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Park SE, Park CY, Sweeney G. Biomarkers of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance: Past, present and future. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:180-90. [PMID: 26042993 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1023429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance in insulin target tissues including liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is an early step in the progression towards type 2 diabetes. Accurate diagnostic parameters reflective of insulin resistance are essential. Longstanding tests for fasting blood glucose and HbA1c are useful and although the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp remains a "gold standard" for accurately determining insulin resistance, it cannot be implemented on a routine basis. The study of adipokines, and more recently myokines and hepatokines, as potential biomarkers for insulin sensitivity is now an attractive and relatively straightforward approach. This review discusses potential biomarkers including adiponectin, RBP4, chemerin, A-FABP, FGF21, fetuin-A, myostatin, IL-6, and irisin, all of which may play significant roles in determining insulin sensitivity. We also review potential future directions of new biological markers for measuring insulin resistance, including metabolomics and gut microbiome. Collectively, these approaches will provide clinicians with the tools for more accurate, and perhaps personalized, diagnosis of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Park
- a Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea and
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202
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Irving BA, Carter RE, Soop M, Weymiller A, Syed H, Karakelides H, Bhagra S, Short KR, Tatpati L, Barazzoni R, Nair KS. Effect of insulin sensitizer therapy on amino acids and their metabolites. Metabolism 2015; 64:720-8. [PMID: 25733201 PMCID: PMC4525767 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prior studies have reported that elevated concentrations of several plasma amino acids (AA), particularly branched chain (BCAA) and aromatic AA predict the onset of type 2 diabetes. We sought to test the hypothesis that circulating BCAA, aromatic AA and related AA metabolites decline in response to the use of insulin sensitizing agents in overweight/obese adults with impaired fasting glucose or untreated diabetes. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo, controlled study conducted in twenty five overweight/obese (BMI ~30kg/m(2)) adults with impaired fasting glucose or untreated diabetes. Participants were randomized to three months of pioglitazone (45mg per day) plus metformin (1000mg twice per day, N=12 participants) or placebo (N=13). We measured insulin sensitivity by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and fasting concentrations of AA and AA metabolites using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry before and after the three-month intervention. RESULTS Insulin sensitizer therapy that significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity reduced 9 out of 33 AA and AA metabolites measured compared to placebo treatment. Moreover, insulin sensitizer therapy significantly reduced three functionally clustered AA and metabolite pairs: i) phenylalanine/tyrosine, ii) citrulline/arginine, and iii) lysine/α-aminoadipic acid. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in plasma concentrations of several AA and AA metabolites in response to three months of insulin sensitizer therapy support the concept that reduced insulin sensitivity alters AA and AA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Irving
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Mattias Soop
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Audrey Weymiller
- Department of Nursing, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Husnain Syed
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Helen Karakelides
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sumit Bhagra
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Kevin R Short
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Laura Tatpati
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
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203
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Seibert R, Abbasi F, Hantash FM, Caulfield MP, Reaven G, Kim SH. Relationship between insulin resistance and amino acids in women and men. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/5/e12392. [PMID: 25952934 PMCID: PMC4463823 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been associated with higher plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, but majority of studies have used indirect measures of insulin resistance. Our main objective was to define the relationship between plasma AA concentrations and a direct measure of insulin resistance in women and men. This was a cross-sectional study of 182 nondiabetic individuals (118 women and 64 men) who had measurement of 24 AAs and steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration (insulin resistance) using the insulin suppression test. Fourteen out of 24 AA concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in men than women; only glycine was lower in men. Majority of these AAs were positively associated with SSPG; only glycine concentration was negatively associated. Glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine concentrations had the strongest correlation with SSPG (r ≥ 0.4, P < 0.001). The degree of association was similar in women and men, independent of obesity, and similar to traditional markers of insulin resistance (e.g., glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Compared with women, men tended to have a more unfavorable AA profile with higher concentration of AAs associated with insulin resistance and less glycine. However, the strength of association between a direct measurement of insulin resistance and AA concentrations were similar between sexes and equivalent to several traditional markers of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Seibert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fahim Abbasi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Feras M Hantash
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California, USA
| | | | - Gerald Reaven
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sun H Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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204
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Tillin T, Hughes AD, Wang Q, Würtz P, Ala-Korpela M, Sattar N, Forouhi NG, Godsland IF, Eastwood SV, McKeigue PM, Chaturvedi N. Diabetes risk and amino acid profiles: cross-sectional and prospective analyses of ethnicity, amino acids and diabetes in a South Asian and European cohort from the SABRE (Southall And Brent REvisited) Study. Diabetologia 2015; 58:968-79. [PMID: 25693751 PMCID: PMC4392114 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS South Asian individuals have an increased risk of diabetes compared with Europeans that is unexplained by obesity and traditional or established metabolic measures. Circulating amino acids (AAs) may provide additional explanatory insights. In a unique cohort of European and South Asian men, we compared cross-sectional associations between AAs, metabolic and obesity traits, and longitudinal associations with incident diabetes. METHODS Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy was used to measure the baseline (1988-1991) levels of nine AAs in serum samples from a British population-based cohort of 1,279 European and 1,007 South Asian non-diabetic men aged 40-69 years. Follow-up was complete for 19 years in 801 European and 643 South Asian participants. RESULTS The serum concentrations of isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and alanine were significantly higher in South Asian men, while cross-sectional correlations of AAs with glycaemia and insulin resistance were similar in the two ethnic groups. However, most AAs were less strongly correlated with measures of obesity in the South Asian participants. Diabetes developed in 227 (35%) South Asian and 113 (14%) European men. Stronger adverse associations were observed between branched chain and aromatic AAs and incident diabetes in South Asian men. Tyrosine was a particularly strong predictor of incident diabetes in South Asian individuals, even after adjustment for metabolic risk factors, including obesity and insulin resistance (adjusted OR for a 1 SD increment, 1.47, 95% CI 1.17,1.85, p = 0.001) compared with Europeans (OR 1.10, 0.87, 1.39, p = 0.4; p = 0.045 for ethnicity × tyrosine interaction). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Branched chain and aromatic AAs, particularly tyrosine, may be a focus for identifying novel aetiological mechanisms and potential treatment targets for diabetes in South Asian populations and may contribute to their excess risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Tillin
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK,
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205
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Yamada C, Kondo M, Kishimoto N, Shibata T, Nagai Y, Imanishi T, Oroguchi T, Ishii N, Nishizaki Y. Association between insulin resistance and plasma amino acid profile in non-diabetic Japanese subjects. J Diabetes Investig 2015. [PMID: 26221519 PMCID: PMC4511300 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Elevation of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), valine, leucine and isoleucine; and the aromatic amino acids, tyrosine and phenylalanine, has been observed in obesity-related insulin resistance. However, there have been few studies on Asians, who are generally less obese and less insulin-resistant than Caucasian or African-Americans. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and plasma amino acid concentration in non-diabetic Japanese participants. Materials and Methods A total of 94 healthy men and women were enrolled, and plasma amino acid concentration was measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after overnight fasting. The associations between HOMA-IR and 20 amino acid concentrations, and anthropometric and clinical parameters of lifestyle-related diseases were evaluated. Results The mean age and body mass index were 40.1 ± 9.6 years and 22.7 ± 3.9, respectively. Significantly positive correlations were observed between HOMA-IR and valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and total BCAA concentration. Compared with the HOMA-IR ≤ 1.6 group, the HOMA-IR > 1.6 group showed significantly exacerbated anthropometric and clinical parameters, and significantly elevated levels of valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and BCAA. Conclusions The present study shows that the insulin resistance-related change in amino acid profile is also observed in non-diabetic Japanese subjects. These amino acids include BCAAs (valine, isoleucine and leucine) and aromatic amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine), in agreement with previous studies carried out using different ethnic groups with different degrees of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takeo Shibata
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagai
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Imanishi
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashige Oroguchi
- Life Care Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Life Care Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishizaki
- Tokai University Tokyo Hospital Tokyo, Japan ; Life Care Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University Tokyo, Japan
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206
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Liu L, Feng R, Guo F, Li Y, Jiao J, Sun C. Targeted metabolomic analysis reveals the association between the postprandial change in palmitic acid, branched-chain amino acids and insulin resistance in young obese subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 108:84-93. [PMID: 25700627 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the result of a positive energy balance and often leads to difficulties in maintaining normal postprandial metabolism. The changes in postprandial metabolites after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in young obese Chinese men are unclear. In this work, the aim is to investigate the complex metabolic alterations in obesity provoked by an OGTT using targeted metabolomics. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to analyze serum fatty acids, amino acids and biogenic amines profiles from 15 control and 15 obese subjects at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min during an OGTT. Metabolite profiles from 30 obese subjects as independent samples were detected in order to validate the change of metabolites. There were the decreased levels of fatty acid, amino acids and biogenic amines after OGTT in obesity. At 120 min, percent change of 20 metabolites in obesity has statistical significance when comparing with the controls. The obese parameters was positively associated with changes in arginine and histidine (P<0.05) and the postprandial change in palmitic acid (PA), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and phenylalanine between 1 and 120 min were positively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (all P<0.05) in the obese group. The postprandial metabolite of PA and BCAAs may play important role in the development and onset of insulin resistance in obesity. Our findings offer new insights in the complex physiological regulation of the metabolism during an OGTT in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Fuchuan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jundong Jiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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207
