Toxicological effects and molecular metabolic of polystyrene nanoplastics on soybean (Glycine max L.): Strengthening defense ability by enhancing secondary metabolisms

Nanoplastics, as emerging pollutants, have attracted worldwide concern for their possible environmental dangers. The ingestion and accumulation of nanoplastics in crops can contaminate the food chain and have unintended consequences for human health. In this study, we revealed the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs; 80 nm) at different concentrations (0, 10, 100 mg L-1) on soybean (Glycine max L.) seedling growth, antioxidant enzyme system and secondary metabolism. Using laser confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that the absorption and translocation of PS-NPs in soybean. Plant growth inhibition was observed by changes in plant height, root length, and leaf area after 7 days of exposure to PS-NPs. The effect of PS-NPs on photosynthetic characteristics was reflected by a significant reduction in total chlorophyll content at 10 mg L-1. Activation of the antioxidant system was observed with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Non-targeted metabolomics analysis identified a total of 159 secondary metabolites, and exposure to 10 and 100 mg L-1 PS-NPs resulted in the production of 61 and 62 differential secondary metabolites. Metabolomics analysis showed that PS-NPs treatment altered the secondary metabolic profile of soybean leaves through the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoid, flavone flavonol, and isoflavones, which is expected to provide new insights into the tolerance mechanisms of plants to nanoplastics. Overall, the results of this study deepen our understanding of the negative impacts of nanoplastics in agricultural systems, which is crucial for assessing the risks of nanoplastics to ecological security.

Bisphenols in indoor dust: A comprehensive review of global distribution, exposure risks, transformation, and biomonitoring

Bisphenols (BPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants extensively found in indoor environments worldwide. Despite their ubiquitous presence and potential health risks, there remains a notable gap in the comprehensive reviews focusing on BPs in indoor dust. Existing literature often addresses specific aspects such as exposure pathways, transformation products, or biomonitoring techniques, but lacks a consolidated, in-depth review encompassing all these facets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global distribution of BPs, emphasizing their prevalence in diverse indoor settings ranging from households and workplaces to public areas. Variations in BP concentrations across these environments are explored, influenced by factors such as industrial activities, consumer product usage patterns, and geographical location. Exposure assessments highlight ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact as primary pathways for BP exposure, with ingestion being particularly significant for vulnerable groups such as infants and young children. Studies consistently reveal higher concentrations of BPs in urban indoor dust compared to rural settings, reflecting the impact of urbanization and intensive consumer practices. Moreover, BPs from mobile sources like vehicles contribute significantly to overall human exposure, further complicating exposure assessments. The review also delves into the transformation of BPs within indoor environments, emphasizing the diverse roles of physical, chemical, and biological processes in generating various transformation products (TPs). These TPs can exhibit heightened toxicity compared to their parent compounds, necessitating deeper investigations into their environmental fate and potential health implications. Critical examination of biomonitoring techniques for BPs and their metabolites underscores the importance of non-invasive sampling methods, offering ethical advantages and practicality in assessing human exposure levels. The emerging use of bioindicators, encompassing plants, animals, and innovative approaches like spider webs, presents promising avenues for effectively monitoring environmental contamination.

Exploring the application of herbal photosensitizers in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death in the world, despite being a preventable and curable disease. Irrespective of tremendous advancements in early detection and treatment, this disease still has high mortality rates. This is due to the development of antibiotic resistance, which significantly reduced the efficacy of antibiotics, rendering them useless against this bacterial infection. This, in turn, causes immune system evasion, antibiotic treatment failures, and recurrence of disease in patients. Regarding this, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may serve as a useful substitute for antibiotic therapy against drug-resistant mycobacteria. This century-old therapy is already being used in cancer treatment, dentistry, and skeletal and cardiovascular diseases, but it is not yet used in tuberculosis treatment. Researchers have previously used PDI to eradicate other members of the genus Mycobacteria in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This suggests PDI can be explored against M. tuberculosis too. The one limitation associated with PDI is the use of chemical photosensitizers, which are fatal to normal tissues and induce side effects. Recent studies suggest herbal photosensitizers are equally potent as chemically synthesized ones. Therefore, herbal photosensitizers could be used to solve the problem because of their less toxicity to healthy tissues and decreased frequency of side effects. This review emphasizes the importance of herbal photosensitizers and their role as anti-tuberculosis drugs in PDI therapy and also presents five potential herbal photosensitizers-curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, aloe emodin, and phloretin that could be utilized in the clinical development of PDT-mediated tuberculosis therapies.

Extraction and quantitation of fentanyl in exhaled breath condensate using a magnetic dispersive solid phase based on graphene oxide and covalent organic framework composite and LC-MS/MS analysis

Free fentanyl is responsible for its pharmacological effects, but its total concentration is typically determined for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Determination of fentanyl concentration can help reduce the prescribed doses, leading to fewer side effects and increased effectiveness. Therefore, predicting free drug concentration in pharmaceutical research is crucial. The aim of this study was to determine free fentanyl in exhaled breath condensate. These samples were extracted using a dispersive micro solid phase extraction method with a new adsorbent made of graphene oxide, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, and covalent organic framework. 10 mg of the adsorbent was added to the sample solution adjusted to pH 10. After sonication for 5 min, the sorbent was separated using an external magnet. The adsorbed analyte was then eluted from the sorbent surface using a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol, and deionized water in a ratio of 42.5:42.5:15 (v/v/v) and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The calibration curve showed high linearity in the range of 0.17-10000 μg L-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9998 and good repeatability with a relative standard deviation of 4.1 %. Additionally, this method provided a low detection limit of 0.05 μg L-1 and quantification limit of 0.17 μg L-1.

Real-time monitoring of fermentation processes in wine production with benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopy

The flexibility, affordability and ease of use of benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopy makes it potentially very interesting for assessing the quality of wine types and monitoring the fermentation process. However, the low spectral resolution of benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopy and the complexity of the mixtures hinder the direct quantification of important wine parameters and, thus, prevent its widespread use as an analytical tool in wineries. We show here that these problems can be solved using model-based data processing. In a first step, the accuracy of the new approach was evaluated by analyzing gravimetrically prepared test mixtures representing different fermentation stages. Good agreement was found, demonstrating the reliability of the new method. In a second step, benchtop 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with model-based data processing was used for the real-time monitoring of real fermentation media. Wine fermentation processes with different feed strategies (batch and fed-batch) were investigated and compared and the evolution of important wine constituents as well as effects caused by the different feeding strategies were monitored, demonstrating the applicability of the new approach also in demanding applications. This opens the way to using benchtop NMR spectroscopy for optimization and decision making in wine production.

Mycotoxin concentrations in rice are affected by chalkiness, grain shape, processing type, and grain origin

Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) pose a risk to public health due to their carcinogenic potency (AFs and FBs) and anti-nutritional effects. The hazards associated with mycotoxins are accentuated where food management practices, control, and regulatory systems from farm to plate are sub-optimal. Information on the frequency of these mycotoxins in rice commercialized in markets in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) is limited. The current study examined AF concentrations in 527 rice samples collected from 54 markets in five SSA countries. Grain quality characteristics, processing methods, and origin of samples were contrasted with toxin levels. In total, 72% of the samples had detectable AFs levels (range = 3.0 to 89.8 µg/kg). Forty-seven percent (47%) of the samples had AFs above 4 µg/kg, the European Union maximum level (ML), and were evaluated for cooccurrence with FBs, ZEN, and DON. Total AFs and ZEN cooccurred in 40% of the samples, and 30% of the positive ZEN samples had concentrations above the ML of 75 µg/kg. Total AFs did not co-occur with FBs and DON. Multivariate analysis revealed that length-to-width ratio (p < 0.0001), mixed variety for width (p = 0.04), and chalkiness (p = 0.009) significantly influenced aflatoxin concentrations. Slender grains had higher AFs concentrations than bold and medium grains (p < 0.0001). Possible strategies to mitigate mycotoxin contamination in rice include improving grain quality traits and practicing proper drying and hermetic storage before and after milling. These findings provide valuable insights for both domestic and international actors in establishing and strengthening regulations and management systems to mitigate rice mycotoxin contamination.

