201
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Gianaros PJ, Kuan DCH, Marsland AL, Sheu LK, Hackman DA, Miller KG, Manuck SB. Community Socioeconomic Disadvantage in Midlife Relates to Cortical Morphology via Neuroendocrine and Cardiometabolic Pathways. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:460-473. [PMID: 26498832 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Residing in communities of socioeconomic disadvantage confers risk for chronic diseases and cognitive aging, as well as risk for biological factors that negatively affect brain morphology. The present study tested whether community disadvantage negatively associates with brain morphology via 2 biological factors encompassing cardiometabolic disease risk and neuroendocrine function. Participants were 448 midlife adults aged 30-54 years (236 women) who underwent structural neuroimaging to assess cortical and subcortical brain tissue morphology. Community disadvantage was indexed by US Census data geocoded to participants' residential addresses. Cardiometabolic risk was indexed by measurements of adiposity, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and lipids. Neuroendocrine function was indexed from salivary cortisol measurements taken over 3 days, from which we computed the cortisol awakening response, area-under-the-curve, and diurnal cortisol decline. Community disadvantage was associated with reduced cortical tissue volume, cortical surface area, and cortical thickness, but not subcortical morphology. Moreover, increased cardiometabolic risk and a flatter (dysregulated) diurnal cortisol decline mediated the associations of community disadvantage and cortical gray matter volume. These effects were independent of age, sex, and individual-level socioeconomic position. The adverse risks of residing in a disadvantaged community may extend to the cerebral cortex via cardiometabolic and neuroendocrine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dora C-H Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lei K Sheu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Daniel A Hackman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karissa G Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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202
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Luby JL, Barch D, Whalen D, Tillman R, Belden A. Association Between Early Life Adversity and Risk for Poor Emotional and Physical Health in Adolescence: A Putative Mechanistic Neurodevelopmental Pathway. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171:1168-1175. [PMID: 29084329 PMCID: PMC6583637 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. However, the mechanism of this effect, critical to enhancing public health, remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neurodevelopmental trajectory of the association between early ACEs and adolescent general and emotional health outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective longitudinal study that began when patients were aged 3 to 6 years who underwent neuroimaging later at ages 7 to 12 years and whose mental and physical health outcomes were observed at ages 9 to 15 years. Sequential mediation models were used to investigate associations between early ACEs and brain structure, emotion development, and health outcomes longitudinally. Children were recruited from an academic medical center research unit. EXPOSURE Early life adversity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Early ACEs in children aged 3 to 7 years; volume of a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus, in children aged 6 to 12 years; and emotional awareness, depression severity, and general health outcomes in children and adolescents aged 9 to 15 years. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of 119 patients was 9.65 (1.31) years at the time of scan. The mean (SD) ACE score was 5.44 (3.46). The mean (SD) depression severity scores were 2.61 (1.78) at preschool, 1.77 (1.58) at time 2, and 2.16 (1.64) at time 3. The mean (SD) global physical health scores at time 2 and time 3 were 0.30 (0.38) and 0.33 (0.42), respectively. Sequential mediation in the association between high early ACEs and emotional and physical health outcomes were found. Smaller inferior frontal gyrus volumes and poor emotional awareness sequentially mediated the association between early ACEs and poor general health (model parameter estimate = 0.002; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.056) and higher depression severity (model parameter estimate = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.001-0.021) in adolescence. An increase from 0 to 3 early ACEs was associated with 15% and 25% increases in depression severity and physical health problems, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Study findings highlight 1 putative neurodevelopmental mechanism by which the association between early ACEs and later poor mental and physical health outcomes may operate. This identified risk trajectory may be useful to target preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andy Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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203
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Socioeconomic disadvantage, fetal environment and child development: linked Scottish administrative records based study. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:203. [PMID: 29166913 PMCID: PMC5700527 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive development in childhood is negatively affected by socioeconomic disadvantage. This study examined whether differences in fetal environment might mediate the association between family socioeconomic position and child development. Methods Data were linked from the Scottish Longitudinal Study, maternity inpatient records and the Child Health Surveillance Programme – Pre School for 32,238 children. The outcome variables were based on health visitor assessment of gross motor, hearing and language, vision and fine motor, and social development. Socioeconomic position was measured using parental social class and highest qualification attained. Random-effects logistic regression models were estimated to account for multiple reviews and familial clustering. Mediation analysis was conducted using the Karlson-Holm-Breen method. Results Hearing and language, vision and fine motor, and social development were associated with lower parental social class and lower parental educational qualifications after adjustment for fetal environment. Fetal environment partially mediated the estimated effect of having parents without educational qualifications for hearing and language (β = 0·15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·07, 0·23), vision and fine motor (β = 0·19; CI = 0·10, 0·28) and social development (β = 0·14; CI = 0·03 to 0·25). Conclusions Socioeconomic position predicted hearing and language, vision and fine motor, and social development but not gross motor development. For children of parents without educational qualifications, fetal environment appears to contribute to a part of the socioeconomic gradient in child development abnormalities but post-natal environment appears to still explain the majority of the gradient and for other children most of it. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12939-017-0698-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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204
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Dufford AJ, Kim P. Family Income, Cumulative Risk Exposure, and White Matter Structure in Middle Childhood. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:547. [PMID: 29180959 PMCID: PMC5693872 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Family income is associated with gray matter morphometry in children, but little is known about the relationship between family income and white matter structure. In this paper, using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, a whole brain, voxel-wise approach, we examined the relationship between family income (assessed by income-to-needs ratio) and white matter organization in middle childhood (N = 27, M = 8.66 years). Results from a non-parametric, voxel-wise, multiple regression (threshold-free cluster enhancement, p < 0.05 FWE corrected) indicated that lower family income was associated with lower white matter organization [assessed by fractional anisotropy (FA)] for several clusters in white matter tracts involved in cognitive and emotional functions including fronto-limbic circuitry (uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle), association fibers (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus), and corticospinal tracts. Further, we examined the possibility that cumulative risk (CR) exposure might function as one of the potential pathways by which family income influences neural outcomes. Using multiple regressions, we found lower FA in portions of these tracts, including those found in the left cingulum bundle and left superior longitudinal fasciculus, was significantly related to greater exposure to CR (β = -0.47, p < 0.05 and β = -0.45, p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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205
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Abstract