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Piccolo BD, Comerford KB, Karakas SE, Knotts TA, Fiehn O, Adams SH. Whey protein supplementation does not alter plasma branched-chained amino acid profiles but results in unique metabolomics patterns in obese women enrolled in an 8-week weight loss trial. J Nutr 2015; 145:691-700. [PMID: 25833773 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that perturbations in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism are associated with insulin resistance and contribute to elevated systemic BCAAs. Evidence in rodents suggests dietary protein rich in BCAAs can increase BCAA catabolism, but there is limited evidence in humans. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that a diet rich in BCAAs will increase BCAA catabolism, which will manifest in a reduction of fasting plasma BCAA concentrations. METHODS The metabolome of 27 obese women with metabolic syndrome before and after weight loss was investigated to identify changes in BCAA metabolism using GC-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Subjects were enrolled in an 8-wk weight-loss study including either a 20-g/d whey (whey group, n = 16) or gelatin (gelatin group, n = 11) protein supplement. When matched for total protein by weight, whey protein has 3 times the amount of BCAAs compared with gelatin protein. RESULTS Postintervention plasma abundances of Ile (gelatin group: 637 ± 18, quantifier ion peak height ÷ 100; whey group: 744 ± 65), Leu (gelatin group: 1210 ± 33; whey group: 1380 ± 79), and Val (gelatin group: 2080 ± 59; whey group: 2510 ± 230) did not differ between treatment groups. BCAAs were significantly correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at baseline (r = 0.52, 0.43, and 0.49 for Leu, Ile, and Val, respectively; all, P < 0.05), but correlations were no longer significant at postintervention. Pro- and Cys-related pathways were found discriminant of whey protein vs. gelatin protein supplementation in multivariate statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BCAA metabolism is, at best, only modestly affected at a whey protein supplementation dose of 20 g/d. Furthermore, the loss of an association between postintervention BCAA and homeostasis model assessment suggests that factors associated with calorie restriction or protein intake affect how plasma BCAAs relate to insulin sensitivity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00739479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Piccolo
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Kevin B Comerford
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA; and Department of Nutrition
| | - Sidika E Karakas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA; and
| | - Trina A Knotts
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition,
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208
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Martínez-González MÁ, Ruiz-Canela M, Hruby A, Liang L, Trichopoulou A, Hu FB. Intervention Trials with the Mediterranean Diet in Cardiovascular Prevention: Understanding Potential Mechanisms through Metabolomic Profiling. J Nutr 2015; 146:913S-919S. [PMID: 26962184 PMCID: PMC4807639 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.219147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Large observational epidemiologic studies and randomized trials support the benefits of a Mediterranean dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mechanisms postulated to mediate these benefits include the reduction of low-grade inflammation, increased adiponectin concentrations, decreased blood coagulation, enhanced endothelial function, lower oxidative stress, lower concentrations of oxidized LDL, and improved apolipoprotein profiles. However, the metabolic pathways through which the Mediterranean diet influences CVD risk remain largely unknown. Investigating specific mechanisms in the context of a large intervention trial with the use of high-throughput metabolomic profiling will provide more solid public health messages and may help to identify key molecular targets for more effective prevention and management of CVD. Although metabolomics is not without its limitations, the techniques allow for an assessment of thousands of metabolites, providing wide-ranging profiling of small molecules related to biological status. Specific candidate plasma metabolites that may be associated with CVD include branched-chain and aromatic amino acids; the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio; some short- to medium-chain acylcarnitines; gut flora metabolites (choline, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide); urea cycle metabolites (citrulline and ornithine); and specific lipid subclasses. In addition to targeted metabolites, the role of a large number of untargeted metabolites should also be assessed. Large intervention trials with the use of food patterns for the prevention of CVD provide an unparalleled opportunity to examine the effects of these interventions on plasma concentrations of specific metabolites and determine whether such changes mediate the benefits of the dietary interventions on CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium-Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Liming Liang
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | | | - Frank B Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
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209
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Yamamoto H, Kondo K, Tanaka T, Muramatsu T, Yoshida H, Imaizumi A, Nagao K, Noguchi Y, Miyano H. Reference intervals for plasma-free amino acid in a Japanese population. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:357-64. [PMID: 25829462 DOI: 10.1177/0004563215583360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma amino acid concentrations vary with various diseases. Although reference intervals are useful in daily clinical practice, no reference intervals have been reported for plasma amino acids in a large Japanese population. METHODS Reference individuals were selected from 7685 subjects examined with the Japanese Ningen Dock in 2008. A total of 1890 individuals were selected based on exclusion criteria, and the reference samples were selected after the outlier samples for each amino acid concentration were excluded. The lower limit of the reference intervals for the plasma amino acid concentrations was set at the 2.5th percentile and the upper limit at the 97.5th percentile. RESULTS By use of the nested analysis of variance, we analysed a large dataset of plasma samples and the effects of background factors (sex, age and body mass index [BMI]) on the plasma amino acid concentrations. Most amino acid concentrations were related to sex, especially those of branched-chained amino acid. The citrulline, glutamine, ornithine and lysine concentrations were related to age. The glutamate concentration was related to body mass index. CONCLUSIONS The concentrations of most amino acids are more strongly related to sex than to age or body mass index. Our results indicate that the reference intervals for plasma amino acid concentrations should be stratified by sex when the background factors of age and body mass index are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroo Yoshida
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Imaizumi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagao
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Noguchi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyano
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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210
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Elevated serum levels of cysteine and tyrosine: early biomarkers in asymptomatic adults at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:418681. [PMID: 25821801 PMCID: PMC4364114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/418681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As there is effective intervention for delaying or preventing metabolic diseases, which are often present for years before becoming clinically apparent, novel biomarkers that would mark metabolic complications before the onset of metabolic disease should be identified. We investigated the role of fasting serum amino acids and their associations with inflammatory markers, adipokines, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in subjects prior to the onset of insulin resistance (IR). Anthropometric measurements, food records, adipokines, biochemical markers, and serum levels of amino acids were determined in 96 asymptomatic subjects aged 25–49 years divided into three groups according to the number of MetS components present. Cysteine and tyrosine were significantly higher already in group with one component of MetS present compared to subjects without MetS components. Serum amino acid levels correlated with markers of inflammation and adipokines. Alanine and glycine explained 10% of insulin resistance variability. The role of tyrosine and cysteine, that were higher already with 1 component of MetS present, should be further investigated as they might point to future insulin disturbances.
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211
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Palmer ND, Stevens RD, Antinozzi PA, Anderson A, Bergman RN, Wagenknecht LE, Newgard CB, Bowden DW. Metabolomic profile associated with insulin resistance and conversion to diabetes in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E463-8. [PMID: 25423564 PMCID: PMC4333040 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metabolomic profiling of amino acids and acylcarnitines has revealed consistent patterns associated with metabolic disease. OBJECTIVE This study used metabolomic profiling to identify analytes associated with insulin sensitivity (SI) and conversion to type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN A multiethnic cohort from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. SETTING Community-based. PATIENTS A total of 196 subjects (European American, Hispanic, and African American) were selected to represent extremes of the SI distribution and conversion to T2D between baseline and followup exams. MAIN OUTCOME Mass spectrometry-based profiling of 69 metabolites. Subjects participated in a frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test to measure SI and acute insulin response. T2D status was determined by a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis from 72 high and 75 low SI subjects revealed significantly decreased glycine and increased valine, leucine, phenylalanine, and combined glutamine and glutamate (P = .0079-7.7 × 10(-6)) in insulin-resistant subjects. Ethnic-stratified results were strongest in European Americans. Comparing amino acid profiles between subjects that converted to T2D (76 converters; 70 nonconverters) yielded a similar pattern of associations: decreased glycine and increased valine, leucine, and combined glutamine and glutamate (P = .016-.00010). Importantly, β-cell function as a covariate revealed a similar pattern of association. CONCLUSIONS A distinct pattern of differences in amino acids were observed when comparing subjects with high and low levels of SI. This pattern was associated with conversion to T2D, remaining significant when accounting for β-cell function, emphasizing a link between this metabolic profile and insulin resistance. These results demonstrate a consistent metabolic signature associated with insulin resistance and conversion to T2D, providing potential insight into underlying mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry (N.D.P., P.A.A., D.W.B.), Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research (N.D.P., P.A.A., D.W.B.), and Center for Diabetes Research (N.D.P., P.A.A., D.W.B.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center (R.D.S., C.B.N.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (A.A.) and Department of Epidemiology & Prevention (L.E.W.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (R.N.B.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Metabolomics for Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Advances and Nutritional Intervention Trends. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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213
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Tso SC, Gui WJ, Wu CY, Chuang JL, Qi X, Skvora KJ, Dork K, Wallace AL, Morlock LK, Lee BH, Hutson SM, Strom SC, Williams NS, Tambar UK, Wynn RM, Chuang DT. Benzothiophene carboxylate derivatives as novel allosteric inhibitors of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20583-93. [PMID: 24895126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) is negatively regulated by reversible phosphorylation.BCKDC kinase (BDK) inhibitors that augment BCKDC flux have been shown to reduce branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations in vivo. In the present study, we employed high-throughput screens to identify compound 3,6- dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2) as a novel BDK inhibitor (IC(50) = 3.19 μM). BT2 binds to the same site in BDK as other known allosteric BDK inhibitors, including (S)-α-cholorophenylproprionate ((S)-CPP). BT2 binding to BDK triggers helix movements in the N-terminal domain, resulting in the dissociation of BDK from the BCKDC accompanied by accelerated degradation of the released kinase in vivo. BT2 shows excellent pharmacokinetics (terminal T(1⁄2) = 730 min) and metabolic stability (no degradation in 240 min), which are significantly better than those of (S)-CPP. BT2, its analog 3-chloro-6-fluorobenzo[ b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2F), and a prodrug of BT2 (i.e. N-(4-acetamido-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3,6-dichlorobenzo[ b]thiophene-2-carboxamide (BT3)) significantly increase residual BCKDC activity in cultured cells and primary hepatocytes from patients and a mouse model of maple syrup urine disease. Administration of BT2 at 20 mg/kg/day to wild-type mice for 1 week leads to nearly complete dephosphorylation and maximal activation of BCKDC in heart, muscle, kidneys, and liver with reduction in plasma BCAA concentrations. The availability of benzothiophene carboxylate derivatives as stable BDK inhibitors may prove useful for the treatment of metabolic disease caused by elevated BCAA concentrations.