Vitamin D assay and supplementation: still debatable issues

Over the last decades, in addition to the improvement of pathophysiological knowledge regarding the role and mechanisms of action of vitamin D, there has been a progressive advancement in analytical technologies for its measurement, as well as in methodological standardization. A significant number of scientific works, meta-analyses, and guidelines have been published on the importance of vitamin D and the need for supplementation in deficient individuals. However, it appears necessary to clarify the fundamental elements related to the measurement of vitamin D (both at the strictly analytical and post-analytical levels) and the scientific evidence related to the efficacy/safety of supplementation. In particular, there is a need to discuss current recommended levels for deficiency, insufficiency and possible toxicity in the light of evidence from standardization projects. Additionally, given the important interrelations between vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), the analytical issues and clinical utility of these biomarkers will be discussed.

Green liquid supra molecular solvent (SUPRA) phase for fast and selective liquid-liquid micro-extraction of Co2+ ions from aqueous samples

The limitation of Liquid-liquid micro-extraction (LLME) procedures can be the need for the use of a dispersive solvent which should be soluble in both of aqueous and organic phases. In this research, a new method named SUPRA-based LLME, is introduced which uses supra molecular solvent (SUPRA), as an environmentally friendly solvent, for quantitative and selective extraction of Co2+ ions from its aqueous solution via liquid-liquid micro-extraction process. The aqueous immiscible SUPRA phase, composed of vesicles of decanoic acid was synthesized via ex-situ procedure and used as a single liquid phase. In order to make the SUPRA phase selective, N, N'-disalicylidene-3, 4-diaminotoluene (H2dst) was synthesized and completely dissolved in the SUPRA phase. Then the lipophilic and selective prepared liquid sorbent, as liquid SUPRA phase, was used for the facile and selective LLME of Cobalt (II) ions from aqueous samples. Experimental studies showed that there was not any need of dispersing solvent and so liquid SUPRA phase could easily dispersed in the aqueous phase and then separated by centrifugation as the supernatant phase. Then the effects of some important variables on the extraction efficiency were also investigated and optimized. The results showed that under optimal conditions, efficient extraction of Cobalt (II) ions was achieved, about 99 % ± 2.7 (n = 10), in a short time of extraction (10 min), and the linear range of calibration curve was from 500 to 2500 μg L-1 of Cobalt(II) with correlation coefficient of 0.999. Also detection limit and pre-concentration factor were 150 μg L-1 and 35.2, respectively. Although the experimental conditions were optimized for extraction of only Co2+ ions, the selectivity study showed a high tendency of selective liquid SUPRA phase toward extraction of both of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. The matrix effects on the SUPRA-based LLME of Co2+ ions from matrix samples, factory wastewater and sea-water, were studied and least matrix effects were observed.

Sensory preferences are important motivators for using herbs and spices: A cross-sectional analysis of Australian adults

INTRODUCTION

Herbs and spices have been used in cooking and food preparation to add flavour and aroma for centuries. However, many herbs and spices are also associated with a number of health benefits. Despite this, little is known about the types and frequency of use of herbs and spices in Australian households. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the types of herbs and spices used in cooking and food preparation in Australian households.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was undertaken amongst Australian adults aged ≥18 years. Participants were recruited via social media platforms requesting voluntary participation in an online questionnaire. The survey tool included questions related to the types of herbs and spices used and consumed in Australian households, frequency of use, and adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener.

RESULTS

A total of n = 400 participants responded and completed the survey. Participants were mostly female (n = 341; 85.3%) aged between 25 and 64 years (n = 331; 82.8%) and were overweight (body mass index: 26.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2). In the previous 12 months, two-thirds of participants (n = 257; 64.3%) reported consuming herbs and spices 1-2 times per day, which were mostly consumed as part of lunch/dinner meals (n = 372; 93%). Basil (n = 391; 97.8%), pepper (n = 390; 97.5%) and garlic (n = 387; 96.8%) were amongst the most frequently used herbs and spices. Moderate to high adherence to a MedDiet was associated with daily use of herbs and spices [χ2 (1, n = 397) = 5.6, P = 0.018].

CONCLUSION

This cross-sectional analysis of Australian households shows that most Australian adults consume herbs and spices daily. Further investigation into the quantities used and needed to elicit potential health benefits of herbs and spices when incorporated into a healthy dietary pattern warrants future investigation.

Rapid and sensitive detection of Trichomonas gallinae using RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a

Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) is an important pathogen causing trichomoniasis in birds, especially pigeons. Rapid and sensitive detection methods for T. gallinae are urgently needed to diagnose T. gallinae early to reduce poultry industry losses. Therefore, we developed a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method based on recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 12a (CRISPR/Cas12a) system to detect T. gallinae. The RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a method can be divided into RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a fluorescent signal (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FL) and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a lateral flow strip (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12-LFS). Both RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FL and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12-LFS methods show the property of rapid. sensitive, and does not require a sophisticated instrument, and they allow the detection of T. gallinae in less than 1 hr. Meanwhile, they have satisfactory specificity and can accurately detect T. gallinae in samples of different pathogens. In summary, the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FL and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12-LFS methods we constructed can be used for on-site T. gallinae detection and resource-poor areas.

Appraisal of malachite green biodegradation and detoxification potential of laccase from Trametes cubensis

The laccase from the newly isolated Trametes cubensis was investigated for its potential to degrade malachite green (MG) dye. Optimized solid-substrate fermentation enhanced laccase production by 8.8-fold, reaching an activity of 6577.0 ± 14.3 U/g. Proteomic characterization identified enzyme with 4 % sequence coverage, molecular weight of 43.1 kDa, and alignment with multicopper oxidases. Using one-factor-at-a-time optimization, MG decolorization was maximized at 89 % under optimal conditions: 20 U/mL enzyme dose, 0.1 mg/mL dye concentration, pH 5.0, and 2 h incubation at 50 °C. Crosslinking the laccase onto chitosan beads resulted in 82 % immobilization efficiency, with high recyclability and reusability, retaining over 52 % activity after 7 cycles and demonstrating similar (p < 0.05) dye degradation potential. MG degradation products exhibited significantly reduced phyto-, cyto-, and microbial toxicity. The degradation pathway was elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, both free and immobilized laccase from T. cubensis offer sustainable tool for effective MG degradation with reduced toxicity.

Development and validation of QuEChERS-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and p-cresol in brewery spent grain's hydrolysate

Developing efficient methods to analyze inhibitors resulting from the breakdown of the lignocellulosic matrix in brewery spent grain is crucial for selecting optimal pretreatment strategies and monitoring these compounds during biodigestion processes. However, to date, these determinations have been based on separate methodologies that have not been subjected to the analytical validation stage. This study optimized QuEChERS extraction methods combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis to determine 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furfural, and p-cresol, simultaneously, in the semisolid and liquid fraction of the BSG hydrolysate. The analytical methods were validated by AOAC and INMETRO guidelines. All analytes showed good linearity, with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.97, and low limits of quantification. Recoveries at low, medium, and high levels were 94-116 %, repeatability was 0.6-6.8 %, and intermediate precision was 0.5-7.6 %. The method proved efficient when applied to a set of seven samples. It will contribute to monitoring inhibitory compounds present in biodigestion systems even at low concentrations, which is currently a challenge.

