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Urabe F, Kosaka N, Yoshioka Y, Egawa S, Ochiya T. The small vesicular culprits: the investigation of extracellular vesicles as new targets for cancer treatment. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:45. [PMID: 29238879 PMCID: PMC5729179 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from almost all type of cells including cancer cells. EVs transfer their components, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNAs, lipids and proteins, from one cell to another, affecting the target cells. Emerging evidence suggests that reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and the cells in their microenvironment via EVs drive disease progression and therapy resistance. Therefore, understanding the roles of EVs in cancer biology will provide us with new opportunities to treat patients. EVs are also useful for monitoring disease processes. EVs have been found in many kinds of biological fluids such as blood, urine, saliva and semen. Because of their accessibility, EVs offer ease of collection with minimal discomfort to patients and are preferred for serial collection. In addition, they reflect and carry dynamic changes in disease, allowing us to access crucial molecular information about the disease status. Therefore, EVs hold great possibility as clinically useful biomarkers to provide multiple non-invasive snapshots of primary and metastatic tumors. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of miRNAs in EVs in cancer biology and as biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of miRNAs in EVs for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Urabe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shin Egawa
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8471, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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202
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Lee JY, Kim HS. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Double-Edged Sword. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:667-678. [PMID: 30603519 PMCID: PMC6171665 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles, are virtually secreted by all cells and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Loaded with proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and membrane lipids from their donor cells, these vesicles participate in normal physiological and pathogenic processes. In addition, these sub-cellular vesicles are implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that intercellular communication via EVs is responsible for the propagation of key pathogenic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer's diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders. For therapeutic perspective, EVs present advantage over other synthetic drug delivery systems or cell therapy; ability to cross biological barriers including blood brain barrier (BBB), ability to modulate inflammation and immune responses, stability and longer biodistribution with lack of tumorigenicity. In this review, we summarized the current state of EV research in central nervous system in terms of their values in diagnosis, disease pathology and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro, 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
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203
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Genome-wide Profiling of Urinary Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs Associated With Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes. Kidney Int Rep 2017; 3:555-572. [PMID: 29854963 PMCID: PMC5976846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a form of progressive kidney disease that often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is initiated by microvascular complications due to diabetes. Although microalbuminuria (MA) is the earliest clinical indication of DN among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), it lacks the sensitivity and specificity to detect the early onset of DN. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in diabetes as well as various forms of kidney disease, including renal fibrosis, acute kidney injury, and progressive kidney disease. Additionally, circulating extracellular miRNAs, especially miRNAs packaged in extracellular vesicles (EVs), have garnered significant attention as potential noninvasive biomarkers for various diseases and health conditions. Methods As part of the University of Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study, urine was collected from individuals with T1D with various grades of DN or MA (normal, overt, intermittent, and persistent) over a decade at prespecified intervals. We isolated EVs from urine and analyzed the small-RNA using NextGen sequencing. Results We identified a set of miRNAs that are enriched in urinary EVs compared with EV-depleted samples, and identified a number of miRNAs showing concentration changes associated with DN occurrence, MA status, and other variables, such as hemoglobin A1c levels. Conclusion Many of the miRNAs associated with DN occurrence or MA status directly target pathways associated with renal fibrosis (including transforming growth factor-β and phosphatase and tensin homolog), which is one of the major contributors to the pathology of DN. These miRNAs are potential biomarkers for DN and MA.
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204
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Simeoli R, Montague K, Jones HR, Castaldi L, Chambers D, Kelleher JH, Vacca V, Pitcher T, Grist J, Al-Ahdal H, Wong LF, Perretti M, Lai J, Mouritzen P, Heppenstall P, Malcangio M. Exosomal cargo including microRNA regulates sensory neuron to macrophage communication after nerve trauma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1778. [PMID: 29176651 PMCID: PMC5701122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Following peripheral axon injury, dysregulation of non-coding microRNAs (miRs) occurs in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons. Here we show that DRG neuron cell bodies release extracellular vesicles, including exosomes containing miRs, upon activity. We demonstrate that miR-21-5p is released in the exosomal fraction of cultured DRG following capsaicin activation of TRPV1 receptors. Pure sensory neuron-derived exosomes released by capsaicin are readily phagocytosed by macrophages in which an increase in miR-21-5p expression promotes a pro-inflammatory phenotype. After nerve injury in mice, miR-21-5p is upregulated in DRG neurons and both intrathecal delivery of a miR-21-5p antagomir and conditional deletion of miR-21 in sensory neurons reduce neuropathic hypersensitivity as well as the extent of inflammatory macrophage recruitment in the DRG. We suggest that upregulation and release of miR-21 contribute to sensory neuron–macrophage communication after damage to the peripheral nerve. Exosomes are known to contain microRNAs (miRs). Here the authors show that dorsal root ganglion neurons release exosomes containing miR-21-5p, which contributes to inflammatory cell recruitment following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Simeoli
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Karli Montague
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Hefin R Jones
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Laura Castaldi
- EMBL Monterotondo, Via Ramarini 32, 00016, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - David Chambers
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jayne H Kelleher
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Valentina Vacca
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Pitcher
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - John Grist
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Hadil Al-Ahdal
- School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Science Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Liang-Fong Wong
- School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Science Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Marzia Malcangio
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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205
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Fu H, Hu D, Zhang L, Tang P. Role of extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:125-132. [PMID: 29175592 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), playing important roles in antigen presentation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell-cell signal communication, thrombosis, and articular cartilage extracellular matrix degradation. Understanding the pathogenic mechanism of RA is important for developing therapies. The pathogenic indicators of RA, such as submicron-sized EVs, represent promising biomarkers for evaluating RA activity. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of RA, and sheds light on the pathogenic as well as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive roles of EVs. We suggest that EVs could be harnessed as tools for drug delivery or targets for RA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300110, China
| | - Die Hu
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, the General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China.