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Zhao J, Zhu Y, Hyun N, Zeng D, Uppal K, Tran VT, Yu T, Jones D, He J, Lee ET, Howard BV. Novel metabolic markers for the risk of diabetes development in American Indians. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:220-7. [PMID: 25468946 PMCID: PMC4302260 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel metabolic markers for diabetes development in American Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using an untargeted high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we conducted metabolomics analysis of study participants who developed incident diabetes (n = 133) and those who did not (n = 298) from 2,117 normoglycemic American Indians followed for an average of 5.5 years in the Strong Heart Family Study. Relative abundances of metabolites were quantified in baseline fasting plasma of all 431 participants. Prospective association of each metabolite with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) was examined using logistic regression adjusting for established diabetes risk factors. RESULTS Seven metabolites (five known and two unknown) significantly predict the risk of T2D. Notably, one metabolite matching 2-hydroxybiphenyl was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas four metabolites matching PC (22:6/20:4), (3S)-7-hydroxy-2',3',4',5',8-pentamethoxyisoflavan, or tetrapeptides were significantly associated with decreased risk of diabetes. A multimarker score comprising all seven metabolites significantly improved risk prediction beyond established diabetes risk factors including BMI, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that these newly detected metabolites may represent novel prognostic markers of T2D in American Indians, a group suffering from a disproportionately high rate of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Noorie Hyun
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - ViLinh T Tran
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Elisa T Lee
- Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Barbara V Howard
- Medstar Health Research Institute and Georgetown and Howard Universities Centers for Translational Sciences, Washington, DC
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215
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Su X, Magkos F, Zhou D, Eagon JC, Fabbrini E, Okunade AL, Klein S. Adipose tissue monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: Effects of obesity and weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:329-34. [PMID: 25328153 PMCID: PMC4310778 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An increase in circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) is associated with insulin resistance. Adipose tissue is a potentially important site for BCAA metabolism. It was evaluated whether monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFA) in adipose tissue, which are likely derived from BCAA catabolism, are associated with insulin sensitivity. METHODS Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was determined by using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure with stable isotope glucose tracer infusion in nine lean and nine obese subjects, and in a separate group of nine obese subjects before and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery (38% weight loss). Adipose tissue mmBCFA content was measured in tissue biopsies taken in the basal state. RESULTS Total adipose tissue mmBCFA content was ∼30% lower in obese than lean subjects (P=0.02) and increased by ∼65% after weight loss in the RYGB group (P=0.01). Adipose tissue mmBCFA content correlated positively with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (R(2) =35%, P=0.01, n=18). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a novel association between adipose tissue mmBCFA content and obesity-related insulin resistance. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the association between adipose tissue mmBCFA and muscle insulin sensitivity is causal or a simple association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dequan Zhou
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J. Christopher Eagon
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elisa Fabbrini
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adewole L. Okunade
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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216
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Yang Y, Wu Z, Meininger CJ, Wu G. L-Leucine and NO-mediated cardiovascular function. Amino Acids 2015; 47:435-47. [PMID: 25552397 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO) in the vasculature is a major factor contributing to the impaired action of insulin on blood flow and, therefore, insulin resistance in obese and diabetic subjects. Available evidence shows that vascular insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in developed nations. Interestingly, increased concentrations of L-leucine in the plasma occur in obese humans and other animals with vascular dysfunction. Among branched-chain amino acids, L-leucine is unique in inhibiting NO synthesis from L-arginine in endothelial cells and may modulate cardiovascular homeostasis in insulin resistance. Results of recent studies indicate that L-leucine is an activator of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), which is the first and a rate-controlling enzyme in the synthesis of glucosamine (an inhibitor of endothelial NO synthesis). Through stimulating the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and thus protein synthesis, L-leucine may enhance GFAT protein expression, thereby inhibiting NO synthesis in endothelial cells. We propose that reducing circulating levels of L-leucine or endothelial GFAT activity may provide a potentially novel strategy for preventing and/or treating cardiovascular disease in obese and diabetic subjects. Such means may include dietary supplementation with either α-ketoglutarate to enhance the catabolism of L-leucine in the small intestine and other tissues or with N-ethyl-L-glutamine to inhibit GFAT activity in endothelial cells. Preventing leucine-induced activation of GFAT by nutritional supplements or pharmaceutical drugs may contribute to improved cardiovascular function by enhancing vascular NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
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217
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Abu Bakar MH, Sarmidi MR, Cheng KK, Ali Khan A, Suan CL, Zaman Huri H, Yaakob H. Metabolomics – the complementary field in systems biology: a review on obesity and type 2 diabetes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1742-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper highlights the metabolomic roles in systems biology towards the elucidation of metabolic mechanisms in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology for Advanced Bioprocessing (ICA)
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
- Department of Biosciences
| | - Chua Lee Suan
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
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218
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Perng W, Gillman MW, Fleisch AF, Michalek RD, Watkins SM, Isganaitis E, Patti ME, Oken E. Metabolomic profiles and childhood obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2570-8. [PMID: 25251340 PMCID: PMC4236243 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify metabolite patterns associated with childhood obesity, to examine relations of these patterns with measures of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, and to evaluate associations with maternal peripartum characteristics. METHODS Untargeted metabolomic profiling was used to quantify metabolites in plasma of 262 children (6-10 years). Principal components analysis was used to consolidate 345 metabolites into 18 factors and identified two that differed between obese (BMI ≥ 95‰; n = 84) and lean children (BMI < 85‰; n = 150). The relations of these factors with adiposity (fat mass, BMI, skinfold thicknesses) and cardiometabolic biomarkers (HOMA-IR, triglycerides, leptin, adiponectin, hsCRP, IL-6) using multivariable linear regression was then investigated. Finally, the associations of maternal prepregnancy obesity, gestational weight gain, and gestational glucose tolerance with the offspring metabolite patterns was examined. RESULTS A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-related pattern and an androgen hormone pattern were higher in obese vs. lean children. Both patterns were associated with adiposity and worse cardiometabolic profiles. For example, each increment in the BCAA and androgen pattern scores corresponded with 6% (95% CI: 1, 13%) higher HOMA-IR. Children of obese mothers had 0.61 (0.13, 1.08) higher BCAA score than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS BCAA and androgen metabolites were associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk during mid-childhood. Maternal obesity may contribute to altered offspring BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Endocrinology Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Emily Oken
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Newbern D, Gumus Balikcioglu P, Balikcioglu M, Bain J, Muehlbauer M, Stevens R, Ilkayeva O, Dolinsky D, Armstrong S, Irizarry K, Freemark M. Sex differences in biomarkers associated with insulin resistance in obese adolescents: metabolomic profiling and principal components analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4730-9. [PMID: 25202817 PMCID: PMC4328030 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) predispose to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Yet only half of obese adolescents have IR and far fewer progress to type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that amino acid and fatty acid metabolites may serve as biomarkers or determinants of IR in obese teens. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fasting blood samples were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry in 82 obese adolescents. A principal components analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to correlate metabolic components with surrogate measures of IR: homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adiponectin, and triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio. RESULTS Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels and products of BCAA catabolism were higher (P < .01) in males than females with comparable body mass index (BMI) z-score. In multivariate analyses, HOMA-IR in males correlated positively with BMI z-score and a metabolic signature containing BCAA, uric acid, and long-chain acylcarnitines and negatively with byproducts of complete fatty acid oxidation (R(2) = 0.659, P < .0001). In contrast, only BMI z-score correlated with HOMA-IR in females. Adiponectin correlated inversely with BCAA and uric acid (R(2) = 0.268, P = .0212) in males but not females. TG to HDL ratio correlated with BMI z-score and the BCAA signature in females but not males. CONCLUSIONS BCAA levels and byproducts of BCAA catabolism are higher in obese teenage boys than girls of comparable BMI z-score. A metabolic signature comprising BCAA and uric acid correlates positively with HOMA-IR in males and TG to HDL ratio in females and inversely with adiponectin in males but not females. Likewise, byproducts of fatty acid oxidation associate inversely with HOMA-IR in males but not females. Our findings underscore the roles of sex differences in metabolic function and outcomes in pediatric obesity.
