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Corre C, Shinoda G, Zhu H, Cousminer DL, Crossman C, Bellissimo C, Goldenberg A, Daley GQ, Palmert MR. Sex-specific regulation of weight and puberty by the Lin28/let-7 axis. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:179-91. [PMID: 26698568 PMCID: PMC4772724 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth and pubertal timing differ in boys and girls. Variants in/near LIN28B associate with age at menarche (AAM) in genome-wide association studies and some AAM-related variants associate with growth in a sex-specific manner. Sex-specific growth patterns in response to Lin28b perturbation have been detected in mice, and overexpression of Lin28a has been shown to alter pubertal timing in female mice. To investigate further how Lin28a and Lin28b affect growth and puberty in both males and females, we evaluated Lin28b loss-of-function (LOF) mice and Lin28a gain-of-function (GOF) mice. Because both Lin28a and Lin28b can act via the conserved microRNA let-7, we also examined let-7 GOF mice. As reported previously, Lin28b LOF led to lighter body weights only in male mice while Lin28a GOF yielded heavier mice of both sexes. Let-7 GOF mice weighed less than controls, and males were more affected than females. Timing of puberty was assessed by vaginal opening (VO) and preputial separation (PS). Male Lin28b LOF and male let-7 GOF, but not female, mice displayed alteration of pubertal timing, with later PS than controls. In contrast, both male and female Lin28a GOF mice displayed late onset of puberty. Together, these data point toward a complex system of regulation by Lin28a, Lin28b, and let-7, in which Lin28b and let-7 can impact both puberty and growth in a sex-specific manner, raising the possibility that this pathway may contribute to differential regulation of male and female growth and puberty in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Corre
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gen Shinoda
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Zhu
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Crossman
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Bellissimo
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Q Daley
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R Palmert
- Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of EndocrinologyThe Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto ON, M5G 1X8, CanadaDivision of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USADepartments of Pediatrics and Internal MedicineChildren's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USAInstitute for Molecular MedicineFinland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGenetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaDepartments of Paediatrics and PhysiologyThe University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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202
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Song Y, Ma J, Li LB, Dong B, Wang Z, Agardh A. Secular trends for age at spermarche among Chinese boys from 11 ethnic minorities, 1995-2010: a multiple cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010518. [PMID: 26911588 PMCID: PMC4769404 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared the differences in median age at spermarche among 11 ethnic minorities in 2010, estimated the trends regarding age at spermarche in different ethnic minorities from 1995 to 2010, and explored the association of spermarche with body mass index (BMI). METHODS We used four cross-sectional Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010), and the total sample size was 40,113 children aged 11-18 years. The median age at spermarche of each ethnic minority was determined by using probit analysis. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of spermarche with BMI. RESULTS In 2010, the ethnic minorities with earliest age at spermarche were Qiang (12.03 years), Zhuang (12.91 years) and Kirghiz (13.17 years); the three ethnic minorities with latest age at spermarche were Dong (14.73 years), Yao (14.60 years), and Naxi (14.36 years). From 1995 to 2010, age at spermarche showed a decline in almost each minority group except Yao and Dong. A higher BMI was associated with an increased likelihood of having reached spermarche after adjusting for age, regions or ethnic minorities. CONCLUSIONS A large variation in age at spermarche was observed among different ethnic minorities. The age at spermarche showed a downward shift in almost each of the 11 ethnic minorities with different patterns over time, and the children with higher BMI are more likely to enter puberty early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu-Bai Li
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Centre for Chronic Disease, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Health Sciences Building, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Centre for Chronic Disease, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Health Sciences Building, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anette Agardh
- Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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203
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Abstract
The timing of puberty has important public health, clinical, and social implications. The plasticity of sexual development onset could be a mechanism that adapts to prevailing environmental conditions. Early-life nutrition may provide cues for the environment's suitability for reproduction. This review focuses on recent developments in our understanding of the role of diet in the timing of sexual maturation. Population-based observational studies consistently indicate that childhood obesity is related to the earlier onset of puberty in girls. Similarly, intake of animal foods has been associated with earlier sexual development, whereas vegetable protein intake is related to delayed maturation. Evidence for prenatal nutrition, infant feeding practices, and childhood intake of fat, carbohydrate, and micronutrients is inconsistent. Secondary analyses of prenatal and early-life randomized nutritional interventions with extended follow-up through peripubertal years would help clarify the role of nutrition in the timing of sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health;,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; ,
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204
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Arthur NA, Gowland RL, Redfern RC. Coming of age in Roman Britain: Osteological evidence for pubertal timing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:698-713. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca C. Redfern
- Centre for Human Bioarchaeology; Museum of London; 150 London Wall London, EC2Y 5HN UK
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205
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Duration of ovarian hormone exposure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Korean women. Menopause 2016; 23:60-6. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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206
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Barbosa Filho VC, Lopes ADS, Lima AB, de Souza EA, Gubert FDA, Silva KS, Vieira NFC, Trompieri Filho N, de Araújo TS, de Bruin PFC, Mota J. Rationale and methods of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to promote active and healthy lifestyles among Brazilian students: the "Fortaleça sua Saúde" program. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1212. [PMID: 26643919 PMCID: PMC4671221 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interventions on adolescents’ lifestyle are important, but the main mechanisms that explain the changes (mediating variables) on lifestyle are unclear. This paper presents the rationale and methods of an intervention program focused on promoting active and healthy lifestyles (especially physical activity [PA] practice and reducing screen time) among Brazilian students-the Fortaleça sua Saúde program (Portuguese for “strengthen your health”). Methods/Design This is a school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial. Three intervention and three control (no intervention) full-time public schools were randomly selected in Fortaleza, northeastern Brazil. Students (n = 1,272) from classes in Grades 7–9 were eligible, and 1,085 (548 in the intervention and 537 in control schools) completed the baseline and follow-up measures. The program duration was approximately four months and took place in 2014. Intervention strategies focused on teacher training, activities on health in the curriculum, active opportunities in the school environment (the availability of equipment for PA), and health education (health materials for students and parents). Data collection was undertaken before and immediately after the intervention. The primary variables included the practice of PA (weekly PA volume, PA behavior change stage and preference for PA during leisure-time) and screen time (TV and computer/video games). Potential intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental mediators of PA and screen time were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire. Other lifestyle components (e.g., eating habits, substance use), psychological (e.g., self-rated health, body satisfaction) and biological (general and abdominal obesity) aspects, as well as academic performance were also evaluated in the total sample. Depressive symptoms, eating disorders, sleep quality, objectively-measured PA, and sedentary time were evaluated in obese students. Discussion If effective, this program will contribute to the development of public policies for the promotion of active and healthy lifestyles in youth, especially those from low- and middle-income countries. The main intrapersonal, interpersonal and/or environmental mediators of PA and screen time may also be indicated. Finally, we anticipate that the proposed strategies may be adaptable to public schools and may even be extended to the entire school system. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.Gov: NCT02439827. Registration date: May 3, 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2543-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Cordeiro Barbosa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil. .,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Adair da Silva Lopes
- Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Barroso Lima
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Evanice Avelino de Souza
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Fabiane do Amaral Gubert
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. .,Department of Nursing, Aids Project: Education and Prevention, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Samara Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
| | - Neiva Francenely Cunha Vieira
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. .,Department of Nursing, Aids Project: Education and Prevention, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Nicolino Trompieri Filho
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. .,Department of Education-Fundamentals, Faculty of Education, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Thábyta Silva de Araújo
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. .,Department of Nursing, Aids Project: Education and Prevention, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | | | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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207
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Pereira A, Corvalán C, Uauy R, Klein KO, Mericq V. Ultrasensitive estrogen levels at 7 years of age predict earlier thelarche: evidence from girls of the growth and obesity Chilean cohort. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:835-42. [PMID: 26369578 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prepubertal estradiol equivalents have been inconsistently linked to age at thelarche; elucidating this relationship becomes relevant given the worldwide decline in the age of puberty onset. Thus, our aim is to assess whether prepubertal girls with higher serum levels of estradiol equivalents at age 7 have a greater risk of presenting early thelarche (ET). DESIGN Nested case-control study within the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study of 1196 low-middle income children (∼50% girls) from Santiago, Chile. Girls were defined as cases (ET; n=61) if breast bud appeared prior to 8 years of age; controls (n=91) had thelarche >8 years. METHODS At 6.7 years, weight, height and waist circumference were measured and a fasting blood sample was obtained for measuring estrogen equivalent (ultrasensitive recombinant cell bioassay), DHEAS, leptin, insulin and IGF1. Beginning at 7 years old, Tanner staging was assessed prospectively twice a year and the appearance of breast bud was assessed by palpation. RESULTS Mean serum estradiol-equivalent at 6.7 years was 3.9±3.6 pg/ml for cases and 3.6±2.3 pg/ml for controls. Girls with ET had a higher risk of presenting elevated estradiol-equivalent (≥5 pg/ml) at 7 years (OR=2.05, 95% CI: 0.96-4.36) than controls that was borderline significant. However, after adjusting by BMI, insulin and IGF1 at age 7, the association between estradiol-equivalent and ET was significant (OR=2.29 (95% CI: 1.05-5.01)). CONCLUSIONS Chilean girls from low to middle socioeconomic status with ET exhibited double the risk of having high levels of estradiol-equivalent at 7 years than girls with a later age of thelarche. Whole-body adiposity and increased adrenal activity did not explain the observed prepubertal estrogen increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pereira
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, ChileDepartment of NeonatologyFaculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USAInstitute of Maternal and Child ResearchFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, ChileDepartment of NeonatologyFaculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USAInstitute of Maternal and Child ResearchFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, ChileDepartment of NeonatologyFaculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USAInstitute of Maternal and Child ResearchFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, ChileDepartment of NeonatologyFaculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USAInstitute of Maternal and Child ResearchFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen O Klein