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206
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Pando A, Reagan JL, Quesenberry P, Fast LD. Extracellular vesicles in leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 64:52-60. [PMID: 29190514 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are nano-sized membrane enclosed vehicles that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and carry cargo that is representative of the parent cell. Recent studies have highlighted the significant roles leukemia EVs play in tumor progression, and ways in which they can lead to treatment evasion, thus meriting further investigation. Leukemia EVs are involved in crosstalk between the leukemia cell and its surroundings, transforming it into a cancer favorable microenvironment. Due to the diverse biological content found in leukemia EVs, they have an assortment of effects on the cells they interact with and can be harnessed as candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. This review focuses on EVs in the context of leukemia and the means by which they modulate their microenvironment, hematopoiesis, and the immune system to facilitate malignancy. We will also address current and prospective EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pando
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John L Reagan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Loren D Fast
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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207
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Pang L, Zhang C, Qin J, Han L, Li R, Hong C, He H, Wang J. A novel strategy to achieve effective drug delivery: exploit cells as carrier combined with nanoparticles. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:83-91. [PMID: 28155538 PMCID: PMC8241159 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated drug delivery systems employ specific cells as drug vehicles to deliver drugs to targeted sites. Therapeutics or imaging agents are loaded into these cells and then released in diseased sites. These specific cells mainly include red blood cells, leukocytes, stem cells and so on. The cell acts as a Trojan horse to transfer the drug from circulating blood to the diseased tissue. In such a system, these cells keep their original properties, which allow them to mimic the migration behavior of specific cells to carry drug to the targeted site after in vivo administration. This strategy elegantly combines the advantages of both carriers, i.e. the adjustability of nanoparticles (NPs) and the natural functions of active cells, which therefore provides a new perspective to challenge current obstacles in drug delivery. This review will describe a fundamental understanding of these cell-based drug delivery systems, and discuss the great potential of combinational application of cell carrier and NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Jing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Limei Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
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208
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Finetti F, Cassioli C, Baldari CT. Transcellular communication at the immunological synapse: a vesicular traffic-mediated mutual exchange. F1000Res 2017; 6:1880. [PMID: 29123650 PMCID: PMC5657015 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11944.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell’s ability to communicate with the extracellular environment, with other cells, and with itself is a crucial feature of eukaryotic organisms. In the immune system, T lymphocytes assemble a specialized structure upon contact with antigen-presenting cells bearing a peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligand, known as the immunological synapse (IS). The IS has been extensively characterized as a signaling platform essential for T-cell activation. Moreover, emerging evidence identifies the IS as a device for vesicular traffic-mediated cell-to-cell communication as well as an active release site of soluble molecules. Here, we will review recent advances in the role of vesicular trafficking in IS assembly and focused secretion of microvesicles at the synaptic area in naïve T cells and discuss the role of the IS in transcellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
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209
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Wang J, Li W, Lu Z, Zhang L, Hu Y, Li Q, Du W, Feng X, Jia H, Liu BF. The use of RGD-engineered exosomes for enhanced targeting ability and synergistic therapy toward angiogenesis. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15598-15605. [PMID: 28990632 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Promoted therapeutic angiogenesis is a major objective in the area of regenerative medicine, and sufficient vascularization of artificial tissues or organs is one of the main difficulties for the realization of tissue engineering methods. The identification of new kinds of pro-angiogenic materials will greatly profit developments in regenerative medicine. The use of exosomes for this intention is a considerably new idea developed in recent years. However, several limitations need to be addressed before their use as clinical therapeutics, including the lack of efficient exosome enrichment and methods to endow exosomes with targeting ability. Herein, we pioneered biomimetic particles with topographic structures for exosome isolation. Using this system, nearly 80% of exosomes were isolated in 30 min. Through a donor cell-assisted membrane modification strategy, the isolated exosomes exhibited increased targeting to blood vessels due to the modified Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide on the exosome membrane, and simultaneously possessed a synergistic therapeutic angiogenesis effect and angiogenesis imaging attributed to metabolic labeling by click chemistry both in vitro and in vivo. The engineered exosomes represent a potential new therapeutic tool for angiogenesis therapy and imaging in a bio-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics &Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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210
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Niu Z, Pang RTK, Liu W, Li Q, Cheng R, Yeung WSB. Polymer-based precipitation preserves biological activities of extracellular vesicles from an endometrial cell line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186534. [PMID: 29023592 PMCID: PMC5638560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by cells and act as media for transfer of proteins, small RNAs and mRNAs to distant sites. They can be isolated by different methods. However, the biological activities of the purified EVs have seldom been studied. In this study, we compared the use of ultracentrifugation (UC), ultra-filtration (UF), polymer-based precipitation (PBP), and PBP with size-based purification (PBP+SP) for isolation of EVs from human endometrial cells and mouse uterine luminal fluid (ULF). Electron microscopy revealed that the diameters of the isolated EVs were similar among the tested methods. UF recovered the highest number of EVs followed by PBP, while UC and PBP+SP were significantly less efficient (P<0.05). Based on the number of EVs-to-protein ratios, PBP had the least protein contamination, significantly better than the other methods (P<0.05). All the isolated EVs expressed exosome-enriched proteins CD63, TSG101 and HSP70. Incubation of the trophoblast JEG-3 cells with an equal amount of the fluorescence-labelled EVs isolated by the studied methods showed that many of the PBP-EVs treated cells were fluorescence positive but only a few cells were labelled in the UC- and UF-EVs treated groups. Moreover, the PBP-EVs could transfer significantly more miRNA to the recipient cells than the other 3 methods (P<0.05). The PBP method could isolate EVs from mouse ULF; the diameter of the isolated EVs was 62±19 nm and expressed CD63, TSG101 and HSP70 proteins. In conclusion, PBP could best preserve the activities of the isolated EVs among the 4 methods studied and was able to isolate EVs from a small volume of sample. The simple setup and low equipment demands makes PBP the most suitable method for rapid EV assessment and isolation of EVs in clinical and basic research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziru Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ronald T. K. Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranran Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - William S. B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center of Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
- * E-mail:
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211
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Saliva-Exosomics in Cancer: Molecular Characterization of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Saliva. Enzymes 2017; 42:125-151. [PMID: 29054268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted by most cells and detected in saliva. Pathophysiological roles for salivary exosomes are beginning to be recognized in diseases including cancer, highlighting potential biomarkers and biological functions. Since early detection of cancer is vital for successful treatment, salivary exosomes would be advantageous in achieving a better survival rate due to their ready availability and noninvasiveness. The use of salivary exosomes may therefore be promising in the accurate detection of premalignant lesions and early-stage cancers, also for better our understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we review our current knowledge of salivaomics, focusing on nucleic acids and proteins in saliva as potential cancer biomarkers. Since salivaomics is a rapidly evolving field, we hope to expand frameworks toward salivary exosomes, integrate new and existing information, and bridge salivaomics with other biomedical researches. Furthermore, we would like to coin the term "saliva-exosomics" as the next-generation salivaomics. Our goal in this chapter is to provide the most updated information on cancer-derived exosomes in the saliva as natural carriers of biomarkers and signaling molecules. Major advances include definitive structure analysis and molecular characterization of salivary exosomes. We also highlight the exosome biogenesis and cargo trafficking mechanisms in which recent animal studies have expanded our understanding of exosome-mediated transfer of cancer-derived products from distal tumor to salivary gland. The potential roles of the salivary exosomes in cancer progression and immune surveillance are also addressed.