In this paper, we argue that prefrontal cortex ontogenetic functional development is best understood through an ecological lens. We first begin by reviewing evidence supporting the existing consensus that PFC structural and functional development is protracted based on maturational constraints. We then examine recent findings from neuroimaging studies in infants, early life stress research, and connectomics that support the novel hypothesis that PFC functional development is driven by reciprocal processes of neural adaptation and niche construction. We discuss implications and predictions of this model for redefining the construct of executive functions and for informing typical and atypical child development. This ecological account of PFC functional development moves beyond descriptions of development that are characteristic of existing frameworks, and provides novel insights into the mechanisms of developmental change, including its catalysts and influences. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Werchan
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University
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206
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Romer D, Reyna VF, Satterthwaite TD. Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: Placing the adolescent brain in developmental context. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 27:19-34. [PMID: 28777995 PMCID: PMC5626621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroscience models of adolescent brain development attribute the morbidity and mortality of this period to structural and functional imbalances between more fully developed limbic regions that subserve reward and emotion as opposed to those that enable cognitive control. We challenge this interpretation of adolescent development by distinguishing risk-taking that peaks during adolescence (sensation seeking and impulsive action) from risk taking that declines monotonically from childhood to adulthood (impulsive choice and other decisions under known risk). Sensation seeking is primarily motivated by exploration of the environment under ambiguous risk contexts, while impulsive action, which is likely to be maladaptive, is more characteristic of a subset of youth with weak control over limbic motivation. Risk taking that declines monotonically from childhood to adulthood occurs primarily under conditions of known risks and reflects increases in executive function as well as aversion to risk based on increases in gist-based reasoning. We propose an alternative Life-span Wisdom Model that highlights the importance of experience gained through exploration during adolescence. We propose, therefore, that brain models that recognize the adaptive roles that cognition and experience play during adolescence provide a more complete and helpful picture of this period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, United States
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
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207
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Farah MJ. The Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences. Neuron 2017; 96:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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208
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Madan CR. Advances in Studying Brain Morphology: The Benefits of Open-Access Data. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:405. [PMID: 28824407 PMCID: PMC5543094 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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209
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Dawson-McClure S, Calzada EJ, Brotman LM. Engaging Parents in Preventive Interventions for Young Children: Working with Cultural Diversity Within Low-Income, Urban Neighborhoods. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2017; 18:660-670. [PMID: 28293777 PMCID: PMC10782850 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A robust literature documents the impact of poverty on child development and lifelong health, well-being and productivity. Racial and ethnic minority children continue to bear the burden of poverty disproportionately. Evidence-based parenting interventions in early childhood have the potential to attenuate risk attributable to poverty and stress. To reduce racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in the USA, parenting interventions must be accessible, engaging, and effective for low-income families of color living in large urban centers. This paper describes the initial development of ParentCorps and ongoing improvements to realize that vision. Initial development focused on creating a parenting intervention that places culture at the center and effectively embedding it in schools. ParentCorps includes core components found in nearly all effective parenting interventions with a culturally informed approach to engaging families and supporting behavior change. As the intervention is implemented at scale in increasingly diverse communities, improvement efforts include augmenting professional development to increase racial consciousness among all staff (evaluators, coaches, and school-based facilitators) and applying an implementation science framework to study and more fully support schools' use of a package of engagement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spring Dawson-McClure
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Department of Population Health, Center for Early Childhood Health & Development, 227 E 30th Street, 1st Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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210
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Westby C, Washington KN. Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in Assessment and Intervention of School-Aged Children With Language Impairments. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2017. [DOI: 10.1044/2017_lshss-16-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this tutorial is to support speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in assessment and treatment practices with children with language impairment.
Method
This tutorial reviews the framework of the ICF, describes the implications of the ICF for SLPs, distinguishes between students' capacity to perform a skill in a structured context and the actual performance of that skill in naturalistic contexts, and provides a case study of an elementary school child to demonstrate how the principles of the ICF can guide assessment and intervention.
Implications
The Scope of Practice and Preferred Practice documents for the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association identify the ICF as the framework for practice in speech-language pathology. This tutorial will facilitate clinicians' ability to identify personal and environmental factors that influence students' skill capacity and skill performance, assess students' capacity and performance, and develop impairment-based and socially based language goals linked to Common Core State Standards that build students' language capacity and their communicative performance in naturalistic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Westby
- Bilingual Multicultural Services, Albuquerque, NM
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211
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Longitudinal increases of brain metabolite levels in 5-10 year old children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180973. [PMID: 28700727 PMCID: PMC5507439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies reveal significant changes in brain structure and structural networks that occur together with cognitive and behavioral maturation in childhood. However, the underlying cellular changes accompanying brain maturation are less understood. Examining regional age-related changes in metabolite levels provides insight into the physiology of neurodevelopment. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures localize brain metabolism. The majority of neuroimaging studies of healthy development are from the developed world. In a longitudinal MRS study of 64 South African children aged 5 to 10 years old (29 female; 29 HIV exposed, uninfected), we examined the age-related trajectories of creatine (Cr+PCr), N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), the combined NAA+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), choline (GPC+PCh), glutamate (Glu) and the combined Glu+glutamine (Glu+Gln) in voxels within gray and white matter, as well as subcortically in the basal ganglia (BG). In frontal gray matter, we found age-related increases in Cr+PCr, NAA, NAA+NAAG and Glu+Gln levels pointing to synaptic activity likely related to learning. In the BG we observed increased levels of Glu, Glu+Gln and NAA+NAAG with age that point to subcortical synaptic reorganization. In white matter, we found increased levels of Cr+PCr, NAA, NAA+NAAG, Glu and Glu+Gln with age, implicating these metabolites in ongoing myelination. We observed no sex-age or HIV exposure-age interactions, indicating that physiological changes are independent of sex during this time period. The metabolite trajectories presented, therefore, provide a critical benchmark of normal cellular growth for a low socioeconomic pediatric population in the developing world against which pathology and abnormal development may be compared.