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220
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Huffman KM, Koves TR, Hubal MJ, Abouassi H, Beri N, Bateman LA, Stevens RD, Ilkayeva OR, Hoffman EP, Muoio DM, Kraus WE. Metabolite signatures of exercise training in human skeletal muscle relate to mitochondrial remodelling and cardiometabolic fitness. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2282-95. [PMID: 25091629 PMCID: PMC4182127 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were used to evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle metabolite signatures, gene expression profiles and clinical outcomes in response to various exercise training interventions. We hypothesised that changes in mitochondrial metabolic intermediates would predict improvements in clinical risk factors, thereby offering novel insights into potential mechanisms. METHODS Subjects at risk of metabolic disease were randomised to 6 months of inactivity or one of five aerobic and/or resistance training programmes (n = 112). Pre/post-intervention assessments included cardiorespiratory fitness ([Formula: see text]), serum triacylglycerols (TGs) and insulin sensitivity (SI). In this secondary analysis, muscle biopsy specimens were used for targeted mass spectrometry-based analysis of metabolic intermediates and measurement of mRNA expression of genes involved in metabolism. RESULTS Exercise regimens with the largest energy expenditure produced robust increases in muscle concentrations of even-chain acylcarnitines (median 37-488%), which correlated positively with increased expression of genes involved in muscle uptake and oxidation of fatty acids. Along with free carnitine, the aforementioned acylcarnitine metabolites were related to improvements in [Formula: see text], TGs and SI (R = 0.20-0.31, p < 0.05). Muscle concentrations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates succinate and succinylcarnitine (R = 0.39 and 0.24, p < 0.05) emerged as the strongest correlates of SI. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The metabolic signatures of exercise-trained skeletal muscle reflected reprogramming of mitochondrial function and intermediary metabolism and correlated with changes in cardiometabolic fitness. Succinate metabolism and the succinate dehydrogenase complex emerged as a potential regulatory node that intersects with whole-body insulin sensitivity. This study identifies new avenues for mechanistic research aimed at understanding the health benefits of physical activity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00200993 and NCT00275145 Funding This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (National Institutes of Health), National Institute on Aging (National Institutes of Health) and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (National Institutes of Health).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Huffman
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,
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221
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Chiu S, Williams PT, Dawson T, Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Watkins SM, Krauss RM. Diets high in protein or saturated fat do not affect insulin sensitivity or plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2014; 144:1753-9. [PMID: 25332473 PMCID: PMC4195419 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.197624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous human studies reported inconsistent effects of dietary protein and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on insulin action and glucose metabolism. Similarly, it is unclear whether saturated fat (SF) intake influences these metabolic variables. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the effects of high [30% of energy (%E)] vs. moderate (20%E) intakes of protein (primarily whey) on insulin action and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in the context of both high (15%E) and low (7%E) SF diets. METHODS The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial in 158 overweight and obese men and women. After a 4-wk baseline diet [55%E carbohydrate, 15%E protein, 30%E fat (7%E SF)], participants were randomly assigned to 4 wk of either the baseline diet or 1 of 4 test diets containing 35%E carbohydrate and either 20%E or 30%E protein and either 7%E or 15%E SF. Frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance tests were administered after each dietary period. RESULTS Other than significantly higher fasting glucose concentrations for high vs. moderate protein intakes with a low-fat diet (difference ± SE: 0.47 ± 0.14 mmol/L; P = 0.001), there were no significant effects of dietary protein or SF on glucose metabolism, plasma insulin, or concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Changes in plasma BCAAs across all diets were negatively correlated with changes in the metabolic clearance rate of insulin (ρ = -0.18, P = 0.03) and positively correlated with changes in the acute insulin response to glucose (ρ = 0.15, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that short-term intake of BCAAs can influence insulin dynamics. However, in this group of overweight and obese individuals, neither high protein nor SF intake affected insulin sensitivity or plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00508937.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Chiu
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Taylor Dawson
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | | | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Geidenstam N, Spégel P, Mulder H, Filipsson K, Ridderstråle M, Danielsson APH. Metabolite profile deviations in an oral glucose tolerance test-a comparison between lean and obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2388-95. [PMID: 25132155 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While impaired glucose tolerance diagnosed by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a common trait in obese individuals, less is known about changes in levels of other metabolites. The aim was to reveal the complex alterations in metabolite levels provoked by an OGTT and its perturbation in obese individuals. METHODS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to profile metabolite levels in serum from 14 obese participants (body mass index [BMI] of 43.6 ± 1.5 kg m(-2) [mean ± SEM]) at 0, 30, and 120 min during a standard 2-h 75 g OGTT. Metabolite profiles from six lean individuals (BMI of 22.4 ± 2.4 kg m(-2) ), collected from a previous study, were included for comparison. RESULTS In the obese group, 59 metabolite profiles were determined. Among these, 16 deviated from profiles in the lean group. Deviating metabolites were categorized into three groups. Delayed reduction in levels of five fatty acids. Increased levels at 30 min of five amino acids, including isoleucine and leucine. A blunted increase at 30 min of six metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics analysis revealed distinct differences in alterations of metabolite levels during an OGTT in obese and lean subjects. To this end, our data suggests a disrupted regulation of ketogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Geidenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Clinical Obesity, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Sweden
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Montecucco F, Carbone F, Dini FL, Fiuza M, Pinto FJ, Martelli A, Palombo D, Sambuceti G, Mach F, De Caterina R. Implementation strategies of Systems Medicine in clinical research and home care for cardiovascular disease patients. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:785-94. [PMID: 25283057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insights from the "-omics" science have recently emphasized the need to implement an overall strategy in medical research. Here, the development of Systems Medicine has been indicated as a potential tool for clinical translation of basic research discoveries. Systems Medicine also gives the opportunity of improving different steps in medical practice, from diagnosis to healthcare management, including clinical research. The development of Systems Medicine is still hampered however by several challenges, the main one being the development of computational tools adequate to record, analyze and share a large amount of disparate data. In addition, available informatics tools appear not yet fully suitable for the challenge because they are not standardized, not universally available, or with ethical/legal concerns. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a very promising area for translating Systems Medicine into clinical practice. By developing clinically applied technologies, the collection and analysis of data may improve CV risk stratification and prediction. Standardized models for data recording and analysis can also greatly broaden data exchange, thus promoting a uniform management of CVD patients also useful for clinical research. This advance however requires a great organizational effort by both physicians and health institutions, as well as the overcoming of ethical problems. This narrative review aims at providing an update on the state-of-art knowledge in the area of Systems Medicine as applied to CVD, focusing on current critical issues, providing a road map for its practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Federico Carbone
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Frank Lloyd Dini
- Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa, Azienda Universitaria-Ospedaliera Pisana, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Fiuza
- Serviço de Cardiologia 1, Hospital de Santa Maria (CHLN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fausto J Pinto
- Serviço de Cardiologia 1, Hospital de Santa Maria (CHLN), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonietta Martelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Palombo
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, San Martino Hospital, 10 Largo Rosanna Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Martino-IST, University of Genoa, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, 64 avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Institute of Cardiology and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University - Chieti-Pescara, Italy; G. Monasterio Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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Lustgarten MS, Price LL, Chalé A, Fielding RA. Metabolites related to gut bacterial metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation, and insulin sensitivity are associated with physical function in functionally-limited older adults. Aging Cell 2014; 13:918-25. [PMID: 25041144 PMCID: PMC4331755 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of mechanisms underlying physical function will be important for addressing the growing challenge that health care will face with physical disablement in the expanding aging population. Therefore, the goals of the current study were to use metabolic profiling to provide insight into biologic mechanisms that may underlie physical function by examining the association between baseline and the 6-month change in serum mass spectrometry-obtained amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines with baseline and the 6-month change in muscle strength (leg press one repetition maximum divided by total lean mass, LP/Lean), lower extremity function [short physical performance battery (SPPB)], and mobility (400 m gait speed, 400-m), in response to 6 months of a combined resistance exercise and nutritional supplementation (whey protein or placebo) intervention in functionally-limited older adults (SPPB ≤ 10; 70–85 years, N = 73). Metabolites related to gut bacterial metabolism (cinnamoylglycine, phenol sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, 3-indoxyl sulfate, serotonin, N-methylproline, hydrocinnamate, dimethylglycine, trans-urocanate, valerate) that are altered in response to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) activation (α-hydroxyisocaproate, α-hydroxyisovalerate, 2-hydroxy-3-methylvalerate, indolelactate, serotonin, 2-hydroxypalmitate, glutarylcarnitine, isobutyrylcarnitine, cinnamoylglycine) and that are related to insulin sensitivity (monounsaturated fatty acids: 5-dodecenoate, myristoleate, palmitoleate; γ-glutamylamino acids: γ-glutamylglutamine, γ-glutamylalanine, γ-glutamylmethionine, γ-glutamyltyrosine; branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine) were associated with function at baseline, with the 6-month change in function or were identified in backward elimination regression predictive models. Collectively, these data suggest that gut microbial metabolism, PPAR-α activation, and insulin sensitivity may be involved in mechanisms that underlie physical function in functionally-limited older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center Tufts University 711 Washington StreetBoston MA 02111 USA
| | - Lori L. Price
- The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies Tufts Medical Center Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute Tufts University 711 Washington Street Boston MA 02111USA
| | - Angela Chalé
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center Tufts University 711 Washington StreetBoston MA 02111 USA
| | - Roger A. Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center Tufts University 711 Washington StreetBoston MA 02111 USA
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225
