development and progression of cancer. It has been found that chemical and physical signals, together with extracellular factors, can influence cancer progression. In this review, we focus on the physical microenvironment of cancer cells and examine the action of mechanical, electromagnetic, thermal, and acoustic signals on cancer cells, which may provide new directions for cancer research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoLei Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - XiaoXu Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Chenchen Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - ShuXia Huang
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China
| | - Yangyang Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, PR China.
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216
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Pieters T, Sanders E, Tian H, van Hengel J, van Roy F. Neural defects caused by total and Wnt1-Cre mediated ablation of p120ctn in mice. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 32741376 PMCID: PMC7398255 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Background p120 catenin (p120ctn) is an important component in the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex because it stabilizes cadherin-mediated intercellular junctions. Outside these junctions, p120ctn is actively involved in the regulation of small GTPases of the Rho family, in actomyosin dynamics and in transcription regulation. We and others reported that loss of p120ctn in mouse embryos results in an embryonic lethal phenotype, but the exact developmental role of p120ctn during brain formation has not been reported. Results We combined floxed p120ctn mice with Del-Cre or Wnt1-Cre mice to deplete p120ctn from either all cells or specific brain and neural crest cells. Complete loss of p120ctn in mid-gestation embryos resulted in an aberrant morphology, including growth retardation, failure to switch from lordotic to fetal posture, and defective neural tube formation and neurogenesis. By expressing a wild-type p120ctn from the ROSA26 locus in p120ctn-null mouse embryonic stem cells, we could partially rescue neurogenesis. To further investigate the developmental role of p120ctn in neural tube formation, we generated conditional p120ctnfl/fl;Wnt1Cre knockout mice. p120ctn deletion in Wnt1-expressing cells resulted in neural tube closure defects (NTDs) and craniofacial abnormalities. These defects could not be correlated with misregulation of brain marker genes or cell proliferation. In contrast, we found that p120ctn is required for proper expression of the cell adhesion components N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin, and of actin-binding proteins cortactin and Shroom3 at the apical side of neural folds. This region is of critical importance for closure of neural folds. Surprisingly, the lateral side of mutant neural folds showed loss of p120ctn, but not of N-cadherin, β-catenin or cortactin. Conclusions These results indicate that p120ctn is required for neurogenesis and neurulation. Elimination of p120ctn in cells expressing Wnt1 affects neural tube closure by hampering correct formation of specific adhesion and actomyosin complexes at the apical side of neural folds. Collectively, our results demonstrate the crucial role of p120ctn during brain morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sanders
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Huiyu Tian
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Present address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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217
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Abuwarda H, Pathak MM. Mechanobiology of neural development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:104-111. [PMID: 32687993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As the brain develops, proliferating cells organize into structures, differentiate, migrate, extrude long processes, and connect with other cells. These biological processes produce mechanical forces that further shape cellular dynamics and organ patterning. A major unanswered question in developmental biology is how the mechanical forces produced during development are detected and transduced by cells to impact biochemical and genetic programs of development. This gap in knowledge stems from a lack of understanding of the molecular players of cellular mechanics and an absence of techniques for measuring and manipulating mechanical forces in tissue. In this review article, we examine recent advances that are beginning to clear these bottlenecks and highlight results from new approaches that reveal the role of mechanical forces in neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Abuwarda
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Medha M Pathak
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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218
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Segarra M, Aburto MR, Hefendehl J, Acker-Palmer A. Neurovascular Interactions in the Nervous System. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2020; 35:615-635. [PMID: 31590587 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cross talk between the nervous and vascular systems is necessary to maintain the correct coupling of organ structure and function. Molecular pathways shared by both systems are emerging as major players in the communication of the neuronal compartment with the endothelium. Here we review different aspects of this cross talk and how vessels influence the development and homeostasis of the nervous system. Beyond the classical role of the vasculature as a conduit to deliver oxygen and metabolites needed for the energy-demanding neuronal compartment, vessels emerge as powerful signaling systems that control and instruct a variety of cellular processes during the development of neurons and glia, such as migration, differentiation, and structural connectivity. Moreover, a broad spectrum of mild to severe vascular dysfunctions occur in various pathologies of the nervous system, suggesting that mild structural and functional changes at the neurovascular interface may underlie cognitive decline in many of these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Segarra
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; , .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria R Aburto
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; , .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hefendehl
- Neurovascular Disorders, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; , .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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219
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Zou J, Wang F, Yang X, Wang H, Niswander L, Zhang T, Li H. Association between rare variants in specific functional pathways and human neural tube defects multiple subphenotypes. Neural Dev 2020; 15:8. [PMID: 32650820 PMCID: PMC7353782 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are failure of neural tube closure, which includes multiple central nervous system phenotypes. More than 300 mouse mutant strains exhibits NTDs phenotypes and give us some clues to establish association between biological functions and subphenotypes. However, the knowledge about association in human remains still very poor. METHODS High throughput targeted genome DNA sequencing were performed on 280 neural tube closure-related genes in 355 NTDs cases and 225 ethnicity matched controls, RESULTS: We explored that potential damaging rare variants in genes functioning in chromatin modification, apoptosis, retinoid metabolism and lipid metabolism are associated with human NTDs. Importantly, our data indicate that except for planar cell polarity pathway, craniorachischisis is also genetically related with chromatin modification and retinoid metabolism. Furthermore, single phenotype in cranial or spinal regions displays significant association with specific biological function, such as anencephaly is associated with potentially damaging rare variants in genes functioning in chromatin modification, encephalocele is associated with apoptosis, retinoid metabolism and one carbon metabolism, spina bifida aperta and spina bifida cystica are associated with apoptosis; lumbar sacral spina bifida aperta and spina bifida occulta are associated with lipid metabolism. By contrast, complex phenotypes in both cranial and spinal regions display association with various biological functions given the different phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study links genetic variant to subphenotypes of human NTDs and provides a preliminary but direct clue to investigate pathogenic mechanism for human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Zou
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xueyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC in SIPPR, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lee Niswander
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Huili Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China. .,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA.