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, ChileDepartment of NeonatologyFaculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USAInstitute of Maternal and Child ResearchFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Mericq
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile, Avenida El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, ChileDepartment of NeonatologyFaculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USAInstitute of Maternal and Child ResearchFaculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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208
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Abstract
Objectives: To estimate age at menarche and to assess trends in menarcheal age among Saudi women. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted among healthy prepubertal female school children and adolescents from September 2006 to July 2012 in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Study participants were invited from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Tanner stage, height, weight, body mass index, and socioeconomic parameters including parent’s level of education were collected. Age at menarche was compared with maternal age at menarche. Results: The study included 265 girls and mothers. Mean±standard deviation (SD) age at menarche for girls was 13.08 ± 1.1 years, and their distribution category across the ≤10 years was 4 (1.5%), 11-14 years was 239 (90.2%), and ≥15 years was 22 (8.3%) girls. Anthropometric measurements, mother’s level of education, and family income were not statistically significant determining factors associated with age at menarche. Mean ± SD age at menarche for mothers was 13.67 ± 1.4 years, and their distribution category across the ≤10 years was 7 (2.6%), 11-14 years was 172 (64.9%), and ≥15 years was 86 (32.5%). Girls attained menarche at younger age compared with their mothers (p<0.0001). A downward secular trend in age of menarche was observed (Cuzick test for trend = 0.049). Conclusion: Saudi girls attain menarcheal age earlier than their mothers, reflecting a downward secular trend in menarcheal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Al Alwan
- Educational Affairs, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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209
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Lam T, Williams PL, Lee MM, Korrick SA, Birnbaum LS, Burns JS, Sergeyev O, Revich B, Altshul LM, Patterson DG, Hauser R. Prepubertal Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Pesticides and Age at Sexual Maturity in Russian Boys. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1216-21. [PMID: 26009253 PMCID: PMC4629743 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few human studies have evaluated the impact of childhood exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCP) on pubertal development. OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations of serum OCP concentrations [hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (βHCH), and p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE)] with age at attainment of sexual maturity among boys. METHODS From 2003 through 2005, 350 8- to 9-year-old boys from Chapaevsk, Russia, with measured OCPs were enrolled and followed annually for 8 years. We used multivariable interval-censored models to evaluate associations of OCPs (quartiles) with three physician-assessed measures of sexual maturity: Tanner stage 5 for genitalia growth, Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair growth, or testicular volume (TV) ≥ 20 mL in either testis. RESULTS In adjusted models, boys with higher HCB concentrations achieved sexual maturity reflected by TV ≥ 20 mL a mean of 3.1 months (95% CI: -1.7, 7.8), 5.3 months (95% CI: 0.6, 10.1), and 5.0 months (95% CI: 0.2, 9.8) later for quartiles Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, compared with Q1 (p trend = 0.04). Tanner stage 5 for genitalia growth was attained a mean of 2.2 months (95% CI: -3.1, 7.5), 5.7 months (95% CI: 0.4, 11.0), and 3.7 months (95% CI: -1.7, 9.1) later for quartiles Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, of βHCH compared with Q1 (p trend = 0.09). Tanner stage 5 for pubic hair growth occurred 6-9 months later on average for boys in the highest versus lowest quartile for HCB (p trend < 0.001), βHCH (trend p = 0.01), and p,p´-DDE (p trend = 0.04). No associations were observed between p,p´-DDE and Tanner stage 5 for genitalia growth or TV ≥ 20 mL. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Higher prepubertal serum HCB and βHCH concentrations were associated with a later age at attainment of sexual maturity. Only the highest quartile of serum p,p´-DDE was associated with later pubic hair maturation. CITATION Lam T, Williams PL, Lee MM, Korrick SA, Birnbaum LS, Burns JS, Sergeyev O, Revich B, Altshul LM, Patterson DG Jr, Hauser R. 2015. Prepubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and age at sexual maturity in Russian boys. Environ Health Perspect 123:1216-1221; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Lam
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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210
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Dimler LM, Natsuaki MN. The effects of pubertal timing on externalizing behaviors in adolescence and early adulthood: A meta-analytic review. J Adolesc 2015; 45:160-70. [PMID: 26439868 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a meta-analytic approach, this investigation examines the association between early pubertal timing and externalizing behaviors in adolescence and early adulthood. The findings showed that the effect size of early pubertal maturation on externalizing behaviors was r = 0.180. This small, yet significant effect size is consistent with the models of early pubertal maturation in that early maturation is associated with higher levels of externalizing behaviors. Using contrast analyses, we examined three potential moderators of this association: sex, the concurrent versus long-term effect of early puberty, and types of puberty assessments. Neither sex nor type of pubertal timing assessment moderated the effect significantly. However, results indicated that the effect was stronger for studies that measured pubertal timing and externalizing behaviors concurrently rather than longitudinally (i.e., examining prospective effect of pubertal timing on later externalizing behaviors). The findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research.
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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Shi H, Jiang X, Zhao Y, Fang X, Xie C. Could exposure to phthalates speed up or delay pubertal onset and development? A 1.5-year follow-up of a school-based population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:41-9. [PMID: 26073845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phthalates may interfere with the timing of pubertal development in adolescence and existing studies have shown inconsistent results. This study aims to assess the associations of pubertal onset and progression with urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in school-aged boys and girls. METHODS Using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we analyzed 6 phthalate metabolites in urine samples of 430 children (222 boys and 208 girls) aged 9.7 ± 2.2 years (age range 6.1 to 13.8 years) at baseline and 18 months of follow-up. The associations of exposures to phthalates with pubertal development such as the testis, breast and pubic hair were evaluated using ordered logistic regression models, adjusting for baseline development stage, current chronological age, current body fat composition, and parental education. RESULTS Urinary mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was associated with a 39% increase in the odds of presenting lower pubic hair development stages in boys, and mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) (p < 0.10), mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were associated with 54%-65% increase in the odds of presenting higher breast development stages in girls (p < 0.05), while MEHHP and MEOHP were also associated with a 70% increase in the odds of menarche onset (p < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the associations of girls' pubertal onset with MnBP, MMP, MEP and MEHP were significant. The odds of girls' breast onset were 4 to 10 times higher in high MnBP, MMP, MEP or MEHP exposure group than in low exposure group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest subtle effects of phthalate metabolites associated with pubertal onset and progression. MnBP exposure may be associated with delayed pubic hair development in boys, while MnBP, MMP, MEP, and MEHP exposures may be associated with breast onset, and MEHP metabolites associated with speedup in breast development progression and earlier menarche onset in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Huijing Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Changming Xie
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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212
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Seltenrich N. POPs and Pubertal Timing: Evidence of Delayed Development. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:A266. [PMID: 26421753 PMCID: PMC4590738 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.123-a266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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213
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Windham GC, Pinney SM, Voss RW, Sjödin A, Biro FM, Greenspan LC, Stewart S, Hiatt RA, Kushi LH. Brominated Flame Retardants and Other Persistent Organohalogenated Compounds in Relation to Timing of Puberty in a Longitudinal Study of Girls. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1046-52. [PMID: 25956003 PMCID: PMC4590751 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to hormonally active chemicals could plausibly affect pubertal timing, so we are investigating this in the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to examine persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in relation to pubertal onset. METHODS Ethnically diverse cohorts of 6- to 8-year-old girls (n = 645) provided serum for measure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and lipids. Tanner stages [breast (B) and pubic hair (PH)], and body mass index (BMI) were measured at up to seven annual clinic visits. Using accelerated failure time models, we calculated time ratios (TRs) for age at Tanner stages 2 or higher (2+) and POPs quartiles (Q1-4), adjusting for confounders (race/ethnicity, site, caregiver education, and income). We also calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) of Tanner stages 2+ at time of blood sampling. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, the prevalence of B2+ and PH2+ was inversely related to chemical serum concentrations; but after adjustment for confounders, only the associations with B2+, not PH2+, were statistically significant. Longitudinally, the age at pubertal transition was consistently older with greater chemical concentrations; for example: adjusted TR for B2+ and Q4 for ΣPBDE = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08, for ΣPCB = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08, and for ΣOCP = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14, indicating median ages of about 6 and 11 months older than least exposed, and with similar effect estimates for PH2+. Adjusting for BMI attenuated associations for PCBs and OCPs but not for PBDEs. CONCLUSIONS This first longitudinal study of puberty in girls with serum POPs measurements (to our knowledge) reveals a delay in onset with higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle C Windham
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
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214
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Gonadotropin and Estradiol Levels after Leuprolide Stimulation Tests in Brazilian Girls with Precocious Puberty. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2015; 28:313-6. [PMID: 26094907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the best cutoff value on the leuprolide stimulation test for the diagnosis of central precocious puberty (CPP) in a Brazilian population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This observational study included 60 girls with CPP, as shown on the basis of serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) before and 3 hours after subcutaneous administration of 500 μg leuprolide acetate and by measuring serum estradiol concentrations 24 hours later. Six months later, each subject was clinically evaluated to determine whether she had experienced progressive or nonprogressive puberty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Analyzing the best cutoff for LH after subcutaneous administration of 500 μg leuprolide acetate. RESULTS The best cutoff was a 3-hour LH level of greater than 4.0 mIU/mL, providing the highest sensitivity (73%) and specificity (83.1%), whereas a 3-hour LH level greater than 8.4 mIU/mL had a specificity of 100%. A 24-hour E2 concentration greater than 52.9 pg/mL had a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 74%. There was no association between pubertal development and disease progression. Signs such as thelarche and pubarche did not determine the evolution of the disease (P = .17). Clinical condition was associated with bone age/chronological age (P = .01), basal LH (P < .01), 3-hour LH (P = .02), baseline LH/FSH indices (P < .01) and after 3 hours (P < .01), and E2 at 24 hours (P = .02). CONCLUSION The optimal parameter indicating hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation in our sample was a 3-hour LH level greater than 4.0 mIU/mL. A diagnosis of CPP, however, should be based on a set of criteria and not on an isolated measurement, because typical laboratory findings associated with CPP may not be present in all patients.