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Walford GA, Porneala BC, Dauriz M, Vassy JL, Cheng S, Rhee EP, Wang TJ, Meigs JB, Gerszten RE, Florez JC. Metabolite traits and genetic risk provide complementary information for the prediction of future type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2508-14. [PMID: 24947790 PMCID: PMC4140156 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A genetic risk score (GRS) comprised of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolite biomarkers have each been shown, separately, to predict incident type 2 diabetes. We tested whether genetic and metabolite markers provide complementary information for type 2 diabetes prediction and, together, improve the accuracy of prediction models containing clinical traits. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetes risk was modeled with a 62-SNP GRS, nine metabolites, and clinical traits. We fit age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression models to test the association of these sources of information, separately and jointly, with incident type 2 diabetes among 1,622 initially nondiabetic participants from the Framingham Offspring Study. The predictive capacity of each model was assessed by area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Two hundred and six new diabetes cases were observed during 13.5 years of follow-up. The AUC was greater for the model containing the GRS and metabolite measurements together versus GRS or metabolites alone (0.820 vs. 0.641, P < 0.0001, or 0.820 vs. 0.803, P = 0.01, respectively). Odds ratios for association of GRS or metabolites with type 2 diabetes were not attenuated in the combined model. The AUC was greater for the model containing the GRS, metabolites, and clinical traits versus clinical traits only (0.880 vs. 0.856, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Metabolite and genetic traits provide complementary information to each other for the prediction of future type 2 diabetes. These novel markers of diabetes risk modestly improve the predictive accuracy of incident type 2 diabetes based only on traditional clinical risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Walford
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bianca C Porneala
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marco Dauriz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Verona Medical School and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jason L Vassy
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Section of General Internal Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eugene P Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Renal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
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226
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Nakamura H, Jinzu H, Nagao K, Noguchi Y, Shimba N, Miyano H, Watanabe T, Iseki K. Plasma amino acid profiles are associated with insulin, C-peptide and adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutr Diabetes 2014; 4:e133. [PMID: 25177913 PMCID: PMC4183973 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Plasma-free amino acid (PFAA) profiles have been associated with a future risk of developing diabetes or cardiovascular disease in nondiabetic subjects. These PFAA alterations might predominantly result from the metabolic shift caused by insulin resistance and visceral fat deposition. The variety of PFAA profiles within diabetic subjects is not well researched. In this study, we focused on type 2 diabetic subjects and examined the association between PFAA profiles and insulin- and glucose-related variables. Methods: Fifty-one Japanese subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were recruited from an outpatient clinic. The plasma concentrations of 21 amino acids; glucose-related markers including glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycoalbumin and 1,5-anhydroglucitol; insulin-related markers including insulin, C-peptide, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; and adipocytokines including adiponectin and leptin were determined. The association of PFAA and other metabolic profiles were analyzed, and stratified analyses of the PFAAs and clinical characteristics were performed according to the fasting plasma insulin and HbA1c levels. In addition, the PFAA indices that correlate to visceral fat obesity were evaluated. Results: Although strong correlations between PFAAs and glucose-related markers were not observed, several amino acids (branched-chain amino acids, tryptophan, alanine, tyrosine, glutamate and proline) and PFAA indices that evaluate visceral obesity were highly correlated with insulin-related markers and adiponectin (P<0.001). In the group of diabetic patients with hyperinsulinemia, the amino acid levels were significantly increased, which generally demonstrated good concordance with insulin-related markers and adiponectin levels. Conclusions: The PFAA profiles in diabetic patients were strongly associated with hyperinsulinemia and hypoadiponectinemia, which might become risk evaluation factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakamura
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - H Jinzu
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - K Nagao
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Y Noguchi
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - N Shimba
- R&D Planning Department, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Miyano
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - T Watanabe
- Link and Communication Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Iseki
- Iseki Internal Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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227
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Kuehnbaum NL, Gillen JB, Gibala MJ, Britz-McKibbin P. Personalized metabolomics for predicting glucose tolerance changes in sedentary women after high-intensity interval training. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6166. [PMID: 25164777 PMCID: PMC4147371 DOI: 10.1038/srep06166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) offers a practical approach for enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, however its role in improving glucose regulation among sedentary yet normoglycemic women remains unclear. Herein, multi-segment injection capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry is used as a high-throughput platform in metabolomics to assess dynamic responses of overweight/obese women (BMI > 25, n = 11) to standardized oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed before and after a 6-week HIIT intervention. Various statistical methods were used to classify plasma metabolic signatures associated with post-prandial glucose and/or training status when using a repeated measures/cross-over study design. Branched-chain/aromatic amino acids and other intermediates of urea cycle and carnitine metabolism decreased over time in plasma after oral glucose loading. Adaptive exercise-induced changes to plasma thiol redox and orthinine status were measured for trained subjects while at rest in a fasting state. A multi-linear regression model was developed to predict changes in glucose tolerance based on a panel of plasma metabolites measured for naïve subjects in their untrained state. Since treatment outcomes to physical activity are variable between-subjects, prognostic markers offer a novel approach to screen for potential negative responders while designing lifestyle modifications that maximize the salutary benefits of exercise for diabetes prevention on an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Kuehnbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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228
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Multi-tissue computational modeling analyzes pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in MKR mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102319. [PMID: 25029527 PMCID: PMC4100879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational models using metabolic reconstructions for in silico simulation of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can provide a better understanding of disease pathophysiology and avoid high experimentation costs. There is a limited amount of computational work, using metabolic reconstructions, performed in this field for the better understanding of T2DM. In this study, a new algorithm for generating tissue-specific metabolic models is presented, along with the resulting multi-confidence level (MCL) multi-tissue model. The effect of T2DM on liver, muscle, and fat in MKR mice was first studied by microarray analysis and subsequently the changes in gene expression of frank T2DM MKR mice versus healthy mice were applied to the multi-tissue model to test the effect. Using the first multi-tissue genome-scale model of all metabolic pathways in T2DM, we found out that branched-chain amino acids' degradation and fatty acids oxidation pathway is downregulated in T2DM MKR mice. Microarray data showed low expression of genes in MKR mice versus healthy mice in the degradation of branched-chain amino acids and fatty-acid oxidation pathways. In addition, the flux balance analysis using the MCL multi-tissue model showed that the degradation pathways of branched-chain amino acid and fatty acid oxidation were significantly downregulated in MKR mice versus healthy mice. Validation of the model was performed using data derived from the literature regarding T2DM. Microarray data was used in conjunction with the model to predict fluxes of various other metabolic pathways in the T2DM mouse model and alterations in a number of pathways were detected. The Type 2 Diabetes MCL multi-tissue model may explain the high level of branched-chain amino acids and free fatty acids in plasma of Type 2 Diabetic subjects from a metabolic fluxes perspective.
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229
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Yang R, Dong J, Zhao H, Li H, Guo H, Wang S, Zhang C, Wang S, Wang M, Yu S, Chen W. Association of branched-chain amino acids with carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery disease risk factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99598. [PMID: 24910999 PMCID: PMC4049830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have determined that branched-chain (BCAAs) and aromatic (AAAs) amino acids are strongly correlated with obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia and are strong predictors of diabetes. However, it is not clear if these amino acids are capable of identifying subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly with subclinical atherosclerosis who are at risk of developing CAD. Methods Four hundred and seventy two Chinese subjects (272 males and 200 females, 42–97 y of age) undergoing physical exams were recruited at random for participation in the cross-sectional study. Serum BCAAs and AAAs were measured using our previously reported isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Bilateral B-mode carotid artery images for carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were acquired at end diastole and cIMT values more than 0.9 mm were categorized as increased. Correlations of BCAAs with cIMT and other CAD risk factors were analyzed. Results BCAAs and AAAs were significantly and positively associated with risk factors of CAD, e.g., cIMT, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, TG, apoB, apoB/apoAI ratio, apoCII, apoCIII and hsCRP, and were significantly and negatively associated with HDL-C and apoAI. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age (β = 0.175, P<0.001), log BCAA (β = 0.147, P<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (β = 0.141, P = 0.012) were positively and independently associated with cIMT. In the logistic regression model, the most and only powerful laboratory factor correlated with increased cIMT was BCAA (the odds ratio of the fourth quartile compared to the first quartile was 2.679; P = 0.009). Conclusion BCAAs are independently correlated with increased cIMT. This correlation would open a new field of research in the mechanistic understanding and risk assessment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyue Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haijian Zhao
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hanbang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital & Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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230
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Lower fetuin-A, retinol binding protein 4 and several metabolites after gastric bypass compared to sleeve gastrectomy in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96489. [PMID: 24800810 PMCID: PMC4011803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bypass of foregut secreted factors promoting insulin resistance is hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms by which resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D) follows roux-en-y gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. Aim To identify insulin resistance-associated proteins and metabolites which decrease more after GBP than after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) prior to diabetes remission. Methods Fasting plasma from 15 subjects with T2D undergoing GBP or SG was analyzed by proteomic and metabolomic methods 3 days before and 3 days after surgery. Subjects were matched for age, BMI, metformin therapy and glycemic control. Insulin resistance was calculated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). For proteomics, samples were depleted of abundant plasma proteins, digested with trypsin and labeled with iTRAQ isobaric tags prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Metabolomic analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of the respective bariatric surgery on identified proteins and metabolites was evaluated using two-way analysis of variance and appropriate post-hoc tests. Results HOMA-IR improved, albeit not significantly, in both groups after surgery. Proteomic analysis yielded seven proteins which decreased significantly after GBP only, including Fetuin-A and Retinol binding protein 4, both previously linked to insulin resistance. Significant decrease in Fetuin-A and Retinol binding protein 4 after GBP was confirmed using ELISA and immunoassay. Metabolomic analysis identified significant decrease of citrate, proline, histidine and decanoic acid specifically after GBP. Conclusion Greater early decrease was seen for Fetuin-A, Retinol binding protein 4, and several metabolites after GBP compared to SG, preceding significant weight loss. This may contribute to enhanced T2D remission observed following foregut bypass procedures.