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212
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Li XB, Bo QJ, Zhang GP, Zheng W, Wang ZM, Li AN, Tian Q, Liu JT, Tang YL, Wang CY. Effect of childhood trauma on cognitive functions in a sample of Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 76:147-152. [PMID: 28528230 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the influence of various types of childhood trauma (CT) on cognitive functions in Chinese patients presented with schizophrenia. One hundred sixty-two patients were assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). We investigated the correlations between various types of CT, demographic characteristics, and cognitive functions. Significant negative correlations were observed in physical abuse (PA) and sexual abuse (SA) with the language score (r=-0.190, -0.216, respectively, p<0.05). Similarly, physical neglect (PN) and the total score of CTQ were negatively correlated with the attention score (r=-0.17, -0.206, p<0.05, respectively) as well as the total RBANS score (r=-0.199, -0.223, respectively P<0.05). PN was also negatively correlated with delayed memory (r=-0.167, p<0.05). Regressions analysis indicated significant negative correlations between PN and attention, as well as the cognitive total score (p<0.001). Furthermore, demographic variables (years of education, family income) and clinical characteristics (type of anti-psychotics, duration of illness and times of recurrence) were correlated with cognitive functions. The current study showed that different types of CT could impact specific cognitive functions in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Therefore, we recommend that trauma-focused mental interventions for schizophrenia patients should be developed and routinely offered to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Qi-Jing Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Guang-Ping Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - An-Ning Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jin-Tong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yi-Lang Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Chuan-Yue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China.
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213
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Meng Y, Li G, Rekik I, Zhang H, Gao Y, Lin W, Shen D. Can we predict subject-specific dynamic cortical thickness maps during infancy from birth? Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2865-2874. [PMID: 28295833 PMCID: PMC5426957 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the early dynamic development of the human cerebral cortex remains a challenging problem. Cortical thickness, as one of the most important morphological attributes of the cerebral cortex, is a sensitive indicator for both normal neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders, but its early postnatal development remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate a key question in neurodevelopmental science: can we predict the future dynamic development of cortical thickness map in an individual infant based on its available MRI data at birth? If this is possible, we might be able to better model and understand the early brain development and also early detect abnormal brain development during infancy. To this end, we develop a novel learning-based method, called Dynamically-Assembled Regression Forest (DARF), to predict the development of the cortical thickness map during the first postnatal year, based on neonatal MRI features. We applied our method to 15 healthy infants and predicted their cortical thickness maps at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, with respectively mean absolute errors of 0.209 mm, 0.332 mm, 0.340 mm, and 0.321 mm. Moreover, we found that the prediction precision is region-specific, with high precision in the unimodal cortex and relatively low precision in the high-order association cortex, which may be associated with their differential developmental patterns. Additional experiments also suggest that using more early time points for prediction can further significantly improve the prediction accuracy. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2865-2874, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Meng
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Islem Rekik
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Yaozong Gao
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and BRICUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Department of Brain and Cognitive EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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214
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Yu Q, Daugherty AM, Anderson DM, Nishimura M, Brush D, Hardwick A, Lacey W, Raz S, Ofen N. Socioeconomic status and hippocampal volume in children and young adults. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12561. [PMID: 28464381 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An individual's socioeconomic status (SES) is often viewed as a proxy for a host of environmental influences. SES disparities have been linked to variance in brain structures particularly the hippocampus, a neural substrate of learning and memory. However, it is unclear whether the association between SES and hippocampal volume is similar in children and adults. We investigated the relationship between hippocampal volume and SES in a group of children (n = 31, age 8-12 years) and a group of young adults (n = 32, age 18-25 years). SES was assessed with four indicators that loaded on a single factor, therefore a composite SES scores was used in the main analyses. Hippocampal volume was measured using manual demarcation on high resolution structural images. SES was associated with hippocampal volume in the children, but not in adults, suggesting that in childhood, but not adulthood, SES-related environmental factors influence hippocampal volume. In addition, hippocampal volume, but not SES, was associated with scores on a memory task, suggesting that net effects of postnatal environmental factors, captured by SES, are more distal determinants of memory performance than hippocampal volume. Longitudinal investigation of the association between SES, hippocampal volume and cognitive functioning may further our understanding of the putative neural mechanisms underlying SES-related environmental effects on cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Yu
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dana M Anderson
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Mayu Nishimura
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - David Brush
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Amanda Hardwick
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - William Lacey
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sarah Raz
- Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,The Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Noa Ofen
- The Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,The Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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215