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212
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Komaki M, Numata Y, Morioka C, Honda I, Tooi M, Yokoyama N, Ayame H, Iwasaki K, Taki A, Oshima N, Morita I. Exosomes of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells stimulate angiogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:219. [PMID: 28974256 PMCID: PMC5627451 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be attributed partly to humoral factors such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Human term placental tissue-derived MSCs (PlaMSCs), or conditioned medium left over from cultures of these cells, have been reported to enhance angiogenesis. Recently, the exosome, which can transport a diverse suite of macromolecules, has gained attention as a novel intercellular communication tool. However, the potential role of the exosome in PlaMSC therapeutic action is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PlaMSC-derived exosome angiogenesis promotion in vitro and in vivo. METHODS MSCs were isolated from human term placental tissue by enzymatic digestion. Conditioned medium was collected after 48-h incubation in serum-free medium (PlaMSC-CM). Angiogenic factors present in PlaMSC-CM were screened by a growth factor array. Exosomes were prepared by ultracentrifugation of PlaMSC-CM, and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and western blot analyses. The proangiogenic activity of PlaMSC-derived exosomes (PlaMSC-exo) was assessed using an endothelial tube formation assay, a cell migration assay, and reverse transcription-PCR analysis. The in-vivo angiogenic activity of PlaMSC-exo was evaluated using a murine auricle ischemic injury model. RESULTS PlaMSC-CM contained both angiogenic and angiostatic factors, which enhanced endothelial tube formation. PlaMSC-exo were incorporated into endothelial cells; these exosomes stimulated both endothelial tube formation and migration, and enhanced angiogenesis-related gene expression. Laser Doppler blood flow analysis showed that PlaMSC-exo infusion also enhanced angiogenesis in an in-vivo murine auricle ischemic injury model. CONCLUSIONS PlaMSC-exo enhanced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that exosomes play a role in the proangiogenic activity of PlaMSCs. PlaMSC-exo may be a novel therapeutic approach for treating ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Komaki
- Department of Nanomedicine (DNP), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan. .,Current Address: Kanagawa Dental University, Yokohama Clinic, Tsuruya-cho 3-31-6, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0835, Japan.
| | - Yuri Numata
- Department of Nanomedicine (DNP), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Honda
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tooi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yokoyama
- Life Science Department, Research and Development Division for Applied Technology, Research and Development Center, Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd, 250-1, Wakashiba, Kashiwa-city, Chiba, 277-0871, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ayame
- Life Science Department, Research and Development Division for Applied Technology, Research and Development Center, Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd, 250-1, Wakashiba, Kashiwa-city, Chiba, 277-0871, Japan
| | - Kengo Iwasaki
- Department of Nanomedicine (DNP), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Taki
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Oshima
- Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Morita
- Department of Nanomedicine (DNP), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
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213
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Herkenham M, Kigar SL. Contributions of the adaptive immune system to mood regulation: Mechanisms and pathways of neuroimmune interactions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:49-57. [PMID: 27613155 PMCID: PMC5339070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and basic studies of functional interactions between adaptive immunity, affective states, and brain function are reviewed, and the neural, humoral, and cellular routes of bidirectional communication between the brain and the adaptive immune system are evaluated. In clinical studies of depressed populations, lymphocytes-the principal cells of the adaptive immune system-exhibit altered T cell subtype ratios and CD4+ helper T cell polarization profiles. In basic studies using psychological stress to model depression, T cell profiles are altered as well, consistent with stress effects conveyed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. Lymphocytes in turn have effects on behavior and CNS structure and function. CD4+ T cells in particular appear to modify affective behavior and rates of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis. These observations force the question of how such actions are carried out. CNS effects may occur via cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby effector memory T cells and the cytokine profiles they produce in the blood interact with the blood-brain barrier in ways that remain to be clarified. Understanding the mechanisms by which T cells polarize and interact with the brain to alter mood states is key to advances in the field, and may permit development of therapies that target cells in the periphery, thus bypassing problems associated with bioavailability of drugs within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Stacey L Kigar
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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214
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Plasma membrane-derived extracellular microvesicles mediate non-canonical intercellular NOTCH signaling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:709. [PMID: 28955033 PMCID: PMC5617834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ARMMs (arrestin domain-containing protein 1 (ARRDC1)-mediated microvesicles) are extracellular vesicles that bud directly at the plasma membrane; however, little is known about the molecular composition and physiological function of these vesicles. Here we report that ARMMs contain active NOTCH receptors and mediate a non-canonical intercellular NOTCH signaling. We identify over 100 proteins that are significantly enriched in ARMMs, including ARRDC1, TSG101 and multiple ESCRT complex proteins. About a third of ARMMs-enriched proteins are plasma membrane proteins, including the NOTCH2 receptor. The incorporation of NOTCH2 into ARMMs is facilitated by the ITCH E3 ligase and the metalloprotease ADAM10, both of which are also secreted into ARMMs. NOTCH2 in ARMMs can be delivered into recipient cells, and upon activation by γ-secretase cleavage, induces NOTCH-specific gene expression. Together, our findings reveal a role for ARMMs in a novel NOTCH signaling pathway that acts in distance and is independent of direct cell–cell contact. ARMMs are extracellular vesicles that bud directly at the plasma membrane; their function is poorly understood. Here the authors purify and carryout a proteomics analysis of the protein components of ARMMs, and show that NOTCH receptors are recruited into ARMMs and can be transferred to recipient cells to mediate NOTCH signaling.
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215
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The Role of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Tumorigenicity & Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9080105. [PMID: 28796150 PMCID: PMC5575608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their basement membrane interaction and acquire a more migratory, mesenchymal phenotype. EMT has been implicated in cancer cell progression, as cells transform and increase motility and invasiveness, induce angiogenesis, and metastasize. Exosomes are 30-100 nm membrane-bound vesicles that are formed and excreted by all cell types and released into the extracellular environment. Exosomal contents include DNA, mRNA, miRNA, as well as transmembrane- and membrane-bound proteins derived from their host cell contents. Exosomes are involved in intercellular signaling, both by membrane fusion to recipient cells with deposition of exosomal contents into the cytoplasm and by the binding of recipient cell membrane receptors. Recent work has implicated cancer-derived exosomes as an important mediator of intercellular signaling and EMT, with resultant transformation of cancer cells to a more aggressive phenotype, as well as the tropism of metastatic disease in specific cancer types with the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche.