Multi-residue analysis of four aminoglycoside antibiotic pesticides in plant agricultural products

Simplified and effective pretreatment methods combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of four aminoglycoside antibiotic pesticides kasugamycin, validamycin, streptomycin sulfate and zhongshengmycin in high starchy content matrix (rice), high water and high acidic content matrix (citrus) and high water content matrix (melon) were established. Single-factor and central composite design (CCD) experiments were employed to optimize the pretreatment conditions, resulting in the optimal factor combinations and achieving scientifically accurate outcomes. Validation results proved satisfactory, with all four target compounds exhibiting correlation coefficients (r) exceeding 0.99 within the linear range in three matrices. The recoveries were 81.5-102.2 %, and both inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 10.7 %. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.1-4.0 μg/kg, with limits of quantitation (LOQs) consistently at 50 μg/kg. Furthermore, the methods were applied to potato, grape, and cucumber matrices to further validate their applicability.

Determination of inorganic cations in dry milk samples deposited on a microdialysis probe by capillary electrophoresis

A tubular microdialysis probe is made from polysulfone hollow fibre for human haemodialysis, which has an inner diameter of 200 μm and a thickness of 20 μm. Milk is deposited to the outer surface of the hollow fibre and allowed to dry to form a dry sample. The tubular probe is then connected to the syringe pump and microdialysis of the dry sample into 0.5 mol/L HCl as acceptor is performed. 2.5 μL of microdialysate is obtained and analyzed for inorganic cations by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Baseline separation of NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Li+ is achieved in 5.5 mol/L acetic acid as background electrolyte using a fused silica capillary with inner diameter of 25 μm and length of 31.5 cm. The reproducibility of dry sample microdialysis including CE analysis for peak area ranges from 2.4 to 3.9 % after normalization to Li+ as internal standard.

The Chemical Constituents and Anti-Hyperlipidemia Effect of Salt-Processed Fenugreek Seed

The seed of fenugreek (FS) was traditionally used in diets and as a spice in India, as well as medicine in China. It had anti-diabetic and anti-hypolipidemic effects. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the effects of FS were enhanced after salt processing. But the enhanced effect of salt-processed fenugreek seed (SFS) on anti-hyperlipidemia was not yet fully understood. By UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, five flavonoids and six saponins were tentatively identified in SFS. Salt processing increased the dissolution of polysaccharides and trigonelline. FS and SFS significantly improved the serum biochemical indexes, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of hyperlipidemic rats, promoted the excretion of TC and total bile acid (TBA), and downregulated aspartate aminotransferase (AST). According to the results of factor analysis, FS and SFS restored the severity of hyperlipidemia to a similar extent, and SFS enhanced the excretion of cholesterol more significantly. FS and SFS reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), which was upregulated in HFD group. Additionally, SFS significantly increased the abundance of Ruminococcus_1, which was negatively correlated with blood lipid levels. Thus, to regulate gut microbiota and promote the excretion of cholesterol were the mechanisms of the effects of SFS on hyperlipidemia. The higher amounts of total polysaccharides and trigonelline in SFS than in FS led to their different effects.

Emerging treatment strategies in dry eye disease: Potential of blood-derived approaches and natural plant-based products

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular condition characterized by chronic inflammation and tear film disruption. It affects millions of people worldwide, causing significant eye discomfort and vision disturbances. Despite its prevalence, DED remains a complex condition that is not yet fully understood. It can arise from various ocular pathologies, including endocrinological disorders such as diabetes and Graves' orbitopathy. Natural products, including plant- and blood-based therapies, have shown promise in alleviating DED symptoms and may represent effective therapeutic approaches. In this study, we review recent research on natural product treatments for DED, focusing on blood-derived therapies (e.g., autologous serum, albumin serum, and allogeneic serum) and plant-based compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA), omega-6 fatty acids (O6FA), antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Additionally, we examine the efficacy, mechanisms of action, and delivery systems of these treatments, highlighting the potential of blood-derived therapies, polyphenols, and flavonoids to improve or treat DED through multiple mechanisms. However, the use of these natural products as instilled drugs is limited by challenges such as solubility, stability, and biological barriers. Finally, we discuss drug delivery systems and structural modifications designed to enhance the therapeutic effects of these treatments, emphasizing their potential in managing DED.

Formulation of catechin hydrate nanoemulsion for fortification of yogurt

Catechin hydrate (CH) is a kind of polyphenol present in many plantsincluding green tea, fruits, red wine and cocoa with very good antioxidant effect. The formulation of CH nanoemulsion increased the bioavailability and stability of catechin, allowing for easier food incorporation and faster absorption by the body. The major goal of the current study was to create a nanoemulsion as a reliable delivery mechanism for catechin hydrate and its incorporation into yogurt to increase its antioxidant activity. In this study, ultrasonication method was used for nanoemulsion preparation. The optimized condition for obtaining reduced droplet size includes two-minute ultrasonication time, 40% ultrasonication amplitude and 1.61:1emulsifier to oil ratio. The CH nanoemulsion's spherical droplet shape was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The chemical characteristics of CH nanoemulsion was studied using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The zeta potential value of CH nanoemulsion was-57.56 ± 1.35mV and the size was found to be 78.4 nm.Shelf-life analysis was carried out for yogurt incorporated with CH (YCH) and CH nanoemulsion (YCHN). During shelf-life study, YCHN showed better free radical scavenging activity, stability, and higher sensory assessment than YCH. YCHN had a greater Lactobacillus count (9.3 log CFU/mL) than plain yogurt. Hence, the study suggests catechin hydrate nanoemulsion (YCHN)as an effective technique to reduce bitterness and astringency of catechin for food fortification with better antioxidant activity.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-06034-9.

Food dye adsorption in single and ternary systems by the novel passion fruit peel biochar adsorbent

This study evaluated the passion fruit peel biochar (PFPB) as a novel adsorbent for synthetic food dyes indigotine blue (IB), tartrazine yellow (TY), and ponceau 4R (P4R) removal in single and ternary systems. A macroporous structure and a predominance of basic groups characterized PFPB. The pH study revealed better adsorption at pH 2.0. The response surface methodology optimization for adsorbent dosage and temperature predicted removal efficiencies of 100 % for IB, 79.8 % for TY, and 84.4 % for P4R. Elovich and Redlich-Peterson models better described kinetic and equilibrium, respectively, suggesting the contribution of chemical interactions. Thermodynamic data revealed endothermic, with an inordinate degree and spontaneous adsorption. In the ternary systems, antagonistic effects of interaction were noticed. The adsorption of synthetic effluents showed promising results with removal efficiencies of 99.6 % (IB), 60.2 % (TY), and 51.8 % (P4R). Therefore, we concluded that PFPB is a potential alternative low-cost synthetic food dye removal adsorbent.

"It Doesn't Have to Be All or Nothing": How Individuals Who Use Infant Formula Understand the Breastfeeding Master Narrative

Despite clinical recommendations, only 24.9% of infants in the United States are exclusively breastfed at 6 months of age, and women who use formula report facing stigma and feeling like a failure. Individual experiences are often influenced by master narratives such as "breast is best," and stories can reveal how the discourse may manifest unintended effects, potentially eliciting guilt and shame, which are known to result in negative maternal mental outcomes, including depression and anxiety. The purpose of this research was to use a narrative framework to analyze the stories of women who used formula and determine how they interpreted the master narrative of "breast is best." We conducted interviews with 20 women who had used formula within the first 6 months after giving birth and had an infant no older than 12 months at the time of the interview. Qualitative analysis revealed that women integrated "breast is best" into their stories, and that the master narrative influenced conceptions of themselves as mothers including the bonded mother, the good mother, the shameful mother, and, ultimately, the multitudinous mother. Participants who used formula within the first six months desired that messaging about breastfeeding, particularly in online spaces, move away from all-or-nothing framing and instead show the diversity of infant feeding experiences. It is important to consider how breastfeeding discourse evolves online, considering the unintended effect of stigma, its impact on mental health, and the potential for individuals interacting in these spaces to curate more nuanced narrative messaging about breastfeeding to improve maternal and infant health.

