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Elevated microglial oxidative phosphorylation and phagocytosis stimulate post-stroke brain remodeling and cognitive function recovery in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:35. [PMID: 35017668 PMCID: PMC8752825 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
New research shows that disease-associated microglia in neurodegenerative brains present features of elevated phagocytosis, lysosomal functions, and lipid metabolism, which benefit brain repair. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Intracellular pH (pHi) is important for regulating aerobic glycolysis in microglia, where Na/H exchanger (NHE1) is a key pH regulator by extruding H+ in exchange of Na+ influx. We report here that post-stroke Cx3cr1-CreER+/-;Nhe1flox/flox (Nhe1 cKO) brains displayed stimulation of microglial transcriptomes of rate-limiting enzyme genes for glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The other upregulated genes included genes for phagocytosis and LXR/RXR pathway activation as well as the disease-associated microglia hallmark genes (Apoe, Trem2, Spp1). The cKO microglia exhibited increased oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and higher phagocytic activity, which likely played a role in enhanced synaptic stripping and remodeling, oligodendrogenesis, and remyelination. This study reveals that genetic blockade of microglial NHE1 stimulated oxidative phosphorylation immunometabolism, and boosted phagocytosis function which is associated with tissue remodeling and post-stroke cognitive function recovery.
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202
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Phytoestrogen genistein modulates neuron-microglia signaling in a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress. Neuropharmacology 2022; 206:108941. [PMID: 34990615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, resident immune cells in the brain, are shown to mediate the crosstalk between psychological stress and depression. Interestingly, increasing evidence indicates that sex hormones, particularly estrogen, are involved in the regulation of immune system. In this study, we aimed to understand the potential effects of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and genistein (GEN), an estrogenic compound of the plant origin, on neuron-microglia interactions in the mouse hippocampus. The time spent in the avoidance zone in the social interaction test was increased by CSDS 1 day after the exposure, while the avoidance behavior returned to control levels 14 days after the CSDS exposure. Similar results were obtained from the elevated plus-maze test. However, the immobility time in the forced swim test was increased by CSDS 14 days after the exposure, and the depression-related behavior was in part alleviated by GEN. The numerical densities of microglia in the hippocampus were increased by CSDS, and they were decreased by GEN. The voxel densities of synaptic structures and synaptic puncta colocalized with microglia were decreased by CSDS, and they were increased by GEN. Neither CSDS nor GEN affected the gene expressions of major pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, the expression levels of genes related to neurotrophic factors were decreased by CSDS, and they were partially reversed by GEN. These findings show that GEN may in part alleviate stress-related symptoms, and the effects of GEN may be associated with the modulation of neuron-microglia signaling via chemokines and neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus.
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203
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Zeng J, Bao T, Yang K, Zhu X, Wang S, Xiang W, Ge A, Zeng L, Ge J. The mechanism of microglia-mediated immune inflammation in ischemic stroke and the role of natural botanical components in regulating microglia: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047550. [PMID: 36818470 PMCID: PMC9933144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most fatal diseases. Neuroimmunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress play important roles in various complex mechanisms of IS. In particular, the early proinflammatory response resulting from the overactivation of resident microglia and the infiltration of circulating monocytes and macrophages in the brain after cerebral ischemia leads to secondary brain injury. Microglia are innate immune cells in the brain that constantly monitor the brain microenvironment under normal conditions. Once ischemia occurs, microglia are activated to produce dual effects of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, and the balance of the two effects determines the fate of damaged neurons. The activation of microglia is defined as the classical activation (M1 type) or alternative activation (M2 type). M1 type microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators to exacerbate neuronal damage, while M2 type microglia promote a repairing anti-inflammatory response. Fine regulation of M1/M2 microglial activation to minimize damage and maximize protection has important therapeutic value. This review focuses on the interaction between M1/M2 microglia and other immune cells involved in the regulation of IS phenotypic characteristics, and the mechanism of natural plant components regulating microglia after IS, providing novel candidate drugs for regulating microglial balance and IS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | | | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wang Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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204
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Hu C, Li H, Li J, Luo X, Hao Y. Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:958661. [PMID: 36465285 PMCID: PMC9714329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by variable impairment of social communication and repetitive behaviors, highly restricted interests, and/or sensory behaviors beginning early in life. Many individuals with ASD have dysfunction of microglia, which may be closely related to neuroinflammation, making microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are required for proper brain function, especially in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and control of behavior. Dysfunction of microglia will ultimately affect the neural function in a variety of ways, including the formation of synapses and alteration of excitatory-inhibitory balance. In this review, we provide an overview of how microglia actively interact with neurons in physiological conditions and modulate the fate and functions of synapses. We put a spotlight on the multi-dimensional neurodevelopmental roles of microglia, especially in the essential influence of synapses, and discuss how microglia are currently thought to influence ASD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heli Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Division of Child Healthcare, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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205
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Francelle L, Mazzulli JR. Neuroinflammation in aucher disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and commonalities with Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147798. [PMID: 35063468 PMCID: PMC9126024 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are rare genetic disorders caused by a disruption in cellular clearance, resulting in pathological storage of undegraded lysosomal substrates. Recent clinical and genetic studies have uncovered links between multiple LSDs and common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we review recent literature describing the role of glia cells and neuroinflammation in PD and LSDs, including Gaucher disease (GD) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), and highlight converging inflammation pathways that lead to neuron loss. Recent data indicates that lysosomal dysfunction and accumulation of storage materials can initiate the activation of glial cells, through interaction with cell surface or cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect pathogenic aggregates of cellular debris. Activated glia cells could act to protect neurons through the elimination of toxic protein or lipid aggregates early in the disease process. However prolonged glial activation that occurs over several decades in chronic-age related neurodegeneration could induce the inappropriate elimination of synapses, leading to neuron loss. These studies provide mechanistic insight into the relationship between lysosomal dysfunction and glial activation, and offer novel therapeutic pathways for the treatment of PD and LSDs focused on reducing neuroinflammation and mitigating cell loss.