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220
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Magalhães CG, de Oliveira-Melo M, Cruz MC, Srinivas S, Yan CYI. Characterization of embryonic surface ectoderm cell protrusions. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:249-262. [PMID: 32562595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During embryonic development, complex changes in cell behavior generate the final form of the tissues. Extension of cell protrusions have been described as an important component in this process. Cellular protrusions have been associated with generation of traction, intercellular communication or establishment of signaling gradients. Here, we describe and compare in detail from live imaging data the dynamics of protrusions in the surface ectoderm of chick and mouse embryos. In particular, we explore the differences between cells surrounding the lens placode and other regions of the head. RESULTS Our results showed that protrusions from the eye region in mouse embryos are longer than those in chick embryos. In addition, protrusions from regions where there are no significant changes in tissue shape are longer and more stable than protrusions that surround the invaginating lens placode. We did not find a clear directionality to the protrusions in any region. Finally, we observed intercellular trafficking of membrane puncta in the protrusions of both embryos in all the regions analyzed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results presented here suggest that the dynamics of these protrusions adapt to their surroundings and possibly contribute to intercellular communication in embryonic cephalic epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília G Magalhães
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario C Cruz
- CEFAP, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Y Irene Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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221
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Benavides-Rivas C, Tovar LM, Zúñiga N, Pinto-Borguero I, Retamal C, Yévenes GE, Moraga-Cid G, Fuentealba J, Guzmán L, Coddou C, Bascuñán-Godoy L, Castro PA. Altered Glutaminase 1 Activity During Neurulation and Its Potential Implications in Neural Tube Defects. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:900. [PMID: 32636743 PMCID: PMC7316894 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurulation process is regulated by a large amount of genetic and environmental factors that determine the establishment, folding, and fusion of the neural plate to form the neural tube, which develops into the main structure of the central nervous system. A recently described factor involved in this process is glutamate. Through NMDA ionotropic receptor, glutamate modifies intracellular Ca2+ dynamics allowing the oriented cell migration and proliferation, essentials processes in neurulation. Glutamate synthesis depends on the mitochondrial enzyme known as glutaminase 1 (GLS1) that is widely expressed in brain and kidney. The participation of GLS 1 in prenatal neurogenic processes and in the adult brain has been experimentally established, however, its participation in early stages of embryonic development has not been described. The present investigation describes for the first time the presence and functionality of GLS1 in Xenopus laevis embryos during neurulation. Although protein expression levels remains constant, the catalytic activity of GLS1 increases significantly (~66%) between early (stage 12) and middle to late (stages 14-19) neurulation process. Additionally, the use of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (L-DON, competitive inhibitor of glutamine-depend enzymes), reduced significantly the GLS1 specific activity during neurulation (~36%) and induce the occurrence of neural tube defects involving its possible participation in the neural tube closure in Xenopus laevis embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Benavides-Rivas
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lina Mariana Tovar
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicolás Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ingrid Pinto-Borguero
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudio Retamal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Fuentealba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudio Coddou
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio A. Castro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology for Neural Development, LAND, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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222
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Retinoids and developmental neurotoxicity: Utilizing toxicogenomics to enhance adverse outcome pathways and testing strategies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:102-113. [PMID: 32544423 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of genomic approaches in toxicological studies has greatly increased our ability to define the molecular profiles of environmental chemicals associated with developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Integration of these approaches with adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), a framework that translates environmental exposures to adverse developmental phenotypes, can potentially inform DNT testing strategies. Here, using retinoic acid (RA) as a case example, we demonstrate that the integration of toxicogenomic profiles into the AOP framework can be used to establish a paradigm for chemical testing. RA is a critical regulatory signaling molecule involved in multiple aspects of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development, including hindbrain formation/patterning and neuronal differentiation, and imbalances in RA signaling pathways are linked with DNT. While the mechanisms remain unresolved, environmental chemicals can cause DNT by disrupting the RA signaling pathway. First, we reviewed literature evidence of RA and other retinoid exposures and DNT to define a provisional AOP related to imbalances in RA embryonic bioavailability and hindbrain development. Next, by integrating toxicogenomic datasets, we defined a relevant transcriptomic signature associated with RA-induced developmental neurotoxicity (RA-DNT) in human and rodent models that was tested against zebrafish model data, demonstrating potential for integration into an AOP framework. Finally, we demonstrated how these approaches may be systematically utilized to identify chemical hazards by testing the RA-DNT signature against azoles, a proposed class of compounds that alters RA-signaling. The provisional AOP from this study can be expanded in the future to better define DNT biomarkers relevant to RA signaling and toxicity.