Plant-Based and Hybrid Patties with Healthy Fats and Broccoli Extract Fortification: More Balanced, Environmentally Friendly Alternative to Meat Prototypes?

Hybrid and plant-based products are an emerging trend in food science. This study aimed to develop three patty prototypes (meat, hybrid, and plant-based) enhanced with vegetable fat replacement and broccoli extract using a soy allergen-free protein matrix treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and sous vide cooking to create sustainable and nutritious burger alternatives. The samples were evaluated for microbiological safety, proximal composition, physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and carbon footprint. The key findings revealed that the plant-based patties had the smallest carbon footprint (0.12 kg CO2e), followed by the hybrid patties (0.87 kg CO2e) and the meat patties (1.62 kg CO2e). The hybrid patties showed increased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness compared to the meat patties after sous vide treatment. This improvement likely results from synergies between the meat and plant proteins. Regarding the treatments, in all the samples, the highest hardness was observed after the combined HHP and sous vide treatment, an interesting consideration for future prototypes. Sensory analysis indicated that the plant-based and hybrid samples maintained appealing visual and odour characteristics through the treatments, while the meat patties lost the evaluator's acceptance. Although further improvements in sensory attributes are needed, hybrid patties offer a promising balance of improved texture and intermediate carbon footprint, making them a viable alternative as sustainable, nutritious patties.

Intelligent consensus-based predictions of early life stage toxicity in fish tested in compliance with OECD Test Guideline 210

Early life stage (ELS) toxicity testing in fish is a crucial test procedure used to evaluate the long-term effects of a wide range of chemicals, including pesticides, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. This test is particularly important for screening and prioritizing thousands of chemicals under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. In silico methods can be used to estimate the toxicity of a chemical when no experimental data is available and to reduce the cost, time, and resources involved in the experimentation process. In the present study, we developed predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models to assess chronic effects of chemicals on ELS in fish. Toxicity data for ELS in fish was collected from two different sources, i.e. J-CHECK and eChemPortal, which contain robust study summaries of experimental studies performed according to OECD Test Guideline 210. The collected data included two types of endpoints - the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC), which were utilized to develop the QSAR models. Six different partial least squares (PLS) models with various descriptor combinations were created for both endpoints. These models were then employed for intelligent consensus-based prediction to enhance predictability for unknown chemicals. Among these models, the consensus model - 3 (Q2F1 = 0.71, Q2F2 = 0.71) and individual model - 3 (Q2F1 = 0.80, Q2F2 = 0.79) exhibited most promising results for both the NOEC and LOEC endpoints. Furthermore, these models were validated experimentally using experimental data from nine different industrial chemicals provided by Global Product Compliance (Europe) AB. Lastly, the models were used to screen and prioritize chemicals obtained from the Pesticide Properties (PPDB) and DrugBank databases.

Association of standardized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with falls in post-menopausal women

Vitamin D status has long been related to falls risk. In this planned secondary analysis of a vitamin supplementation trial in postmenopausal women, standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration up to 60 ng/mL was not associated with increased falls. Women with 25(OH)D ≥ 60 ng/mL had higher odds of ≥ 2 falls.

PURPOSE

Falls are common and cause fractures. High circulating 25(OH)D may increase falls risk; thus, recent guidance recommends 25(OH)D not exceed 50 ng/mL. Prior falls studies have not reported standardized 25(OH)D (s25D) data. The purpose of this planned secondary analysis of a 4-year calcium/vitamin D supplementation trial was to evaluate the association of s25D with falls.

METHODS

This study recruited 2,303 postmenopausal women. The analytic dataset consisted of pooled concatenated data from years 2-4 (NTotal = 5,732). Serum 25(OH)D was measured annually and subsequently retrospectively standardized using Vitamin D Standardization Program methods. Falls were recorded by diary. Incidence for ≥ 1 fall and ≥ 2 falls was assessed by s25D group (≤ 20, 20- < 30, 30- < 40, 40- < 50, 50- < 60 and ≥ 60 ng/mL) using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

Mean (SD) baseline s25D was 32.6 ng/mL (8.3) with no difference between supplement and placebo groups. s25D increased to 41.3 ng/mL at year 2 in the supplement group then remained stable. By s25D group, incidence for ≥ 1 fall varied from 22-32% (p = 0.19). For ≥ 2 falls incidence varied (p = 0.03) from 6% (< 20 ng/mL) to 17% (≥ 60 ng/mL.) There was no significant association between s25D and ≥ 1 fall. Those with s25D ≥ 60 ng/mL had a higher adjusted odds of ≥ 2 falls (OR = 1.99 ± 1.2-3.3) compared to women with s25D of 30- < 40 ng/mL.

CONCLUSION

s25D up to 60 ng/mL was not associated with greater risk for ≥ 1 or ≥ 2 falls. Women with a s25D ≥ 60 ng/mL were at higher odds for ≥ 2 falls, however this group included only ~ 2% of study observations; therefore, confirmation in other cohorts is necessary.

Quantification of 11 kratom alkaloids including mitragynine and its main metabolites in human plasma using LC-MS/MS

Recently in the USA, kratom consumers increasingly report use of the plant for self-treatment of mood ailments, the lack of energy, chronic pain, and opioid withdrawal and dependence. Several alkaloids are present in kratom leaves, but limited data are available on their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, except for mitragynine. To support clinical studies, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of 11 kratom alkaloids in human plasma was developed and validated. For calibration standards and quality control samples, human plasma was fortified with alkaloids at varying concentrations, and 200 µL were extracted employing a simple one-step protein precipitation procedure. The extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS including electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL, and the upper limit of quantification was 400 ng/mL for all analytes. Inter-day analytical accuracy and imprecision ranged from 98.4 to 113% of nominal and from 3.9 to 14.7% (coefficient of variance), respectively. The analysis of plasma samples collected during a clinical trial administering capsules containing kratom leaf extract showed that most samples had quantifiable concentrations of mitragynine, 7-OH-mitragynine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, and paynantheine and that mitragynine, speciogynine, and speciociliatine accumulated in human plasma after daily administration over 15 days. An LC-MS/MS assay for the specific quantification of kratom alkaloids including mitragynine and its main metabolites was developed and successfully validated in human plasma. Human plasma samples collected following multiple oral administrations of a controlled Kratom extract documented accumulation of kratom alkaloids over 15 days.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and value of active substances in Muxu

This article reviews the latest research progress on ultrasound-assisted extraction of active substances from Muxu, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, leaf proteins, anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and total saponins, in order to provide theoretical references for the extraction of active substances from Muxu. At the same time, its medicinal value, feeding value, ecological value, edible value, and ornamental value were analyzed and summarized. Flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides in the bioactive substances of Muxu have good effects on improving animal productivity, enhancing immune function, and improving animal health. Especially when applied to broiler chickens and laying hens, it can improve the quality of meat and eggs and increase the economic benefits of breeding. In addition, there are other beneficial substances in Muxu, such as natural pigments, coumarins, leaf protein, and chlorogenic acid, which also play an important role in livestock and poultry production and health status.

A herbal approach to diabetic cardiomyopathy: moringa, ginger, and garlic unveiled

OBJECTIVE

Chronic inflammation contributes to myocardial complications in diabetes, marked by tissue fibrosis, necrosis, and apoptosis. Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera have individually demonstrated efficacy in diabetes management. In this study, it is hypothesised that a combination of these herbs in a polyherbal formulation would protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using strepetozotocin at a single dose of (55 mg/kg of body weight, i.p) in citrate buffer. Polyherbal formulation was administred as a treatment for 8 weeks.