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231
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Beasley JM, Wylie-Rosett J. The role of dietary proteins among persons with diabetes. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 15:348. [PMID: 23881544 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Examining the role of dietary protein and establishing intake guidelines among individuals with diabetes is complex. The 2013 American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of care recommend an individualized approach to decision making with regard to protein intake and dietary macronutrient composition. Needs may vary based on cardiometabolic risk factors and renal function. Among individuals with impaired renal function, the ADA recommends reducing protein intake to 0.8-1.0 g/kg per day in earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to 0.8 g/kg per day in the later stages of CKD. Epidemiological studies suggest animal protein may increase risk of diabetes; however, few data are available to suggest how protein sources influence diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Beasley
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Suite 1312c, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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232
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Wiklund PK, Pekkala S, Autio R, Munukka E, Xu L, Saltevo J, Cheng S, Kujala UM, Alen M, Cheng S. Serum metabolic profiles in overweight and obese women with and without metabolic syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:40. [PMID: 24650495 PMCID: PMC3998195 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify serum biomarkers through metabolomics approach that distinguishes physically inactive overweight/obese women with metabolic syndrome from those who are metabolically healthy, independent of body weight and fat mass. METHODS We applied nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based profiling of fasting serum samples to examine the metabolic differences between 78 previously physically inactive, body weight and fat mass matched overweight/obese premenopausal women with and without MetS. MetS was defined as the presence of at least three of the following five criteria: waist circumference ≥88 cm, serum triacylglycerol ≥1.7 mmol/L, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <1.30 mmol/L, blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg and fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L). Principal component analysis was used to reduce the large number of correlated variables to fewer uncorrelated factors. RESULTS Two metabolic factors were associated with MetS independent of BMI, fat mass, waist circumference and physical activity/fitness. Factor comprising branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and aromatic amino acids (AAA) and orosomucoid was associated with all clinical risk factors (p < 0.01 for all). CONCLUSION Two metabolic factors distinguish overweight/obese women with metabolic syndrome from those who are metabolically healthy independent of body weight, fat mass and physical activity/fitness. In particular, factor comprising BCAA, AAA and orosomucoid seems auspicious biomarker determining metabolic health as it was associated with all clinical risk factors. Further research is needed to determine the public health and clinical significance of these results in terms of screening to identify those at greatest cardio-metabolic risk for whom appropriate intervention strategies should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri K Wiklund
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Satu Pekkala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Reija Autio
- Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eveliina Munukka
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Leiting Xu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Juha Saltevo
- Central Hospital Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - ShuMei Cheng
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
| | - Markku Alen
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sulin Cheng
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland
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233
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Burrage LC, Nagamani SCS, Campeau PM, Lee BH. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism: from rare Mendelian diseases to more common disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R1-8. [PMID: 24651065 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism plays a central role in the pathophysiology of both rare inborn errors of metabolism and the more common multifactorial diseases. Although deficiency of the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDC) and associated elevations in the BCAAs and their ketoacids have been recognized as the cause of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) for decades, treatment options for this disorder have been limited to dietary interventions. In recent years, the discovery of improved leucine tolerance after liver transplantation has resulted in a new therapeutic strategy for this disorder. Likewise, targeting the regulation of the BCKDC activity may be an alternative potential treatment strategy for MSUD. The regulation of the BCKDC by the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase has also been implicated in a new inborn error of metabolism characterized by autism, intellectual disability and seizures. Finally, there is a growing body of literature implicating BCAA metabolism in more common disorders such as the metabolic syndrome, cancer and hepatic disease. This review surveys the knowledge acquired on the topic over the past 50 years and focuses on recent developments in the field of BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cooper-Dehoff RM, Hou W, Weng L, Baillie RA, Beitelshees AL, Gong Y, Shahin MHA, Turner ST, Chapman A, Gums JG, Boyle SH, Zhu H, Wikoff WR, Boerwinkle E, Fiehn O, Frye RF, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Johnson JA. Is diabetes mellitus-linked amino acid signature associated with β-blocker-induced impaired fasting glucose? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:199-205. [PMID: 24627569 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-amino acid (AA) signature, including isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, has been associated with incident diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. We investigated whether this same AA signature, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in their catabolic pathway, was associated with development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) after atenolol treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Among 234 European American participants enrolled in the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study and treated with atenolol for 9 weeks, we prospectively followed a nested cohort that had both metabolomics profiling and genotype data available for the development of IFG. We assessed the association between baseline circulating levels of isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, as well as single-nucleotide polymorphisms in branched-chain amino-acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) with development of IFG. All baseline AA levels were strongly associated with IFG development. Each increment in standard deviation of the 5 AAs was associated with the following odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for IFG based on a fully adjusted model: isoleucine 2.29 (1.31-4.01), leucine 1.80 (1.10-2.96), valine 1.77 (1.07-2.92), tyrosine 2.13 (1.20-3.78), and phenylalanine 2.04 (1.16-3.59). The composite P value was 2×10(-5). Those with PAH (rs2245360) AA genotype had the highest incidence of IFG (P for trend=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Our data provide important insight into the metabolic and genetic mechanisms underlying atenolol-associated adverse metabolic effects. Clinical Trial Registration- http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT00246519.
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235
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Hanzu FA, Vinaixa M, Papageorgiou A, Párrizas M, Correig X, Delgado S, Carmona F, Samino S, Vidal J, Gomis R. Obesity rather than regional fat depots marks the metabolomic pattern of adipose tissue: an untargeted metabolomic approach. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:698-704. [PMID: 23804579 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compares the patterns of visceral (VIS) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue (AT)-derived metabolites from non-obese (BMI 24-26 kg/m2) and obese subjects (BMI > 40 kg/m2) with no major metabolic risk factors other than BMI. METHODS SC- and VIS- AT obtained from obese (Ob) and non-obese (NOb) subjects during surgery were incubated to obtain their metabolites. Differences related to obesity or anatomical provenances of AT were assessed using an untargeted metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The overall effect of obesity on the metabolite profile resulted more remarkable than the effect of regional AT. Only the depletion of 2-ketoisocaproic (2-KIC) acid reached statistical significance for the SC-AT alone, although it was observed in both depots. Obesity induced more significant changes in several amino acids levels of the VIS-AT metabolites. On the one hand, higher released levels of glutamine and alanine were detected in the VIS- obese AT, whereas on the other, the VIS- obese AT presented a diminished uptake of essential amino acids (methionine, threonine, lysine), BCAAs, leucine, and serine. CONCLUSION This study shows that obesity markedly affects the amino acid metabolic signature of the AT before the clinical onset of other significant metabolic alterations aside from BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Hanzu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
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Kim OY, Lee JH, Sweeney G. Metabolomic profiling as a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment of chronic disease: focus on obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 11:61-8. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Campbell C, Grapov D, Fiehn O, Chandler CJ, Burnett DJ, Souza EC, Casazza GA, Gustafson MB, Keim NL, Newman JW, Hunter GR, Fernandez JR, Garvey WT, Harper ME, Hoppel CL, Meissen JK, Take K, Adams SH. Improved metabolic health alters host metabolism in parallel with changes in systemic xeno-metabolites of gut origin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84260. [PMID: 24416208 PMCID: PMC3885560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel plasma metabolite patterns reflective of improved metabolic health (insulin sensitivity, fitness, reduced body weight) were identified before and after a 14–17 wk weight loss and exercise intervention in sedentary, obese insulin-resistant women. To control for potential confounding effects of diet- or microbiome-derived molecules on the systemic metabolome, sampling was during a tightly-controlled feeding test week paradigm. Pairwise and multivariate analysis revealed intervention- and insulin-sensitivity associated: (1) Changes in plasma xeno-metabolites (“non-self” metabolites of dietary or gut microbial origin) following an oral glucose tolerance test (e.g. higher post-OGTT propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate [tricarballylic acid]) or in the overnight-fasted state (e.g., lower γ-tocopherol); (2) Increased indices of saturated very long chain fatty acid elongation capacity; (3) Increased post-OGTT α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG), fasting α-KG inversely correlated with Matsuda index, and altered patterns of malate, pyruvate and glutamine hypothesized to stem from improved mitochondrial efficiency and more robust oxidation of glucose. The results support a working model in which improved metabolic health modifies host metabolism in parallel with altering systemic exposure to xeno-metabolites. This highlights that interpretations regarding the origins of peripheral blood or urinary “signatures” of insulin resistance and metabolic health must consider the potentially important contribution of gut-derived metabolites toward the host's metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Campbell
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Grapov
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHA); (OF)
| | - Carol J. Chandler
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dustin J. Burnett
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elaine C. Souza
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gretchen A. Casazza
- Sports Medicine Program, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Mary B. Gustafson
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John W. Newman
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Human Studies Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles L. Hoppel
- Pharmacology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John K. Meissen
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kohei Take
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sean H. Adams
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SHA); (OF)
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Roberts LD, Koulman A, Griffin JL. Towards metabolic biomarkers of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: progress from the metabolome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:65-75. [PMID: 24622670 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complex aetiology of type 2 diabetes makes effective screening, diagnosis and prognosis a substantial challenge for the physician. The rapidly developing area of metabolomics, which uses analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, has emerged as a promising approach to identify biomarkers of diabetes and the insulin-resistant state that precedes overt pathology. Initial successes with metabolomic studies have indicated potential biomarkers for insulin resistance and for identifying people at risk of developing diabetes, with particular focus on aminoacids and lipid metabolism. These biomarkers will help to improve research and management of diabetes. In particular, several biomarkers identified could be used for early identification of diabetes risk. Furthermore, changes in selected biomarkers can indicate effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Indeed, there is much promise that branched-chain aminoacids might provide a screening biomarker for type 2 diabetes risk, allowing early dietary and exercise interventions to treat or even prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Roberts
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research (HNR), Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Albert Koulman