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Gordon NK, Chen Z, Gordon R, Zou Y. French flag gradients and Turing reaction-diffusion versus differentiation waves as models of morphogenesis. Biosystems 2020; 196:104169. [PMID: 32485350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Turing reaction-diffusion model and the French Flag Model are widely accepted in the field of development as the best models for explaining embryogenesis. Virtually all current attempts to understand cell differentiation in embryos begin and end with the assumption that some combination of these two models works. The result may become a bias in embryogenesis in assuming the problem has been solved by these two-chemical substance-based models. Neither model is applied consistently. We review the differences between the French Flag, Turing reaction-diffusion model, and a mechanochemical model called the differentiation wave/cell state splitter model. The cytoskeletal cell state splitter and the embryonic differentiation waves was first proposed in 1987 as a combined physics and chemistry model for cell differentiation in embryos, based on empirical observations on urodele amphibian embryos. We hope that the development of theory can be advanced and observations relevant to distinguishing the embryonic differentiation wave model from the French Flag model and reaction-diffusion equations will be taken up by experimentalists. Experimentalists rely on mathematical biologists for theory, and therefore depend on them for what parameters they choose to measure and ignore. Therefore, mathematical biologists need to fully understand the distinctions between these three models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
| | - Richard Gordon
- Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, 222 Clark Drive, Panacea, FL, 32346, USA; C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth & Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Yuting Zou
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
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224
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Runnels LW, Komiya Y. TRPM6 and TRPM7: Novel players in cell intercalation during vertebrate embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:912-923. [PMID: 32315468 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A common theme in organogenesis is how the final structure of organs emerge from epithelial tube structures, with the formation of the neural tube being one of the best examples. Two types of cell movements co-occur during neural tube closure involving the migration of cells toward the midline of the embryo (mediolateral intercalation or convergent extension) as well as the deep movement of cells from inside the embryo to the outside of the lateral side of the neural plate (radial intercalation). Failure of either type of cell movement will prevent neural tube closure, which can produce a range of neural tube defects (NTDs), a common congenital disease in humans. Numerous studies have identified signaling pathways that regulate mediolateral intercalation during neural tube closure. Less understood are the pathways that govern radial intercalation. Using the Xenopus laevis system, our group reported the identification of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, TRPM6 and TRPM7, and the Mg2+ ion they conduct, as novel and key factors regulating both mediolateral and radial intercalation during neural tube closure. Here we broadly discuss tubulogenesis and cell intercalation from the perspective of neural tube closure and the respective roles of TRPM7 and TRPM6 in this critical embryonic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren W Runnels
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yuko Komiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamakoshi-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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225
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Kuzmicz-Kowalska K, Kicheva A. Regulation of size and scale in vertebrate spinal cord development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e383. [PMID: 32391980 PMCID: PMC8244110 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrates have a spinal cord with dimensions and shape specific to their species. Yet how species‐specific organ size and shape are achieved is a fundamental unresolved question in biology. The formation and sculpting of organs begins during embryonic development. As it develops, the spinal cord extends in anterior–posterior direction in synchrony with the overall growth of the body. The dorsoventral (DV) and apicobasal lengths of the spinal cord neuroepithelium also change, while at the same time a characteristic pattern of neural progenitor subtypes along the DV axis is established and elaborated. At the basis of these changes in tissue size and shape are biophysical determinants, such as the change in cell number, cell size and shape, and anisotropic tissue growth. These processes are controlled by global tissue‐scale regulators, such as morphogen signaling gradients as well as mechanical forces. Current challenges in the field are to uncover how these tissue‐scale regulatory mechanisms are translated to the cellular and molecular level, and how regulation of distinct cellular processes gives rise to an overall defined size. Addressing these questions will help not only to achieve a better understanding of how size is controlled, but also of how tissue size is coordinated with the specification of pattern. This article is categorized under:Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles
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226
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Goyal R, Spencer KA, Borodinsky LN. From Neural Tube Formation Through the Differentiation of Spinal Cord Neurons: Ion Channels in Action During Neural Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:62. [PMID: 32390800 PMCID: PMC7193536 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are expressed throughout nervous system development. The type and diversity of conductances and gating mechanisms vary at different developmental stages and with the progressive maturational status of neural cells. The variety of ion channels allows for distinct signaling mechanisms in developing neural cells that in turn regulate the needed cellular processes taking place during each developmental period. These include neural cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, which are crucial for developmental events ranging from the earliest steps of morphogenesis of the neural tube through the establishment of neuronal circuits. Here, we compile studies assessing the ontogeny of ionic currents in the developing nervous system. We then review work demonstrating a role for ion channels in neural tube formation, to underscore the necessity of the signaling downstream ion channels even at the earliest stages of neural development. We discuss the function of ion channels in neural cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation and conclude with how the regulation of all these morphogenetic and cellular processes by electrical activity enables the appropriate development of the nervous system and the establishment of functional circuits adapted to respond to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Goyal
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kira A Spencer
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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227
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Abstract
During embryonic development, the central nervous system forms as the neural plate and then rolls into a tube in a complex morphogenetic process known as neurulation. Neural tube defects (NTDs) occur when neurulation fails and are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The frequency of NTDs varies greatly anywhere from 0.5 to 10 in 1000 live births, depending on the genetic background of the population, as well as a variety of environmental factors. The prognosis varies depending on the size and placement of the lesion and ranges from death to severe or moderate disability, and some NTDs are asymptomatic. This chapter reviews how mouse models have contributed to the elucidation of the genetic, molecular, and cellular basis of neural tube closure, as well as to our understanding of the causes and prevention of this devastating birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Zohn
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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228
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Abstract
Spinal dysraphism is an umbrella term that encompasses a number of congenital malformations that affect the central nervous system. The etiology of these conditions can be traced back to a specific defect in embryological development, with the more disabling malformations occurring at an earlier gestational age. A thorough understanding of the relevant neuroembryology is imperative for clinicians to select the correct treatment and prevent complications associated with spinal dysraphism. This paper will review the neuroembryology associated with the various forms of spinal dysraphism and provide a clinical-pathological correlation for these congenital malformations.