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216
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Iwai S, Kurosu S, Sasaki H, Kato K, Maekawa T. Trapping and proliferation of target cells on C 60 fullerene nano fibres. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00386. [PMID: 28840196 PMCID: PMC5558543 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratio of the surface area to the volume of materials increases in inverse proportion to their size and therefore the surface area of nanostructures and nanomaterials is extremely large compared to that of macroscopic materials of the same volume, thanks to which it is supposed that chemical and biochemical reactions may be greatly enhanced and target molecules and cells may be efficiently trapped on the surface of nanomaterials. It is well known that C60 molecules are stable both physically and chemically and the affinity of C60 molecules with biomolecules is rather high. Here, we synthesise fibres composed of C60 and sulphur and immobilise the surface of the fibres with the primary antibody; i.e., epithelial cell adhesion molecules (anti-EpCAM), to trap target cells. The primary antibody is evenly immobilised on the fibres confirmed by a fluorescent secondary antibody attached to the primary one and then TE2 esophageal and DLD-1 colon cancer cells are successfully trapped by the primary antibody immobilised on the fibres thanks to its high affinity with TE2 and DLD-1 cells, whereas few IM9 B lymphoblast cells are captured on the fibres since the affinity of the primary antibody with IM9 cells is extremely low. Furthermore, those cells trapped by the primary antibody immobilised on the fibres proliferate faster than native cells thanks to the primary antibody acting as a growth factor. The present result suggests that different types of cells can be trapped and grown on nano fibres by immobilising appropriate antibody molecules on the surface of the fibres. Even an extremely small number of cells in sample fluids may be analysed and characterised for the detection of diseases such as cancer in the early stage by trapping and proliferating target cells on the fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Iwai
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Shunji Kurosu
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kato
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
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217
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Eltoukhy HS, Sinha G, Moore CA, Sandiford OA, Rameshwar P. Immune modulation by a cellular network of mesenchymal stem cells and breast cancer cell subsets: Implication for cancer therapy. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:33-41. [PMID: 28779846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune modulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mostly controlled by the particular microenvironment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which can initiate a clinical tumor, have been the subject of intense research. This review article discusses investigative studies of the roles of MSCs on cancer biology including on CSCs, and the potential as drug delivery to tumors. An understanding of how MSCs behave in the tumor microenvironment to facilitate the survival of tumor cells would be crucial to identify drug targets. More importantly, since CSCs survive for decades in dormancy for later resurgence, studies are presented to show how MSCs could be involved in maintaining dormancy. Although the mechanism by which CSCs survive is complex, this article focus on the cellular involvement of MSCs with regard to immune responses. We discuss the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSC-CSC interaction in the context of therapeutic outcomes in oncology. We also discuss immunotherapy as a potential to circumventing this immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam S Eltoukhy
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine-Hematology-Oncology, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Garima Sinha
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine-Hematology-Oncology, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Caitlyn A Moore
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine-Hematology-Oncology, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Oleta A Sandiford
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine-Hematology-Oncology, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine-Hematology-Oncology, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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218
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Guo J, Chang C, Li W. The role of secreted heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) in wound healing - how could it shape future therapeutics? Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:665-675. [PMID: 28715921 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1355244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defects in tissue repair or wound healing pose a clinical, economic and social problem worldwide. Despite decades of studies, there have been few effective therapeutic treatments. Areas covered: We discuss the possible reasons for why growth factor therapy did not succeed. We point out the lack of human disorder-relevant animal models as another blockade for therapeutic development. We summarize the recent discovery of secreted heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) as a novel wound healing agent. Expert commentary: Wound healing is a highly complex and multistep process that requires participations of many cell types, extracellular matrices and soluble molecules to work together in a spatial and temporal fashion within the wound microenvironment. The time that wounds remain open directly correlates with the clinical mortality associated with wounds. This time urgency makes the healing process impossible to regenerate back to the unwounded stage, rather forces it to take many shortcuts in order to protect life. Therefore, for therapeutic purpose, it is crucial to identify so-called 'driver genes' for the life-saving phase of wound closure. Keratinocyte-secreted Hsp90α was discovered in 2007 and has shown the promise by overcoming several key hurdles that have blocked the effectiveness of growth factors during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacong Guo
- a Department of Dermatology and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre , University of Southern California Keck Medical Centre , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Cheng Chang
- a Department of Dermatology and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre , University of Southern California Keck Medical Centre , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Wei Li
- a Department of Dermatology and the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre , University of Southern California Keck Medical Centre , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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219
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Conway de Macario E, Logozzi M, Fais S, Campanella C. Exosomal HSP60: a potentially useful biomarker for diagnosis, assessing prognosis, and monitoring response to treatment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:815-822. [PMID: 28718351 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1356230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-to-cell communication is imperative for life and it is mediated by sending and receiving information via the secretion and subsequent receptor-mediated detection of biological molecules. Exosomes (EXs) secreted from cells to the extracellular environment play an important role in intercellular communication in normal and pathological conditions. Areas covered: New evidence indicates that tumor cells-derived EXs contribute to cancer progression through the modulation of tumor microenvironment. The exosomal heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is very likely a key player in intercellular cross-talk, particularly during the progress of diseases, such as cancer. Many studies have focused on the extracellular roles played by HSP60 that pertain to cancer development and immune system stimulation. Our experimental data in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that HSP60 occurs on the surface of EXs secreted by tumour cells. Expert commentary: Exosomal HSP60 has great potential for clinical applications, as a 'liquid biopsy', including its use as biomarker for diagnostics, assessing prognosis, and monitoring disease progression and response to treatment, particularly in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- a Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- a Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.,b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland at Baltimore; and IMET , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine , University of Maryland at Baltimore; and IMET , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- d Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- b Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST) , Palermo , Italy.,d Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- a Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
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220
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Wowk PF, Zardo ML, Miot HT, Goldenberg S, Carvalho PC, Mörking PA. Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles secreted from Toxoplasma gondii. Proteomics 2017. [PMID: 28643940 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects a wide range of hosts worldwide, including humans and domesticated animals causing toxoplasmosis disease. Recently, exosomes, small extracellular vesicles (EV) that contain nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids derived from their original cells were linked with disease protection. The effect of EVs derived from T. gondii on the immune response and its relevance in a physiological context is unknown. Here we disclose the first proteomic profiling of T. gondii EVs compared to EVs isolated from a human foreskin fibroblast infected cell line cultured in a vesicle-free medium. Our results reveal a broad range of canonical exosomes proteins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD004895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Zardo
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Halisson Tesseroli Miot
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Samuel Goldenberg