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215
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Iranzo-Tatay C, Gimeno-Clemente N, Livianos-Aldana L, Rojo-Moreno L. [Genetic and environmental contributions to body mass index in a Spanish adolescent twin sample]. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 145:153-9. [PMID: 25066500 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Twin and family studies support large genetic influences on variability in body mass index (BMI), with heritability estimates ranging from 47% to over 90%. Our objective was to study the relative contributions of genetics and environment to BMI, evaluating sex differences, in an adolescent twin sample from Valencia, Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five hundred eighty-four pairs of adolescent twins between 13 and 18 years of age completed the study (82 monozygotic [MZ] and 87 dizygotic [DZ] pairs of male twins, 118 MZ and 102 DZ pairs of female twins, and 195 opposite-sex pairs of DZ twins). To determine zygosity, teachers responded a questionnaire on physical similarity. They also measured the participant's height and weight. BMI was calculated and weight status was determined according to age. We used twin models to assess genetic and environmental (common and unique) factors affecting BMI. RESULTS There was a 7.1% frequency of overweight and 2.8% of obesity. The estimated heritability of BMI was 88.0% in boys and 72.1% in girls, with the remaining variance attributable to non-shared environment in boys (12.0%) and 8.8% in girls. It was only in girls that common environment had an effect on BMI. CONCLUSIONS Genetics appears to play an important role in explaining the variability in BMI in the adolescence, with slight variations between boys and girls. Common environmental factors exert their influence on BMI only in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Iranzo-Tatay
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.
| | - Natalia Gimeno-Clemente
- Grupo de investigación Psiquiátrica, Sección de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, España
| | - Lorenzo Livianos-Aldana
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Luis Rojo-Moreno
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
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216
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Sabageh AO, Sabageh D, Adeoye OA, Adeomi AA. Pubertal Timing and Demographic Predictors of Adolescents in Southwest Nigeria. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:LC11-3. [PMID: 26435973 PMCID: PMC4576566 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13582.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the timing of puberty have been an area of research interest in developed countries because of its associated health and psychosocial problems. Adolescents in Africa are no exception as they are reaching adulthood today much earlier than before. This changing trend may have a major influence on adolescents' sexual behaviour. AIM This study determined the timing of puberty and demographic predictors among the adolescents in southwest Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a cross-sectional study. Using Modified Sexual Maturity Scale (MSMS) of pubertal assessment, data were collected from 1000 respondents from rural and urban areas of Osun state, Nigeria. Data were collected using pre-tested Assisted Self Completion Questionnaires (ASCQ). The rate of pubertal development was based on age group and current pubertal stage. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were done to identify significant demographic predictors. Statistical significance was at 5% level. RESULTS The overall mean age of the respondents was 14.22±2.47 years. The mean age for males was 14.19±2.38 years and 14.25±2.57 years for females. A total of 52.9% of the respondents were males and 47.1% were females. Higher proportions of the females, 41.6% were already in late puberty stages compared to their male counterparts where 21.9% were at this stage. With regards to this rate of pubertal development, more males, 14.2% significantly had late rate of pubertal development than the females 5.1%. The significant demographic predictors was socio-economic class in females only. CONCLUSION From this study, the timing of puberty was early for females and socio-economic class is an important demographic predictor for pubertal development. This study was however limited because intrinsic factors such as genetic makeup and nutritional status which could affect the finding were not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo Olukemi Sabageh
- Consultant Public Health Physician, Department of Community Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Donatus Sabageh
- Consultant Pathologist, Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin Adediran Adeoye
- Consultant Public Health Physician, Department of Community Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeleye Abiodun Adeomi
- Consultant Public Health Physician, Department of Community Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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217
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Fucic A, Plavec D, Casteleyn L, Aerts D, Biot P, Katsonouri A, Cerna M, Knudsen LE, Castano A, Rudnai P, Gutleb A, Ligocka D, Lupsa IR, Berglund M, Horvat M, Halzlova K, Schoeters G, Koppen G, Hadjipanayis A, Krskova A, Középesy S, Arendt M, Fischer ME, Janasik B, Gurzau AE, Gurzau ES, Grandér M, Larsson K, Jajcaj M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Sepai O, Exley K, Bartolome M, Cutanda F, Mazej D, Nielsen JKS, Snoj-Tratnik J, Schwedler G, Fiddicke U, Seiwert M, Govarts E, Den Hond E, Koch HM, Lopez A, Joas A, Joas R. Gender differences in cadmium and cotinine levels in prepubertal children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 141:125-131. [PMID: 25529752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to environmental stressors has been described for fetal and early childhood development. However, the possible susceptibility of the prepubertal period, characterized by the orchestration of the organism towards sexual maturation and adulthood has been poorly investigated and exposure data are scarce. In the current study levels of cadmium (Cd), cotinine and creatinine in urine were analyzed in a subsample 216 children from 12 European countries within the DEMOCOPHES project. The children were divided into six age-sex groups: boys (6-8 years, 9-10 years and 11 years old), and girls (6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years). The number of subjects per group was between 23 and 53. The cut off values were set at 0.1 µg/L for Cd, and 0.8 µg/L for cotinine defined according to the highest limit of quantification. The levels of Cd and cotinine were adjusted for creatinine level. In the total subsample group, the median level of Cd was 0.180 µg/L (range 0.10-0.69 µg/L), and for cotinine the median wet weight value was 1.50 µg/L (range 0.80-39.91 µg/L). There was no significant difference in creatinine and cotinine levels between genders and age groups. There was a significant correlation between levels of cadmium and creatinine in all children of both genders. This shows that even at such low levels the possible effect of cadmium on kidney function was present and measurable. An increase in Cd levels was evident with age. Cadmium levels were significantly different between 6-7 year old girls, 11 year old boys and 10-11 year old girls. As there was a balanced distribution in the number of subjects from countries included in the study, bias due to data clustering was not probable. The impact of low Cd levels on kidney function and gender differences in Cd levels needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - D Plavec
- Children Hospital Srebrnjak, Croatia
| | | | - D Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment - DG Environment, Belgium
| | - P Biot
- DG Environment, Multilateral and Strategic Affairs, Belgium
| | - A Katsonouri
- State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - M Cerna
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | - A Castano
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - P Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - A Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | - D Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - I-R Lupsa
- Environmental Health Center, Romania
| | - M Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - M Horvat
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | - K Halzlova
- Public Health Authority, Slovak Republic; State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - G Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - G Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - A Hadjipanayis
- Larnaca General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Republic of Cyprus
| | - A Krskova
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - S Középesy
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - M Arendt
- Initiativ Liewensufank, Luxembourg
| | - M E Fischer
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - B Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | | | | | - M Grandér
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - K Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - M Jajcaj
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | - F Cutanda
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - D Mazej
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - U Fiddicke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - M Seiwert
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - E Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - E Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - A Lopez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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218
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Sørensen K, Juul A. BMI percentile-for-age overestimates adiposity in early compared with late maturing pubertal children. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:227-35. [PMID: 25979736 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early pubertal timing is consistently associated with increased BMI percentile-for-age in pubertal girls, while data in boys are more ambiguous. However, higher BMI percentile-for-age may be a result of the earlier puberty per se rather than vice versa. The aim was to evaluate markers of adiposity in relation to pubertal timing and reproductive hormone levels in healthy pubertal boys and girls. STUDY DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study (The Copenhagen Puberty Study). Eight-hundred and two healthy Caucasian children and adolescents (486 girls) aged 8.5-16.5 years participated. BMI and bioelectric impedance analyses (BIA) were used to estimate adiposity. Clinical pubertal markers (Tanner stages and testicular volume) were evaluated. LH, FSH, estradiol, testosterone, SHBG and IGF1 levels were determined by immunoassays. RESULTS In all age groups, higher BMI (all 1 year age-groups, P ≤ 0.041) was found with early compared with late maturation, despite similar BIA-estimated body fat percentage (BIA-BF%). Neither BMI nor BIA-BF% differed for a given stage of maturation. BMI percentile-for-age and prevalence of overweight/obesity were higher in the early compared with late matured pubertal children (all P ≤ 0.038), despite similar BIA-BF%. Pubertal girls with BIA-BF >29% had significantly lower LH and FSH levels compared with normal-weight girls (P ≤ 0.041). CONCLUSIONS Early maturational timing was not associated with higher adiposity for a given stage of puberty. Using BMI percentile-for-age overestimated the degree of adiposity in early pubertal compared with late pubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Sørensen