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229
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the ways in which stem cells are used in psychiatric disease research, including the related advances in gene editing and directed cell differentiation. RECENT FINDINGS The recent development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies has created new possibilities for the study of psychiatric disease. iPSCs can be derived from patients or controls and differentiated to an array of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Their genomes can be edited as desired, and they can be assessed for a variety of phenotypes. This makes them especially interesting for studying genetic variation, which is particularly useful today now that our knowledge on the genetics of psychiatric disease is quickly expanding. The recent advances in cell engineering have led to powerful new methods for studying psychiatric illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. There is a wide array of possible applications as illustrated by the many examples from the literature, most of which are cited here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Das
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyra Feuer
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marah Wahbeh
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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230
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Karpińska K, Cao C, Yamamoto V, Gielata M, Kobielak A. Alpha-Catulin, a New Player in a Rho Dependent Apical Constriction That Contributes to the Mouse Neural Tube Closure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:154. [PMID: 32258033 PMCID: PMC7089943 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of actomyosin contraction and cell-cell junctions generates forces that can lead to tissue morphogenetic processes like the formation of neural tube (NT), however, its molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating and coupling this contractile network to cadherin adhesion remain to be fully elucidated. Here, using a gene trapping technology, we unveil the new player in this process, α-catulin, which shares sequence homology with vinculin and α-catenin. Ablation of α-catulin in mouse causes defective NT closure due to impairment of apical constriction, concomitant with apical actin and P-Mlc2 accumulation. Using a 3D culture model system, we showed that α-catulin localizes to the apical membrane and its removal alters the distribution of active RhoA and polarization. Actin cytoskeleton and P-Mlc2, downstream targets of RhoA, are not properly organized, with limited accumulation at the junctions, indicating a loss of junction stabilization. Our data suggest that α-catulin plays an important role during NT closure by acting as a scaffold for RhoA distribution, resulting in proper spatial activation of myosin to influence actin-myosin dynamics and tension at cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Karpińska
- Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christine Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mateusz Gielata
- Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kobielak
- Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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231
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O'Grady BJ, Lippmann ES. Recent Advancements in Engineering Strategies for Manipulating Neural Stem Cell Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:41-47. [PMID: 33748772 DOI: 10.1007/s43152-020-00003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Stem cells are exquisitely sensitive to biophysical and biochemical cues within the native microenvironment. This review focuses on emerging strategies to manipulate neural cell behavior using these influences in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Recent Findings Traditional systems for neural cell differentiation typically produce heterogeneous populations with limited diversity rather than the complex, organized tissue structures observed in vivo. Advancements in developing engineering tools to direct neural cell fates can enable new applications in basic research, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. Summary This review article highlights engineering strategies that facilitate controlled presentation of biophysical and biochemical cues to guide differentiation and impart desired phenotypes on neural cell populations. Specific highlighted examples include engineered biomaterials and microfluidic platforms for spatiotemporal control over the presentation of morphogen gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J O'Grady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ethan S Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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232
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Non-neural surface ectodermal rosette formation and F-actin dynamics drive mammalian neural tube closure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:647-653. [PMID: 32248972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying mammalian neural tube closure remain poorly understood. We report a unique cellular process involving multicellular rosette formation, convergent cellular protrusions, and F-actin cable network of the non-neural surface ectodermal cells encircling the closure site of the posterior neuropore, which are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and genetic fate mapping analyses during mouse spinal neurulation. These unique cellular structures are severely disrupted in the surface ectodermal transcription factor Grhl3 mutants that exhibit fully penetrant spina bifida. We propose a novel model of mammalian neural tube closure driven by surface ectodermal dynamics, which is computationally visualized.
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233
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Wang S, Larina IV, Larin KV. Label-free optical imaging in developmental biology [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2017-2040. [PMID: 32341864 PMCID: PMC7173889 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Application of optical imaging in developmental biology marks an exciting frontier in biomedical optics. Optical resolution and imaging depth allow for investigation of growing embryos at subcellular, cellular, and whole organism levels, while the complexity and variety of embryonic processes set multiple challenges stimulating the development of various live dynamic embryonic imaging approaches. Among other optical methods, label-free optical techniques attract an increasing interest as they allow investigation of developmental mechanisms without application of exogenous markers or fluorescent reporters. There has been a boost in development of label-free optical imaging techniques for studying embryonic development in animal models over the last decade, which revealed new information about early development and created new areas for investigation. Here, we review the recent progress in label-free optical embryonic imaging, discuss specific applications, and comment on future developments at the interface of photonics, engineering, and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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234
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Schulz LN, Tecle NE, Cleary R, Mercier P. Spontaneous closure of myelomeningocele. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:869-871. [PMID: 32025870 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fetal repair of myelomeningocele has been increasingly offered to mothers of children with myelomeningocele after the seminal Management of Myelomeningocele (MOMs) trial, which demonstrated decreased reliance on ventriculoperitoneal shunt following fetal closure. We present the case of a fetus diagnosed with a lumbar myelomeningocele in utero whose mother refused in utero closure and who was subsequently born with a skin-covered defect. A fetal MRI was obtained on a mother with a male fetus diagnosed with open neural tube defect at 20 weeks of gestation. The child demonstrated spinal dysraphism extending from L2 to L5 and associated Chiari II malformation with lateral and third ventriculomegaly. Based on our institutional criteria and the criteria of the MOMs trial, the parents were offered fetal repair of the myelomeningocele; however, they declined because of concerns about risks to the mother. At birth, the patient was found to have a skin-covered meningocele. He underwent elective repair of his occult meningocele and detethering of his spinal cord. Intraoperative findings demonstrated spinal nerve roots attached to the arachnoid within the defect, and a closed, tubularized neural placode. This represents a unique case in which a fetus with a clinical picture consistent with open spinal defect was found to have a lesion more consistent with meningocele on postnatal operative interrogation. Knowledge that this can occur should be taken into consideration when discussing fetal closure, although the frequency of this occurrence is not known. Additionally, identification of this case sheds light on the mechanism by which occult myelomeningoceles form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Schulz