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alves Mörking
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-PR, R. Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader, Curitiba - PR, Brazil
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221
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Chen YD, Fang YT, Cheng YL, Lin CF, Hsu LJ, Wang SY, Anderson R, Chang CP, Lin YS. Exophagy of annexin A2 via RAB11, RAB8A and RAB27A in IFN-γ-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5676. [PMID: 28720835 PMCID: PMC5516008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2), a phospholipid-binding protein, has multiple biological functions depending on its cellular localization. We previously demonstrated that IFN-γ-triggered ANXA2 secretion is associated with exosomal release. Here, we show that IFN-γ-induced autophagy is essential for the extracellular secretion of ANXA2 in lung epithelial cells. We observed colocalization of ANXA2-containing autophagosomes with multivesicular bodies (MVBs) after IFN-γ stimulation, followed by exosomal release. IFN-γ-induced exophagic release of ANXA2 could not be observed in ATG5-silenced or mutant RAB11-expressing cells. Furthermore, knockdown of RAB8A and RAB27A, but not RAB27B, reduced IFN-γ-triggered ANXA2 secretion. Surface translocation of ANXA2 enhanced efferocytosis by epithelial cells, and inhibition of different exophagic steps, including autophagosome formation, fusion of autophagosomes with MVBs, and fusion of amphisomes with plasma membrane, reduced ANXA2-mediated efferocytosis. Our data reveal a novel route of IFN-γ-induced exophagy of ANXA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Da Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Robert Anderson
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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222
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Tamura R, Uemoto S, Tabata Y. Augmented liver targeting of exosomes by surface modification with cationized pullulan. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:274-284. [PMID: 28483695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane nanoparticles containing biological substances that are employed as therapeutics in experimental inflammatory models. Surface modification of exosomes for better tissue targetability and enhancement of their therapeutic ability was recently attempted mainly using gene transfection techniques. Here, we show for the first time that the surface modification of exosomes with cationized pullulan, which has the ability to target hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptors, can target injured liver and enhance the therapeutic effect of exosomes. Surface modification can be achieved by a simple mixing of original exosomes and cationized pullulan and through an electrostatic interaction of both substances. The exosomes modified with cationized pullulan were internalized into HepG2 cells in vitro to a significantly greater extent than unmodified ones and this internalization was induced through the asialoglycoprotein receptor that was specifically expressed on HepG2 cells and hepatocytes. When injected intravenously into mice with concanavalin A-induced liver injury, the modified exosomes accumulated in the liver tissue, resulting in an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. It is concluded that the surface modification with cationized pullulan promoted accumulation of the exosomes in the liver and the subsequent biological function, resulting in a greater therapeutic effect on liver injury. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Exosomes have shown potentials as therapeutics for various inflammatory disease models. This study is the first to show the specific accumulation of exosomes in the liver and enhanced anti-inflammatory effect via the surface modification of exosomes using pullulan, which is specifically recognized by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (AGPR) on HepG2 cells and hepatocytes. The pullulan was expressed on the surface of PKH-labeled exosomes, and it led increased accumulation of PKH into HepG2 cells, whereas the accumulation was canceled by AGPR inhibitor. In the mouse liver injury model, the modification of PKH-labeled exosomes with pullulan enabled increased accumulation of PKH specifically in the injured liver. Furthermore the greater therapeutic effects against the liver injury compared with unmodified original exosomes was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan; Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
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223
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Abstract
Unlike B cells, CD8-positive and CD4-positive T cells of the adaptive immune system do not recognize intact foreign proteins but instead recognize polypeptide fragments of potential antigens. These antigenic peptides are expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells bound to MHC class I and MHC class II proteins. Here, we review the basics of antigen acquisition by antigen presenting cells, antigen proteolysis into polypeptide fragments, antigenic peptide binding to MHC proteins, and surface display of both MHC class I-peptide and MHC class II-peptide complexes.
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224
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Bidarimath M, Tayade C. Pregnancy and spontaneous fetal loss: A pig perspective. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:856-869. [PMID: 28661560 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pigs have a unique, non-invasive epitheliochorial placenta where maternal and fetal layers lay in apposition. Indentation of fetal capillaries into the trophoblasts and maternal capillaries into the uterine epithelium reduce the distance between the fetal and maternal blood, ensuring nutrient transfer for proper conceptus development. Another unique feature of pig pregnancy is conceptus-mediated immune cell enrichment during the early stages of conceptus attachment (around gestation Day 15). This period coincides with the development of vasculature networks at the maternal-fetal interface, which is critical for successful conceptus growth. Specific chemokines, their receptors, and chemokine decoy receptor networks coordinate this immune cell enrichment and the positioning at the maternal-fetal interface. The recruited immune cells, in turn, adopt a specialized phenotype to support key processes of maternal-fetal adaptations, including tolerance to the semi-allogeneic fetus and supporting vascularization. Disturbance in coordinated cross talk between the conceptus and maternal endometrium is an important mechanism associated with spontaneous fetal loss. The exact mechanism of fetal loss is still not yet identified, although research in the last two decades point to various factors including genetics, nutrition, uterine capacity, placental efficiency, and imbalanced immune factors at the maternal-fetal interface. In this review, we summarize some of the recent advances in endometrial immune cell functions and their regulation. We also provide insights into endometrial/placental transcriptome, microRNA biology, and extravesicular transport across the maternal-fetal interface, as well as their potential implications in porcine pregnancy success or failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Bidarimath
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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225
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Leone DA, Peschel A, Brown M, Schachner H, Ball MJ, Gyuraszova M, Salzer-Muhar U, Fukuda M, Vizzardelli C, Bohle B, Rees AJ, Kain R. Surface LAMP-2 Is an Endocytic Receptor That Diverts Antigen Internalized by Human Dendritic Cells into Highly Immunogenic Exosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:531-546. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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226
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Desrochers LM, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Extracellular Vesicles: Satellites of Information Transfer in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology. Dev Cell 2017; 37:301-309. [PMID: 27219060 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation and shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), by cells has emerged as a form of intercellular communication with important roles in several physiological processes and diseases such as cancer. These membrane-enclosed packets can transfer specific proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA to target cells, thereby altering their function. Despite the exponential growth of the EV field, a great deal remains unclear about the mechanisms that regulate exosome and MV biogenesis, as well as about how to isolate different classes of EVs and how to best take advantage of them for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Desrochers
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA.
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227
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Comparative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in cells and exosomes under toluene exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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228
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Lee I, Baxter D, Lee MY, Scherler K, Wang K. The Importance of Standardization on Analyzing Circulating RNA. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 21:259-268. [PMID: 28039578 PMCID: PMC5426982 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), have recently emerged as non-invasive disease biomarkers. Despite enthusiasm and numerous reports on disease-associated circulating miRNAs, currently there is no circulating miRNA-based diagnostic in use. In addition, there are many contradictory reports on the concentration changes of specific miRNA in circulation. Here we review the impact of various technical and non-technical factors related to circulating miRNA measurement and elucidate the importance of having a general guideline for sample preparation and concentration measurement in studying circulating RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98019, USA
| | - David Baxter
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98019, USA
| | - Min Young Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98019, USA
| | - Kelsey Scherler
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98019, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98019, USA.