- Department of Growth and ReproductionGR-5064, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and ReproductionGR-5064, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shi H, Cao Y, Shen Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Association Between Urinary Phthalates and Pubertal Timing in Chinese Adolescents. J Epidemiol 2015. [PMID: 26212725 PMCID: PMC4549609 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20140205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are synthetic chemicals and ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with hormonal activity that may alter the course of pubertal development in children. OBJECTIVES To determine whether exposure to phthalate metabolites is associated with timing of pubertal development in a cross-sectional study of a school-based clustered sample of 503 children from a suburban district in Shanghai, China, who were 7-14 years of age at enrollment (2010 October to November). METHODS We analyzed six phthalate metabolites in urine samples by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The associations of exposures to phthalates with pubertal timing of testes, breast, and pubic hair development (represented as Tanner stages) were evaluated using an ordered logistic regression model adjusted for chronological age, body fat proportion (BF%), and parental education. RESULTS In boys, urinary mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) levels were negatively associated with testicular volume, and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) levels were negatively associated with pubic hair stages. The odds of being in an advanced stage were decreased by 43%-51%. In girls, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, and MEOHP levels, as well as the sum of these levels, were positively associated with breast stages, and the association was much stronger in girls with high BF%; the odds of being in an advanced stage were increase by 29% to 50%. CONCLUSIONS Phthalate metabolites investigated in this study show significant associations with pubertal timing both in boys and in girls, especially among girls with high BF%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Shi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Chinese Ministry of Education
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220
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Dwyer AA, Phan-Hug F, Hauschild M, Elowe-Gruau E, Pitteloud N. TRANSITION IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Hypogonadism in adolescence. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R15-24. [PMID: 25653257 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a remarkable developmental process with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis culminating in reproductive capacity. It is accompanied by cognitive, psychological, emotional, and sociocultural changes. There is wide variation in the timing of pubertal onset, and this process is affected by genetic and environmental influences. Disrupted puberty (delayed or absent) leading to hypogonadism may be caused by congenital or acquired etiologies and can have significant impact on both physical and psychosocial well-being. While adolescence is a time of growing autonomy and independence, it is also a time of vulnerability and thus, the impact of hypogonadism can have lasting effects. This review highlights the various forms of hypogonadism in adolescence and the clinical challenges in differentiating normal variants of puberty from pathological states. In addition, hormonal treatment, concerns regarding fertility, emotional support, and effective transition to adult care are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Dwyer
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Phan-Hug
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eglantine Elowe-Gruau
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism in Young Adults (CEMjA)EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism ServiceDivision of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology and ObesityDepartment of Pediatric Medicine and Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Padmanabhan V, Veiga-Lopez A, Herkimer C, Abi Salloum B, Moeller J, Beckett E, Sreedharan R. Developmental Programming: Prenatal and Postnatal Androgen Antagonist and Insulin Sensitizer Interventions Prevent Advancement of Puberty and Improve LH Surge Dynamics in Prenatal Testosterone-Treated Sheep. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2678-92. [PMID: 25919188 PMCID: PMC4475717 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal T excess induces maternal hyperinsulinemia, early puberty, and reproductive/metabolic defects in the female similar to those seen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. This study addressed the organizational/activational role of androgens and insulin in programming pubertal advancement and periovulatory LH surge defects. Treatment groups included the following: 1) control; 2) prenatal T; 3) prenatal T plus prenatal androgen antagonist, flutamide; 4) prenatal T plus prenatal insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone; 5) prenatal T and postnatal flutamide; 6) prenatal T and postnatal rosiglitazone; and 7) prenatal T and postnatal metformin. Prenatal treatments spanned 30-90 days of gestation and postnatal treatments began at approximately 8 weeks of age and continued throughout. Blood samples were taken twice weekly, beginning at approximately 12 weeks of age to time puberty. Two-hour samples after the synchronization with prostaglandin F2α were taken for 120 hours to characterize LH surge dynamics at 7 and 19 months of age. Prenatal T females entered puberty earlier than controls, and all interventions prevented this advancement. Prenatal T reduced the percentage of animals having LH surge, and females that presented LH surge exhibited delayed timing and dampened amplitude of the LH surge. Prenatal androgen antagonist, but not other interventions, restored LH surges without normalizing the timing of the surge. Normalization of pubertal timing with prenatal/postnatal androgen antagonist and insulin sensitizer interventions suggests that pubertal advancement is programmed by androgenic actions of T involving insulin as a mediary. Restoration of LH surges by cotreatment with androgen antagonist supports androgenic programming at the organizational level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol Herkimer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Bachir Abi Salloum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Jacob Moeller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Evan Beckett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Rohit Sreedharan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Osborne G, Rudel R, Schwarzman M. Evaluating chemical effects on mammary gland development: A critical need in disease prevention. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 54:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mazaheri A, Hashemipour M, Salehi M, Behnam M, Hovsepian S, Hassanzadeh A. Mutation of kisspeptin 1 gene in children with precocious puberty in isfahan city. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 26015864 PMCID: PMC4434494 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.156839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the role of kisspeptin (KISS) in the process of puberty, this study aimed to determine the mutation of KISS1 gene among a group of patients with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). METHODS In this case control study, a group of children with diagnosed ICPP and a group of healthy children were selected. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of selected population. After proving the quality and quantity of extracted DNA samples by nano-drop instrument, PCR was performed using 3 set of primers to amplify all coding exons and flanking intron region of Kiss1 gene. RESULTS In this study, 33 patients with idiopathic PP and 30 control age and sex matched children were studied. Genetic analysis indicated that there was not any polymorphism or mutation in studied participants of the control group. Among patients with ICPP, 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter and coding regions of KISS1 gene were determined in 9 patients (5 boys and 4 girls). Among them, the c.-148 T > A was novel variant. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study identified one novel polymorphism and three reported polymorphism in KISS gene among patients with ICPP. It is recommended to design further studies for analysis other genes related to ICPP in accordance with more complementary biochemical evaluations is recommended also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazaheri
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Department of Pediatrics Endocrinology, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansour Salehi
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdieh Behnam
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Silva Hovsepian
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran
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Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Pitteloud N, Morin D. Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study. Sex Med 2015; 3:32-41. [PMID: 25844173 PMCID: PMC4380912 DOI: 10.1002/sm2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare, genetic, reproductive endocrine disorder characterized by absent puberty and infertility. Limited information is available on the psychosocial impact of CHH and psychosexual development in these patients. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the impact of CHH on psychosexual development in men on long-term treatment. Methods A sequential mixed methods explanatory design was used. First, an online survey (quantitative) was used to quantify the frequency of psychosexual problems among CHH men. Second, patient focus groups (qualitative) were conducted to explore survey findings in detail and develop a working model to guide potential nursing and interdisciplinary interventions. Main Outcome Measures Patient characteristics, frequency of body shame, difficulty with intimate relationships, and never having been sexually active were assessed. Additionally, we collected subjective patient-reported outcomes regarding the impact of CHH on psychological/emotional well-being, intimate relationships, and sexual activity. Results A total of 101 CHH men on long-term treatment (>1 year) were included for the analysis of the online survey (mean age 37 ± 11 years, range 19–66, median 36). Half (52/101, 51%) of the men had been seen at a specialized academic center and 37/101 (37%) reported having had fertility-inducing treatment. A high percentage of CHH men experience psychosexual problems including difficulty with intimate relationships (70%) and body image concerns/body shame (94/101, 93%), and the percentage of men never having been sexually active is five times the rate in a reference group (26% vs. 5.4%, P < 0.001). Focus groups revealed persisting body shame and low self-esteem despite long-term treatment that has lasting impact on psychosexual functioning. Conclusions CHH men frequently experience psychosexual problems that pose barriers to intimate relationships and initiating sexual activity. These lingering effects cause significant distress and are not ameliorated by long-term treatment. Psychosexual assessment in CHH men with appropriate psychological support and treatment should be warranted in these patients. Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Pitteloud N, and Morin D. Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: A mixed methods study. Sex Med 2015;3:32–41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Dwyer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne, Switzerland ; Institut universitaire de formation et de recherche en soins, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Quinton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine and the Royal Victoria Infirmary, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology & Medicine, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diane Morin
- Institut universitaire de formation et de recherche en soins, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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226
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Hoyt LT, Falconi AM. Puberty and perimenopause: reproductive transitions and their implications for women's health. Soc Sci Med 2015; 132:103-12. [PMID: 25797100 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This scoping review synthesizes existing research on two major transitions in females' lives: puberty and perimenopause. These two periods of vast physiological change demarcate the beginning and the end of the reproductive life cycle and are associated with major neuroendocrine reorganization across two key systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Despite growing evidence suggesting that the timing and experience of puberty and perimenopause are related to various physical and mental health outcomes (e.g., mood disorders, metabolism, cardiovascular health, autoimmune conditions, and cancer), these two processes are rarely examined together. In this paper, we bridge these disparate literatures to highlight similarities, isolate inconsistencies, and identify important areas for future research in women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Till Hoyt
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholar at the University of California, San Francisco and Berkeley, 3333 California St., Suite 465, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - April M Falconi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 13A University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Kale A, Deardorff J, Lahiff M, Laurent C, Greenspan LC, Hiatt RA, Windham G, Galvez MP, Biro FM, Pinney SM, Teitelbaum SL, Wolff MS, Barlow J, Mirabedi A, Lasater M, Kushi LH. Breastfeeding versus formula-feeding and girls' pubertal development. Matern Child Health J 2015; 19:519-27. [PMID: 24916206 PMCID: PMC4263683 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the association of breastfeeding or its duration with timing of girls' pubertal onset, and the role of BMI as a mediator in these associations. A population of 1,237 socio-economically and ethnically diverse girls, ages 6-8 years, was recruited across three geographic locations (New York City, Cincinnati, and the San Francisco Bay Area) in a prospective study of predictors of pubertal maturation. Breastfeeding practices were assessed using self-administered questionnaire/interview with the primary caregiver. Girls were seen on at least annual basis to assess breast and pubic hair development. The association of breastfeeding with pubertal timing was estimated using parametric survival analysis while adjusting for body mass index, ethnicity, birth-weight, mother's education, mother's menarcheal age, and family income. Compared to formula fed girls, those who were mixed-fed or predominantly breastfed showed later onset of breast development [hazard ratios 0.90 (95 % CI 0.75, 1.09) and 0.74 (95 % CI 0.59, 0.94), respectively]. Duration of breastfeeding was also directly associated with age at onset of breast development (p trend = 0.008). Associations between breastfeeding and pubic hair onset were not significant. In stratified analysis, the association of breastfeeding and later breast onset was seen in Cincinnati girls only. The association between breast feeding and pubertal onset varied by study site. More research is needed about the environments within which breastfeeding takes place in order to better understand whether infant feeding practices are a potentially modifiable risk factor that may influence age at onset of breast development and subsequent risk for disease in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kale
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,
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Collishaw S. Annual research review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:370-93. [PMID: 25496340 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child and adolescent mental health problems are common, associated with wide-ranging functional impairments, and show substantial continuities into adult life. It is therefore important to understand the extent to which the prevalence of mental health problems has changed over time, and to identify reasons behind any trends in mental health. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY This review evaluates evidence on whether the population prevalence of child and adolescent mental health problems has changed. The primary focus of the review is on epidemiological cross-cohort comparisons identified by a systematic search of the literature (using the Web of Knowledge database). FINDINGS Clinical diagnosis and treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders increased over recent decades. Epidemiological comparisons of unselected population cohorts using equivalent assessments of mental health have found little evidence of an increased rate of ADHD, but cross-cohort comparisons of rates of ASD are lacking at this time. Findings do suggest substantial secular change in emotional problems and antisocial behaviour in high-income countries, including periods of increase and decrease in symptom prevalence. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries is very limited. Possible explanations for trends in child and adolescent mental health are discussed. The review also addresses how cross-cohort comparisons can provide valuable complementary information on the aetiology of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Collishaw
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Blei T, Soukup ST, Schmalbach K, Pudenz M, Möller FJ, Egert B, Wörtz N, Kurrat A, Müller D, Vollmer G, Gerhäuser C, Lehmann L, Kulling SE, Diel P. Dose-dependent effects of isoflavone exposure during early lifetime on the rat mammary gland: Studies on estrogen sensitivity, isoflavone metabolism, and DNA methylation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:270-83. [PMID: 25410811 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Isoflavone (ISO) exposure during adolescence modulates 17β-estradiol (E2) sensitivity of the adult mammary gland. The present study investigated the dose dependency of these effects focusing on proliferation, estrogen receptor dependent and independent gene expression, as well as DNA methylation and ISO metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Female Wistar rats were lifelong exposed to an ISO-depleted diet or to diets enriched with a soy ISO extract (ISO-rich diet (IRD)) causing plasma concentrations as observed minimally (IRDlow) and maximally (IRDhigh) in Asian women. The extract was characterized by both phytochemical analysis and E-Screen. Rats were ovariectomized at postnatal day (PND) 80 and treated with E2 from PND94 to 97. In contrast to uterine response, body weight and visceral fat mass were affected by ISO. In the mammary gland, both E2-induced proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining) and estrogen receptor activation (progesterone receptor staining) were significantly reduced by IRDhigh but not by IRDlow, which however attenuated Gdf15 mRNA expression. DNA methylation analysis revealed significant differences in the promoter regions of Aldhl1, Extl1, and WAP between IRDhigh and ISO-depleted diet. CONCLUSION Lifelong exposure to ISO results in dose-dependent differential effects on proliferation, gene expression, and DNA methylation in rat mammary glands. Yet, a decrease in estrogen responsiveness was only achieved by IRDhigh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Blei
- German Sports University Cologne, Köln, Germany
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[Age of puberty and western young women sexuality]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 43:158-62. [PMID: 25618536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The onset of menarche and age of first sexual experience have both lowered over the past century. Does the age of puberty influence the sexuality of the girl/young occidental woman? If so, to what degree? Besides, is the acquisition of reproductive function, regardless of age, a sign of sufficient maturity to engage in sexual activity? Studies show that early puberty, early sex, unprotected sexual intercourse in adolescence and number of sexual partners in early adulthood are closely related. These early sexual experiences could be stimulated by early drug use as well as by depressive disorders. The age of puberty has a real influence on sexuality but this link will be modulated by a number of social behavioral factors and it is not sustainable. The age of puberty is not a good indicator of maturity for teenage sexuality; early maturation and early sexual activity are usually associated with risky behaviors. However, other studies on the subject are required, including a consideration of the issues associated with delayed puberty, a subject virtually absent from the literature.