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206
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Mazza MG, Palladini M, Poletti S, Benedetti F. Post-COVID-19 Depressive Symptoms: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Treatment. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:681-702. [PMID: 35727534 PMCID: PMC9210800 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still spreading worldwide over 2 years since its outbreak. The psychopathological implications in COVID-19 survivors such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairments are now recognized as primary symptoms of the "post-acute COVID-19 syndrome." Depressive psychopathology was reported in around 35% of patients at short, medium, and long-term follow-up after the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms are known to increase fatigue and affect neurocognitive functioning, sleep, quality of life, and global functioning in COVID-19 survivors. The psychopathological mechanisms underlying post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms are mainly related to the inflammation triggered by the peripheral immune-inflammatory response to the viral infection and to the persistent psychological burden during and after infection. The large number of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the high prevalence of post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms may significantly increase the pool of people suffering from depressive disorders. Therefore, it is essential to screen, diagnose, treat, and monitor COVID-19 survivors' psychopathology to counteract the depression disease burden and related years of life lived with disability. This paper reviews the current literature in order to synthesize the available evidence regarding epidemiology, clinical features, neurobiological underpinning, and pharmacological treatment of post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gennaro Mazza
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. .,PhD Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Palladini
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d’Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892PhD Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d’Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d’Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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207
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Belkozhayev AM, Al-Yozbaki M, George A, Niyazova RY, Sharipov KO, Byrne LJ, Wilson CM. Extracellular Vesicles, Stem Cells and the Role of miRNAs in Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1450-1478. [PMID: 34414870 PMCID: PMC9881087 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210817150141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different modalities of intercellular communication governed by cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will explore one of these forms of communication called extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles are released by all cells in the body and are heterogeneous in nature. The primary function of EVs is to share information through their cargo consisting of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, dsDNA etc.) with other cells, which have a direct consequence on their microenvironment. We will focus on the role of EVs of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the nervous system and how these participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological function and provide neuroprotection. However, deregulation of this same communication system could play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, prion disease and Huntington's disease. The release of EVs from a cell provides crucial information to what is happening inside the cell and thus could be used in diagnostics and therapy. We will discuss and explore new avenues for the clinical applications of using engineered MSC-EVs and their potential therapeutic benefit in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz M. Belkozhayev
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Structural and Functional Genomics Laboratory of M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
| | - Alex George
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Raigul Ye Niyazova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Kamalidin O. Sharipov
- Structural and Functional Genomics Laboratory of M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Lee J. Byrne
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
| | - Cornelia M. Wilson
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
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208
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Ji Y, Yu B, Zhang Y, Wu W. The change of microglia numbers within the mice retina, optic nerve and chiasm following intravitreal AAV2-GFP injection. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:2589-2597. [PMID: 34967226 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211049001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the optimized concentration of AAV2-GFP for sparse transfection of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve (ON), and to examine the changes of microglial morphology and distribution in the retina, optic nerve and chiasm after injection. METHODS We defined the optimal concentration of AAV2-GFP for sparse labeling of RGCs and axons in WT mice. We further explored the changes of microglial morphology and distribution in the retina, optic nerve and chiasm after intravitreal injection in CX3CR1+/GFP mice. RESULTS 14 days after intravitreal injection of AAV2-GFP, live imaging of the retina showed that fundus fluorescence was very strong and dense at 2.16 × 1011 VG/retina, 2.16 × 1010 VG/retina, 2.16 × 109 VG/retina. RGCs were sparsely marked at a concentration 1:1000 (2.16 × 108 VG/retina) and fundus fluorescence was weak. The transfected RGCs and axons were unevenly distributed in the retina and significantly more RGCs were transfected near the injection site of AAV2-GFP compared to the other sites of the flat-mounted retina. Microglia density increased significantly in the retina and part of optic nerve, but not in the optic chiasm. The morphology of microglia was largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AAV2-GFP was highly efficient and the optimal concentration of sparsely labeled RGCs was 1:1000 (2.16 × 108 VG/retina). After intravitreal injection of AAV2-GFP, the number of microglia increased partly. The morphology of microglia was comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Ji
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, 74634Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo 315041, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bo Yu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yikui Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
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209
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Földi T, Lőrincz ML, Berényi A. Temporally Targeted Interactions With Pathologic Oscillations as Therapeutical Targets in Epilepsy and Beyond. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:784085. [PMID: 34955760 PMCID: PMC8693222 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.784085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-organized neuronal oscillations rely on precisely orchestrated ensemble activity in reverberating neuronal networks. Chronic, non-malignant disorders of the brain are often coupled to pathological neuronal activity patterns. In addition to the characteristic behavioral symptoms, these disturbances are giving rise to both transient and persistent changes of various brain rhythms. Increasing evidence support the causal role of these "oscillopathies" in the phenotypic emergence of the disease symptoms, identifying neuronal network oscillations as potential therapeutic targets. While the kinetics of pharmacological therapy is not suitable to compensate the disease related fine-scale disturbances of network oscillations, external biophysical modalities (e.g., electrical stimulation) can alter spike timing in a temporally precise manner. These perturbations can warp rhythmic oscillatory patterns via resonance or entrainment. Properly timed phasic stimuli can even switch between the stable states of networks acting as multistable oscillators, substantially changing the emergent oscillatory patterns. Novel transcranial electric stimulation (TES) approaches offer more reliable neuronal control by allowing higher intensities with tolerable side-effect profiles. This precise temporal steerability combined with the non- or minimally invasive nature of these novel TES interventions make them promising therapeutic candidates for functional disorders of the brain. Here we review the key experimental findings and theoretical background concerning various pathological aspects of neuronal network activity leading to the generation of epileptic seizures. The conceptual and practical state of the art of temporally targeted brain stimulation is discussed focusing on the prevention and early termination of epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Földi
- MTA-SZTE "Momentum" Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Neurocybernetics Excellence Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-USZ Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of the Child Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- MTA-SZTE "Momentum" Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Neurocybernetics Excellence Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Neuroscience Division, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE "Momentum" Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Neurocybernetics Excellence Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HCEMM-USZ Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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210
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Logiacco F, Xia P, Georgiev SV, Franconi C, Chang YJ, Ugursu B, Sporbert A, Kühn R, Kettenmann H, Semtner M. Microglia sense neuronal activity via GABA in the early postnatal hippocampus. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110128. [PMID: 34965412 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system, express receptors for classical neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, suggesting that they sense synaptic activity. To detect microglial Ca2+ responses to neuronal activity, we generate transgenic mouse lines expressing the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6m, specifically in microglia and demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral pathway results in microglial Ca2+ responses in early postnatal but not adult hippocampus. Preceding the microglial responses, we also observe similar Ca2+ responses in astrocytes, and both are sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Blocking astrocytic glutamate uptake or GABA transport abolishes stimulation-induced microglial responses as well as antagonizing the microglial GABAB receptor. Our data, therefore, suggest that the neuronal activity-induced glutamate uptake and the release of GABA by astrocytes trigger the activation of GABAB receptors in microglia. This neuron, astrocyte, and microglia communication pathway might modulate microglial activity in developing neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Logiacco
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svilen Veselinov Georgiev
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Celeste Franconi
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi-Jen Chang
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bilge Ugursu
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Advanced Light Microscopy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Transgenic Core Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Marcus Semtner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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211
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Santos EN, Fields RD. Regulation of myelination by microglia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk1131. [PMID: 34890221 PMCID: PMC8664250 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), and myelin, the glial sheath on nerve fibers essential for rapid neural impulse transmission, are commonly studied in the context of neurotrauma and disease. However, interactions between microglia and myelin under normal physiological conditions have been largely overlooked. This review summarizes recent research indicating that the unique properties of microglia evident in disease states also enable microglia to regulate myelination during development and throughout life. This includes phagocytosis of cells and myelin membrane as well as the release of trophic factors, cytokines, and chemokines. The ability of microglia to sense neuronal activity and molecular features of the microenvironment enables them to optimize myelination by influencing early oligodendrogenesis, myelin formation, and removal of aberrantly targeted myelin. Understanding how microglia participate in myelination under normal conditions provides a new perspective that will increase understanding of developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Santos
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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212