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research (HNR), Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research (HNR), Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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Villarreal-Pérez JZ, Villarreal-Martínez JZ, Lavalle-González FJ, Torres-Sepúlveda MDR, Ruiz-Herrera C, Cerda-Flores RM, Castillo-García ER, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Martínez de Villarreal LE. Plasma and urine metabolic profiles are reflective of altered beta-oxidation in non-diabetic obese subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:129. [PMID: 25937838 PMCID: PMC4416397 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The two primary pathophysiological characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are insulin resistance (IR) and beta cell dysfunction. It has been proposed that the development of IR is secondary to the accumulation of triacylglycerols and fatty acids in the muscle and liver, which is in turn thought to be secondary to an enzymatic defect in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the molecules of intermediary metabolism to determine if an alteration in mitochondrial function exists in T2DM patients and, if so, to determine whether this alteration is caused by excess nutrients or an enzymatic defect. DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-seven subjects were recruited and divided into four groups (21 T2DM patients, 17 non-diabetic overweight/obese subjects, 20 offspring of T2DM patients, and 19 healthy subjects). Anthropometric parameters were determined by air plethysmography, and biochemical and metabolic parameters were measured, including 31 acylcarnitines (ACs) and 13 amino acids quantified by MS/MS and 67 organic acids measured by GC/MS. RESULTS Patients with T2DM showed elevation of short-chain ACs (C2, C4), a glycogenic amino acid (valine), a glycogenic and ketogenic amino acid (tyrosine), and a ketogenic amino acid (leucine) as well as altered excretion of dicarboxylic acids. T2DM offspring with abnormal glucose tolerance test GTT showed increased levels of C16. Subjects in the obese group who were dysglycemic also showed altered urinary excretion of dicarboxylic acids and lower levels of a long-chain AC (C14:2). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mitochondrial beta-oxidation is altered in T2DM patients and that the alteration is most likely caused by nutrient overload through a different pathway from that observed in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Zacarías Villarreal-Pérez
- />Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Servicio de Endocrinología, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460 México
| | - Jesús Zacarías Villarreal-Martínez
- />Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460 México
| | - Fernando Javier Lavalle-González
- />Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Servicio de Endocrinología, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460 México
| | - María del Rosario Torres-Sepúlveda
- />Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460 México
| | - Consuelo Ruiz-Herrera
- />Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460 México
| | - Ricardo Martín Cerda-Flores
- />Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Enfermería, Avenida Gonzalitos, 1500 Norte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, NL México
| | - Erik Rubén Castillo-García
- />Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460 México
| | - Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez
- />Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460 México
| | - Laura Elia Martínez de Villarreal
- />Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460 México
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Mai M, Tönjes A, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Fiedler GM, Leichtle AB. Serum levels of acylcarnitines are altered in prediabetic conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82459. [PMID: 24358186 PMCID: PMC3865089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of mitochondrial function in the complex pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is not yet completely understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate serum concentrations of short-, medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines as markers of mitochondrial function in volunteers with normal, impaired or diabetic glucose control. Methods Based on a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, 1019 studied subjects were divided into a group with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 636), isolated impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG; n = 184), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 87) or type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 112). Serum concentrations of free carnitine and 24 acylcarnitines were measured by mass spectrometry. Results Serum levels of acetylcarnitine (C2), propionylcarnitine (C3), octanoylcarnitine (C8), malonylcarnitine/hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (C3DC+C4OH), hexanoylcarnitine (C6), octenoylcarnitine (C8:1), decanoylcarnitine (C10), decenoylcarnitine (C10:1), dodecanoylcarnitine (C12), tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1), tetradecadienylcarnitine (C14:2), hydroxytetradecanoylcarnitine (C14OH), hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine (C16OH) and octadecenoylcarnitine (C18:1) were significantly different among the groups (all p<0.05 adjusted for age, gender and BMI). Between the prediabetic states C14:1, C14:2 and C18:1 showed significantly higher serum concentrations in persons with IGT (p<0.05). Compared to T2D the IFG and the IGT subjects showed lower serum concentrations of malonylcarnitine/hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (C3DC+C4OH) (p<0.05). Conclusion Alterations in serum concentrations of several acylcarnitines, in particular tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1), tetradecadienylcarnitine (C14:2), octadecenoylcarnitine (C18:1) and malonylcarnitine/hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (C3DC+C4OH) are associated not only with T2D but also with prediabetic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Mai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Division of Endocrinology, Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Division of Endocrinology, Department for Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Martin Fiedler
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital – Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Benedikt Leichtle
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital – Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Yang R, Dong J, Guo H, Li H, Wang S, Zhao H, Zhou W, Yu S, Wang M, Chen W. Rapid and precise measurement of serum branched-chain and aromatic amino acids by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81144. [PMID: 24339906 PMCID: PMC3855216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs and AAAs) have emerged as predictors for the future development of diabetes and may aid in diabetes risk assessment. However, the current methods for the analysis of such amino acids in biological samples are time consuming. METHODS An isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS/MS) method for serum BCAAs and AAAs was developed. The serum was mixed with isotope-labeled BCAA and AAA internal standards and the amino acids were extracted with acetonitrile, followed by analysis using LC/MS/MS. The LC separation was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column, and the MS/MS detection was performed via the positive electronic spray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS Specific analysis of the amino acids was achieved within 2 min. Intra-run and total CVs for the amino acids were less than 2% and 4%, respectively, and the analytical recoveries ranged from 99.6 to 103.6%. CONCLUSION A rapid and precise method for the measurement of serum BCAAs and AAAs was developed and may serve as a quick tool for screening serum BCAAs and AAAs in studies assessing diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyue Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hanbang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haijian Zhao
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyan Zhou
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Yu
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Hospital and National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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Jenkins Y, Sun TQ, Markovtsov V, Foretz M, Li W, Nguyen H, Li Y, Pan A, Uy G, Gross L, Baltgalvis K, Yung SL, Gururaja T, Kinoshita T, Owyang A, Smith IJ, McCaughey K, White K, Godinez G, Alcantara R, Choy C, Ren H, Basile R, Sweeny DJ, Xu X, Issakani SD, Carroll DC, Goff DA, Shaw SJ, Singh R, Boros LG, Laplante MA, Marcotte B, Kohen R, Viollet B, Marette A, Payan DG, Kinsella TM, Hitoshi Y. AMPK activation through mitochondrial regulation results in increased substrate oxidation and improved metabolic parameters in models of diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81870. [PMID: 24339975 PMCID: PMC3855387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of mitochondrial function through inhibiting respiratory complex I activates a key sensor of cellular energy status, the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of AMPK results in the mobilization of nutrient uptake and catabolism for mitochondrial ATP generation to restore energy homeostasis. How these nutrient pathways are affected in the presence of a potent modulator of mitochondrial function and the role of AMPK activation in these effects remain unclear. We have identified a molecule, named R419, that activates AMPK in vitro via complex I inhibition at much lower concentrations than metformin (IC50 100 nM vs 27 mM, respectively). R419 potently increased myocyte glucose uptake that was dependent on AMPK activation, while its ability to suppress hepatic glucose production in vitro was not. In addition, R419 treatment of mouse primary hepatocytes increased fatty acid oxidation and inhibited lipogenesis in an AMPK-dependent fashion. We have performed an extensive metabolic characterization of its effects in the db/db mouse diabetes model. In vivo metabolite profiling of R419-treated db/db mice showed a clear upregulation of fatty acid oxidation and catabolism of branched chain amino acids. Additionally, analyses performed using both 13C-palmitate and 13C-glucose tracers revealed that R419 induces complete oxidation of both glucose and palmitate to CO2 in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, confirming that the compound increases mitochondrial function in vivo. Taken together, our results show that R419 is a potent inhibitor of complex I and modulates mitochondrial function in vitro and in diabetic animals in vivo. R419 may serve as a valuable molecular tool for investigating the impact of modulating mitochondrial function on nutrient metabolism in multiple tissues and on glucose and lipid homeostasis in diabetic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonchu Jenkins
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tian-Qiang Sun
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vadim Markovtsov
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Foretz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Wei Li
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yingwu Li
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Pan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald Uy
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Gross
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen Baltgalvis
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Yung
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tarikere Gururaja
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Taisei Kinoshita
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Owyang
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ira J. Smith
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly McCaughey
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathy White
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Godinez
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Raniel Alcantara
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carmen Choy
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Ren
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Basile
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Sweeny
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiang Xu
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarkiz D. Issakani
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Carroll
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dane A. Goff
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Shaw
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laszlo G. Boros
- SiDMAP, LLC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LABIOMED) at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Marc-André Laplante
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Marcotte
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Rita Kohen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald G. Payan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Kinsella
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yasumichi Hitoshi
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Walford GA, Davis J, Warner AS, Ackerman RJ, Billings LK, Chamarthi B, Fanelli RR, Hernandez AM, Huang C, Khan SQ, Littleton KR, Lo J, McCarthy RM, Rhee EP, Deik A, Stolerman E, Taylor A, Hudson MS, Wang TJ, Altshuler D, Grant RW, Clish CB, Gerszten RE, Florez JC. Branched chain and aromatic amino acids change acutely following two medical therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2013; 62:1772-8. [PMID: 23953891 PMCID: PMC3833885 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated circulating levels of branched chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAA/AAAs) are associated with insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). BCAA/AAAs decrease acutely during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a diagnostic test for T2D. It is unknown whether changes in BCAA/AAAs also signal an early response to commonly used medical therapies for T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was used to measure BCAA/AAAs in 30 insulin sensitive (IS) and 30 insulin resistant (IR) subjects before and after: (1) one dose of a sulfonylurea medication, glipizide, 5 mg orally; (2) two days of twice daily metformin 500 mg orally; and (3) a 75-g OGTT. Percent change in BCAA/AAAs was determined after each intervention. RESULTS Following glipizide, which increased insulin and decreased glucose in both subject groups, BCAA/AAAs decreased in the IS subjects only (all P<0.05). Following metformin, which decreased glucose and insulin in only the IR subjects, 4 BCAA/AAAs increased in the IR subjects at or below P=0.05, and none changed in the IS subjects. Following OGTT, which increased glucose and insulin in all subjects, BCAA/AAAs decreased in all subjects (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS BCAA/AAAs changed acutely during glipizide and metformin administration, and the magnitude and direction of change differed by the insulin resistance status of the individual and the intervention. These results indicate that BCAA/AAAs may be useful biomarkers for monitoring the early response to therapeutic interventions for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Walford