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Brito NH, Piccolo LR, Noble KG. Associations between cortical thickness and neurocognitive skills during childhood vary by family socioeconomic factors. Brain Cogn 2017; 116:54-62. [PMID: 28377043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported associations between cortical thickness (CT) and socioeconomic status (SES), as well as between CT and cognitive outcomes. However, findings have been mixed as to whether CT explains links between SES and cognitive performance. In the current study, we hypothesized that this inconsistency may have arisen from the fact that socioeconomic factors (family income and parental education) may moderate the relation between CT and neurocognitive skills. Results indicated that associations between CT and cognitive performance did vary by SES for both language and executive function (EF) abilities. Across all ages, there was a negative correlation between CT and cognitive skills, with thinner cortices associated with higher language and EF scores. Similarly, across all cognitive skills, children from higher-SES homes outperformed their age-matched peers from lower-SES homes. Moderation analyses indicated that the impact of SES was not constant across CT, with SES more strongly predictive of EF skills among children with thicker cortices and more strongly predictive of language skills among children with thinner cortices. This suggests that socioeconomic advantage may in some cases buffer against a neurobiological risk factor for poor performance. These findings suggest that links between brain structure and cognitive processes vary by family socioeconomic circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Brito
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Luciane R Piccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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216
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Svob C, Liu J, Wickramaratne P, Hao X, Talati A, Kayser J, Tenke C, Warner V, Yang J, Anderson M, Weissman MM. Neuroanatomical correlates of familial risk-for-depression and religiosity/spirituality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28642885 DOI: 10.1037/scp0000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential neural substrates that underlie the interplay between religiosity/spirituality and risk-for-depression. A new wave of data from a longitudinal, three generation study of individuals at high risk for depression is presented. In addition to providing new longitudinal data, we extend previous findings by employing additional (surface-based) methods for examining cortical volume. MEASURES PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected on 106 second and third generation family members at high or low risk for major depression defined by the presence or absence of depression in the first generation. Religiosity/spirituality measures were collected at the same time as the MRI scans and comprised self-report ratings of personal religious/spiritual (R/S) importance and frequency of religious attendance. Analyses were carried out with Freesurfer. Interactive effects of religiosity/spirituality and risk-for-depression were examined on measures of cortical thickness and cortical surface area. RESULTS A high degree of belief in the importance of religion/spirituality was associated with both a thicker cortex and a larger pial surface area in persons at high risk for familial depression. No significant association was found between cortical regions and religious attendance in either risk group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results support previous findings of an association between R/S importance and cortical thickness in individuals at high risk for depression, and extend the findings to include an association between R/S importance and greater pial surface area. Moreover, the findings suggest these cortical changes may confer protective benefits to religious/spiritual individuals at high risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Svob
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejun Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jürgen Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Tenke
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Warner
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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217
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Ursache A, Noble KG. Neurocognitive development in socioeconomic context: Multiple mechanisms and implications for measuring socioeconomic status. Psychophysiology 2017; 53:71-82. [PMID: 26681619 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to functioning across a variety of neurocognitive domains including language, memory, executive functioning, and social-emotional processing. We review these findings and discuss the ways in which socioeconomic context may shape neural processes such that these skills are supported by different neurobiological pathways in children from lower versus higher SES backgrounds. Moreover, we consider the mechanisms by which SES may be related to specific neurocognitive functions. Specifically, we focus on linguistic exposure and stress as two main pathways through which SES could influence neurocognitive processes and shape relations between the neural and behavioral levels of functioning. Finally, suggestions for conceptualizing and measuring SES in future work are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ursache
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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218
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Sethna V, Pote I, Wang S, Gudbrandsen M, Blasi A, McCusker C, Daly E, Perry E, Adams KPH, Kuklisova-Murgasova M, Busuulwa P, Lloyd-Fox S, Murray L, Johnson MH, Williams SCR, Murphy DGM, Craig MC, McAlonan GM. Mother-infant interactions and regional brain volumes in infancy: an MRI study. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2379-2388. [PMID: 27915378 PMCID: PMC5504257 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is generally agreed that the human brain is responsive to environmental influences, and that the male brain may be particularly sensitive to early adversity. However, this is largely based on retrospective studies of older children and adolescents exposed to extreme environments in childhood. Less is understood about how normative variations in parent–child interactions are associated with the development of the infant brain in typical settings. To address this, we used magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the relationship between observational measures of mother–infant interactions and regional brain volumes in a community sample of 3- to 6-month-old infants (N = 39). In addition, we examined whether this relationship differed in male and female infants. We found that lower maternal sensitivity was correlated with smaller subcortical grey matter volumes in the whole sample, and that this was similar in both sexes. However, male infants who showed greater levels of positive communication and engagement during early interactions had smaller cerebellar volumes. These preliminary findings suggest that variations in mother–infant interaction dimensions are associated with differences in infant brain development. Although the study is cross-sectional and causation cannot be inferred, the findings reveal a dynamic interaction between brain and environment that may be important when considering interventions to optimize infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaheshta Sethna
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK.