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Aramideh JA, Vidal-Itriago A, Morsch M, Graeber MB. Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413186. [PMID: 34947983 PMCID: PMC8708012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cell processes form part of a subset of synaptic contacts that have been dubbed microglial tetra-partite or quad-partite synapses. Since tetrapartite may also refer to the presence of extracellular matrix components, we propose the more precise term microglial penta-partite synapse for synapses that show a microglial cell process in close physical proximity to neuronal and astrocytic synaptic constituents. Microglial cells are now recognised as key players in central nervous system (CNS) synaptic changes. When synaptic plasticity involving microglial penta-partite synapses occurs, microglia may utilise their cytokine arsenal to facilitate the generation of new synapses, eliminate those that are not needed anymore, or modify the molecular and structural properties of the remaining synaptic contacts. In addition, microglia–synapse contacts may develop de novo under pathological conditions. Microglial penta-partite synapses have received comparatively little attention as unique sites in the CNS where microglial cells, cytokines and other factors they release have a direct influence on the connections between neurons and their function. It concerns our understanding of the penta-partite synapse where the confusion created by the term “neuroinflammation” is most counterproductive. The mere presence of activated microglia or the release of their cytokines may occur independent of inflammation, and penta-partite synapses are not usually active in a neuroimmunological sense. Clarification of these details is the main purpose of this review, specifically highlighting the relationship between microglia, synapses, and the cytokines that can be released by microglial cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Abbas Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Andres Vidal-Itriago
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Morsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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213
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Ngwa C, Qi S, Mamun AA, Xu Y, Sharmeen R, Liu F. Age and sex differences in primary microglia culture: A comparative study. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 364:109359. [PMID: 34537225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a central role in neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases.Neonatal microglial culture has been extensively used to in vitro study microglial activation; however, as many neuroinflammatory diseases occur in the elderly, the neonatal microglial culture may not fully replicate the aged microglial activity seen in these diseases. NEW METHOD Primary microglia from both 18-24-month-old and P0-P4 C57BL/6 mice were cultured simultaneously. Morphology and activation profiles of the two age groups of microglia were examined following ischemic stimulation, by ELISA, RT-PCR, live microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS We showed that aged microglia had larger cell bodies, more cytoplasmic inclusions, and enhanced phagocytosis than neonatal microglia. Cytokine production in these cells exhibited heterogeneity either after or before ischemic stimulation. The baseline expression of microglial marker CD11b was significantly higher in aged vs. neonatal cells; ischemic stimulation increased the expression in neonatal vs. aged microglia only in males but not in females. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous primary microglia cultures have been limited to using neonatal/adult cells. This method is complementary to exiting methods and works for aged microglia, and does not suffer from potential limitations due to filtering artifacts. The protocol renders microglial culture no need for meningeal/hippocampal removal prior to brain tissue dissociation, and compares microglia between males vs. females, and between the aged vs. neonates. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that neonatal microglial culture is not appropriate for those in vitro studies that mimic the neuroinflammatory central nervous system disorders occurring in the elderly, in which case the aged microglial culture should be applied, and sex differences should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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214
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Cocozza G, Garofalo S, Capitani R, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C. Microglial Potassium Channels: From Homeostasis to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1774. [PMID: 34944418 PMCID: PMC8698630 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in the role of microglia in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases is developing in an ever-expedited manner, in part thanks to emergent new tools for studying the morphological and functional features of the CNS. The discovery of specific biomarkers of the microglia phenotype could find application in a wide range of human diseases, and creates opportunities for the discovery and development of tailored therapeutic interventions. Among these, recent studies highlight the pivotal role of the potassium channels in regulating microglial functions in physiological and pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the involvement of the microglial potassium channels in several neurodegenerative diseases and their role as modulators of microglial homeostasis and dysfunction in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Cocozza
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Riccardo Capitani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (G.D.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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215
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Ohgomori T, Jinno S. Potential Involvement of Keratan Sulfate in the Heterogeneity of Microglia. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2038.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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216
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Ohgomori T, Jinno S. Potential Involvement of Keratan Sulfate in the Heterogeneity of Microglia. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2021. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2038.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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217
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Carrier M, Šimončičová E, St-Pierre MK, McKee C, Tremblay MÈ. Psychological Stress as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Cellular Aging and Cognitive Decline: The Involvement of Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:749737. [PMID: 34803607 PMCID: PMC8599581 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.749737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and microglia is lifelong. Microglia originate in the embryonic yolk sac during development and populate the CNS before the blood-brain barrier forms. In the CNS, they constitute a self-renewing population. Although they represent up to 10% of all brain cells, we are only beginning to understand how much brain homeostasis relies on their physiological functions. Often compared to a double-edged sword, microglia hold the potential to exert neuroprotective roles that can also exacerbate neurodegeneration once compromised. Microglia can promote synaptic growth in addition to eliminating synapses that are less active. Synaptic loss, which is considered one of the best pathological correlates of cognitive decline, is a distinctive feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive aging. Long-term psychological stress accelerates cellular aging and predisposes to various diseases, including MDD, and cognitive decline. Among the underlying mechanisms, stress-induced neuroinflammation alters microglial interactions with the surrounding parenchymal cells and exacerbates oxidative burden and cellular damage, hence inducing changes in microglia and neurons typical of cognitive aging. Focusing on microglial interactions with neurons and their synapses, this review discusses the disrupted communication between these cells, notably involving fractalkine signaling and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM). Overall, chronic stress emerges as a key player in cellular aging by altering the microglial sensome, notably via fractalkine signaling deficiency. To study cellular aging, novel positron emission tomography radiotracers for TREM and the purinergic family of receptors show interest for human study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chloe McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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218
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Wang YJ, Downey MA, Choi S, Shoup TM, Elmaleh DR. Cromolyn platform suppresses fibrosis and inflammation, promotes microglial phagocytosis and neurite outgrowth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22161. [PMID: 34772945 PMCID: PMC8589953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic neuroinflammation and may perpetuate ongoing fibrotic reactions within the central nervous system. Unfortunately, there is no therapeutic available that treats neurodegenerative inflammation and its sequelae. Here we utilize cromolyn, a mast cell inhibitor with anti-inflammatory capabilities, and its fluorinated analogue F-cromolyn to study fibrosis-related protein regulation and secretion downstream of neuroinflammation and their ability to promote microglial phagocytosis and neurite outgrowth. In this report, RNA-seq analysis shows that administration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to HMC3 human microglia results in a robust upregulation of fibrosis-associated genes. Subsequent treatment with cromolyn and F-cromolyn resulted in reduced secretion of collagen XVIII, fibronectin, and tenascin-c. Additionally, we show that cromolyn and F-cromolyn reduce pro-inflammatory proteins PLP1, PELP1, HSP90, IL-2, GRO-α, Eotaxin, and VEGF-Α, while promoting secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-4 in HMC3 microglia. Furthermore, cromolyn and F-cromolyn augment neurite outgrowth in PC12 neuronal cells in concert with nerve growth factor. Treatment also differentially altered secretion of neurogenesis-related proteins TTL, PROX1, Rab35, and CSDE1 in HMC3 microglia. Finally, iPSC-derived human microglia more readily phagocytose Aβ42 with cromolyn and F-cromolyn relative to controls. We propose the cromolyn platform targets multiple proteins upstream of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and GSK-3β signaling pathways to affect cytokine, chemokine, and fibrosis-related protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sungwoon Choi
- Department of New Drug Discovery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129-2060, USA
| | - David R Elmaleh
- AZTherapies, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129-2060, USA.
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219
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. Neurodevelopmental Processes in the Prefrontal Cortex Derailed by Chronic HIV-1 Viral Protein Exposure. Cells 2021; 10:3037. [PMID: 34831259 PMCID: PMC8616332 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the widespread access to, and implementation of, combination antiretroviral therapy, individuals perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are living into adolescence and adulthood. Perinatally infected adolescents living with HIV-1 (pALHIV) are plagued by progressive, chronic neurocognitive impairments; the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these deficits, however, remain understudied. A longitudinal experimental design from postnatal day (PD) 30 to PD 180 was utilized to establish the development of pyramidal neurons, and associated dendritic spines, from layers II-III of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and control animals. Three putative neuroinflammatory markers (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were evaluated early in development (i.e., PD 30) as a potential mechanism underlying synaptic dysfunction in the mPFC. Constitutive expression of HIV-1 viral proteins induced prominent neurodevelopmental alterations and progressive synaptodendritic dysfunction, independent of biological sex, in pyramidal neurons from layers II-III of the mPFC. From a neurodevelopmental perspective, HIV-1 Tg rats exhibited prominent deficits in dendritic and synaptic pruning. With regards to progressive synaptodendritic dysfunction, HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited an age-related population shift towards dendritic spines with decreased volume, increased backbone length, and decreased head diameter; parameters associated with a more immature dendritic spine phenotype. There was no compelling evidence for neuroinflammation in the mPFC during early development. Collectively, progressive neuronal and dendritic spine dysmorphology herald synaptodendritic dysfunction as a key neural mechanism underlying chronic neurocognitive impairments in pALHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles F. Mactutus
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (K.A.M.); (H.L.); (R.M.B.)