- Division of Neurosurgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Najib El Tecle
- Division of Neurosurgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Ryan Cleary
- Division of Neurosurgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Philippe Mercier
- Division of Neurosurgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1438 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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235
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Shafique S, Winn LM. Gestational exposure to valproic acid upregulates total Stat3 protein expression while downregulating phosphorylated Stat3 in CD-1 mouse embryos with neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:555-568. [PMID: 32134217 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug and an effective treatment for psychiatric disorders, is teratogenic causing neural tube defects (NTDs) and other defects in the exposed embryo. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a transcription factor that is activated via tyrosine phosphorylation. Stat3, as well as its active form (pYStat3), is expressed during neural tube closure in murine development. This study investigated the effects of in utero VPA exposure on embryonic Stat3 mRNA and protein expression during the critical period of neural tube closure in CD-1 mouse embryos. Following the exposure of CD-1 pregnant mice to the teratogenic dose of 400 mg/kg VPA or saline on gestational day (GD) 9, embryos were harvested at 1, 3, 6, or 24 hr and on GD13. Stat3 mRNA levels remained unchanged at all time points. Total Stat3 protein levels were significantly (p < .05) increased in GD9 embryos at 1 and 6 hr post-exposure and in GD13 exposed nonexencephalic and exencephalic embryo heads. In contrast, phosphorylated Stat3 levels were significantly (p < .05) downregulated in GD9 embryos at the 3 and 6 hr time points with an overall trend of downregulation in the GD10 and GD13 groups. Total and phosphorylated Stat3 protein levels remained unchanged in nuclear extracts of the exposed nonexencephalic and exencephalic GD13 embryo heads. The reported significant downregulation of phosphorylated Stat3 levels suggests its possible role in VPA-induced NTDs in mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Shafique
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Louise M Winn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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236
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Mukhopadhyay P, Greene RM, Pisano MM. MicroRNA targeting of the non-canonical planar cell polarity pathway in the developing neural tube. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:905-920. [PMID: 32129905 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) provide context-dependent transcriptional regulation of genes comprising signalling networks throughout the developing organism including morphogenesis of the embryonic neural tube (NT). Using a high-sensitivity, high-coverage microarray analysis platform, miRNA expression in the murine embryonic NT during the critical stages of its formation was examined. Analysis of a number of differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs enabled identification of several gene targets associated with cellular processes essential for normal NT development. Using computational pathway analysis, interactive biologic networks and functional relationships connecting DE miRNAs with their targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were identified. Potential mRNA targets and a key signal transduction pathway governing critical cellular processes indispensable for normal mammalian neurulation were also identified. RNA preparations were also used to hybridize both miRNA arrays and mRNA arrays allowing miRNA-mRNA target analysis using data of DE miRNAs and DE mRNAs - co-expressed in the same developing NT tissue samples. Identification of these miRNA targets provides key insight into the epigenetic regulation of NT development as well as into potential mechanistic underpinning of NT defects. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study underscores the premise that microRNAs are potential coordinators of normal neural tube (NT) formation, via regulation of the crucial, planar cell polarity pathway. Any alteration in their expression during neurulation would result in abnormal NT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert M Greene
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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237
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Fame RM, Cortés-Campos C, Sive HL. Brain Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Development and Function: Light at the End of the Tube: A Primer with Latest Insights. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900186. [PMID: 32078177 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system is a series of connected cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that forms within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The hollow neural tube is a hallmark of the chordate CNS, and a closed neural tube is essential for normal development. Development and function of the ventricular system is examined, emphasizing three interdigitating components that form a functional system: ventricle walls, CSF fluid properties, and activity of CSF constituent factors. The cellular lining of the ventricle both can produce and is responsive to CSF. Fluid properties and conserved CSF components contribute to normal CNS development. Anomalies of the CSF/ventricular system serve as diagnostics and may cause CNS disorders, further highlighting their importance. This review focuses on the evolution and development of the brain ventricular system, associated function, and connected pathologies. It is geared as an introduction for scholars with little background in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Hazel L Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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238
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Tait CM, Chinnaiya K, Manning E, Murtaza M, Ashton JP, Furley N, Hill CJ, Alves CH, Wijnholds J, Erdmann KS, Furley A, Rashbass P, Das RM, Storey KG, Placzek M. Crumbs2 mediates ventricular layer remodelling to form the spinal cord central canal. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000470. [PMID: 32150534 PMCID: PMC7108746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the spinal cord, the central canal forms through a poorly understood process termed dorsal collapse that involves attrition and remodelling of pseudostratified ventricular layer (VL) cells. Here, we use mouse and chick models to show that dorsal ventricular layer (dVL) cells adjacent to dorsal midline Nestin(+) radial glia (dmNes+RG) down-regulate apical polarity proteins, including Crumbs2 (CRB2) and delaminate in a stepwise manner; live imaging shows that as one cell delaminates, the next cell ratchets up, the dmNes+RG endfoot ratchets down, and the process repeats. We show that dmNes+RG secrete a factor that promotes loss of cell polarity and delamination. This activity is mimicked by a secreted variant of Crumbs2 (CRB2S) which is specifically expressed by dmNes+RG. In cultured MDCK cells, CRB2S associates with apical membranes and decreases cell cohesion. Analysis of Crb2F/F/Nestin-Cre+/- mice, and targeted reduction of Crb2/CRB2S in slice cultures reveal essential roles for transmembrane CRB2 (CRB2TM) and CRB2S on VL cells and dmNes+RG, respectively. We propose a model in which a CRB2S-CRB2TM interaction promotes the progressive attrition of the dVL without loss of overall VL integrity. This novel mechanism may operate more widely to promote orderly progenitor delamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Tait
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Chinnaiya
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Manning
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Hill
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kai S Erdmann
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Rashbass
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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239