Rats receiving treatment with polyherbal formulation showed decreased blood glucose, plasma creatinine, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatine kinase- myocardial band, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, Troponin-I, NADPH oxidase 4, and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate-1. In contrast, Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione enzyme activities were increased.

CONCLUSION

Thus, a polyherbal formulation containing herbs was able to attenuate the progression of diabetes mellitus and diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Identifying Causative Agents of a Paretic Syndrome in Waterbirds in Southern Portugal

Paretic and paralyzing syndromes affecting wild birds are widely described in the literature, with outbreaks showing an increase in frequency and intensity worldwide during recent years. In the Iberian Peninsula, a paretic clinical picture without known etiology affecting mostly gulls has been reported during the last few decades. This paretic syndrome (PS) affects waterbirds and is characterized by a set of signs of ascendent flaccid paralysis, dyspnea, and diarrhea at different levels of severity. This study presents the first macro-analysis of some potential etiological PS agents in wild birds in southern Portugal. Other possible etiologies of PS related to nutritional deficiencies and environmental pollutants were not studied but are also discussed here. A total of 571 samples, belonging to 377 individuals with (n = 336) and without (n = 41) PS signs, have been tested for seven different toxins groups (botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), domoic acid (DA), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), tetrodotoxins (TTXs), and microcystins (MCs)) and three viral infections (gull adenovirus (GA), Newcastle disease virus (NVD), and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)). Of all the birds tested for botulinum neurotoxin, those with PS signs were positive (100%) and those without PS signs were negative (0%), confirming an association between PS and botulism. Some samples were positive for PSTs and MCs, but the prevalence in birds with PS signs was not significantly higher (2.5% and 5.3%, respectively) than in birds without signs (5.4% and 5.4%, respectively). Two birds without PS signs were positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The presence of the rest of the toxins and viruses was negative for all the samples tested. Our results support the relevant contribution of botulinum neurotoxin in the PS outbreaks observed in several species of aquatic birds in the last decades in southern Portugal, suggesting it could be one of the main causes of mortality in waterbirds.

Impact of Ecobiol plus ® feed additive on growth performance, physiological response, oxidative status and immunological status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila

This research investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with Ecobiol plus® (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT5940) on the growth performance, physiological responses, oxidative stress, and immune status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings revealed to Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 525 Nile tilapia fingerlings, averaging 30.00 ± 5.00 g in initial weight, were randomly divided into four groups (control and three experimental groups), each with three replicates of 25 fish. Ecobiol plus® was integrated in the diet at concentrations of 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg feed. Fish were fed at 3% of their biomass daily, with biweekly adjustments based on growth. The feeding trial lasted 8 weeks, followed by a 15-day challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila to evaluate immune responses and survival outcomes. The group receiving 0.4 g/kg of Ecobiol plus® exhibited the most significant improvements in growth performance, including higher weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion efficiency (p < 0.05). Blood and biochemical assessments indicated increased hemoglobin, total protein, and globulin levels, reflecting improved physiological and immunological conditions. Additionally, lysozyme activity and phagocytic response were markedly enhanced, demonstrating the probiotic's immune-boosting potential. Histopathological evaluations revealed reduced gut, gills, and hepatopancreas lesions, especially in groups with higher supplementation levels. Fish in Group T4, fed with 0.4 g/kg Ecobiol plus®, achieved the best growth performance, with a final weight of 77.96 ± 5.53 g, a weight gain of 42.46 ± 3.18 g, and a specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.51%/day, compared to the control group (T1) with a final weight of 75.26 ± 3.87 g, weight gain of 35.76 ± 2.08 g, and SGR of 1.24%/day. Survival rates considerably increased in the treated groups, with T4 exhibiting the highest rate of 96.00%, followed by T2 (94.68%), T3 (92.00%), and T1 (81.32%). Additionally, the LD50 of A. hydrophila was determined to be 3 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, underscoring the protective effect of Ecobiol plus® in enhancing fish immunity and resilience against bacterial challenges. These results suggest that Ecobiol plus® can be a natural, antibiotic-free additive to strengthen growth and disease resistance in Nile tilapia. The optimal inclusion level of Ecobiol plus® is 0.4 g/kg for maximum benefit.

Analytical techniques for arsenic speciation

Due to its toxicity, contamination with arsenic, a Group 1 carcinogen, is a significant environmental and public health issue. The toxicity of arsenic varies with its chemical form. For example, inorganic species like arsenite (AsO33-) and arsenate (AsO43-) are generally more toxic than organoarsenic compounds. However, some organoarsenic species exhibit higher toxicity than inorganic species. Therefore, the precise quantification and speciation of arsenic is necessary. Chromatographic techniques, particularly liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), are widely used for arsenic speciation owing to their high sensitivity and accuracy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is another effective technique for detecting arsenic species after derivatization. In addition to chromatographic methods, more straightforward and cost-effective techniques are available for inorganic arsenic speciation. These include adsorption techniques, colorimetric assays such as the molybdenum blue method, hydride generation reactions, and voltammetry. Emerging technologies, such as microfluidic and electrochemical devices, enable rapid and portable analysis, facilitating in situ detection of arsenite and arsenate in environmental samples. While LC-ICP-MS remains the gold standard for comprehensive arsenic speciation, other advanced technologies provide a practical, rapid, and cost-effective approach.

Introduce a novel, extremely sensitive aptamer against staphylococcal enterotoxin type D

BACKGROUND

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a globally prevalent foodborne pathogen responsible for significant public health concerns. Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) results from staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by specific strains of S. aureus. Rapid and effective detection of SEs remains a significant challenge for public health authorities. Aptamers, short single-stranded DNA(ssDNA), RNA, or synthetic xeno nucleic acid (XNA) molecules, exhibit high affinity for binding to their specific targets. Due to their unique properties, including low production costs, ease of chemical modification, high thermal stability, and reproducibility, aptamers present a viable alternative to antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

OBJECTIVES

This research aimed to isolate high-affinity ssDNA aptamers with specificity for staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED).

METHODS

The systematic evolution of ligands by the exponential enrichment (SELEX) method was utilized to identify specific aptamers. These aptamers were then validated using enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay (ELASA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to assess their binding characteristics and affinity.

RESULTS

SELEX successfully identified aptamers with strong binding affinity to SED. Among the identified candidates, one aptamer, Aptamer 1, exhibited the highest specificity for SED with a dissociation constant (KD) of 4.4 ± 2.26 nM. The limit of detection (LOD) for SED using this aptamer was determined to be 45 nM.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings indicate that the ELASA system designed using the aptamer developed in this study demonstrates higher specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility in detecting enterotoxin D. This novel aptamer offers significant potential for applications in diagnostic platforms targeting S. aureus enterotoxins.

Toxic effects and safety assessment of Xanthoceras sorbifolium bunge seed kernels

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge (X. sorbifolia), an oil crop native to northern China, is valued for both its edible and medicinal uses. It has various applications, including the production of edible and bioactive oils, and is used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the toxicity of X. sorbifolia, particularly its widely used seed kernels, remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and safety risks of X. sorbifolia seed kernels based on human-recommended doses by in vitro or in vivo experiments, and integrating network analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, rats and mice were employed as model organisms to investigate the acute toxicity of X. sorbifolia seed kernels. The experiments included the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test, red blood cell micronucleus test, spermatocyte chromosome aberration test in mice, and a 90-day exposure study in rats to assess the potential toxicity and safety risks of the seed kernels. Based on this, combined with The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), the biological functions of the main active ingredients of X. sorbifolia were further explored through integrated network analysis, and the anti-inflammatory effect of X. sorbifolia was explored through cotton ball granuloma inflammation experiment.