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229
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Lin CC, Abemayor E, Wang MB, Wong DTW. The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:38-52. [PMID: 26662481 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saliva contains a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, coding and noncoding RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota. The changes in the salivary levels of these molecular constituents can be used to develop markers for disease detection and risk assessment. Use of saliva as an early-detection tool is a promising approach because collection of saliva is easy and noninvasive. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics, accomplished using salivaomics approaches, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiomic technologies. Additionally, we illustrate the mechanisms of how diseases distal from the oral cavity can lead to the appearance of discriminatory biomarkers in saliva, and discuss the relevance of these markers for translational and clinical applications.
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230
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Shen G, Krienke S, Schiller P, Nießen A, Neu S, Eckstein V, Schiller M, Lorenz HM, Tykocinski LO. Microvesicles released by apoptotic human neutrophils suppress proliferation and IL-2/IL-2 receptor expression of resting T helper cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:900-910. [PMID: 28295230 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-coated microvesicles (MVs) have been identified as important mediators in intercellular communication. During the process of apoptosis, dying cells dynamically release MVs. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of leukocytes in the circulation. Due to their very short lifespan, it is likely that they are the source of large amounts of apoptotic cell-derived MVs. Here, we show that MVs released by apoptotic human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (apoPMN-MVs), but not the apoptotic neutrophils themselves, selectively suppress the proliferation of CD25 (IL-2Rα)neg CD127 (IL-7Rα)pos Th cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the proliferation of total T cells is not affected by MVs. Importantly, apoPMN-MVs suppress the secretion of IL-2 as well as the expression of and signaling via the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) by CD25neg CD127pos Th cells. Addition of IL-7 strongly reduced the suppression of T-cell proliferation by MVs and the addition of IL-2 completely abrogated the suppressive effect. Thus, apoPMN-MVs suppressed a subset of Th cells by downregulating IL-2 and IL-2R expression and signaling. This may represent an important mechanism to prevent the activation and expansion of resting T cells in the absence of sufficient cytokine stimulation, and thereby maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Stefan Krienke
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schiller
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Nießen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neu
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Eckstein
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,ACURA Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Baden-Baden, Germany
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231
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Hough KP, Chanda D, Duncan SR, Thannickal VJ, Deshane JS. Exosomes in immunoregulation of chronic lung diseases. Allergy 2017; 72:534-544. [PMID: 27859351 DOI: 10.1111/all.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles released from cells that transport cargo including DNA, RNA, and proteins, between cells as a form of intercellular communication. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, exosomes are beginning to be appreciated as agents of immunoregulation that can modulate antigen presentation, immune activation, suppression, and surveillance. This article summarizes how these multifaceted functions of exosomes may promote development and/or progression of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. The potential of exosomes as a novel therapeutic is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Hough
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - D. Chanda
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - S. R. Duncan
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - V. J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - J. S. Deshane
- Department of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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232
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Natural Killer Cells in the Orchestration of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4218254. [PMID: 28428965 PMCID: PMC5385901 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4218254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, altered immune cell phenotype, and functions are key features shared by diverse chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Natural killer cells are innate lymphoid cells primarily involved in the immune system response to non-self-components but their plasticity is largely influenced by the pathological microenvironment. Altered NK phenotype and function have been reported in several pathological conditions, basically related to impaired or enhanced toxicity. Here we reviewed and discussed the role of NKs in selected, different, and “distant” chronic diseases, cancer, diabetes, periodontitis, and atherosclerosis, placing NK cells as crucial orchestrator of these pathologic conditions.
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233
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Kang H, Kim J, Park J. Methods to isolate extracellular vesicles for diagnosis. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-017-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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234
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Potential Modes of Intercellular α-Synuclein Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020469. [PMID: 28241427 PMCID: PMC5344001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular aggregates of the α-synuclein protein result in cell loss and dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonism, such as multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. Each of these neurodegenerative conditions, known collectively as α-synucleinopathies, may be characterized by a different suite of molecular triggers that initiate pathogenesis. The mechanisms whereby α-synuclein aggregates mediate cytotoxicity also remain to be fully elucidated. However, recent studies have implicated the cell-to-cell spread of α-synuclein as the major mode of disease propagation between brain regions during disease progression. Here, we review the current evidence for different modes of α-synuclein cellular release, movement and uptake, including exocytosis, exosomes, tunneling nanotubes, glymphatic flow and endocytosis. A more detailed understanding of the major modes by which α-synuclein pathology spreads throughout the brain may provide new targets for therapies that halt the progression of disease.
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235
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Shen J, Huang CK, Yu H, Shen B, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Li Z, Feng X, Zhao J, Duan L, Cai X. The role of exosomes in hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:986-992. [PMID: 28224705 PMCID: PMC5387156 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles that were initially thought to be a mechanism for discarding unneeded membrane proteins from reticulocytes. Their mediation of intercellular communication appears to be associated with several biological functions. Current studies have shown that most mammalian cells undergo the process of exosome formation and utilize exosome‐mediated cell communication. Exosomes contain various microRNAs, mRNAs and proteins. They have been reported to mediate multiple functions, such as antigen presentation, immune escape and tumour progression. This concise review highlights the findings regarding the roles of exosomes in liver diseases, particularly hepatitis B, hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, further elucidation of the contributions of exosomes to intercellular information transmission is needed. The potential medical applications of exosomes in liver diseases seem practical and will depend on the ingenuity of future investigators and their insights into exosome‐mediated biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuelong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheyong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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236
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Jiang XC, Gao JQ. Exosomes as novel bio-carriers for gene and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:167-175. [PMID: 28216464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical treatments have stalled in certain diseases due to a lack of proper therapeutic delivery systems. Recent studies have identified exosomes for their potential use as cell-free therapies, which may provide a novel mechanism for solving this problem. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that can transport rich cargos of proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA. It is increasingly recognized that exosomes play a complex role in not only the physiological conditions but also pathological ones. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes are of paramount importance in distant cell-cell communication because they can enter the circulation when secreted and pass through additional biological barriers. As a result, interest has exploded surrounding the functional parameters of exosomes and their potential applications as delivery vehicles for small molecule therapies. In this review, we discuss the potential of exosomes to be utilized as "natural nanoparticles" to deliver drugs and genes, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared to other delivery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chi Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, PR China.
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, PR China.