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Ovayolu A, Ovayolu G, Yuce T, Ozek MA, Dogan I, Bostancieri N. Amniotic fluid concentrations of soluble endoglin and endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 in pregnancies complicated with neural tube defects. J Perinat Med 2020; 48:132-138. [PMID: 31927524 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2019-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the concentrations of soluble endoglin (sCD105) and endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) in the amniotic fluid (AF) of pregnant women, and to investigate the relationship between these concentrations and neural tube defects (NTDs). Methods AF concentrations of sCD105 and ESM-1 were measured in the study group, which included 60 pregnant women complicated with NTDs, and 64 pregnant women with unaffected healthy fetuses (control group). The AF concentrations of sCD105 and ESM-1 in both groups were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared. Results There were no significant differences in terms of the mean AF concentrations of sCD105 and ESM-1 between the groups (P=0.141, P=0.084, respectively). There was a significant difference between the AF sCD105 concentrations in those with gestational age <24 weeks (n=101) and ≥24 weeks (n=23) (X̅<24=76.35±126.62 vs. X≥24=39.87±58.32, P=0.041). AF ESM-1 concentrations were found to be statistically significant in the gestational age <22 weeks (n=90) and ≥22 weeks (n=34) groups (X̅<22=135.91±19.26 vs. X̅≥22=148.56±46.85, P=0.035). A positive and low-level relation at a statistically significant level was determined between the gestational age and AF ESM-1 concentration in the study group (r=0.257; P=0.048). Conclusion AF concentrations of sCD105 and ESM-1 were not associated with the development of NTDs. Unlike studies that reported that ESM-1 concentrations decreased in maternal plasma with increased gestational age, we determined an increase that was proportionate to gestational age in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ovayolu
- Cengiz Gokcek Public Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osmangazi Mahallesi, Cengiz Gokcek Kadin Hastaliklari ve Dogum Hastanesi, 27010 Gaziantep, Turkey, GSM: +90 (532) 640 40 60, Tel.: +90 342 360 08 88, Fax: +90 342 360 02 90
| | | | - Tuncay Yuce
- Cengiz Gokcek Public Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Murat Aykut Ozek
- Cengiz Gokcek Public Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Dogan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bostancieri
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziantep University School of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
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240
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Molè MA, Galea GL, Rolo A, Weberling A, Nychyk O, De Castro SC, Savery D, Fässler R, Ybot-González P, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Integrin-Mediated Focal Anchorage Drives Epithelial Zippering during Mouse Neural Tube Closure. Dev Cell 2020; 52:321-334.e6. [PMID: 32049039 PMCID: PMC7008250 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial fusion is a key process of morphogenesis by which tissue connectivity is established between adjacent epithelial sheets. A striking and poorly understood feature of this process is "zippering," whereby a fusion point moves directionally along an organ rudiment. Here, we uncover the molecular mechanism underlying zippering during mouse spinal neural tube closure. Fusion is initiated via local activation of integrin β1 and focal anchorage of surface ectoderm cells to a shared point of fibronectin-rich basement membrane, where the neural folds first contact each other. Surface ectoderm cells undergo proximal junction shortening, establishing a transitory semi-rosette-like structure at the zippering point that promotes juxtaposition of cells across the midline enabling fusion propagation. Tissue-specific ablation of integrin β1 abolishes the semi-rosette formation, preventing zippering and causing spina bifida. We propose integrin-mediated anchorage as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of general relevance for zippering closure of epithelial gaps whose disturbance can produce clinically important birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Molè
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ana Rolo
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Antonia Weberling
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Oleksandr Nychyk
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Neuro-endocrinology/Nutrition, Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra C De Castro
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Virgen de Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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241
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Prat‐Rojo C, Pouille P, Buceta J, Martin‐Blanco E. Mechanical coordination is sufficient to promote tissue replacement during metamorphosis in Drosophila. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103594. [PMID: 31858605 PMCID: PMC6996571 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cells coordinate to organize in coherent structures. Although it is now well established that physical forces are essential for implementing this coordination, the instructive roles of mechanical inputs are not clear. Here, we show that the replacement of the larval epithelia by the adult one in Drosophila demands the coordinated exchange of mechanical signals between two cell types, the histoblasts (adult precursors) organized in nests and the surrounding larval epidermal cells (LECs). An increasing stress gradient develops from the center of the nests toward the LECs as a result of the forces generated by histoblasts as they proliferate and by the LECs as they delaminate (push/pull coordination). This asymmetric radial coordination of expansive and contractile activities contributes to epithelial replacement. Our analyses support a model in which cell-cell mechanical communication is sufficient for the rearrangements that implement epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prat‐Rojo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de BarcelonaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasParc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Nikon Instruments Europe BVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Philippe‐Alexandre Pouille
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de BarcelonaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasParc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Buceta
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringLehigh UniversityBethlehemPAUSA
| | - Enrique Martin‐Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de BarcelonaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasParc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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242
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Vetter M, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Contributions to our modern understanding of spina bifida: Camille Dareste (1822-1899). Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:225-226. [PMID: 29478121 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vetter
- Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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243
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Goldstein B, Nance J. Caenorhabditis elegans Gastrulation: A Model for Understanding How Cells Polarize, Change Shape, and Journey Toward the Center of an Embryo. Genetics 2020; 214:265-277. [PMID: 32029580 PMCID: PMC7017025 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation is fundamental to the development of multicellular animals. Along with neurulation, gastrulation is one of the major processes of morphogenesis in which cells or whole tissues move from the surface of an embryo to its interior. Cell internalization mechanisms that have been discovered to date in Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation bear some similarity to internalization mechanisms of other systems including Drosophila, Xenopus, and mouse, suggesting that ancient and conserved mechanisms internalize cells in diverse organisms. C. elegans gastrulation occurs at an early stage, beginning when the embryo is composed of just 26 cells, suggesting some promise for connecting the rich array of developmental mechanisms that establish polarity and pattern in embryos to the force-producing mechanisms that change cell shapes and move cells interiorly. Here, we review our current understanding of C. elegans gastrulation mechanisms. We address how cells determine which direction is the interior and polarize with respect to that direction, how cells change shape by apical constriction and internalize, and how the embryo specifies which cells will internalize and when. We summarize future prospects for using this system to discover some of the general principles by which animal cells change shape and internalize during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology and