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231
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Flash-Luzzatti S, Weil C, Shalev V, Oron T, Chodick G. Long-term secular trends in the age at menarche in Israel: a systematic literature review and pooled analysis. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:266-71. [PMID: 24504328 DOI: 10.1159/000357444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A worldwide decline in the age at menarche (AAM) has been reported in recent decades. This trend has been also clinically observed among Israeli women and was reported in our previous study. METHODS We reviewed the literature reporting the mean AAM in Israel during the past century. Studies were excluded if participants had been investigated due to illness or any condition which could affect sexual maturation. Mean AAM was analyzed using a simple linear regression weighted for number of participants in each birth cohort and stratified to birth cohorts before and after 1970, based on the outcome of our previous study. RESULTS AAM varied little among women born between 1875 and 1970, but there was a clear downwards trend from 13.4 in 1970 to 12.8 two decades later. In a stratified analysis we found a significant negative association between birth year and AAM in the birth cohort after 1970 (standardized β coefficient = -0.94 per year, R(2) = 0.87; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest a significant decline in mean AAM in Israeli women born in 1970 or later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Flash-Luzzatti
- Medical Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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232
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Gollenberg AL, Addo OY, Zhang Z, Hediger ML, Himes JH, Lee PA. In utero exposure to cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke and reproductive hormones in US girls approaching puberty. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 83:36-44. [PMID: 25633306 PMCID: PMC4348220 DOI: 10.1159/000369168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Evidence is unclear whether prenatal smoking affects age at menarche and pubertal development, and its impact upon hormones has not been well studied. We aim to identify potential pathways through which prenatal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affect reproductive hormones in girls approaching puberty. METHODS We examined the association between prenatal smoking, current ETS and luteinizing hormone (LH) and inhibin B (InB) in 6- to 11-year-old girls in the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Parents/guardians completed interviewer-assisted questionnaires on health and demographics at the time of physical examination. Residual blood samples were analyzed for reproductive hormones in 2008. RESULTS Of 660 girls, 19 and 39% were exposed to prenatal smoke and current ETS, respectively. Accounting for multiple pathways in structural equation models, prenatally exposed girls had significantly lower LH (β = -0.205 log-mIU/ml, p < 0.0001) and InB (β = -0.162, log-pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Prenatal smoking also influenced LH positively and InB negatively indirectly through BMI-for-age. ETS was positively associated with LH, but not with InB. CONCLUSION Exposure to maternal smoking may disrupt reproductive development manifesting in altered hormone levels near puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra L. Gollenberg
- Public Health Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Shenandoah University. Winchester, VA
| | - O. Yaw Addo
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Office of Surveillance and Biometrics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | | | - John H. Himes
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peter A. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA and Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Lyu Y, Mirea L, Yang J, Warre R, Zhang J, Lee SK, Li Z. Secular trends in age at menarche among women born between 1955 and 1985 in Southeastern China. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:155. [PMID: 25495097 PMCID: PMC4275952 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-014-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Improvements in socioeconomic conditions and population health have been linked to declining age at menarche. In China, secular trends in age at menarche following extensive economic reform during recent decades have not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the overall trend in age at menarche and assessed differences in the rate of change of age at menarche over time, and between urban and rural populations and education levels in southeastern China. Methods Age at menarche was retrospectively collected from 1,167,119 Han Chinese women born 1955–1985, who registered in the Perinatal Health Care Surveillance System in 19 cities and counties in two southeast provinces during 1993–2005. Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate trends in age at menarche overall and stratified by urban/rural residence and education level. Results Age at menarche declined by 0.33 [95% CI 0.33, 0.32] years/decade overall, with the fastest decline in women born in 1966–1975. For the earliest birth cohorts (1955–1965), age at menarche declined faster in urban versus rural regions, and for women with high school education or above versus primary school or less. In contrast, age at menarche declined slower among urban women born 1976–1985, and among those with higher education born 1966–1985. Conclusions Mean age at menarche declined for women born in 1955–1985 in southeast China. Further study is warranted to identify specific factors contributing to earlier age at menarche and associated health outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12905-014-0155-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Lyu
- Department of Child Health Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China. .,School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China. .,Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lucia Mirea
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Junmin Yang
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ruth Warre
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shoo K Lee
- Maternal-Infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Zhu Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Lam T, Williams PL, Lee MM, Korrick SA, Birnbaum LS, Burns JS, Sergeyev O, Revich B, Altshul LM, Patterson DG, Turner WE, Hauser R. Prepubertal organochlorine pesticide concentrations and age of pubertal onset among Russian boys. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:135-42. [PMID: 25118086 PMCID: PMC4194160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal studies, organochlorine pesticide (OCP) exposure alters pubertal development; however, epidemiological data are limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations of serum OCP concentrations [hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE)] with male pubertal onset. METHODS In Chapaevsk, Russia, a town environmentally contaminated with OCPs, 350 8-9 year old boys with measured OCPs were enrolled during 2003-2005 and were followed annually for eight years. We evaluated three measures of pubertal onset: testicular volume (TV)>3 mL in either testis, or stage 2 or greater for genitalia (G2+), or pubic hair (P2+). We used multivariable interval-censored models to evaluate associations of OCPs (quartiles) with physician-assessed pubertal onset. RESULTS In adjusted models, boys with higher HCB concentrations had later mean ages of TV>3 mL and P2+ (but not G2+). Mean age at attaining TV>3 mL was delayed 3.6 (95% CI: -2.6, 9.7), 7.9 (95% CI: 1.7, 14.0), and 4.7 months (95% CI: -1.4, 10.9) for HCB Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively, compared to Q1 (trend p: 0.06). Boys with higher HCB concentrations reached P2+ 0.1 months earlier (95% CI: -5.8, 5.6) for Q2, 4.7 months later (95% CI: -1.0, 10.3) for Q3 and 4.6 months later (95% CI: -1.1, 10.3) for Q4 compared to Q1 (trend p: 0.04). There were no associations of serum β-HCH and p,p'-DDE concentrations with age of pubertal onset. CONCLUSION Higher prepubertal serum HCB concentrations were associated with later age of gonadarche and pubarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Lam
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Quintiles, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary M Lee
- Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Susan A Korrick
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jane S Burns
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oleg Sergeyev
- Samara State Medical University, Department of Physical Education and Health, Samara, Russia; Chapaevsk Medical Association, Chapaevsk, Samara Region, Russia
| | - Boris Revich
- Institute for Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa M Altshul
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Environmental Health and Engineering, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
| | - Donald G Patterson
- EnviroSolutions Consulting, Inc., Auburn, GA, USA; Axys Analytical Solutions, Sidney, BC, Canada; Exponent, Inc., Maynard, MA, USA
| | - Wayman E Turner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
This article comes within the compass of a research program (entitled CorAge. Bodily Experiences and AgePassages among 9-13 year-olds (ANR-09-ENFT-017) conducted between 2009 and 2013 about the emergence of a "new" age in life--"preadolescence"--as instanced in France (Alsace, Lorraine) and Italy (Venetia). The impressive amount of references to "early puberty" and "precocious puberty", in a context of feeling of a premature end of childhood, led us to make an in-depth study of this issue: first, through an analysis of international and French and Italian medical journals; second, through interviews with health professionals. Following the thesis of Foucault, we assume that the discourses on puberty timing participate of classifications of the child body drenched with moral representations of childhood, especially on gender and age issue. Our results: the question of whether a secular trend in puberty timing even exists continues to be debated between American and European scientists. Second, the terms "puberty", "precocious puberty", "early puberty" have been used to indicate a variety of puberty markers, increasing confusion. A controversy has focused on early breast development in girls, because this attribute is questioning the order of ages and gender. Moreover, psychosocial factors presented as accelerating early puberty, do not demonstrate the relation between earliness and risk behavior. The literature, as it is moved by the female precocity, creates a medical category to objectify the complex and flexible process of puberty and invent female child precocity. These differences between American and European scholars and the interviews with French and Italian health professional show a gap between the international literature and practitioners, clinicians and nurses who regularly work with children: they neither find pubertal advancement, nor increase of "true precocious puberty", although they share concerns about premature feminization of girls (France) or environmental toxicity (Italy) on children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cozzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Udine University, Piazza Petracco 8, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Virginie Vinel
- Department of Sociology, Franche Comté University, 30-32 Rue Mégevaud, CS 81807, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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Pathak PK, Tripathi N, Subramanian SV. Secular trends in menarcheal age in India-evidence from the Indian human development survey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111027. [PMID: 25369507 PMCID: PMC4219698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from a number of countries in Europe and North America point towards the secular declining trend in menarcheal age with considerable spatial variations over the past two centuries. Similar trends were reported in several developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, data corroborating any secular trend in the menarcheal age of the Indian population remained sparse and inadequately verified. METHODS We examined secular trends, regional heterogeneity and association of socioeconomic, anthropometric and contextual factors with menarcheal age among ever-married women (15-49 years) in India. Using the pseudo cohort data approach, we fit multiple linear regression models to estimate secular trends in menarcheal age of 91394 ever-married women using the Indian Human Development Survey. RESULTS The mean age at menarche among Indian women was 13.76 years (95 % CI: 13.75, 13.77) in 2005. It declined by three months from 13.83 years (95% CI: 13.81, 13.85) among women born prior to 1955-1964, to nearly 13.62 years (95% CI: 13.58, 13.67) among women born during late 1985-1989. However, these aggregate national figures mask extensive spatial heterogeneity as mean age at menarche varied from 15.0 years in Himachal Pradesh during 1955-1964 (95% CI: 14.89-15.11) to about 12.1 years in Assam (95% CI: 11.63-12.56) during 1985-1989. CONCLUSION The regression analysis established a reduction of nearly one month per decade, suggesting a secular decline in age at menarche among Indian women. Notably, the menarcheal age was significantly associated with the area of residence, geographic region, linguistic groups, educational attainment, wealth status, caste and religious affiliations among Indian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Pathak
- Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niharika Tripathi
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S. V. Subramanian
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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237
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De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Fiscina B, Elsedfy H, Elalaily R, Yassin M, Skordis N, Di Maio S, Piacentini G, Kholy ME. Endocrine check-up in adolescents and indications for referral: A guide for health care providers. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:S26-38. [PMID: 25538875 PMCID: PMC4266866 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.145055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that young people between the ages of 11 and 21 years should be seen annually by their pediatricians, since annual checkups can be an important opportunity for health evaluation and anticipatory guidance. Parents of infants and young children are accustomed to regularly visiting a pediatrician for their child's checkups. Unfortunately, when children reach the teen years, these annual checkups may decrease in frequency. In routine check-ups and medical office visits, particular attention should be paid to the possibility of a developmental or endocrine disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent medical complications in adulthood and foster age-appropriate development. Our purpose is to acquaint readers with the concept, based on current scientific understanding, that some endocrine disorders may be associated with a wide range of deleterious health consequences including an increased risk of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, increased risk of coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, significant anxiety and lack of self-esteem. Understanding the milestones and developmental stages of adolescence is essential for pediatricians and all other health providers who care for adolescents. Treating adolescents involves knowledge of a variety of medical, social and legal information; in addition, close working relationships must be established within the adolescent's network to create an effective care system. In summary, we underline the importance of a periodic endocrine checkup in adolescents in order to identify endocrine problems early and develop an approach to treatment for those patients who need help during this time. Indications for endocrine referral for professional and other healthcare providers are also included. These lists are clearly not intended to be comprehensive, but will hopefully serve as a guide for specific clinical circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Sanctis
- Quisisana Hospital, Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ashraf T Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Alexandria University Children's Hospital, Alexandria, USA
| | | | - Heba Elsedfy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Elalaily
- Department of Primary Health Care, AbuNakhla Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Yassin
- Department of Hematology, Alamal Hospital, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, St George's University Medical School at the University of Nicosia, Cyprus, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Maio
- Emeritus Consultant in Pediatrics, Santobono-Pausilipon Hospital, Naples, Italy
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238
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Hagen CP, Sørensen K, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, Mieritz MG, Tinggaard J, Wohlfart-Veje C, Petersen JH, Main KM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Almstrup K, Juul A. Pubertal onset in girls is strongly influenced by genetic variation affecting FSH action. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6412. [PMID: 25231187 PMCID: PMC4166707 DOI: 10.1038/srep06412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at pubertal onset varies substantially in healthy girls. Although genetic factors are responsible for more than half of the phenotypic variation, only a small part has been attributed to specific genetic polymorphisms identified so far. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estradiol synthesis which is responsible for breast development. We assessed the effect of three polymorphisms influencing FSH action on age at breast deveopment in a population-based cohort of 964 healthy girls. Girls homozygous for FSHR -29AA (reduced FSH receptor expression) entered puberty 7.4 (2.5–12.4) months later than carriers of the common variants FSHR -29GG+GA, p = 0.003. To our knowledge, this is the strongest genetic effect on age at pubertal onset in girls published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper P Hagen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Sørensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Aksglaede
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Mouritsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel G Mieritz
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Tinggaard
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Wohlfart-Veje
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Holm Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vested A, Giwercman A, Bonde JP, Toft G. Persistent organic pollutants and male reproductive health. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:71-80. [PMID: 24369135 PMCID: PMC3901884 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are man-made bioaccumulative compounds with long half-lives that are found throughout the world as a result of heavy use in a variety of consumer products during the twentieth century. Wildlife and animal studies have long suggested adverse effects of exposure to these compounds on human reproductive health, which, according to the endocrine disrupter hypothesis, are ascribed to the compounds’ potential to interfere with endocrine signaling, especially when exposure occurs during certain phases of fetal and childhood development. An extensive number of epidemiological studies have addressed the possible effects of exposure to POPs on male reproductive health, but the results are conflicting. Thus far, most studies have focused on investigating exposure and the different reproductive health outcomes during adulthood. Some studies have addressed the potential harmful effects of fetal exposure with respect to malformations at birth and/or reproductive development, whereas only a few studies have been able to evaluate whether intrauterine exposure to POPs has long-term consequences for male reproductive health with measurable effects on semen quality markers and reproductive hormone levels in adulthood. Humans are not exposed to a single compound at a time, but rather, to a variety of different substances with potential divergent hormonal effects. Hence, how to best analyze epidemiological data on combined exposures remains a significant challenge. This review on POPs will focus on current knowledge regarding the potential effects of exposure to POPs during fetal and childhood life and during adulthood on male reproductive health, including a critical revision of the endocrine disruption hypothesis, a comment on pubertal development as part of reproductive development and a comment on how to account for combined exposures in epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vested
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Pereira A, Garmendia ML, González D, Kain J, Mericq V, Uauy R, Corvalán C. Breast bud detection: a validation study in the Chilean growth obesity cohort study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 25115568 PMCID: PMC4137044 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Early puberty onset has been related to future chronic disease; however breast bud assessment in large scale population studies is difficult because it requires trained personnel. Thus our aim is to assess the validity of self and maternal breast bud detection, considering girl’s body mass index (BMI) and maternal education. Methods In 2010, 481 girls (mean age = 7.8) from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study were evaluated by a nutritionist trained in breast bud detection. In addition, the girl(n = 481) and her mother(n = 341) classified the girl’s breast development after viewing photographs of Tanner stages. Concordance between diagnostics was estimated (kappa, Spearman correlation) considering girls’ BMI and mother’s educational level. Results 14% of the girls presented breast buds and 43% had excess weight (BMI z-score > 1, World Health Organization 2007). Self-assessment showed low concordance with the evaluator (K < 0.1) and girls with excess weight over-diagnosed more than girls of normal weight (44% vs. 24%, p-value < 0.05). Instead, mothers showed good concordance with the evaluator (K = 0.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-0.9), even in overweight girls and/or in mothers with low education (K = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.6-0.8). Conclusions Mothers were able to adequately evaluate the appearance of breast bud despite low educational level and girls’ excess weight. Mother could be a useful resource for defining puberty onset in epidemiological studies, particularly developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Avda, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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Shin HS, Seo JH, Jeong SH, Park SW, Park Y, Son SW, Kim JS, Kang HG. Exposure of pregnant mice to chlorpyrifos-methyl alters embryonic H19 gene methylation patterns. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:926-935. [PMID: 23125134 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify whether chlorpyrifos methyl (CPM) exposure during pregnancy leads to changes in the methylation patterns of H19 gene. CPM 4, 20, 100 mg/kg bw/day was administered to 4 pregnant mice per group between 7 and 12 days post coitum (d.p.c.). Pregnant mice were killed at 13 d.p.c. The genomic methylation in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and fetal organs (the liver, intestine, and placenta) was examined. Four polymorphism sites in the H19 alleles of maternal (C57BL/6J) and paternal (CAST/Ei) alleles were identified at nucleotide position 1407, 1485, 1566, and 1654. The methylation patterns of 17 CpG sites were analyzed. The methylation level in male and female PGCs was not altered by CPM treatment in the maternal allele H19. The methylation level of the paternal H19 allele was altered in only male PGCs in response to the CPM treatment. The methylation level at a binding site for the transcriptional regulator CTCF2 was higher than that at the CTCF1 binding site in all CPM-treated groups. In the placenta, the aggregate methylation level of H19 was 56.89%in control group. But, those levels were ranged from 47.7% to 49.89% after treatment with increasing doses of CPM. H19 gene from the liver and intestine of 13 d.p.c. fetuses treated with CPM was hypomethylated as compared with controls, although H19 mRNA expression was unaltered. In the placenta, H19 expression was slightly increased in the CPM-treated group, although not significantly. IGF2 expression levels were not significantly changed in the placenta. In conclusion, CPM exposure during pregnancy alters the methylation status of the H19 gene in PGCs and embryonic tissues. We infer that these alterations are likely related to changes in DNA demethylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sook Shin
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
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242
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Socioeconomic status and age at menarche: an examination of multiple indicators in an ethnically diverse cohort. Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24:727-33. [PMID: 25108688 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ethnic disparities exist in US girls' ages at menarche. Overweight and low socioeconomic status (SES) may contribute to these disparities but past research has been equivocal. We sought to determine which SES indicators were associated uniquely with menarche, for which ethnic groups, and whether associations operated through overweight. METHODS Using National Longitudinal Study of Youth data, we examined associations between SES indicators and age at menarche. Participants were 4851 girls and their mothers. We used survival analyses to examine whether SES, at various time points, was associated with menarche, whether body mass index mediated associations, and whether race/ethnicity modified associations. RESULTS Black and Hispanic girls experienced menarche earlier than whites. After adjusting for SES, there was a 50% reduction in the effect estimate for "being Hispanic" and 40% reduction for "being black" versus "being white" on menarche. SES indicators were associated uniquely with earlier menarche, including mother's unmarried status and lower family income. Associations varied by race/ethnicity. Body mass index did not mediate associations. CONCLUSIONS Racial differences in menarche may in large part be due to SES differences. Future experimental or quasiexperimental studies should examine whether intervening on SES factors could have benefits for delaying menarche among blacks and Hispanics.