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220
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Wang XL, Li L. Microglia Regulate Neuronal Circuits in Homeostatic and High-Fat Diet-Induced Inflammatory Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:722028. [PMID: 34720877 PMCID: PMC8549960 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.722028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages, which actively survey the surrounding microenvironment and promote tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. During this process, microglia participate in synaptic remodeling, neurogenesis, elimination of unwanted neurons and cellular debris. The complex interplay between microglia and neurons drives the formation of functional neuronal connections and maintains an optimal neural network. However, activation of microglia induced by chronic inflammation increases synaptic phagocytosis and leads to neuronal impairment or death. Microglial dysfunction is implicated in almost all brain diseases and leads to long-lasting functional deficiency, such as hippocampus-related cognitive decline and hypothalamus-associated energy imbalance (i.e., obesity). High-fat diet (HFD) consumption triggers mediobasal hypothalamic microglial activation and inflammation. Moreover, HFD-induced inflammation results in cognitive deficits by triggering hippocampal microglial activation. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of microglial characteristics and biological functions and also reviewed the molecular mechanism of microglia in shaping neural circuitries mainly related to cognition and energy balance in homeostatic and diet-induced inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjian Li
- Department of Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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221
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Crapser JD, Arreola MA, Tsourmas KI, Green KN. Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2472-2488. [PMID: 34413489 PMCID: PMC8546068 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia shape the synaptic environment in health and disease, but synapses do not exist in a vacuum. Instead, pre- and postsynaptic terminals are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM), which together with glia comprise the four elements of the contemporary tetrapartite synapse model. While research in this area is still just beginning, accumulating evidence points toward a novel role for microglia in regulating the ECM during normal brain homeostasis, and such processes may, in turn, become dysfunctional in disease. As it relates to synapses, microglia are reported to modify the perisynaptic matrix, which is the diffuse matrix that surrounds dendritic and axonal terminals, as well as perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized reticular formations of compact ECM that enwrap neuronal subsets and stabilize proximal synapses. The interconnected relationship between synapses and the ECM in which they are embedded suggests that alterations in one structure necessarily affect the dynamics of the other, and microglia may need to sculpt the matrix to modify the synapses within. Here, we provide an overview of the microglial regulation of synapses, perisynaptic matrix, and PNNs, propose candidate mechanisms by which these structures may be modified, and present the implications of such modifications in normal brain homeostasis and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Crapser
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Miguel A. Arreola
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kate I. Tsourmas
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kim N. Green
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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222
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Krukowski K, Nolan A, Becker M, Picard K, Vernoux N, Frias ES, Feng X, Tremblay ME, Rosi S. Novel microglia-mediated mechanisms underlying synaptic loss and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:122-135. [PMID: 34403733 PMCID: PMC9119574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-term neurological disability in the world. Currently, there are no therapeutics for treating the deleterious consequences of brain trauma; this is in part due to a lack of complete understanding of cellular processes that underlie TBI-related pathologies. Following TBI, microglia, the brain resident immune cells, turn into a "reactive" state characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators that contribute to the development of cognitive deficits. Utilizing multimodal, state-of-the-art techniques that widely span from ultrastructural analysis to optogenetic interrogation of circuit function, we investigated the reactive microglia phenotype one week after injury when learning and memory deficits are also measured. Microglia displayed increased: (i) phagocytic activity in vivo, (ii) synaptic engulfment, (iii) increased neuronal contact, including with dendrites and somata (termed 'satellite microglia'). Functionally, satellite microglia might impact somatic inhibition as demonstrated by the associated reduction in inhibitory synaptic drive. Cumulatively, here we demonstrate novel microglia-mediated mechanisms that may contribute to synaptic loss and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Krukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amber Nolan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - McKenna Becker
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Elma S. Frias
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, CRCHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Molecular Medicine Department, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
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223
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Ahluwalia M, Kumar M, Ahluwalia P, Rahimi S, Vender JR, Raju RP, Hess DC, Baban B, Vale FL, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Rescuing mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhages - A potential therapeutic approach. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105192. [PMID: 34560175 PMCID: PMC8542401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. Besides, regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis, signal transmission, and the fate of cellular survival in case of injury and pathologies. Accumulating reports have suggested multiple roles of mitochondria in neuropathologies, neurodegeneration, and immune activation under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs at the initial phase of brain injury, involves oxidative stress, inflammation, deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, transport, and autophagy. Thus, development of targeted therapeutics to protect mitochondria may improve functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction related to TBI and ICH, including the mechanisms involved, and discuss therapeutic approaches with special emphasis on past and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raghavan P Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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224
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Ulland TK, Ewald AC, Knutson AO, Marino KM, Smith SMC, Watters JJ. Alzheimer's Disease, Sleep Disordered Breathing, and Microglia: Puzzling out a Common Link. Cells 2021; 10:2907. [PMID: 34831129 PMCID: PMC8616348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are strongly associated clinically, but it is unknown if they are mechanistically associated. Here, we review data covering both the cellular and molecular responses in SDB and AD with an emphasis on the overlapping neuroimmune responses in both diseases. We extensively discuss the use of animal models of both diseases and their relative utilities in modeling human disease. Data presented here from mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia indicate that microglia become more activated following exposure to hypoxia. This also supports the idea that intermittent hypoxia can activate the neuroimmune system in a manner like that seen in AD. Finally, we highlight similarities in the cellular and neuroimmune responses between SDB and AD and propose that these similarities may lead to a pathological synergy between SDB and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.K.U.); (K.M.M.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrea C. Ewald
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Andrew O. Knutson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.K.U.); (K.M.M.)
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stephanie M. C. Smith
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
| | - Jyoti J. Watters
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.C.E.); (A.O.K.); (S.M.C.S.)
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225
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Aswendt M, Green C, Sadler R, Llovera G, Dzikowski L, Heindl S, Gomez de Agüero M, Diedenhofen M, Vogel S, Wieters F, Wiedermann D, Liesz A, Hoehn M. The gut microbiota modulates brain network connectivity under physiological conditions and after acute brain ischemia. iScience 2021; 24:103095. [PMID: 34622150 PMCID: PMC8479691 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been implicated as a key regulator of brain function in health and disease. But the impact of gut microbiota on functional brain connectivity is unknown. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in germ-free and normally colonized mice under naive conditions and after ischemic stroke. We observed a strong, brain-wide increase of functional connectivity in germ-free animals. Graph theoretical analysis revealed significant higher values in germ-free animals, indicating a stronger and denser global network but with less structural organization. Breakdown of network function after stroke equally affected germ-free and colonized mice. Results from histological analyses showed changes in dendritic spine densities, as well as an immature microglial phenotype, indicating impaired microglia-neuron interaction in germ-free mice as potential cause of this phenomenon. These results demonstrate the substantial impact of bacterial colonization on brain-wide function and extend our so far mainly (sub) cellular understanding of the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Aswendt
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Green
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sadler
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lauren Dzikowski
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Diedenhofen
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Vogel
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederique Wieters
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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226
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Yang S, Zhang S, Tang W, Fang S, Zhang H, Zheng J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Huang L, Li B. Enriched Environment Prevents Surgery-Induced Persistent Neural Inhibition and Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:744719. [PMID: 34658844 PMCID: PMC8517535 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.744719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) encompass short-term delirium and long-term cognitive dysfunction. Aging increases the susceptibility to PND, yet the neural mechanism is not known. In this study, we monitored the dynamic changes of neuronal activity in the prelimbic cortex before and after surgery. We found that anesthesia combined with surgery, but not anesthesia alone, induced a prolonged decrease in neuronal activity during the post-operation period in the aged mice, but not in the adult mice. The prolonged decrease in neuronal activity was accompanied by surgery-induced microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines expression. Importantly, we found that the enriched environment (EE) completely prevented both the prolonged neural inhibition and neuroinflammation, and improved cognitive function in the aged mice. These results indicate that the prolonged neural inhibition correlated to PND and that EE before the surgery could effectively alleviate the surgery- induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunchang Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieyan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boxing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Neuroscience Program, Zhongshan School of Medicine and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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227
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Cordella F, Sanchini C, Rosito M, Ferrucci L, Pediconi N, Cortese B, Guerrieri F, Pascucci GR, Antonangeli F, Peruzzi G, Giubettini M, Basilico B, Pagani F, Grimaldi A, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C, Ragozzino D, Di Angelantonio S. Antibiotics Treatment Modulates Microglia-Synapses Interaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102648. [PMID: 34685628 PMCID: PMC8534187 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Dysbiosis’ of the adult gut microbiota, in response to challenges such as infection, altered diet, stress, and antibiotics treatment has been recently linked to pathological alteration of brain function and behavior. Moreover, gut microbiota composition constantly controls microglia maturation, as revealed by morphological observations and gene expression analysis. However, it is unclear whether microglia functional properties and crosstalk with neurons, known to shape and modulate synaptic development and function, are influenced by the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated how antibiotic-mediated alteration of the gut microbiota influences microglial and neuronal functions in adult mice hippocampus. Hippocampal microglia from adult mice treated with oral antibiotics exhibited increased microglia density, altered basal patrolling activity, and impaired process rearrangement in response to damage. Patch clamp recordings at CA3-CA1 synapses revealed that antibiotics treatment alters neuronal functions, reducing spontaneous postsynaptic glutamatergic currents and decreasing synaptic connectivity, without reducing dendritic spines density. Antibiotics treatment was unable to modulate synaptic function in CX3CR1-deficient mice, pointing to an involvement of microglia–neuron crosstalk through the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in the effect of dysbiosis on neuronal functions. Together, our findings show that antibiotic alteration of gut microbiota impairs synaptic efficacy, suggesting that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling supporting microglia is a major player in in the gut–brain axis, and in particular in the gut microbiota-to-neuron communication pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Caterina Sanchini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Maria Rosito
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Natalia Pediconi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Barbara Cortese
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, 69373 Lyon, France; (F.G.); (G.R.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, 69373 Lyon, France; (F.G.); (G.R.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Bernadette Basilico
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
- National Research Council-Nanotechnology Institute, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinese 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Center for Brain Research, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (C.S.); (L.F.); (B.B.); (G.D.); (D.R.)