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - Jeremy Nance
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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244
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Poncet N, Halley PA, Lipina C, Gierliński M, Dady A, Singer GA, Febrer M, Shi Y, Yamaguchi TP, Taylor PM, Storey KG. Wnt regulates amino acid transporter Slc7a5 and so constrains the integrated stress response in mouse embryos. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48469. [PMID: 31789450 PMCID: PMC6944906 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are essential for cellular metabolism, and it is important to understand how nutrient supply is coordinated with changing energy requirements during embryogenesis. Here, we show that the amino acid transporter Slc7a5/Lat1 is highly expressed in tissues undergoing morphogenesis and that Slc7a5-null mouse embryos have profound neural and limb bud outgrowth defects. Slc7a5-null neural tissue exhibited aberrant mTORC1 activity and cell proliferation; transcriptomics, protein phosphorylation and apoptosis analyses further indicated induction of the integrated stress response as a potential cause of observed defects. The pattern of stress response gene expression induced in Slc7a5-null embryos was also detected at low level in wild-type embryos and identified stress vulnerability specifically in tissues undergoing morphogenesis. The Slc7a5-null phenotype is reminiscent of Wnt pathway mutants, and we show that Wnt/β-catenin loss inhibits Slc7a5 expression and induces this stress response. Wnt signalling therefore normally supports the metabolic demands of morphogenesis and constrains cellular stress. Moreover, operation in the embryo of the integrated stress response, which is triggered by pathogen-mediated as well as metabolic stress, may provide a mechanistic explanation for a range of developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Poncet
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Present address:
Institute of PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Pamela A Halley
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Marek Gierliński
- Division of Computational BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Alwyn Dady
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Gail A Singer
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Melanie Febrer
- Sequencing FacilitySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Present address:
Illumina CanadaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Yun‐Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular MorphogenesisNICHD, NIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology LaboratoryCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute‐Frederick, NIHFrederickMDUSA
| | - Peter M Taylor
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell & Developmental BiologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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245
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Liu W, Wang K, Lv X, Wang Q, Li X, Yang Z, Liu X, Yan L, Fu X, Xiao R. Up-regulation of RNA Binding Proteins Contributes to Folate Deficiency-Induced Neural Crest Cells Dysfunction. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:85-98. [PMID: 31892848 PMCID: PMC6930370 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate deficiency has long been associated with the abnormal development of the neural crest cells (NCCs) and neural tube defects (NTDs). RNA binding proteins (RBPs) also play important roles in the normal neural crest development and neural tube formation. Nevertheless, the causative mechanism by which folate status influences human NCCs development and the RBPs functions remains unknown. In this study, we differentiated H9 human embryonic stem cells into neural crest cells (H9-NCCs) and then constructed three folic acid (FA) deficiency (FAD) H9-NCCs models in vitro. Decreased viability, impaired migration and promoted apoptosis of H9-NCCs were observed in three FAD H9-NCCs models. In addition, we showed that three RBPs, namely, hnRNPC, LARP6 and RCAN2, were up-regulated both in the FAD H9-NCC models in vitro and in the FAD mouse model in vivo. Knocking down of these three RBPs increased the H9-NCC viability and RCAN2 knockdown further promoted H9-NCC migration under FAD conditions. In normal culture condition, overexpression of RCAN2 and HnRNPC did not affect viabilities and migration of H9-NCCs while overexpression of LARP6 reduced the H9-NCC viability. Our findings demonstrate important regulatory effects of RBPs underlying FAD-induced impaired function of NCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Lv
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Li
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Liu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yan
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An update is presented regarding neural tube defects (NTDs) including spina bifida and anencephaly, which are among the most common serious birth defects world-wide. Decades of research suggest that no single factor is responsible for neurulation failure, but rather NTDs arise from a complex interplay of disrupted gene regulatory networks, environmental influences and epigenetic regulation. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics is critical to advance NTD research and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Next-generation sequencing has ushered in a new era of genomic insight toward NTD pathophysiology, implicating novel gene associations with human NTD risk. Ongoing research is moving from a candidate gene approach toward genome-wide, systems-based investigations that are starting to uncover genetic and epigenetic complexities that underlie NTD manifestation. SUMMARY Neural tube closure is critical for the formation of the human brain and spinal cord. Broader, more all-inclusive perspectives are emerging to identify the genetic determinants of human NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wolujewicz
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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247
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Gato A, Alonso MI, Lamus F, Miyan J. Neurogenesis: A process ontogenically linked to brain cavities and their content, CSF. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:21-27. [PMID: 31786097 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process underlying the development of the highly evolved central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. Neurogenesis takes place by differentiation of specific Neural Precursor Cells in the neurogenic niche. The main objective of this review is to highlight the specific relationship between the brain cavities, and neurogenesis from neural precursors. Brain cavities and their content, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), establish a key relation with the neurogenic "niche" because of the presence in this fluid of neurogenic signals able to control neural precursor cell behaviour, inducing precursor proliferation and neuronal differentiation. This influence seems to be ontogenically preserved, despite the temporal and spatial variations that occur throughout life. In order to better understand this concept, we consider three main life periods in the CSF-Neurogenesis interaction: The "Embryonic" period, which take place at the Neural Tube stage and extends from the isolation of the neural tube at the end of "neurulation" to the beginning of Choroid Plexus activity; the "Fetal" period, which includes the remaining developmental and the early postnatal stages; and the "Adult" period, which continues for the rest of adult life. Each period has specific characteristics in respect of CSF synthesis and composition, and the location, extension and neurogenic activity of the neurogenic niche. However, CSF interaction with the neurogenic niche is a common factor, which should be taken into account to better understand the ontogeny of neuron formation and replacement, as well as its potential role in the success or failure of therapies for the ageing, injured or diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gato
- Departamento De Anatomía Y Radiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Valladolid, C/ Ramón Y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso. Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL). Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain.