| | - Inês Pote
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Anna Blasi
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline McCusker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Emily Perry
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Kerrie P H Adams
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Maria Kuklisova-Murgasova
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Busuulwa
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK.,GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Lloyd-Fox
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lynne Murray
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Michael C Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
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219
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Powers SJ, Wang Y, Beach SD, Sideridis GD, Gaab N. Examining the relationship between home literacy environment and neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia: an fMRI study. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2016; 66:337-360. [PMID: 27550556 PMCID: PMC5061614 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-016-0134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability characterized by persistent difficulty in learning to read. While an understanding of genetic contributions is emerging, the ways the environment affects brain functioning in children with developmental dyslexia are poorly understood. A relationship between the home literacy environment (HLE) and neural correlates of reading has been identified in typically developing children, yet it remains unclear whether similar effects are observable in children with a genetic predisposition for dyslexia. Understanding environmental contributions is important given that we do not understand why some genetically at-risk children do not develop dyslexia. Here, we investigate for the first time the relationship between HLE and the neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with (FHD+, n = 29) and without (FHD-, n = 21) a family history of developmental dyslexia. We further controlled for socioeconomic status to isolate the neurobiological mechanism by which HLE affects reading development. Group differences revealed stronger correlation of HLE with brain activation in the left inferior/middle frontal and right fusiform gyri in FHD- compared to FHD+ children, suggesting greater impact of HLE on manipulation of phonological codes and recruitment of orthographic representations in typically developing children. In contrast, activation in the right precentral gyrus showed a significantly stronger correlation with HLE in FHD+ compared to FHD- children, suggesting emerging compensatory networks in genetically at-risk children. Overall, our results suggest that genetic predisposition for dyslexia alters contributions of HLE to early reading skills before formal reading instruction, which has important implications for educational practice and intervention models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Powers
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingying Wang
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara D Beach
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgios D Sideridis
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Developmental Medicine, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Boston, 1 Autumn Street, Mailbox # 713, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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220
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Ursache A, Noble KG. Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00531. [PMID: 27781144 PMCID: PMC5064342 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence links socioeconomic status (SES) to children's brain structure. Few studies, however, have specifically investigated relations of SES to white matter structure. Further, although several studies have demonstrated that family SES is related to development of brain areas that support executive functions (EF), less is known about the role that white matter structure plays in the relation of SES to EF. One possibility is that white matter differences may partially explain SES disparities in EF (i.e., a mediating relationship). Alternatively, SES may differentially shape brain-behavior relations such that the relation of white matter structure to EF may differ as a function of SES (i.e., a moderating relationship). METHOD In a diverse sample of 1082 children and adolescents aged 3-21 years, we examined socioeconomic disparities in white matter macrostructure and microstructure. We further investigated relations between family SES, children's white matter volume and integrity in tracts supporting EF, and performance on EF tasks. RESULTS Socioeconomic status was associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume in multiple white matter tracts. Additionally, family income moderated the relation between white matter structure and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, across multiple tracts of interest, lower FA or lower volume was associated with reduced cognitive flexibility among children from lower income families. In contrast, children from higher income families showed preserved cognitive flexibility in the face of low white matter FA or volume. SES factors did not mediate or moderate links between white matter and either working memory or inhibitory control. CONCLUSIONS This work adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that the socioeconomic contexts in which children develop not only shape cognitive functioning and its underlying neurobiology, but may also shape the relations between brain and behavior.
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221
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Piccolo LR, Merz EC, He X, Sowell ER, Noble KG. Age-Related Differences in Cortical Thickness Vary by Socioeconomic Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162511. [PMID: 27644039 PMCID: PMC5028041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate robust associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain structure in children, raising questions about the ways in which SES may modify structural brain development. In general, cortical thickness and surface area develop in nonlinear patterns across childhood and adolescence, with developmental patterns varying to some degree by cortical region. Here, we examined whether age-related nonlinear changes in cortical thickness and surface area varied by SES, as indexed by family income and parental education. We hypothesized that SES disparities in age-related change may be particularly evident for language- and literacy-supporting cortical regions. Participants were 1148 typically-developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Results indicated that SES factors moderate patterns of age-associated change in cortical thickness but not surface area. Specifically, at lower levels of SES, associations between age and cortical thickness were curvilinear, with relatively steep age-related decreases in cortical thickness earlier in childhood, and subsequent leveling off during adolescence. In contrast, at high levels of SES, associations between age and cortical thickness were linear, with consistent reductions across the age range studied. Notably, this interaction was prominent in the left fusiform gyrus, a region that is critical for reading development. In a similar pattern, SES factors significantly moderated linear age-related change in left superior temporal gyrus, such that higher SES was linked with steeper age-related decreases in cortical thickness in this region. These findings suggest that SES may moderate patterns of age-related cortical thinning, especially in language- and literacy-supporting cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane R. Piccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Merz
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaofu He
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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222
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Piccolo LDR, Segabinazi JD, Falceto OG, Fernandes CLC, Bandeira DR, Trentini CM, Hutz CS, Salles JF. Developmental delay in early childhood is associated with visual-constructive skills at school age in a Brazilian cohort. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41155-016-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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223
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Duncan GJ, Magnuson K, Votruba-Drzal E. Moving Beyond Correlations in Assessing the Consequences of Poverty. Annu Rev Psychol 2016; 68:413-434. [PMID: 27648987 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, does growing up in a poor household cause negative developmental outcomes for children? Hundreds of studies have documented statistical associations between family income in childhood and a host of outcomes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Many of these studies have used correlational evidence to draw policy conclusions regarding the benefits of added family income for children, in particular children in families with incomes below the poverty line. Are these conclusions warranted? After a review of possible mechanisms linking poverty to negative childhood outcomes, we summarize the evidence for income's effects on children, paying particular attention to the strength of the evidence and the timing of economic deprivation. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the nearly universal associations between poverty and children's outcomes in the correlational literature, impacts estimated from social experiments and quasi-experiments are more selective. In particular, these stronger studies have linked increases in family income to increased school achievement in middle childhood and to greater educational attainment in adolescence and early adulthood. There is no experimental or quasi-experimental evidence in the United States that links child outcomes to economic deprivation in the first several years of life. Understanding the nature of socioeconomic influences, as well as their potential use in evidence-based policy recommendations, requires greater attention to identifying causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Duncan