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237
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Abstract
Virtually all cells in the organism secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicles that transport and deliver payloads of proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells, thus playing central roles in cell-cell communications. Exosomes, nanosized EVs of endosomal origin, regulate many pathophysiological processes including immune responses and inflammation, tumour growth, and infection. Healthy subjects and patients with different diseases release exosomes with different RNA and protein contents into the circulation, which can be measured as biomarkers. The discovery of exosomes as natural carriers of functional small RNA and proteins has raised great interest in the drug delivery field, as it may be possible to harness these vesicles for therapeutic delivery of miRNA, siRNA, mRNA, lncRNA, peptides, and synthetic drugs. However, systemically delivered exosomes accumulate in liver, kidney, and spleen. Targeted exosomes can be obtained by displaying targeting molecules, such as peptides or antibody fragments recognizing target antigens, on the outer surface of exosomes. Display of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nanobodies on EVs is a novel technique that enables EV display of a variety of proteins including antibodies, reporter proteins, and signaling molecules. However, naturally secreted exosomes show limited pharmaceutical acceptability. Engineered exosome mimetics that incorporate desirable components of natural exosomes into synthetic liposomes or nanoparticles, and are assembled using controllable procedures may be more acceptable pharmaceutically. In this communication, we review the current understanding of physiological and pathophysiological roles of exosomes, their potential applications as diagnostic markers, and current efforts to develop improved exosome-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Barile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Lugano, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Vassalli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Lugano, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland; Dept. of Cardiology, University of Lausanne Medical Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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238
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Montecalvo A, Watkins SC, Orange J, Kane LP. Inducible turnover of optineurin regulates T cell activation. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:9-17. [PMID: 28192730 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Optineurin (Optn) is an adaptor protein with homology to NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), the regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex. Dysregulation of Optn has been linked to neurodegenerative, autoimmune and bone diseases. Optn shares a high degree of homology with NEMO, but is not part of the same high-molecular weight complex containing IKKα and IKKβ. Despite its homology with NEMO and the fact that it has been the subject of extensive study in several cell types, there are no published studies addressing the role of Optn during T cell activation. Here we demonstrate that ectopic expression of Optn down-regulates TCR-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production, in a manner dependent on ubiquitin-binding. Conversely, knock-down of Optn enhances NF-κB activation and the production of TNF-α. Consistent with a negative regulatory role for this protein, we observed transient loss of Optn after TCR stimulation in both cell lines and in primary murine T cells. The acute loss of Optn appears to be due to both protein degradation and exocytosis, the latter via activation-induced exosomes. This study therefore provides novel information regarding the role of Optn during TCR activation, suggesting the possible importance of Optn during inflammation and/or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Montecalvo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Jordan Orange
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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239
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Yang JS, Lee JC, Byeon SK, Rha KH, Moon MH. Size Dependent Lipidomic Analysis of Urinary Exosomes from Patients with Prostate Cancer by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2488-2496. [PMID: 28192938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication and tumor cell metastasis. In this study, flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) was utilized to separate urinary exosomes by size, demonstrating a significant difference in exosome sizes between healthy controls and patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Exosome fractions of different sizes were collected for microscopic analysis during an FlFFF run and evaluated with exosome marker proteins using Western blot analysis. The results indicated that exosomes of different sizes originated from different types of cells. Collected exosome fractions were further examined using nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nUPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for lipidomic analysis. A total of 162 lipids (from 286 identified) were quantified using a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method. The overall amount of lipids increased by 1.5- to 2-fold in patients with PCa and degree of increase was more significant in the smaller fractions (diameter <150 nm) than in the larger ones (diameter >150 nm) some classes of lipids. In addition, neutral lipids like diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) decreased in all exosomes without size dependency. Moreover, a dramatic increase in 22:6/22:6-phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was observed and significant decrease in (16:0,16:0)- and (16:1, 18:1)-DAG species (nearly 5-fold) and high abundant TAG species (>2.5-fold) was observed in patients with PCa. The results of this study indicate that FlFFF can be employed for the high-speed screening of urinary exosome sizes in patients with PCa and lipidomic analysis of the fractionated exosomes has potential for developing and distinguishing biomarkers of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seon Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Seul Kee Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Koon Ho Rha
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
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240
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The role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:1178-1186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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241
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Cai S, Cheng X, Pan X, Li J. Emerging role of exosomes in liver physiology and pathology. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:194-203. [PMID: 27539153 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes can mediate intercellular communication by conveying various bioactive molecules. Plentiful evidence suggests that exosomes are involved in many liver diseases including hepatitis C virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease. Moreover, exosomes are present in nearly all human body fluids. Therefore, exosomal miRNA or proteins have the potential to be novel biomarkers of liver diseases. In the treatment of liver diseases, exosomes could participate in adaptive immune response and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy. Exosomes can also be used as vehicles for genetic materials and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangpeng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueyin Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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242
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Blanc L, Vidal M. New insights into the function of Rab GTPases in the context of exosomal secretion. Small GTPases 2017; 9:95-106. [PMID: 28135905 PMCID: PMC5902209 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1264352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, extracellular vesicle-mediated communication between cells has become a major field in cell biology. However, the function of extracellular vesicles is far from clear, especially due to the disparity of released vesicles by cells. Basically, one must consider vesicles budding from the cell plasma membrane (ectosomes) and vesicles released upon fusion of an endosomal multivesicular compartment (exosomes). Moreover, even for exosomes, we report and discuss here the possibility that different routes regulated by specific Rab GTPases might produce exosomes having various biologic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Blanc
- a Laboratory of Developmental Erythropoiesis, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine , Manhasset , NY , USA
| | - Michel Vidal
- b UMR 5235, CNRS, Université Montpellier , cc107, Montpellier , France
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243
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Exosomes Derived from Irradiated Esophageal Carcinoma-Infiltrating T Cells Promote Metastasis by Inducing the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Esophageal Cancer Cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:11-18. [PMID: 28132116 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles derived from tumor and normal cells that are detectable in human biological fluids, such as plasma, and cell culture supernatants. The function of exosome secretion from "normal" cells is unclear. Although numerous studies have investigated exosomes derived from hematopoietic cells, little is known regarding exosomes fromT cells, even though these cells play significant roles in innate and acquired immunity. A CCK-8 assay was used to examine the ability of exosomes to inhibit TE13 cell proliferation. In vitro invasion and wound healing assays were conducted to explore the effects of exosomes on TE13 cell migration and invasion. A Western blottinganalys is was performed to investigate the effects of exosomes on the expression of the EMT-related moleculesβ-catenin, NF-κB and snail. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exosomes from irradiated T cells on the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line TE13 and revealed that exosomes inhibit the proliferation but promote the metastasis of TE13 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, exosomes significantly increased the expression of β-catenin, NF-κB and snail in TE13 cells. The results of this study suggest an important role for T cell-derived exosomes in the progression of esophageal carcinoma: T cell-derived exosomes promote esophageal cancer metastasis, likely by promoting the EMT through the upregulation of β-catenin and the NF-κB/snail pathway. Moreover, this study supports the use of exosomes as a nearly perfect example of biomimetic nanovesicles that could be utilized in future therapeutic strategies against various diseases, including cancer.