| | - M I Alonso
- Departamento De Anatomía Y Radiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Valladolid, C/ Ramón Y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso. Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL). Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain
| | - F Lamus
- Departamento De Anatomía Y Radiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Valladolid, C/ Ramón Y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso. Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL). Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain
| | - J Miyan
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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248
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Sudiwala S, Palmer A, Massa V, Burns AJ, Dunlevy LPE, de Castro SCP, Savery D, Leung KY, Copp AJ, Greene NDE. Cellular mechanisms underlying Pax3-related neural tube defects and their prevention by folic acid. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm042234. [PMID: 31636139 PMCID: PMC6899032 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida and anencephaly, are among the most common birth defects worldwide, but their underlying genetic and cellular causes are not well understood. Some NTDs are preventable by supplemental folic acid. However, despite widespread use of folic acid supplements and implementation of food fortification in many countries, the protective mechanism is unclear. Pax3 mutant (splotch; Sp2H ) mice provide a model in which NTDs are preventable by folic acid and exacerbated by maternal folate deficiency. Here, we found that cell proliferation was diminished in the dorsal neuroepithelium of mutant embryos, corresponding to the region of abolished Pax3 function. This was accompanied by premature neuronal differentiation in the prospective midbrain. Contrary to previous reports, we did not find evidence that increased apoptosis could underlie failed neural tube closure in Pax3 mutant embryos, nor that inhibition of apoptosis could prevent NTDs. These findings suggest that Pax3 functions to maintain the neuroepithelium in a proliferative, undifferentiated state, allowing neurulation to proceed. NTDs in Pax3 mutants were not associated with abnormal abundance of specific folates and were not prevented by formate, a one-carbon donor to folate metabolism. Supplemental folic acid restored proliferation in the cranial neuroepithelium. This effect was mediated by enhanced progression of the cell cycle from S to G2 phase, specifically in the Pax3 mutant dorsal neuroepithelium. We propose that the cell-cycle-promoting effect of folic acid compensates for the loss of Pax3 and thereby prevents cranial NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sudiwala
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alexandra Palmer
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Valentina Massa
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alan J Burns
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Louisa P E Dunlevy
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sandra C P de Castro
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kit-Yi Leung
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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249
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Sutherland A, Keller R, Lesko A. Convergent extension in mammalian morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:199-211. [PMID: 31734039 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Convergent extension is a fundamental morphogenetic process that underlies not only the generation of the elongated vertebrate body plan from the initially radially symmetrical embryo, but also the specific shape changes characteristic of many individual tissues. These tissue shape changes are the result of specific cell behaviors, coordinated in time and space, and affected by the physical properties of the tissue. While mediolateral cell intercalation is the classic cellular mechanism for producing tissue convergence and extension, other cell behaviors can also provide similar tissue-scale distortions or can modulate the effects of mediolateral cell intercalation to sculpt a specific shape. Regulation of regional tissue morphogenesis through planar polarization of the variety of underlying cell behaviors is well-recognized, but as yet is not well understood at the molecular level. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the cellular basis for convergence and extension and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sutherland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Raymond Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Alyssa Lesko
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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250
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A combination insecticide at sub-lethal dose debilitated the expression pattern of crucial signalling molecules that facilitate craniofacial patterning in domestic chick Gallus domesticus. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 76:106836. [PMID: 31593814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides despite being agents that protect the plants and humans from noxious pests, are infamous for their potential to cause detrimental health issues in nontargeted species. In order to ascertain the latter, a set of experiments were conducted by exposing early chick embryos to a widely used combination insecticide (Ci, 50% chlorpyrifos and 5% cypermethrin). The results revealed a myriad of congenital defects pertaining to craniofacial development such as anophthalmia, microphthalmia, exencephaly as well as deformed beak and cranial structures. These teratological manifestations could be attributed to the Ci induced alteration in the titre of major regulators of neurulation and ossification. Therefore, the mRNA and/or the protein level expression pattern of genes which are reported to be involved in the craniofacial development were studied at selected time points of embryonic development. The analysis of the result showed that there have been significant alternations in the expression patterns of the signalling molecules such as SHH, WNTs, CDH1, CDH2, L1CAM, PAX6, HOX, PCNA, GLI3, BMP7, FGF8, GLIs, SOX9, RUNX2, DLX5, COL10A1, CASPASE3 etc. on embryonic days 2, 4 and/or 10. Concurrently, on day 10, whole-mount skeletal staining and biochemical estimation of hydroxyproline were carried out in the cranial tissues of the embryos. The overall result of the current study indicates that exposure to Ci during early development impede the crucial regulatory signals that orchestrate the morphogenesis of cranial neural crest cells thereby hindering the normal progression of neural tube and endochondral ossification which collectively lead to craniofacial dysmorphism in domestic chicks.
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