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
| | - Katherine Magnuson
- School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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224
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Judd A, Le Prevost M, Melvin D, Arenas-Pinto A, Parrott F, Winston A, Foster C, Sturgeon K, Rowson K, Gibb DM. Cognitive Function in Young Persons With and Without Perinatal HIV in the AALPHI Cohort in England: Role of Non-HIV-Related Factors. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1380-1387. [PMID: 27581764 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence about the cognitive performance of older adolescents with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared with HIV-negative (HIV-) adolescents. METHODS A total of 296 perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) and 97 HIV- adolescents (aged 12-21 and 13-23 years, respectively) completed 12 tests covering 6 cognitive domains. The HIV- participants had PHIV+ siblings and/or an HIV-infected mother. Domain-specific and overall (NPZ-6) z scores were calculated for PHIV+ participants, with or without Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage C disease, and HIV- participants. Linear regression was performed to explore predictors of NPZ-6. RESULTS One hundred twenty-five (42%) of the PHIV+ and 31 (32%) of the HIV- participants were male; 251 (85%) and 69 (71%), respectively, were black African; and their median ages (interquartile range) were 16 (15-18) and 16 (14-18) years, respectively. In PHIV+ participants, 247 (86%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 76 (26%) had a previous CDC C diagnosis. The mean (standard deviation) NPZ-6 score was -0.81 (0.99) in PHIV+ participants with a CDC C diagnosis (PHIV+/C), -0.45 (0.80) in those without a CDC C diagnosis (PHIV+/no C), and -0.32 (0.76) in HIV- participants (P < .001). After adjustment, there was no difference in NPZ-6 scores between PHIV+/no C and HIV- participants (adjusted coefficient, -0.01; 95% confidence interval, -.22 to .20). PHIV+/C participants scored below the HIV- group (adjusted coefficient, -0.44; -.70 to -.19). Older age predicted higher NPZ-6 scores, and black African ethnicity and worse depression predicted lower NPZ-6 scores. In a sensitivity analysis including PHIV+ participants only, no HIV-related factors apart from a CDC C diagnosis were associated with NPZ-6 scores. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive performance was similar between PHIV+/no C and HIV- participants and indicated relatively mild impairment compared with normative data. The true impact on day-to-day functioning needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Judd
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katie Rowson
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London
| | - Di M Gibb
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London
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Barch D, Pagliaccio D, Belden A, Harms MP, Gaffrey M, Sylvester C, Tillman R, Luby J. Effect of Hippocampal and Amygdala Connectivity on the Relationship Between Preschool Poverty and School-Age Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2016; 173:625-34. [PMID: 26771739 PMCID: PMC4932860 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that poverty experienced in early childhood, as measured by income-to-needs ratio, has an impact on functional brain connectivity at school age, which in turn mediates influences on child negative mood/depression. METHOD Participants were from a prospective longitudinal study of emotion development. Preschoolers 3-5 years of age were originally ascertained from primary care and day care sites in the St. Louis area and then underwent annual behavioral assessments for up to 12 years. Healthy preschoolers and those with a history of depression symptoms underwent neuroimaging at school age. Using functional MRI, the authors examined whole brain resting-state functional connectivity with the left and right hippocampus and amygdala. RESULTS Lower income-to-needs ratio at preschool age was associated with reduced connectivity between hippocampus and amygdala and a number of regions at school age, including the superior frontal cortex, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate, and putamen. Lower income-to-needs ratio predicted greater negative mood/depression severity at school age, as did connectivity between the left hippocampus and the right superior frontal cortex and between the right amygdala and the right lingual gyrus. Connectivity mediated the relationship between income-to-needs ratio and negative mood/depression at the time of scanning. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that poverty in early childhood, as assessed by at least one measure, may influence the development of hippocampal and amygdala connectivity in a manner leading to negative mood symptoms during later childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130,The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130,Deanna M. Barch, Ph.D., Washington University, Department of Psychology, Box 1125, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Mo. 63130, Phone: 314-935-8729, Fax: 314-935-8790,
| | - David Pagliaccio
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andy Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael P. Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael Gaffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chad Sylvester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110,Deanna M. Barch, Ph.D., Washington University, Department of Psychology, Box 1125, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Mo. 63130, Phone: 314-935-8729, Fax: 314-935-8790,
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226
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Ozernov-Palchik O, Yu X, Wang Y, Gaab N. Lessons to be learned: how a comprehensive neurobiological framework of atypical reading development can inform educational practice. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 10:45-58. [PMID: 27766284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a heritable reading disorder with an estimated prevalence of 5-17%. A multiple deficit model has been proposed that illustrates dyslexia as an outcome of multiple risks and protective factors interacting at the genetic, neural, cognitive, and environmental levels. Here we review the evidence on each of these levels and discuss possible underlying mechanisms and their reciprocal interactions along a developmental timeline. Current and potential implications of neuroscientific findings for contemporary challenges in the field of dyslexia, as well as for reading development and education in general, are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ozernov-Palchik
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Center for Reading and Language Research, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Xi Yu
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yingying Wang
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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227
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Johnson SB, Riis JL, Noble KG. State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain. Pediatrics 2016; 137:peds.2015-3075. [PMID: 26952506 PMCID: PMC4811314 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, >40% of children are either poor or near-poor. As a group, children in poverty are more likely to experience worse health and more developmental delay, lower achievement, and more behavioral and emotional problems than their more advantaged peers; however, there is broad variability in outcomes among children exposed to similar conditions. Building on a robust literature from animal models showing that environmental deprivation or enrichment shapes the brain, there has been increasing interest in understanding how the experience of poverty may shape the brain in humans. In this review, we summarize research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and brain development, focusing on studies published in the last 5 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework informed by animal models, we highlight neural plasticity, epigenetics, material deprivation (eg, cognitive stimulation, nutrient deficiencies), stress (eg, negative parenting behaviors), and environmental toxins as factors that may shape the developing brain. We then summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between child poverty and brain structure and function, focusing on brain areas that support memory, emotion regulation, and higher-order cognitive functioning (ie, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) and regions that support language and literacy (ie, cortical areas of the left hemisphere). We then consider some limitations of the current literature and discuss the implications of neuroscience concepts and methods for interventions in the pediatric medical home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;,Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Jenna L. Riis
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kimberly G. Noble
- Department of Neuroscience and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
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228
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Blair C, Raver CC. Poverty, Stress, and Brain Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:S30-6. [PMID: 27044699 PMCID: PMC5765853 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review some of the growing evidence of the costs of poverty to children's neuroendocrine function, early brain development, and cognitive ability. We underscore the importance of addressing the negative consequences of poverty-related adversity early in children's lives, given evidence supporting the plasticity of executive functions and associated physiologic processes in response to early intervention and the importance of higher order cognitive functions for success in school and in life. Finally, we highlight some new directions for prevention and intervention that are rapidly emerging at the intersection of developmental science, pediatrics, child psychology and psychiatry, and public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY.