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy; (N.P.); (G.P.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.D.A.)
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228
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Blank N, Mayer M, Mass E. The development and physiological and pathophysiological functions of resident macrophages and glial cells. Adv Immunol 2021; 151:1-47. [PMID: 34656287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past, brain function and the onset and progression of neurological diseases have been studied in a neuron-centric manner. However, in recent years the focus of many neuroscientists has shifted to other cell types that promote neurodevelopment and contribute to the functionality of neuronal networks in health and disease. Particularly microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in actively contributing to and controlling neuronal development, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the development of brain-resident macrophages and astrocytes and their core functions in the developing brain. We discuss their contribution and intercellular crosstalk during tissue homeostasis and pathophysiology. We argue that in-depth knowledge of non-neuronal cells in the brain could provide novel therapeutic targets to reverse or contain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Blank
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marina Mayer
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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229
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Transcriptional profiling of macaque microglia reveals an evolutionary preserved gene expression program. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100265. [PMID: 34589771 PMCID: PMC8474495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), and important for CNS development and homeostasis. In the adult CNS, microglia monitor environmental changes and react to tissue damage, cellular debris, and pathogens. Here, we present a gene expression profile of purified microglia isolated from the rhesus macaque, a non-human primate, that consists of 666 transcripts. The macaque microglia transcriptome was intersected with the transcriptional programs of microglia from mouse, zebrafish, and human CNS tissues, to determine (dis)similarities. This revealed an extensive overlap of 342 genes between the transcriptional profile of macaque and human microglia, and showed that the gene expression profile of zebrafish is most distant when compared to other species. Furthermore, an evolutionair core based on the overlapping gene expression signature from all four species was identified. This study presents a macaque microglia transcriptomics profile, and identifies a gene expression program in microglia that is preserved across species, underscoring their CNS-tailored tissue macrophage functions as innate immune cells with CNS-surveilling properties.
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230
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Tremblay MÈ. Microglial functional alteration and increased diversity in the challenged brain: Insights into novel targets for intervention. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100301. [PMID: 34589793 PMCID: PMC8474548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, which perform beneficial physiological roles across life. These immune cells actively maintain CNS health by clearing toxic debris and removing dysfunctional or degenerating cells. They also modify the wiring of neuronal circuits, by acting on the formation, modification, and elimination of synapses-the connections between neurons. Microglia furthermore recently emerged as highly diverse cells comprising several structural and functional states, indicating a far more critical involvement in orchestrating brain development, plasticity, behaviour, and cognition. Various environmental factors, together with the individual genetic predispositions, confer an increased risk for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases that include autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, across life. Microglia are highly sensitive to chronic psychological stress, inadequate diet, viral/bacterial infection, pollution, and insufficient or altered sleep, especially during critical developmental periods, but also throughout life. These environmental challenges can compromise microglial physiological functions, resulting notably in defective neuronal circuit wiring, altered brain functional connectivity, and the onset of behavioral deficits into adolescence, adulthood, and aging. This short review provides a historical and technical perspective, notably focused on my contribution to the field, on how environmental challenges affect microglia, particularly their physiological functions, and increase their diversity, which provides novel targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Department, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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231
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Bollinger J. Uncovering microglial pathways driving sex-specific neurobiological effects in stress and depression. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100320. [PMID: 34589809 PMCID: PMC8474553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Women suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) more often than men and report greater MDD symptom severity. Mounting evidence suggests that sex differences in MDD may be driven, in part, by sex-specific neurobiological mechanisms. Chronic stress is a significant risk factor in MDD, and preclinical rodent models show differential patterns of stress-induced neural remodeling and cognitive-behavioral dysfunction in males and females. For instance, chronic stress leads to synapse loss in the medial prefrontal cortex in male rodents yet has either no effect on- or increases-synapse number in females. Recent reports have implicated microglia, the immune cells of the brain, in MDD, and findings demonstrate sex-specific microglial signatures in both preclinical stress models and MDD patients. Given that microglia can remodel neural architecture, modulate synaptic transmission, and affect subsequent changes in behavior, it is plausible that microglial pathways contribute to differential stress effects on neuroplasticity and function in males and females. As such, this review examines the evidence for sex-specific microglia-neuron interactions in preclinical stress models and in patients with MDD. Discoveries highlighted herein demonstrate divergent microglial contributions in males and females and suggest that future studies investigating stress-linked disorders should be guided by sex-dependent neurobiological and behavioral findings. Examining these pathways represents a clear avenue toward both a richer understanding of brain, behavior, and immunity, and innovative psychoneuroimmunology-based applications in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
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232
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Wander CM, Song J. The neurogenic niche in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136109. [PMID: 34271133 PMCID: PMC9013442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is the process of generation and functional incorporation of new neurons, formed by adult neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is highly dependent upon the integration of dynamic external stimuli and is instrumental in the formation of new spatial memories. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is therefore uniquely sensitive to the summation of neuronal circuit and neuroimmune environments that comprise the neurogenic niche, and has powerful implications in diseases of aging and neurological disorders. This sensitivity underlies the neurogenic niche alterations commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia. This review summarizes Alzheimer's disease associated changes in neuronal network activity, neuroinflammatory processes, and adult neural stem cell fate choice that ultimately result in neurogenic niche dysfunction and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis. A more comprehensive understanding of the complex changes mediating neurogenic niche disturbances in Alzheimer's disease will aid development of future therapies targeting adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Wander
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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233
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Martins-Macedo J, Salgado AJ, Gomes ED, Pinto L. Adult brain cytogenesis in the context of mood disorders: From neurogenesis to the emergent role of gliogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:411-428. [PMID: 34555383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders severely impact patients' lives. Motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits are the most common symptoms observed in these patients and no effective treatment is still available, either due to the adverse side effects or the low rate of efficacy of currently available drugs. Neurogenesis recovery has been one important focus in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, which undeniably contributes to the therapeutic action of antidepressants. However, glial plasticity is emerging as a new strategy to explore the deficits observed in mood disorders and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Thus, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind glio- and neurogenesis to better define treatments and preventive therapies, once adult cytogenesis is of pivotal importance to cognitive and emotional components of behavior, both in healthy and pathological contexts, including in psychiatric disorders. Here, we review the concepts and history of neuro- and gliogenesis, providing as well a reflection on the functional importance of cytogenesis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins-Macedo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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234