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Jaclyn Davis
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - A. Sofia Warner
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rachel J. Ackerman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Liana K. Billings
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Bindu Chamarthi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rebecca R. Fanelli
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Alicia M. Hernandez
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Chunmei Huang
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Sabina Q. Khan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Janet Lo
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Rita M. McCarthy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eugene P. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Amy Deik
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Elliot Stolerman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Margo S. Hudson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas J. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - David Altshuler
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Richard W. Grant
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
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245
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Bhattacharya S, Granger CB, Craig D, Haynes C, Bain J, Stevens RD, Hauser ER, Newgard CB, Kraus WE, Newby LK, Shah SH. Validation of the association between a branched chain amino acid metabolite profile and extremes of coronary artery disease in patients referred for cardiac catheterization. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:191-6. [PMID: 24401236 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate independent associations between branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and other metabolites with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We conducted mass-spectrometry-based profiling of 63 metabolites in fasting plasma from 1983 sequential patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Significant CAD was defined as CADindex ≥ 32 (at least one vessel with ≥ 95% stenosis; N = 995) and no CAD as CADindex ≤ 23 and no previous cardiac events (N = 610). Individuals (N = 378) with CAD severity between these extremes were excluded. Principal components analysis (PCA) reduced large numbers of correlated metabolites into uncorrelated factors. Association between metabolite factors and significant CAD vs. no CAD was tested using logistic regression; and between metabolite factors and severity of CAD was tested using linear regression. RESULTS Of twelve PCA-derived metabolite factors, two were associated with CAD in multivariable models: factor 10, composed of BCAA (adjusted odds ratio, OR, 1.20; 95% CI 1.05-1.35, p = 0.005) and factor 7, composed of short-chain acylcarnitines, which include byproducts of BCAA metabolism (adjusted OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.14-1.48, p = 0.001). After adjustment for glycated albumin (marker of insulin resistance [IR]) both factors 7 (p = 0.0001) and 10 (p = 0.004) remained associated with CAD. Severity of CAD as a continuous variable (including patients with non-obstructive disease) was associated with metabolite factors 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9; only factors 7 and 10 were associated in multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS We validated the independent association of metabolites involved in BCAA metabolism with CAD extremes. These metabolites may be reporting on novel mechanisms of CAD pathogenesis that are independent of IR and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanti Bhattacharya
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute of Molecular Physiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Christopher B Granger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Damian Craig
- Duke Institute of Molecular Physiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Carol Haynes
- Duke Institute of Molecular Physiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - James Bain
- Duke Institute of Molecular Physiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - L Kristin Newby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Svati H Shah
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Institute of Molecular Physiology, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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246
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Mels CM, Schutte AE, Schutte R, Huisman HW, Smith W, Fourie CM, Kruger R, van Rooyen JM, Malan NT, Malan L. The link between vascular deterioration and branched chain amino acids in a population with high glycated haemoglobin: the SABPA study. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1405-13. [PMID: 24178767 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Globally the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, are escalating. Metabolomic studies indicated that circulating branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with insulin resistance, coronary artery disease and increased risk for cardiovascular events. We aimed to extend the current understanding of the cardiovascular risk associated with BCAAs. We explored whether BCAAs are related to markers of cardiovascular disease in a bi-ethnic population and whether this relationship was influenced by chronic hyperglycaemia. We included 200 African and 209 Caucasian participants, and determined their ambulatory blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). We analysed blood samples for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and BCAAs. Participants were stratified into two groups according to their HbA1c value using the median cut-off value of 5.6%. Ambulatory BP, cIMT and BCAAs were significantly higher (all p < 0.001) in the high HbA1c group. Single regression analyses indicated significant positive associations of ambulatory blood pressure and cIMT with BCAAs (all p < 0.05) in both the groups. These associations between ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.16, p = 0.035) and cIMT (r = 0.22, p = 0.004) with BCAAs remained in the high HbA1c group after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) and were confirmed in multiple regression analyses (ambulatory SBP: R (2) = 0.17, β = 0.21, p = 0.005 and cIMT: R (2) = 0.30, β = 0.19, p = 0.003). Our results demonstrate that BCAAs are independently related to ambulatory BP and cIMT in individuals with high HbA1c levels and suggest that potential cardiovascular deterioration accompany the rise in BCAAs in conditions of hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Mels
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa,
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247
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Lu Y, Yao D, Chen C. 2-Hydrazinoquinoline as a Derivatization Agent for LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Investigation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Metabolites 2013; 3:993-1010. [PMID: 24958262 PMCID: PMC3937830 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3040993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones are products and regulators of many important metabolic pathways. Their levels in biofluids and tissues reflect the status of specific metabolic reactions, the homeostasis of the whole metabolic system and the wellbeing of a biological entity. In this study, the use of 2-hydrazinoquinoline (HQ) as a novel derivatization agent was explored and optimized for simultaneous liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones in biological samples. The formation of carboxylic acid derivative is attributed to the esterification reaction between HQ and a carboxyl group, while the production of aldehyde and ketone derivatives is through the formation of Schiff bases between HQ and a carbonyl group. The compatibility of HQ with biological samples was demonstrated by derivatizing urine, serum and liver extract samples. Using this HQ-based approach, the kinetics of type 1 diabetes-induced metabolic changes was characterized by the LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis of urine samples from streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice. Subsequently, carboxylic acid, aldehyde and ketone metabolites associated with STZ-elicited disruption of nutrient and energy metabolism were conveniently identified and elucidated. Overall, HQ derivatization of carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones could serve as a useful tool for the LC-MS-based metabolomic investigation of endogenous metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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248
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The complex role of branched chain amino acids in diabetes and cancer. Metabolites 2013; 3:931-45. [PMID: 24958258 PMCID: PMC3937834 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity and diabetes epidemics are continuing to spread across the globe. There is increasing evidence that diabetes leads to a significantly higher risk for certain types of cancer. Both diabetes and cancer are characterized by severe metabolic perturbations and the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) appear to play a significant role in both of these diseases. These essential amino acids participate in a wide variety of metabolic pathways, but it is now recognized that they are also critical regulators of a number of cell signaling pathways. An elevation in branched chain amino acids has recently been shown to be significantly correlated with insulin resistance and the future development of diabetes. In cancer, the normal demands for BCAAs are complicated by the conflicting needs of the tumor and the host. The severe muscle wasting syndrome experience by many cancer patients, known as cachexia, has motivated the use of BCAA supplementation. The desired improvement in muscle mass must be balanced by the need to avoid providing materials for tumor proliferation. A better understanding of the complex functions of BCAAs could lead to their use as biomarkers of the progression of certain cancers in diabetic patients.
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249
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Patel MJ, Batch BC, Svetkey LP, Bain JR, Turer CB, Haynes C, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, Newgard CB, Shah SH. Race and sex differences in small-molecule metabolites and metabolic hormones in overweight and obese adults. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:627-35. [PMID: 24117402 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In overweight/obese individuals, cardiometabolic risk factors differ by race and sex categories. Small-molecule metabolites and metabolic hormone levels might also differ across these categories and contribute to risk factor heterogeneity. To explore this possibility, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of fasting plasma levels of 69 small-molecule metabolites and 13 metabolic hormones in 500 overweight/obese adults who participated in the Weight Loss Maintenance trial. Principal-components analysis (PCA) was used for reduction of metabolite data. Race and sex-stratified comparisons of metabolite factors and metabolic hormones were performed. African Americans represented 37.4% of the study participants, and females 63.0%. Of thirteen metabolite factors identified, three differed by race and sex: levels of factor 3 (branched-chain amino acids and related metabolites, p<0.0001), factor 6 (long-chain acylcarnitines, p<0.01), and factor 2 (medium-chain dicarboxylated acylcarnitines, p<0.0001) were higher in males vs. females; factor 6 levels were higher in Caucasians vs. African Americans (p<0.0001). Significant differences were also observed in hormones regulating body weight homeostasis. Among overweight/obese adults, there are significant race and sex differences in small-molecule metabolites and metabolic hormones; these differences may contribute to risk factor heterogeneity across race and sex subgroups and should be considered in future investigations with circulating metabolites and metabolic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh J Patel
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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250
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Lustgarten MS, Price LL, Chale A, Phillips EM, Fielding RA. Branched chain amino acids are associated with muscle mass in functionally limited older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:717-24. [PMID: 24085401 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic profiling may provide insight into biologic mechanisms related to the maintenance of muscle and fat-free mass in functionally limited older adults. The objectives of the study were to characterize the association between thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and the fat-free mass index (FFMI; total lean mass/height(2)) with the serum metabolite profile, to further identify significant metabolites as associated with markers of insulin resistance or inflammation, and to develop a metabolite predictor set representative of muscle CSA and the FFMI in functionally limited older adults. METHODS Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used on mass spectrometry-based metabolomic data to determine significant associations between serum metabolites with muscle CSA and the FFMI in 73 functionally limited (Short Physical Performance Battery ≤ 10) older adults (age range: 70-85 years). Significant metabolites were further examined for associations with markers of insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) or inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6). Multivariable-adjusted stepwise regression was used to develop a metabolite predictor set representative of muscle CSA and the FFMI. RESULTS Seven branched chain amino acid-related metabolites were found to be associated with both muscle CSA and the FFMI. Separately, two metabolites were identified as insulin resistance-associated markers of the FFMI, whereas four metabolites were identified as inflammation-associated markers of either muscle CSA or the FFMI. Stepwise models identified combinations of metabolites to explain approximately 68% of the variability inherent in muscle CSA or the FFMI. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we report multiple branched chain amino acids and novel inflammation-associated tryptophan metabolites as markers of muscle CSA or the FFMI in functionally limited older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lori Lyn Price
- The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Chale
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward M Phillips
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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