| | - C Cybele Raver
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY
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229
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Ghosh S, Ghosh T, Dutta Chowdhury S, Wrotniak BH, Chandra AM. Factors associated With the development of motor proficiency in school children of Kolkata: A cross-sectional study to assess the role of chronic nutritional and socio-economic status. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:734-44. [PMID: 27020315 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of coordinated movements is determined among others by individual growth and environmental factors, but the dynamic relationship between motor proficiency and potential contributing factors such as chronic nutritional status and socio-economic status (SES) is not known in school children of Kolkata. AIM To characterize the motor proficiency in school children of Kolkata and to investigate association of chronic nutritional and SES on motor proficiency. METHODS Motor proficiency in 843 school children of Kolkata aged 5-12 years was assessed by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor-Proficiency-Second Edition-Short Form (BOT-2 SF). Chronic nutritional status was determined from height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) using WHO reference and SES was measured using the updated Kuppuswamy's scale. RESULTS Children's motor proficiency was poor compared with the reference values. Children classified as severely undernourished and children of lower SES were found to be "below average" and "well-below average" in motor proficiency categories compared with normal nourished groups and children of upper SES. Children's BOT-2 SF standardized scores decreased incrementally with the severity of chronic undernutrition and lower grades of SES. CONCLUSION Chronic undernutrition and lower SES are associated with poorer motor proficiency in children. Understanding the complex interrelationships that shape childen's motor skills can help inform the development of health promotion programs and tailored interventions to help children reach their full potential. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:734-744, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satabdi Ghosh
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India
| | - Sutanu Dutta Chowdhury
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India
| | - Brian H Wrotniak
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Physical Therapy, D'Youville College, Buffalo, NY
| | - Ananga Mohan Chandra
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India
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230
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Brito NH, Fifer WP, Myers MM, Elliott AJ, Noble KG. Associations among family socioeconomic status, EEG power at birth, and cognitive skills during infancy. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:144-51. [PMID: 27003830 PMCID: PMC4912880 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Past research has demonstrated links between cortical activity, measured via EEG power, and cognitive processes during infancy. In a separate line of research, family socioeconomic status (SES) has been strongly associated with children’s early cognitive development, with socioeconomic disparities emerging during the second year of life for both language and declarative memory skills. The present study examined associations among resting EEG power at birth, SES, and language and memory skills at 15-months in a sample of full-term infants. Results indicate no associations between SES and EEG power at birth. However, EEG power at birth was related to both language and memory outcomes at 15-months. Specifically, frontal power (24–48 Hz) was positively correlated with later Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) memory scores. Power (24–35 Hz) in the parietal region was positively correlated with later PLS-Auditory Comprehension language scores. These findings suggest that SES disparities in brain activity may not be apparent at birth, but measures of resting neonatal EEG power are correlated with later memory and language skills independently of SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Brito
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.
| | - William P Fifer
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Michael M Myers
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Amy J Elliott
- Community & Population Health Sciences, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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231
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Romens SE, Casement MD, McAloon R, Keenan K, Hipwell AE, Guyer AE, Forbes EE. Adolescent girls' neural response to reward mediates the relation between childhood financial disadvantage and depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1177-84. [PMID: 25846746 PMCID: PMC4593710 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who experience socioeconomic disadvantage are at heightened risk for developing depression; however, little is known about neurobiological mechanisms underlying this association. Low socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood may confer risk for depression through its stress-related effects on the neural circuitry associated with processing monetary rewards. METHODS In a prospective study, we examined the relationships among the number of years of household receipt of public assistance from age 5-16 years, neural activation during monetary reward anticipation and receipt at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 16 in 123 girls. RESULTS Number of years of household receipt of public assistance was positively associated with heightened response in the medial prefrontal cortex during reward anticipation, and this heightened neural response mediated the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and current depression symptoms, controlling for past depression. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood may alter neural circuitry involved in reward anticipation in adolescence, which in turn may confer risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rose McAloon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alison E. Hipwell
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Amanda E. Guyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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232
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Relation of Childhood Home Environment to Cortical Thickness in Late Adolescence: Specificity of Experience and Timing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138217. [PMID: 26509809 PMCID: PMC4624931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
What are the long-term effects of childhood experience on brain development? Research with animals shows that the quality of environmental stimulation and parental nurturance both play important roles in shaping lifelong brain structure and function. Human research has so far been limited to the effects of abnormal experience and pathological development. Using a unique longitudinal dataset of in-home measures of childhood experience at ages 4 and 8 and MRI acquired in late adolescence, we were able to relate normal variation in childhood experience to later life cortical thickness. Environmental stimulation at age 4 predicted cortical thickness in a set of automatically derived regions in temporal and prefrontal cortex. In contrast, age 8 experience was not predictive. Parental nurturance was not predictive at either age. This work reveals an association between childhood experience and later brain structure that is specific relative to aspects of experience, regions of brain, and timing.