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GP, Delage CI, Tremblay MÈ, Crespo-Lopez ME, Verkhratsky A. Plasticity of microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:217-250. [PMID: 34549510 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic metamorphosis of foetal macrophages into idiosyncratic surveilling microglia, which are generally characterised by a small cell body and highly ramified motile processes that constantly scan the nervous tissue for signs of changes in homeostasis and allow microglia to perform crucial homeostatic functions. The surveilling microglial phenotype is evolutionarily conserved from early invertebrates to humans. Despite this evolutionary conservation, microglia show substantial heterogeneity in their gene and protein expression, as well as morphological appearance. These differences are age, region and context specific and reflect a high degree of plasticity underlying the life-long adaptation of microglia, supporting the exceptional adaptive capacity of the central nervous system. Microgliocytes are essential elements of cellular network formation and refinement in the developing nervous tissue. Several distinct patrolling modes of microglial processes contribute to the formation, modification, and pruning of synapses; to the support and protection of neurones through microglial-somatic junctions; and to the control of neuronal and axonal excitability by specific microglia-axonal contacts. In pathology, microglia undergo proliferation and reactive remodelling known as microgliosis, which is context dependent, yet represents an evolutionarily conserved defence response. Microgliosis results in the emergence of multiple disease and context-specific reactive states; in addition, neuropathology is associated with the appearance of specific protective or recovery microglial forms. In summary, the plasticity of microglia supports the development and functional activity of healthy nervous tissue and provides highly sophisticated defences against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gabriela P Arrifano
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Isabelle Delage
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Bureau 4835, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Center, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, Brazil
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
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235
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac during the early embryonic stage. Once microglia enter the brain primordium, these cells colonize the structure through migration and proliferation during brain development. Microglia account for a minor population among the total cells that constitute the developing cortex, but they can associate with many surrounding neural lineage cells by extending their filopodia and through their broad migration capacity. Of note, microglia change their distribution in a stage-dependent manner in the developing brain: microglia are homogenously distributed in the pallium in the early and late embryonic stages, whereas these cells are transiently absent from the cortical plate (CP) from embryonic day (E) 15 to E16 and colonize the ventricular zone (VZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and intermediate zone (IZ). Previous studies have reported that microglia positioned in the VZ/SVZ/IZ play multiple roles in neural lineage cells, such as regulating neurogenesis, cell survival and neuronal circuit formation. In addition to microglial functions in the zones in which microglia are replenished, these cells indirectly contribute to the proper maturation of post-migratory neurons by exiting the CP during the mid-embryonic stage. Overall, microglial time-dependent distributional changes are necessary to provide particular functions that are required in specific regions. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of microglial colonization and multifaceted functions in the developing brain, especially focusing on the embryonic stage, and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial behaviors.
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236
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Rahimian R, Wakid M, O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1-29. [PMID: 34536460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Microglia are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis. This activation is dependent on the context and type of stressor or pathology. Through secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, microglia can strongly influence the response to a stressor and can, therefore, determine the pathological outcome. Psychopathologies have repeatedly been associated with long-lasting priming and sensitization of cerebral microglia. This review focuses on the diversity of microglial phenotype and function in health and psychiatric disease. We first discuss the diverse homeostatic functions performed by microglia and then elaborate on context-specific spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. Subsequently, we summarize microglia involvement in psychopathologies, namely major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a particular focus on post-mortem studies. Finally, we postulate microglia as a promising novel therapeutic target in psychiatry through antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Wakid
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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237
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Lee DY, Lee SE, Kwon DH, Nithiyanandam S, Lee MH, Hwang JS, Basith S, Ahn JH, Shin TH, Lee G. Strategies to Improve the Quality and Freshness of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neurological Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8444599. [PMID: 34539792 PMCID: PMC8445711 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8444599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) have been studied for their application to manage various neurological diseases, owing to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, paracrine, and antiapoptotic ability, as well as their homing capacity to specific regions of brain injury. Among mesenchymal stem cells, such as BM-MSCs, adipose-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord MSCs, BM-MSCs have many merits as cell therapeutic agents based on their widespread availability and relatively easy attainability and in vitro handling. For stem cell-based therapy with BM-MSCs, it is essential to perform ex vivo expansion as low numbers of MSCs are obtained in bone marrow aspirates. Depending on timing, before hBM-MSC transplantation into patients, after detaching them from the culture dish, cell viability, deformability, cell size, and membrane fluidity are decreased, whereas reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and cytosolic vacuoles are increased. Thus, the quality and freshness of hBM-MSCs decrease over time after detachment from the culture dish. Especially, for neurological disease cell therapy, the deformability of BM-MSCs is particularly important in the brain for the development of microvessels. As studies on the traditional characteristics of hBM-MSCs before transplantation into the brain are very limited, omics and machine learning approaches are needed to evaluate cell conditions with indepth and comprehensive analyses. Here, we provide an overview of hBM-MSCs, the application of these cells to various neurological diseases, and improvements in their quality and freshness based on integrated omics after detachment from the culture dish for successful cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mi Ha Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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238
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Takata K, Ginhoux F, Shimohama S. Roles of microglia in Alzheimer's disease and impact of new findings on microglial heterogeneity as a target for therapeutic intervention. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114754. [PMID: 34480881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized macrophages that reside within the central nervous system and play key roles in brain immunity, development and homeostasis. Recent studies also revealed functions of microglia in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, leading to the discovery that microglia are involved in several brain pathologies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the beneficial and detrimental actions of this intriguing cell population can be challenging to dissect: the advent of single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the heterogeneity of multiple cell types and is now being applied to the study of microglia in health and disease. Here, we review recent findings on microglial biology, focusing on insights from single cell transcriptomic studies and the heterogeneity that they reveal, and consider the impact of these findings on our understanding of AD. We also discuss how microglia might represent a next-generation therapeutic target for treatment of AD and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS, Academic Medical Centre, The Academia, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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239
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Subbarayan MS, Joly-Amado A, Bickford PC, Nash KR. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107989. [PMID: 34492237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation was initially thought of as a consequence of neurodegenerative disease pathology, but more recently it is becoming clear that it plays a significant role in the development and progression of disease. Thus, neuroinflammation is seen as a realistic and valuable therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation can be modulated by neuron-glial signaling through various soluble factors, and one such critical modulator is Fractalkine or C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CX3CL1). CX3CL1 is produced in neurons and is a unique chemokine that is initially translated as a transmembrane protein but can be proteolytically processed to generate a soluble chemokine. CX3CL1 has been shown to signal through its sole receptor CX3CR1, which is located on microglial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). Although both the membrane bound and soluble forms of CX3CL1 appear to interact with CX3CR1, they do seem to have different signaling capabilities. It is believed that the predominant function of CX3CL1 within the CNS is to reduce the proinflammatory response and many studies have shown neuroprotective effects. However, in some cases CX3CL1 appears to be promoting neurodegeneration. This review focusses on presenting a comprehensive overview of the complex nature of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling in neurodegeneration and how it may present as a therapeutic in some neurodegenerative diseases but not others. The role of CX3CL1/CXCR1 is reviewed in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), ischemia, retinopathies, spinal cord and neuropathic pain, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Subbarayan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Paula C Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Kevin R Nash
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA.