RESULTS

During the experimental period, animals in all treatment groups demonstrated normal growth and development. Although some detection indicators showed significant differences in different treatment groups, the results were still within a reasonable range. In addition, by screening the CTD, 120 target genes with potential interactions of the main active ingredients in the kernel of X. sorbifolia were obtained for analysis, and it was found that these genes were involved in important biological processes such as response to oxidative stress, response to reactive oxygen species, and regulation of inflammatory response. The cotton ball granuloma inflammation experiment in rats also suggested that X. sorbifolia tended to inhibit the proliferation of granulomas, indicating that the kernel of X. sorbifolia has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggested that X. sorbifolia seed kernels were safe within the recommended dosage range. As a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, it has certain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study provides valuable reference guidelines for the clinical application of X. sorbifolia seed kernels and encourages further research into its potential uses and safety.

Caribbean medicinal plant Argemone mexicana L.: Metabolomic analysis and in vitro effect on the vaginal microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medicinal plants are frequently used in Caribbean traditional medicine as low-cost, culturally relevant treatments for women's health concerns, such as gynecological infections. These plants are typically applied topically, potentially affecting both pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis) and beneficial vaginal microbes (Lactobacillus spp.). However, few studies have examined the impact of these plants on both beneficial and pathogenic vaginal bacteria.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Argemone mexicana, available in New York City and commonly used to treat gynecological infections by immigrants from the Dominican Republic, was investigated for its chemical variation and effects on the vaginal microbiota. We hypothesized that variations in the bioactivity of Argemone mexicana on Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus spp. are due to differences in antimicrobial compounds across different preparations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis using UPLC-qToF-MS and UPLC-TQD-MS were conducted on Argemone mexicana samples collected in New York City. Antimicrobial assays were used to assess the effects of Argemone mexicana samples on beneficial and pathogenic vaginal bacteria. ProGenesis QI and EZinfo were used for metabolomic analysis to link bioactivity with chemometric data.

RESULTS

UPLC-qToF-MS and statistical analyses showed that chemical variation correlated with plant tissue type and processing (dry or fresh samples). These differences were evident in antimicrobial screenings, where active plant samples were antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria only, with no effect on beneficial Lactobacillus. Known antimicrobial benzoquinone alkaloids, such as berberine, were partly responsible for the observed microbiological activity. Berberine exhibited similar inhibition patterns, reduced biofilm formation, and trended towards higher concentration in active samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Extracts of Argemone mexicana, a plant used in Caribbean women's health, did not have an effect on beneficial vaginal microbes, but did inhibit pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis. This antimicrobial activity correlated with the chemical variation of berberine and other related alkaloids across traditional preparations of Argemone mexicana. These results may be relevant for treating gynecological infections, not only with this plant, but other berberine-containing taxa.

Protective effect of Tecoma stans (L.) Juss.ex Kunth in CFA-induced arthritic rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss.ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae) is mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. The leaves, flowers, roots, and bark are used to treat various aliments includes, skin infections, kidney problems, intestinal disorders, jaundice, toothaches, joint pain and repair cracked bones, antidotes for snake, scorpion, and rat bites.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to assess the anti-arthritic properties of T. stans leaf using Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced rat.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The ethanol extract of T. stans leaf (ETSL) was subjected toGas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis for the identification of potential bioactive. The anti-arthritic activity was carried out by administering CFA (0.1 ml) into the sub-plantar surface of the right hind paw. The experimental animals were treated with indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and ETSL (250, 500 mg/kg) once a day orally for fourteen days. The arthritic parameters and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard kit reagents. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators were measured in blood serum. Antioxidant parameters were assessed in homogenized liver and joint tissues. Radiological and histopathological analysis of joint was performed. A computational molecular docking investigation of the phytoconstituents was conducted against COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α receptors.

RESULTS

The ETSL at 500 mg/kg demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) restoration of arthritic parameters, hematological and biochemical indices and oxidative stress in CFA-induced rats which was further supported by radiological histological examination. In addition, there was significant (p < 0.05) reduction observed in pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the treated group. Verbascoside was found to exhibit better biding affinities -10.4, -7.4, -7 and -6.2 kcal/mol against COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 respectively, confirmed through in silico study.

CONCLUSIONS

The observed outcome suggests that ETSL at a dosage of 500 mg/kg demonstrated notable anti-arthritic effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers. This effect could potentially be attributed to the presence of bioactive verbascoside identified in the LC-MS analysis.

Maternal Roughage Sources Influence the Gastrointestinal Development of Goat Kids by Modulating the Colonization of Gastrointestinal Microbiota

During pregnancy and lactation, maternal nutrition is linked to the full development of offspring and may have long-term or lifelong effects. However, the influence of the doe's diet on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of young kids remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the effects of doe roughage sources (alfalfa hay, AH, or corn straw, CS) during pregnancy and lactation on kid growth, GI morphology, barrier function, metabolism, immunity, and microbiome composition. The results indicate that, compared with the CS group, does fed an AH diet had significantly higher feed intake (p < 0.01). However, CS-fed does exhibited higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in animal (doe or kid) weight among the groups (p > 0.05). In the rumen of goat kids, the AH group exhibited a higher papillae width and increased levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared with the CS group (p < 0.05). In the jejunum of goat kids, the AH group showed a higher villus-height-to-crypt-depth (VH/CD) ratio, as well as elevated levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), IL-10, acetate, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs), when compared with the CS group (p < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the source of roughage in does was associated with changes in the GI transcriptome of the kids. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the rumen were mainly associated with tissue development and immune regulation, while the DEGs in the jejunum were mainly associated with the regulation of transferase activity. Spearman correlation analyses indicated significant associations between GI DEGs and phenotypic indicators related to GI development, immunity, and metabolism. LEfSe analysis identified 14 rumen microbial biomarkers and 6 jejunum microbial biomarkers. Notably, these microorganisms were also enriched in the rumen or day 28 milk of the does. Further microbial composition analysis revealed significant correlations between the rumen and milk microbiomes of does and the rumen or jejunum microbiomes of kids. Association analyses indicated that microbial biomarkers interact with host genes, thereby affecting the development and function of the GI system. Additionally, correlation analyses revealed significant association between milk metabolites and the rumen and jejunum microbiomes of kids. This study demonstrated that maternal diet significantly influences the development of microbial ecosystems in offspring by modulating microbial communities and metabolite composition. The early colonization of GI microorganisms is crucial for the structural development, barrier function, immune capacity, and microbial metabolic activity of the GI system.

Towards Safety and Regulation Criteria for Clinical Applications of Decellularized Organ-Derived Matrices

Whole-organ decellularization generates scaffolds containing native extracellular matrix (ECM) components with preserved tissue microarchitecture, providing a promising advancement in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Decellularization retains the ECM integrity which is important for supporting cell attachment, growth, differentiation, and biological function. Although there are consensus guidelines to standardize decellularization processes and ECM characterization, no specific criteria or standards regarding matrix sterility and biosafety have been established so far. This regulatory gap in safety, sterilization, and regulation criteria has hampered the clinical translation of decellularized scaffolds. In this review, we identify essential criteria for the safe clinical use of decellularized products from both human and animal sources. These include the decellularization efficacy, levels of chemical residue, preservation of ECM composition and physical characteristics, and criteria for the aseptic processing of decellularization to assure sterility. Furthermore, we explore key considerations for advancing decellularized scaffolds into clinical practice, focusing on regulatory frameworks and safety requirements. Addressing these challenges is crucial for minimizing risks of adverse reactions or infection transmission, thereby accelerating the adoption of tissue-engineered products. This review aims to provide a foundation for establishing robust guidelines, supporting the safe and effective integration of decellularized scaffolds into regenerative medicine applications.