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243
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Cousminer DL, Stergiakouli E, Berry DJ, Ang W, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Körner A, Siitonen N, Ntalla I, Marinelli M, Perry JRB, Kettunen J, Jansen R, Surakka I, Timpson NJ, Ring S, Mcmahon G, Power C, Wang C, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Lehtimäki T, Middeldorp CM, Hulshoff Pol HE, Neef M, Weise S, Pahkala K, Niinikoski H, Zeggini E, Panoutsopoulou K, Bustamante M, Penninx BWJH, Murabito J, Torrent M, Dedoussis GV, Kiess W, Boomsma DI, Pennell CE, Raitakari OT, Hyppönen E, Davey Smith G, Ripatti S, McCarthy MI, Widén E. Genome-wide association study of sexual maturation in males and females highlights a role for body mass and menarche loci in male puberty. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4452-64. [PMID: 24770850 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about genes regulating male puberty. Further, while many identified pubertal timing variants associate with age at menarche, a late manifestation of puberty, and body mass, little is known about these variants' relationship to pubertal initiation or tempo. To address these questions, we performed genome-wide association meta-analysis in over 11 000 European samples with data on early pubertal traits, male genital and female breast development, measured by the Tanner scale. We report the first genome-wide significant locus for male sexual development upstream of myocardin-like 2 (MKL2) (P = 8.9 × 10(-9)), a menarche locus tagging a developmental pathway linking earlier puberty with reduced pubertal growth (P = 4.6 × 10(-5)) and short adult stature (p = 7.5 × 10(-6)) in both males and females. Furthermore, our results indicate that a proportion of menarche loci are important for pubertal initiation in both sexes. Consistent with epidemiological correlations between increased prepubertal body mass and earlier pubertal timing in girls, body mass index (BMI)-increasing alleles correlated with earlier breast development. In boys, some BMI-increasing alleles associated with earlier, and others with delayed, sexual development; these genetic results mimic the controversy in epidemiological studies, some of which show opposing correlations between prepubertal BMI and male puberty. Our results contribute to our understanding of the pubertal initiation program in both sexes and indicate that although mechanisms regulating pubertal onset in males and females may largely be shared, the relationship between body mass and pubertal timing in boys may be complex and requires further genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diane J Berry
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Wei Ang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Antje Körner
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Niina Siitonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Marcella Marinelli
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catelonia, Spain Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rick Jansen
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Susan Ring
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Mcmahon
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carol Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33521, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Department of Biological Psychology Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Madlen Neef
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weise
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Mariona Bustamante
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catelonia, Spain Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Genes and genomes, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain and
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joanne Murabito
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maties Torrent
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ib-salut, Area de Salut de Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center of Pediatric Research, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK School of Population Health and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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244
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Li L, Denholm R, Power C. Child maltreatment and household dysfunction: associations with pubertal development in a British birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:1163-73. [PMID: 24706731 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to establish the association between adverse childhood experiences (maltreatment and household dysfunction) and pubertal maturation, which is associated with later health outcome(s). METHODS The 1958 British birth cohort (n = 17 638) includes all born in one week, March 1958, followed up to mid adulthood. Pubertal stage was rated by medical personnel at 11 and 16 years of age (y). Childhood maltreatment (neglect or abuse) and household dysfunction scores were constructed from information ascertained in childhood and at 45 y. RESULTS Childhood neglect, assessed at 7 y, was associated with late pubertal development on several markers after adjusting for early life circumstances: relative risk ratio (RRRadjusted) was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.06,1.21) and 1.06 (1.00,1.12) for late menarche and breast development (females) per unit increase in neglect score ranging 0-7, respectively; 1.14 (1.08,1.20) for late voice change and 1.07 (1.02,1.13) for pubic hair growth (males). The RRRadjusted for late pubic hair (females) and genitalia and facial hair (males) development was 1.04 (P = 0.052 to 0.085). Abuse score (0-3, for physical, sexual or psychological abuse) was associated in females with late menarche [RRRadjusted = 1.17 (1.01,1.36)] and in males with late pubic hair growth [RRRadjusted = 1.16 (1.01,1.34)] per unit increase, but not with other pubertal markers. Neither score (neglect or abuse) was associated with early puberty, but sexual abuse was associated with early [RRRadjusted = 1.86 (1.06,3.29)] as well as late menarche [RRRadjusted = 1.66 (1.02,2.71)] and witnessing abuse with early genitalia development [RRRadjusted = 1.57 (1.02,2.41)]. Household dysfunction score was not associated consistently with pubertal markers. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative neglect by 7 y was associated with delayed development of several pubertal markers. The underlying role of pubertal development in linking childhood neglect with future adult health warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Li
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health/Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London
| | - Rachel Denholm
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health/Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London
| | - Chris Power
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health/Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London
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245
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Cadmium and Reproductive Health in Women: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep 2014; 1:172-184. [PMID: 27453808 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An evolving body of evidence supports that cadmium, a non-essential heavy metal, may be associated with multiple adverse women's reproductive health outcomes. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of epidemiologic studies that evaluated cadmium exposure and the following reproductive health outcomes: puberty/menarche, fertility, time to pregnancy, pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma, and menopause. Twenty-two studies were identified based upon our search criteria. Available evidence was inadequate to draw meaningful conclusions for most of the reproductive outcomes studied. The strongest evidence was for a possible association between cadmium and preeclampsia, which was limited to cross-sectional studies. Some evidence, although conflicting, was also observed for fertility related outcomes. This lack of evidence underscores the need for additional research on cadmium and women's reproductive health outcomes.
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246
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Macsali F, Svanes C, Bjørge L, Omenaas ER, Gómez Real F. Respiratory health in women: from menarche to menopause. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 6:187-200; quiz 201-2. [PMID: 22455491 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Macsali
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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247
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Hounsgaard ML, Håkonsen LB, Vested A, Thulstrup AM, Olsen J, Bonde JP, Nohr EA, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and pubertal development among sons. Andrology 2013; 2:198-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Hounsgaard
- Danish Ramazzini Centre; Department of Occupational Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - L. B. Håkonsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. Vested
- Danish Ramazzini Centre; Department of Occupational Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. M. Thulstrup
- Danish Ramazzini Centre; Department of Occupational Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - J. Olsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - J. P. Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Bispebjerg Hospital of Copenhagen University; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - E. A. Nohr
- Research Unit for Obstetrics and Gynecology; Institute of Clinical Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - C. H. Ramlau-Hansen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre; Department of Occupational Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Imai CM, Gunnarsdottir I, Gudnason V, Aspelund T, Birgisdottir BE, Thorsdottir I, Halldorsson TI. Early peak height velocity and cardiovascular disease mortality among Icelandic women. Ann Med 2013; 45:545-50. [PMID: 24219756 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.852347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early pubertal onset among girls has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. We examined whether timing of peak height velocity (PHV), an early marker of maturity, was associated with CVD mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed 973 Icelandic women, born 1921-1935, with annual childhood growth measures from ages 8-13 years, recruited into the longitudinal Reykjavik study 1968-1991. CVD deaths from recruitment to December 2009 were recorded. RESULTS Eighty-six women died from CVD, 42 deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD). Compared to girls with PHV after age 12, girls with PHV < 11 years and between 11 and 12 years had greater risk of CVD mortality, hazard ratio 1.87 (95% confidence interval 1.07-3.26, P = 0.028) and 2.56 (1.52-4.31, P < 0.001), respectively. Comparable associations were observed with CHD cases 2.27 (1.17-4.44, P = 0.016) as well as non-CHD CVD cases 2.21 (1.17-4.19, P = 0.015) when comparing girls with PHV after versus prior to age 12. Timing of PHV was not associated with traditional CVD risk factors in mid-life including body mass index and adverse lipid profiles or with all-cause mortality. DISCUSSION Earlier timing of PHV in girls may increase the lifetime risk of CVD mortality and may be an important determinant for later cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Mari Imai
- Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital , Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik , Iceland
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Abstract
AbstractHow do exposures to stress affect biobehavioral development and, through it, psychiatric and biomedical disorder? In the health sciences, the allostatic load model provides a widely accepted answer to this question: stress responses, while essential for survival, have negative long-term effects that promote illness. Thus, the benefits of mounting repeated biological responses to threat are traded off against costs to mental and physical health. The adaptive calibration model, an evolutionary–developmental theory of stress–health relations, extends this logic by conceptualizing these trade-offs as decision nodes in allocation of resources. Each decision node influences the next in a chain of resource allocations that become instantiated in the regulatory parameters of stress response systems. Over development, these parameters filter and embed information about key dimensions of environmental stress and support, mediating the organism's openness to environmental inputs, and function to regulate life history strategies to match those dimensions. Drawing on the adaptive calibration model, we propose that consideration of biological fitness trade-offs, as delineated by life history theory, is needed to more fully explain the complex relations between developmental exposures to stress, stress responsivity, behavioral strategies, and health. We conclude that the adaptive calibration model and allostatic load model are only partially complementary and, in some cases, support different approaches to intervention. In the long run, the field may be better served by a model informed by life history theory that addresses the adaptive role of stress response systems in regulating alternative developmental pathways.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a declining trend in age at menarche has been observed in developed countries over decades commonly attributed to childhood excessive weight gain and sedentary life, little is known about this case in the developing countries. METHODS A cross-sectional study design and multistage sampling was used to include 660 school adolescents for analysis. Data collection included weight and height measurements. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done for early and late age of menarche, in reference to average age at menarche, to measure the association of age at menarche with some socio-demographic variables and body habits. RESULTS The mean age at menarche was 13.9±1.2 years (95%CI, 13.8-14.0). The menarche ages ranged between 10 and 12 years for 10.5%, 13 and 14 years for 54.5%, and 15+ years for 35%. Low menarche age was independently associated with high calorie consumption, high protein diet, more coffee intake, low physical activity and parents' low educational background. Low body mass index, low parents' income, exercise, and Amhara ethnic background were associated with late menarche age. COCLUSION The mean menarche age found in this study was higher than the report from developed countries. But, the proportion of adolescents with low menarche age was comparable with reports from developed countries. Inactive adolescents were more likely to see menarche earlier than average age. Healthy eating habits, regular exercise and nutrition education need to be promoted among school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esrael Ayele
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawasa University, Ethiopia
| | - Yifru Berhan
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawasa University, Ethiopia
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