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240
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Dziabis JE, Bilbo SD. Microglia and Sensitive Periods in Brain Development. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 53:55-78. [PMID: 34463934 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From embryonic neuronal migration to adolescent circuit refinement, the immune system plays an essential role throughout central nervous system (CNS) development. Immune signaling molecules serve as a common language between the immune system and CNS, allowing them to work together to modulate brain function both in health and disease. As the resident CNS macrophage, microglia comprise the majority of immune cells in the brain. Much like their peripheral counterparts, microglia survey their environment for pathology, clean up debris, and propagate inflammatory responses when necessary. Beyond this, recent studies have highlighted that microglia perform a number of complex tasks during neural development, from directing neuronal and axonal positioning to pruning synapses, receptors, and even whole cells. In this chapter, we discuss this literature within the framework that immune activation during discrete windows of neural development can profoundly impact brain function long-term, and thus the risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this chapter, we review three sensitive developmental periods - embryonic wiring, early postnatal synaptic pruning, and adolescent circuit refinement - in order to highlight the diversity of functions that microglia perform in building a brain. In reviewing this literature, it becomes obvious that timing matters, perhaps more so than the nature of the immune activation itself; largely conserved patterns of microglial response to diverse insults result in different functional impacts depending on the stage of brain maturation at the time of the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Dziabis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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241
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Grovola MR, Paleologos N, Brown DP, Tran N, Wofford KL, Harris JP, Browne KD, Shewokis PA, Wolf JA, Cullen DK, Duda JE. Diverse changes in microglia morphology and axonal pathology during the course of 1 year after mild traumatic brain injury in pigs. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12953. [PMID: 33960556 PMCID: PMC8412066 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 2.8 million people experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States each year, which may lead to long-term neurological dysfunction. The mechanical forces that are caused by TBI propagate through the brain to produce diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and trigger secondary neuroinflammatory cascades. The cascades may persist from acute to chronic time points after injury, altering the homeostasis of the brain. However, the relationship between the hallmark axonal pathology of diffuse TBI and potential changes in glial cell activation or morphology have not been established in a clinically relevant large animal model at chronic time points. In this study, we assessed the tissue from pigs subjected to rapid head rotation in the coronal plane to generate mild TBI. Neuropathological assessments for axonal pathology, microglial morphological changes, and astrocyte reactivity were conducted in specimens out to 1-year post-injury. We detected an increase in overall amyloid precursor protein pathology, as well as periventricular white matter and fimbria/fornix pathology after a single mild TBI. We did not detect the changes in corpus callosum integrity or astrocyte reactivity. However, detailed microglial skeletal analysis revealed changes in morphology, most notably increases in the number of microglial branches, junctions, and endpoints. These subtle changes were most evident in periventricular white matter and certain hippocampal subfields, and were observed out to 1-year post-injury in some cases. These ongoing morphological alterations suggest persistent change in neuroimmune homeostasis. Additional studies are needed to characterize the underlying molecular and neurophysiological alterations, as well as potential contributions to neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Grovola
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Nicholas Paleologos
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Daniel P. Brown
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Nathan Tran
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Wofford
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - James P. Harris
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kevin D. Browne
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Patricia A. Shewokis
- Department of Nutrition SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health ProfessionsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health SystemsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - John A. Wolf
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - John E. Duda
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical CenterCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of NeurologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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242
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Ronzano R, Roux T, Thetiot M, Aigrot MS, Richard L, Lejeune FX, Mazuir E, Vallat JM, Lubetzki C, Desmazières A. Microglia-neuron interaction at nodes of Ranvier depends on neuronal activity through potassium release and contributes to remyelination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5219. [PMID: 34471138 PMCID: PMC8410814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are key players in healthy brain homeostasis and plasticity. In neurological diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, activated microglia either promote tissue damage or favor neuroprotection and myelin regeneration. The mechanisms for microglia-neuron communication remain largely unkown. Here, we identify nodes of Ranvier as a direct site of interaction between microglia and axons, in both mouse and human tissues. Using dynamic imaging, we highlight the preferential interaction of microglial processes with nodes of Ranvier along myelinated fibers. We show that microglia-node interaction is modulated by neuronal activity and associated potassium release, with THIK-1 ensuring their microglial read-out. Altered axonal K+ flux following demyelination impairs the switch towards a pro-regenerative microglia phenotype and decreases remyelination rate. Taken together, these findings identify the node of Ranvier as a major site for microglia-neuron interaction, that may participate in microglia-neuron communication mediating pro-remyelinating effect of microglia after myelin injury. Microglia are important for brain homeostasis and plasticity. The mechanisms underlying microglia-neuron interactions are still unclear. Here, the authors show that microglia preferentially interact with the nodes of Ranvier along axons. This interaction is modulated by neuronal activity and contributes to remyelination in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ronzano
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - T Roux
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - M Thetiot
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - M S Aigrot
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - L Richard
- Centre de Référence National des Neuropathies Périphériques Rares et Département de Neurologie, Hopital Universitaire, Limoges, France
| | - F X Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.,Paris Brain Institute's Data and Analysis Core, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - E Mazuir
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - J M Vallat
- Centre de Référence National des Neuropathies Périphériques Rares et Département de Neurologie, Hopital Universitaire, Limoges, France
| | - C Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - A Desmazières
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hopital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.
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243
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Fu X, Wang P, Wang Q, Meng W, Wang T, Yang J, Chai R. The Detrimental and Beneficial Functions of Macrophages After Cochlear Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631904. [PMID: 34458249 PMCID: PMC8385413 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the main intrinsic immune cells in the cochlea; they can be activated and play a complicated role after cochlear injury. Many studies have shown that the number of macrophages and their morphological characteristics within the major cochlear partitions undergo significant changes under various pathological conditions including acoustic trauma, ototoxic drug treatment, age-related cochlear degeneration, selective hair cell (HC) and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) elimination, and surgery. However, the exact role of these macrophages after cochlear injury is still unclear. Regulating the migration and activity of macrophages may be a therapeutic approach to reduce the risk or magnitude of trauma-induced hearing loss, and this review highlights the role of macrophages on the peripheral auditory structures of the cochlea and elucidate the mechanisms of macrophage injury and the strategies to reduce the injury by regulating macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengjun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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244
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Microglia as the Critical Regulators of Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2505-2525. [PMID: 34460037 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is considered as the critical pathogenic event in diverse central nervous system disorders including cerebral ischemia. Proinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been well reported in the ischemic brain and neuroinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been believed to be the potential therapeutic strategy. However, despite having proinflammatory roles, microglia can have significant anti-inflammatory roles and they are associated with the production of growth factors which are responsible for neuroprotection and recovery after ischemic injury. Microglia can directly promote neuroprotection by preventing ischemic infarct expansion and promoting functional outcomes. Indirectly, microglia are involved in promoting anti-inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in the ischemic brain which are crucial pathophysiological events for ischemic recovery. In fact, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors produced by microglia can promote neuroprotection and attenuate neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, microglia regulate phagocytosis, axonal regeneration, blood-brain barrier protection, white matter integrity, and synaptic remodeling, which are essential for ischemic recovery. Microglia can also regulate crosstalk with neurons and other cell types to promote neuroprotection and ischemic recovery. This review mainly focuses on the roles of microglia in neuroprotection and recovery following ischemic injury. Furthermore, this review also sheds the light on the therapeutic potential of microglia in stroke patients.
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245
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Sinsky J, Pichlerova K, Hanes J. Tau Protein Interaction Partners and Their Roles in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9207. [PMID: 34502116 PMCID: PMC8431036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein plays a critical role in the assembly, stabilization, and modulation of microtubules, which are important for the normal function of neurons and the brain. In diseased conditions, several pathological modifications of tau protein manifest. These changes lead to tau protein aggregation and the formation of paired helical filaments (PHF) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are common hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. The accumulation of PHFs and NFTs results in impairment of physiological functions, apoptosis, and neuronal loss, which is reflected as cognitive impairment, and in the late stages of the disease, leads to death. The causes of this pathological transformation of tau protein haven't been fully understood yet. In both physiological and pathological conditions, tau interacts with several proteins which maintain their proper function or can participate in their pathological modifications. Interaction partners of tau protein and associated molecular pathways can either initiate and drive the tau pathology or can act neuroprotective, by reducing pathological tau proteins or inflammation. In this review, we focus on the tau as a multifunctional protein and its known interacting partners active in regulations of different processes and the roles of these proteins in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (K.P.)