Performance and functional assessment of the Kimera P-IV point-of-care plasmonic qPCR prototype for ultra rapid pathogen detection of chlamydia trachomatis

Current standard microbiological techniques are generally very time consuming, usually requiring 24-72 h to establish a diagnosis. Consequentially, contemporary clinical practices implement broad-spectrum antibiotic administration prior to pathogen detection, prompting the emergence of extremely dangerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Additionally, lengthy test-to-result turnover times can greatly exacerbate the rate of disease spread. Rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics has quickly gained importance since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; accordingly, we have developed a rapid four-channel POC plasmonic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) machine (Kimera P-IV) to respond to the deficiencies in infection control. Utilizing gold nanorods (GNRs) as nano-heaters and integrating vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) to replace traditional Peltier blocks, the Kimera P-IV has also incorporated quantitative real-time fluorescent monitoring. Using Chlamydia trachomatis genetic material to evaluate the rapid thermocycling performance of the platform, we have generated positive amplicons in less than 13 min; however, to achieve these results, several biological reagent considerations needed to be taken into account, specifically primer design. The device can achieve a limit of detection (LoD) of <101 DNA copies, a PCR efficiency of 88.3%, and can differentiate positive from negative results with 100% accuracy. Moreover, it can also analyze C. trachomatis DNA spiked urine samples via a simple dilution, suggesting that a separate nucleic acid step may not be needed for diagnosing infections. In conclusion, the operation of the Kimera P-IV prototype places it in a unique position of POC devices to revolutionize infectious disease diagnosis.

Discrimination of Abrus cantoniensis Hance and Abrus mollis Hance using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and assessment of their in vivo hepatoprotective effects

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In Guangzhou and Guangxi, China, Abrus cantoniensis Hance (AH) is known for its liver-protective properties and is commonly used in herbal teas and soups. In the herbal market and pharmaceutical preparations, AH and Abrus mollis Hance (AMH) are often used interchangeable. Despite their morphological and usage similarities, distinguishing their differences is essential for scientific research and clinical practice.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the morphological identification, chemical composition, and hepatoprotective effectiveness of AH and AMH. It aims to evaluate their interchangeable use and provide a rationale for this practice. This research helps regulate the market of AH medicinal materials, ensuring clinical safety and effectiveness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples of AH and AMH roots, stems, leaves, and seeds were collected and photographed using a stereoscope and digital imaging system. The chemical components of AH and AMH were qualitatively analyzed using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Chemometric techniques, such as PCA and OPLS-DA, were employed to discern the componential differences between the two species. A CCl4-induced acute liver injury mouse model was developed to assess hepatoprotective effects. The hepatoprotective properties of AH and AMH were evaluated by analyzing the liver index, H&E staining, changes in serum liver function indicators (TBIL, ALT, AST), and concentrations of SOD, MDA in liver homogenate.

RESULTS

The root color, texture, stem diameter, cross-sectional characteristics, leaf shape, and seed morphology of the two plants were observed. Notable differences were identified, which can be used for accurate identification. The UPLC-Q/TOF-MS identified 50 compounds in both species, which were classified into 3 alkaloids, 22 flavonoids, 2 triterpenes, 10 triterpene saponins, 10 amides, and 3 others, and 20 different compounds between AH and AMH were screened by chemometrics. By improving serum biomarkers (ALT, AST, TBIL) and regulating oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA), the alleviating effect of AH and AMH extracts on liver injury was confirmed. Notably, AH showed a stronger liver protective effect, significantly reducing ALT and AST levels more than AMH.

CONCLUSION

This study enhances understanding of the morphological identification, chemical profiling, and hepatoprotective effects of AH and AMH. It provides a reference for future scientific research and the clinical application of AH in treating liver damage.

The Toxic Effects of Environmental Domoic Acid Exposure on Humans and Marine Wildlife

Biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a substantial global threat to ocean and human health. Domoic acid (DA) is one such biotoxin whose negative impacts are forecasted to increase with climate change and coastal development. This manuscript serves as a review of DA toxicosis after environmental exposure in humans and wildlife, including an introduction to HAB toxins, the history of DA toxicosis, DA production, toxicokinetic properties of DA, susceptibility, clinical signs, DA detection methods and other diagnostic tests, time course of toxicosis, treatment, prognostics, and recommendations for future research. Additionally, we highlight the utility of California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus) as a model and sentinel of environmental DA exposure.

Reference materials for food authentication

The global food industry faces significant challenges in ensuring the safety and authenticity of food products. Economic adulteration and counterfeiting of food are estimated to cost the industry US$30-40 billion annually. Analytical testing plays a vital role in detecting food fraud. For ensuring the metrological traceability and comparability of testing results, the use of reference materials (RMs) is crucial. The article describes the role of RMs in food authenticity testing, including their applications in method validation, calibration, quality control, and the definition of conventional measurement scales. It also reviews the availability of RMs that can be used in measurement procedures to authenticate food. Furthermore, the applications of RMs in targeted adulterant detection methods, for compositional parameters used to authenticate foods and food supplements, isotopic measurements, untargeted food authenticity testing methods, and detection and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are explored. The document concludes by recommending the development of research grade test materials or representative test materials to harmonise untargeted testing methods and improve comparability of results across laboratories and over time.

Monitoring of Ochratoxin A Occurrence and Dietary Intake in Tarhana, a Fermented Cereal-Based Product

The aim of this study was to determine the mold and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of tarhana, a traditional product widely consumed in Turkish cuisine. For this purpose, a total of 350 tarhana samples (homemade and industrially produced) were randomly collected from retail stores, markets, and bazaars in different regions of Türkiye and analyzed by means of LC-MS/MS for the occurrence of OTA. According to the results, OTA was detected in 36 of 150 (24%) industrially produced tarhana samples, with a concentration range of 0.12-2.34 µg/kg, while 118 of 200 (59%) homemade tarhana samples contained OTA, with the range from 0.16 to 4.15 µg/kg. Only 8 of 350 (4%) homemade tarhana samples were found to be above the maximum permissible limit (3.0 µg/kg) for OTA. The mold contamination was found to be higher in homemade tarhana (3.756 log CFU/g) than in the industrially produced samples (2.742 log CFU/g). The estimated weekly intake values of OTA with tarhana consumption were well below the provisional tolerable weekly intake values for both industrially produced and homemade tarhana samples, even when consumed every day of the week, indicating that dietary intake of OTA through tarhana consumption does not pose a health risk. In conclusion, optimizing the fermentation and drying conditions applied during tarhana production and ensuring proper hygiene conditions can help to reduce the risk of OTA contamination. Moreover, monitoring and testing the OTA levels in tarhana on a regular basis can also ensure the food safety of this product.

Enhanced anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of nanoparticles loaded with a combination of Aloe vera-Moringa oleifera extracts

Metabolic associated steatohepatitis characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis, is a growing global health issue, contributing to severe liver-related mortality. With limited effective treatments available, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Moringa oleifera, rich in antioxidants, offers potential for combating steatohepatitis, but its cytotoxicity presents challenges. Aloe vera, renowned for its cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effects, shows promise in mitigating these risks. Using infrared spectrometry and mass spectrometry, we identified 1586 metabolites from both plants across 84 chemical classes. By encapsulating these phytochemicals in nanoparticles, we achieved increased solubility, cytocompatibility, and gene modulation to hepatic stellate cells affected by steatohepatitis. Chemoinformatic analysis revealed bioactive metabolites, including hesperetin analogs, known to inhibit TGF-β. Our results demonstrate that these nanoparticles not only improved gene expression modulation related to metabolic associated steatohepatitis, particularly TGF-β and COL1A1, but also outperformed free compounds, highlighting their potential as a novel therapeutic approach.