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244
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Extracellular vesicle mediated intercellular communication at the porcine maternal-fetal interface: A new paradigm for conceptus-endometrial cross-talk. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40476. [PMID: 28079186 PMCID: PMC5228034 DOI: 10.1038/srep40476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes and microvesicles are extracellular vesicles released from cells and can contain lipids, miRNAs and proteins that affect cells at distant sites. Recently, microvesicles containing miRNA have been implicated in uterine microenvironment of pigs, a species with unique epitheliochorial (non-invasive) placentation. Here we report a novel role of conceptus-derived exosomes/microvesicles (hereafter referred to as extracellular vesicles; EVs) in embryo-endometrial cross-talk. We also demonstrate the stimulatory effects of EVs (PTr2-Exo) derived from porcine trophectoderm-cells on various biological processes including the proliferation of maternal endothelial cells (PAOEC), potentially promoting angiogenesis. Transmission immuno-electron microscopy confirmed the presence of EVs in tissue biopsies, PTr2-Exo and PAOEC-derived EVs (PAOEC-Exo). RT-PCR detected 14 select miRNAs in CD63 positive EVs in which miR-126-5P, miR-296-5P, miR-16, and miR-17-5P were the most abundant angiogenic miRNAs. Proteomic analysis revealed EV proteins that play a role in angiogenesis. In-vitro experiments, using two representative cell lines of maternal-fetal interface, demonstrated bidirectional EVs shuttling between PTr2 and PAOEC cells. Importantly, these studies support the idea that PTr2-Exo and PAOEC-Exo containing select miRNAs and proteins can be successfully delivered to recipient cells and that they may have a biological role in conceptus-endometrial cross-talk crucial for the pregnancy success.
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245
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Akita K, Kobayashi M, Sato M, Kutsuna N, Ueda T, Toyooka K, Nagata N, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Cell wall accumulation of fluorescent proteins derived from a trans-Golgi cisternal membrane marker and paramural bodies in interdigitated Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:367-377. [PMID: 26960821 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In most dicotyledonous plants, leaf epidermal pavement cells develop jigsaw puzzle-like shapes during cell expansion. The rapid growth and complicated cell shape of pavement cells is suggested to be achieved by targeted exocytosis that is coordinated with cytoskeletal rearrangement to provide plasma membrane and/or cell wall materials for lobe development during their morphogenesis. Therefore, visualization of membrane trafficking in leaf pavement cells should contribute an understanding of the mechanism of plant cell morphogenesis. To reveal membrane trafficking in pavement cells, we observed monomeric red fluorescent protein-tagged rat sialyl transferases, which are markers of trans-Golgi cisternal membranes, in the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative fluorescence imaging techniques and immunoelectron microscopic observations revealed that accumulation of the red fluorescent protein occurred mostly in the curved regions of pavement cell borders and guard cell ends during leaf expansion. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that apoplastic vesicular membrane structures called paramural bodies were more frequent beneath the curved cell wall regions of interdigitated pavement cells and guard cell ends in young leaf epidermis. In addition, pharmacological studies showed that perturbations in membrane trafficking resulted in simple cell shapes. These results suggested possible heterogeneity of the curved regions of plasma membranes, implying a relationship with pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Megumi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 150-0002, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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246
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Zhao X, Xie Y, Liu J. Evaluating Exosome Protein Content Changes Induced by Virus Activity Using SILAC Labeling and LC-MS/MS. Methods Enzymol 2017; 586:193-209. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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247
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Pienimaeki‐Roemer A, Konovalova T, Musri MM, Sigruener A, Boettcher A, Meister G, Schmitz G. Transcriptomic profiling of platelet senescence and platelet extracellular vesicles. Transfusion 2016; 57:144-156. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Konovalova
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic of Regensburg
| | - Melina M. Musri
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of RegensburgRegensburg Germany
| | - Alexander Sigruener
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic of Regensburg
| | - Alfred Boettcher
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic of Regensburg
| | - Gunter Meister
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of RegensburgRegensburg Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic of Regensburg
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248
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Eitan E, Suire C, Zhang S, Mattson MP. Impact of lysosome status on extracellular vesicle content and release. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:65-74. [PMID: 27238186 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale size bubble-like membranous structures released from cells. EVs contain RNA, lipids and proteins and are thought to serve various roles including intercellular communication and removal of misfolded proteins. The secretion of misfolded and aggregated proteins in EVs may be a cargo disposal alternative to the autophagy-lysosomal and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. In this review we will discuss the importance of lysosome functionality for the regulation of EV secretion and content. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs that are released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane. MVBs can also fuse with lysosomes, and the trafficking pathway of MVBs can therefore determine whether or not exosomes are released from cells. Here we summarize data from studies of the effects of lysosome inhibition on the secretion of EVs and on the possibility that cells compensate for lysosome malfunction by disposal of potentially toxic cargos in EVs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate trafficking of MVBs to lysosomes and the plasma membrane may advance an understanding of diseases in which pathogenic proteins, lipids or infectious agents accumulate within or outside of cells.
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249
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Almizraq RJ, Seghatchian J, Acker JP. Extracellular vesicles in transfusion-related immunomodulation and the role of blood component manufacturing. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:281-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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250
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Kolegraff K, Bostik P, Ansari AA. Characterization and Role of Lentivirus-Associated Host Proteins. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:252-63. [PMID: 16514170 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses obtain their envelopes during the process of budding from infected cells. During this process, however, these viruses acquire parts of the host cell membranes and host cell-derived proteins as integral parts of their mature envelopes. These host-derived components of viral envelopes may subsequently exhibit various effects on the life cycle of the virus; virus cell interactions, especially host response to virus-incorporated self-proteins; and the pathogenesis of the disease induced by these viruses. Although it was known for some time that various viruses incorporate host cell-derived proteins, the issue of the role of these proteins has received increased attention, specifically in connection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the analysis and role of host-derived proteins associated with enveloped viruses, with emphasis on the potential role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Clearly, differences in the clinical outcome of those nonhuman primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are disease resistant compared with SIV-infected species that are disease susceptible provide a unique opportunity to determine whether differences in the incorporation of distinct sets of host proteins play a role with distinct clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Kolegraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, WMB Room 2309, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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