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233
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Betancourt LM, Avants B, Farah MJ, Brodsky NL, Wu J, Ashtari M, Hurt H. Effect of socioeconomic status (SES) disparity on neural development in female African-American infants at age 1 month. Dev Sci 2015; 19:947-956. [PMID: 26489876 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in both the cumulative and long-term impact of early life adversity on brain structure and function, especially as the brain is both highly vulnerable and highly adaptive during childhood. Relationships between SES and neural development have been shown in children older than age 2 years. Less is known regarding the impact of SES on neural development in children before age 2. This paper examines the effect of SES, indexed by income-to-needs (ITN) and maternal education, on cortical gray, deep gray, and white matter volumes in term, healthy, appropriate for gestational age, African-American, female infants. At 5 weeks postnatal age, unsedated infants underwent MRI (3.0T Siemens Verio scanner, 32-channel head coil). Images were segmented based on a locally constructed template. Utilizing hierarchical linear regression, SES effects on MRI volumes were examined. In this cohort of healthy African-American female infants of varying SES, lower SES was associated with smaller cortical gray and deep gray matter volumes. These SES effects on neural outcome at such a young age build on similar studies of older children, suggesting that the biological embedding of adversity may occur very early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Betancourt
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Brian Avants
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martha J Farah
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy L Brodsky
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jue Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manzar Ashtari
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hallam Hurt
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.,The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA
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234
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Regional gray matter volume mediates the relationship between family socioeconomic status and depression-related trait in a young healthy sample. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 16:51-62. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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235
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Chen C, Takahashi T, Nakagawa S, Inoue T, Kusumi I. Reinforcement learning in depression: A review of computational research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:247-67. [PMID: 25979140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite being considered primarily a mood disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by cognitive and decision making deficits. Recent research has employed computational models of reinforcement learning (RL) to address these deficits. The computational approach has the advantage in making explicit predictions about learning and behavior, specifying the process parameters of RL, differentiating between model-free and model-based RL, and the computational model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. With these merits there has been an emerging field of computational psychiatry and here we review specific studies that focused on MDD. Considerable evidence suggests that MDD is associated with impaired brain signals of reward prediction error and expected value ('wanting'), decreased reward sensitivity ('liking') and/or learning (be it model-free or model-based), etc., although the causality remains unclear. These parameters may serve as valuable intermediate phenotypes of MDD, linking general clinical symptoms to underlying molecular dysfunctions. We believe future computational research at clinical, systems, and cellular/molecular/genetic levels will propel us toward a better understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Taiki Takahashi
- Department of Behavioral Science/Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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236
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Arentoft A, Byrd D, Monzones J, Coulehan K, Fuentes A, Rosario A, Miranda C, Morgello S, Mindt MR. Socioeconomic Status and Neuropsychological Functioning: Associations in an Ethnically Diverse HIV+ Cohort. Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 29:232-54. [PMID: 25871409 PMCID: PMC4443910 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1029974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited research examining the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and neuropsychological functioning, particularly in racial/ethnic minority and HIV+ populations. However, there are complex associations between poverty, education, HIV disease, race/ethnicity, and health outcomes in the US. METHOD We explored these relationships among an ethnically diverse sample of 134 HIV+ adults using a standardized SES measure (i.e., the Hollingshead scale), a comprehensive NP test battery, and a functional evaluation (i.e., Patient's Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory and Modified Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale). RESULTS Bivariate analyses showed that adult SES was significantly, positively correlated with neuropsychological performance on specific tests within the domains of verbal fluency, attention/concentration, learning, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning, and childhood SES was significantly linked to measures of verbal fluency, processing speed, and executive functioning. In a series of linear regressions, controlling for SES significantly attenuated group differences in NP test scores between racial/ethnic minority individuals and non-Hispanic White individuals. Finally, SES scores significantly differed across HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) diagnoses. In a binary logistic regression, SES was the only independent predictor of HAND diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS HIV+ individuals with lower SES may be more vulnerable to HIV-associated neuropsychological sequelae due to prominent health disparities, although the degree to which this is influenced by factors such as test bias remains unclear. Overall, our results suggest that SES is significantly linked to neuropsychological test performance in HIV+ individuals, and is an important factor to consider in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Arentoft
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
- Department of Psychology, California State University,
Northridge
| | - Desiree Byrd
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
| | - Jennifer Monzones
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico VA Healthcare Center
| | | | | | - Ana Rosario
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
| | | | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
- Departments of Pathology & Neuroscience, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai
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237
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Lipina SJ, Segretin MS. Strengths and weakness of neuroscientific investigations of childhood poverty: future directions. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:53. [PMID: 25717299 PMCID: PMC4324136 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroscientific study of child poverty is a topic that has only recently emerged. In comparison with previous reviews (e.g., Hackman and Farah, 2009; Lipina and Colombo, 2009; Hackman et al., 2010; Raizada and Kishiyama, 2010; Lipina and Posner, 2012), our perspective synthesizes findings, and summarizes both conceptual and methodological contributions, as well as challenges that face current neuroscientific approaches to the study of childhood poverty. The aim of this effort is to identify target areas of study that could potentially help build a basic and applied research agenda for the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal Argentina
| | - M Soledad Segretin
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal Argentina
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