Seasonal effects on growth, digestibility, and metabolism of preweaned dairy calves in the Southeastern United States

The aim of the current study was to evaluate seasonal effects on growth, digestibility, and metabolism of dairy calves in Georgia. Holstein calves (n = 48/season) were enrolled at 7 d of age (DOA) from June to Aug (defined as summer, BW = 40 ± 4 kg) and from Nov to Jan (defined as winter, BW = 42 ± 4 kg). Similar general management and feeding practices were applied to calves in both seasons. Calves were housed in individual polyethylene hutches with sand bedding. Starting at 2 DOA, calves were fed a milk replacer (MR) containing 26% protein and 17% fat (0.65 or 0.76 kg of DM/day and mixed with warm water to reach 12.5% solid) and calf starter (CS) was offered ad libitum. Weaning began at 43 DOA by reducing MR 50% until 49 DOA when MR feeding ceased. Calves remained enrolled until 63 DOA. Calf starter intake was recorded daily. Ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded hourly. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were assessed 3 × /wk and BW measured weekly. Blood was collected to analyze metabolites and insulin at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 DOA. The apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients was measured during both the pre- (14.9 - 17.9 DOA) and postweaning (51.0 - 54.0 DOA) periods. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to analyze repeated measures data. Season, time and their interactions were included as the fixed effects. The CV of hourly AT or RH within a day was calculated as a proxy of within-day variation. The CV of daily average AT or RH within a week was used as the proxy of day-to-day variation. Linear regression analysis between ADG and environmental parameters was performed using GLM procedure. Summer months had greater AT (27 vs. 13°C) but similar RH (83 vs. 81%) relative to winter months, respectively. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were higher during the summer compared with winter. Season had no effect on CS intake before weaning, but summer calves had greater CS intake at 9 wk of age compared with winter calves. No seasonal effect was observed for BW, but summer calves had greater ADG at 3, 5, and 9 wk of age. A negative relationship (r2 = 0.11) between preweaning ADG and within-day AT variation was observed during winter whereas during the summer day-to-day AT variation was negatively associated with preweaning ADG (r2 = 0.06). Compared with calves raised during winter, calves in summer had lower apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, OM and CP during the preweaning period. Further, summer calves had lower circulating glucose before and after weaning and lower blood BHB concentrations following weaning compared with calves raised in winter. In conclusion, in Georgia, the within-day and day-to-day AT variations affect preweaned calf growth, and calves raised during summer had lower nutrient digestibility and altered metabolism relative to calves raised in winter.

Aspartate Metabolism-Driven Gut Microbiota Dynamics and RIP-Dependent Mitochondrial Function Counteract Oxidative Stress

Aspartate (Asp) metabolism-mediated antioxidant functions have important implications for neonatal growth and intestinal health; however, the antioxidant mechanisms through which Asp regulates the gut microbiota and influences RIP activation remain elusive. This study reports that chronic oxidative stress disrupts gut microbiota and metabolite balance and that such imbalance is intricately tied to the perturbation of Asp metabolism. Under normal conditions, in vivo and in vitro studies reveal that exogenous Asp improves intestinal health by regulating epithelial cell proliferation, nutrient uptake, and apoptosis. During oxidative stress, Asp reduces Megasphaera abundance while increasing Ruminococcaceae. This reversal effect depends on the enhanced production of the antioxidant eicosapentaenoic acid mediated through Asp metabolism and microbiota. Mechanistically, the application of exogenous Asp orchestrates the antioxidant responses in enterocytes via the modulation of the RIP3-MLKL and RIP1-Nrf2-NF-κB pathways to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species and maintain mitochondrial functionality and cellular survival. These results demonstrate that Asp signaling alleviates oxidative stress by dynamically modulating the gut microbiota and RIP-dependent mitochondrial function, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for oxidative stress disease treatment.

Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Concentrations Measured in Alaskan Arctic Clams Using ELISA and HPLC Methods

Clams are efficient vectors of potent algal neurotoxins, a suite of saxitoxin (STX) congeners collectively called paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), to higher trophic levels. The Alaskan Arctic is a region facing an expanding threat from PSTs due to ocean warming, yet little is known about PSTs in clams from this region. Quantifying total toxicity in bivalves requires analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are an efficient but only semi-quantitative method for measuring clam toxicity. PSTs (STX eq.) were measured in split clam samples (n = 16) from the Alaskan Arctic using ELISA and HPLC methods to develop a preliminary linear model for conservatively estimating total toxicity in clams from ELISA toxin values (R2adj = 0.95, p < 0.001). Profiles of PST congeners and total toxicity using HPLC were also assessed in additional clams (n = 36 additional, n = 52 total). Clams contained mostly potent PST congeners, and over half of the clams had PST concentrations above the seafood regulatory limit. These data will help assess the exposure risks of PSTs in Arctic marine food webs, as harmful algal bloom activity is predicted to increase as the Arctic continues to warm.

Analysis of the spatial distribution of metabolites in Aloe vera leaves by mass spectrometry imaging and UHPLC-UHRMS

This study presents an investigation of the chemical composition of Aloe vera leaf tissue with a focus on the spatial distribution of compounds. The composition was studied using two mass spectrometry imaging techniques: silver-109 nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (109AgNPs-LDI-MSI) and laser ablation-remote atmospheric pressure photoionization/chemical ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LARAPPI/CI-MSI) and the identification was aided by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-UHRMS) analysis. The results showed an abundance of phenolic compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a beneficial food additive and food packaging material. Analysis of the results of mass spectrometry imaging provided information about the potential changes in metabolic pathway expression in different regions of the leaf.

Antioxidant-Rich Functional Foods and Exercise: Unlocking Metabolic Health Through Nrf2 and Related Pathways

This article reviews the synergistic effects of antioxidant-enriched functional foods and exercise in improving metabolic health, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. The review incorporates evidence from PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and reference lists of relevant reviews up to 20 December 2024, highlighting the central role of the Nrf2 pathway. As a critical regulator of oxidative stress and metabolic adaptation, Nrf2 mediates the benefits of these interventions. This article presents an innovative approach to understanding the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighting its potential in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, inflammatory conditions, ageing, and infections such as COVID-19. The novelty of this study is to investigate the synergistic effects of bioactive compounds found in functional foods (such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamins) and exercise-induced oxidative stress on the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. This combined approach reveals their potential to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism and reduce inflammation, offering a promising strategy for the management of chronic diseases. However, there are significant gaps in current research, particularly regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between diet, physical activity, and Nrf2 activation, as well as their long-term effects in different populations, including those with chronic diseases. In addition, the interactions between Nrf2 and other critical signalling pathways, including AMPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt, and their collective contributions to metabolic health are explored. Furthermore, novel biomarkers are presented to assess the impact of these synergistic strategies, such as the NAD+/NADH ratio, the GSH ratio, and markers of mitochondrial health. The findings provide valuable insights into how the integration of an antioxidant-rich diet and regular exercise can improve metabolic health by activating Nrf2 and related molecular pathways and represent promising strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of these interventions in diseases related to oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Integrated Analysis of Terpenoid Profiles and Full-Length Transcriptome Reveals the Central Pathways of Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis in Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz

Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. is an aromatic and medicinal plant in East Asia. The primary bioactive compounds in this species are sesquiterpenes, particularly β-eudesmol, hinesol, and atractylon. Cultivation techniques require improvement to meet the medicinal demands of this species. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of an A. chinensis germplasm showed its essential oil contained various sesquiterpenes, including a high relative ratio of β-eudesmol. Full-length transcriptome profiling of A. chinensis revealed 26 genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis. These genes belonged to 13 gene families, including five in the isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthase gene family and four in the terpene synthase gene family. The functions of the four terpene synthase genes were proposed based on gene expression patterns and phylogenetic relationships: one was thought to encode monoterpene synthase and three to encode sesquiterpene synthase. Based on the results, the central biosynthesis pathways of the major sesquiterpenes in the A. chinensis rhizome were proposed, and three sesquiterpene synthase genes were identified as expressed in the rhizome for the first time. AcHMGR, AcFPPS, and the three sesquiterpene synthase genes were proposed as potential targets for molecular breeding in A. chinensis to enhance its sesquiterpene content.