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to modulate neuronal signaling in homeostasis and diseases. In homeostasis, IL-1 regulates sleep and memory formation, whereas in diseases, IL-1 impairs memory and alters affect. Interestingly, IL-1 can cause long-lasting changes in behavior, suggesting IL-1 can alter neuroplasticity. The neuroplastic effects of IL-1 are mediated via its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor (IL-1R1), and are dependent on the distribution and cell type(s) of IL-1R1 expression. Recent reports found that IL-1R1 expression is restricted to discrete subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells and suggest IL-1 can influence neural circuits directly through neuronal IL-1R1 or indirectly via non-neuronal IL-1R1. In this review, we analyzed multiple mechanisms by which IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling might impact neuroplasticity based upon the most up-to-date literature and provided potential explanations to clarify discrepant and confusing findings reported in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Nemeth
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
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247
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Generation of an Iba1-EGFP Transgenic Rat for the Study of Microglia in an Outbred Rodent Strain. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0026-21.2021. [PMID: 34417284 PMCID: PMC8425967 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0026-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has been transformed by the ability to genetically modify inbred mice, including the ability to express fluorescent markers specific to cell types or activation states. This approach has been put to particularly good effect in the study of the innate immune cells of the brain, microglia. These specialized macrophages are exceedingly small and complex, but also highly motile and mobile. To date, there have been no tools similar to those in mice available for studying these fundamental cells in the rat brain, and we seek to fill that gap with the generation of the genetically modified Sprague Dawley rat line: SD-Tg(Iba1-EGFP)Mmmc. Using CRISPR-Cas/9 technology, we knocked in EGFP to the promoter of the gene Iba1. With four male and three female founders confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis to have appropriate and specific insertion, we established a breeding colony with at least three generations of backcrosses to obtain stable and reliable Iba1-EGFP expression. The specificity of EGFP expression to microglia was established by flow cytometry for CD45low/CD11b+ cells and by immunohistochemistry. Microglial EGFP expression was detected in neonates and persisted into adulthood. Blood macrophages and monocytes were found to express low levels of EGFP, as expected. Last, we show that EGFP expression is suitable for live imaging of microglia processes in acute brain slices and via intravital two-photon microscopy.
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248
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McLaurin KA, Harris M, Madormo V, Harrod SB, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. HIV-Associated Apathy/Depression and Neurocognitive Impairments Reflect Persistent Dopamine Deficits. Cells 2021; 10:2158. [PMID: 34440928 PMCID: PMC8392364 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are often plagued by debilitating neurocognitive impairments and affective alterations;the pathophysiology underlying these deficits likely includes dopaminergic system dysfunction. The present review utilized four interrelated aims to critically examine the evidence for dopaminergic alterations following HIV-1 viral protein exposure. First, basal dopamine (DA) values are dependent upon both brain region andexperimental approach (i.e., high-performance liquid chromatography, microdialysis or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry). Second, neurochemical measurements overwhelmingly support decreased DA concentrations following chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure. Neurocognitive impairments, including alterations in pre-attentive processes and attention, as well as apathetic behaviors, provide an additional line of evidence for dopaminergic deficits in HIV-1. Third, to date, there is no compelling evidence that combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the primary treatment regimen for HIV-1 seropositive individuals, has any direct pharmacological action on the dopaminergic system. Fourth, the infection of microglia by HIV-1 viral proteins may mechanistically underlie the dopamine deficit observed following chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure. An inclusive and critical evaluation of the literature, therefore, supports the fundamental conclusion that long-term HIV-1 viral protein exposure leads to a decreased dopaminergic state, which continues to persist despite the advent of cART. Thus, effective treatment of HIV-1-associated apathy/depression and neurocognitive impairments must focus on strategies for rectifying decreases in dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosemarie M. Booze
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (K.A.M.); (M.H.); (V.M.); (S.B.H.); (C.F.M.)
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249
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Enlow W, Bordeleau M, Piret J, Ibáñez FG, Uyar O, Venable MC, Goyette N, Carbonneau J, Tremblay ME, Boivin G. Microglia are involved in phagocytosis and extracellular digestion during Zika virus encephalitis in young adult immunodeficient mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:178. [PMID: 34399779 PMCID: PMC8369691 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with several neurological complications in adult patients. METHODS We used a mouse model deficient in TRIF and IPS-1 adaptor proteins, which are involved in type I interferon production, to study the role of microglia during brain infection by ZIKV. Young adult mice were infected intravenously with the contemporary ZIKV strain PRVABC59 (1 × 105 PFUs/100 µL). RESULTS Infected mice did not present overt clinical signs of the disease nor body weight loss compared with noninfected animals. However, mice exhibited a viremia and a brain viral load that were maximal (1.3 × 105 genome copies/mL and 9.8 × 107 genome copies/g of brain) on days 3 and 7 post-infection (p.i.), respectively. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that ZIKV antigens were distributed in several regions of the brain, especially the dorsal hippocampus. The number of Iba1+/TMEM119+ microglia remained similar in infected versus noninfected mice, but their cell body and arborization areas significantly increased in the stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare layers of the dorsal hippocampus cornu ammoni (CA)1, indicating a reactive state. Ultrastructural analyses also revealed that microglia displayed increased phagocytic activities and extracellular digestion of degraded elements during infection. Mice pharmacologically depleted in microglia with PLX5622 presented a higher brain viral load compared to untreated group (2.8 × 1010 versus 8.5 × 108 genome copies/g of brain on day 10 p.i.) as well as an increased number of ZIKV antigens labeled with immunogold in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of neurons and astrocytes indicating an enhanced viral replication. Furthermore, endosomes of astrocytes contained nanogold particles together with digested materials, suggesting a compensatory phagocytic activity upon microglial depletion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that microglia are involved in the control of ZIKV replication and/or its elimination in the brain. After depletion of microglia, the removal of ZIKV-infected cells by phagocytosis could be partly compensated by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Enlow
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Olus Uyar
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Venable
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Goyette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Neurosciences Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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250
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Manabe T, Rácz I, Schwartz S, Oberle L, Santarelli F, Emmrich JV, Neher JJ, Heneka MT. Systemic inflammation induced the delayed reduction of excitatory synapses in the CA3 during ageing. J Neurochem 2021; 159:525-542. [PMID: 34379806 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) represents diverse cerebral dysfunctions in response to pathogen-induced systemic inflammation. Peripheral exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall, has been extensively used to model systemic inflammation. Our previous studies suggested that LPS led to hippocampal neuron death and synaptic destruction in vivo. However, the underlying roles of activated microglia in these neuronal changes remained unclear. Here, LPS from two different bacterial strains (Salmonella enterica or E. coli) were compared and injected in 14- to 16-month-old mice and evaluated for neuroinflammation and neuronal integrity in the hippocampus at 7 or 63 days post-injection (dpi). LPS injection resulted in persistent neuroinflammation lasting for seven days and a subsequent normalisation by 63 dpi. Of note, increases in proinflammatory cytokines, microglial morphology and microglial mean lysosome volume were more pronounced after E. coli LPS injection than Salmonella LPS at 7 dpi. While inhibitory synaptic puncta density remained normal, excitatory synaptic puncta were locally reduced in the CA3 region of the hippocampus at 63 dpi. Finally, we provide evidence that excitatory synapses coated with complement factor 3 (C3) decreased between 7 dpi and 63 dpi. Although we did not find an increase of synaptic pruning by microglia, it is plausible that microglia recognised and eliminated these C3-tagged synapses between the two time-points of investigation. Since a region-specific decline of CA3 synapses has previously been reported during normal ageing, we postulate that systemic inflammation may have accelerated or worsened the CA3 synaptic changes in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Manabe
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildikó Rácz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Oberle
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Julius V Emmrich
- Department of Neurology and Department of Experimental Neurology, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Jonas J Neher
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655, USA
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