251
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Lian J, Lin J, Zakaria N, Yahaya BH. Acute Lung Injury: Disease Modelling and the Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1298:149-166. [PMID: 32424492 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality that usually results in the development of multiple organ dysfunction. The complex pathophysiology of ALI seems to provide a wide range of targets that offer numerous therapeutic options. However, despite extensive studies of ALI pathophysiology and treatment, no effective pharmacotherapy is available. Increasing evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies supports the preventive and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating ALI. As cell-based therapy poses the risk of occlusion in microvasculature or unregulated growth, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been extensively studied as a new therapeutic strategy for non-cell based therapy. It is widely accepted that the therapeutic properties of MSCs are derived from soluble factors with paracrine or endocrine effects, and EVs are among the most important paracrine or endocrine vehicles that can deliver various soluble factors with a similar phenotype as the parent cell. Therapeutic effects of MSCs have been reported for various delivery approaches, diverse doses, multiple origins, and different times of administration, and MSC-EVs treatment may include but is not limited to these choices. The mechanisms by which MSCs and MSC-EVs may contribute to ALI treatment remain elusive and need further exploration. This review provides an overview of preclinical studies that support the application of MSC-EVs for treating ALI, and it discusses emerging opportunities and their associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lian
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@Bertam, Penang, Malaysia.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center of Henan Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Norashikin Zakaria
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Lung Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@Bertam, Penang, Malaysia.
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252
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Affinity enrichment of extracellular vesicles from plasma reveals mRNA changes associated with acute ischemic stroke. Commun Biol 2020; 3:613. [PMID: 33106557 PMCID: PMC7589468 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is no in vitro diagnostic test for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), yet rapid diagnosis is crucial for effective thrombolytic treatment. We previously demonstrated the utility of CD8(+) T-cells’ mRNA expression for AIS detection; however extracellular vesicles (EVs) were not evaluated as a source of mRNA for AIS testing. We now report a microfluidic device for the rapid and efficient affinity-enrichment of CD8(+) EVs and subsequent EV’s mRNA analysis using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The microfluidic device contains a dense array of micropillars modified with anti-CD8α monoclonal antibodies that enriched 158 ± 10 nm sized EVs at 4.3 ± 2.1 × 109 particles/100 µL of plasma. Analysis of mRNA from CD8(+) EVs and their parental T-cells revealed correlation in the expression for AIS-specific genes in both cell lines and healthy donors. In a blinded study, 80% test positivity for AIS patients and controls was revealed with a total analysis time of 3.7 h. Wijerathne et al develop an approach to quantify mRNA amounts in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from plasma using a microfluidics device to enrich EVs. They show this method allows for the correlation of specific mRNAs with acute ischemic stroke pointing towards potential clinical use.
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253
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Kang X, Zheng Y, Hong W, Chen X, Li H, Huang B, Huang Z, Tang H, Geng W. Recent Advances in Immune Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:544563. [PMID: 33193310 PMCID: PMC7609403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.544563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of astrocytoma with short survival and a high recurrence rate and remains a global problem. Currently, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other comprehensive treatments are the main treatment modalities, but patients still have a poor prognosis mainly due to the infiltrative growth of GBM and the protective effect of the blood–brain barrier on tumor cells. Therefore, immunotherapy is expected to be a good option for GBM. In the immune system, different cells play varying roles in the treatment of GBM, so understanding the roles played by various immune cells in treating GBM and considering how to combine these effects to maximize the efficacy of these cells is important for the selection of comprehensive and optimal treatment plans and improving GBM prognosis. Therefore, this study reviews the latest research progress on the role of various types of immune cells in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Zheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiting Li
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baojun Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenyang Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongli Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wujun Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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254
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Massaro C, Sgueglia G, Frattolillo V, Baglio SR, Altucci L, Dell’Aversana C. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Nucleic Acid Delivery: Current Advances and Future Perspectives in Cancer Therapeutic Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100980. [PMID: 33081417 PMCID: PMC7589909 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are sophisticated and sensitive messengers released by cells to communicate with and influence distant and neighboring cells via selective transfer of bioactive content, including protein lipids and nucleic acids. EVs have therefore attracted broad interest as new and refined potential therapeutic systems in many diseases, including cancer, due to their low immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and elevated bioavailability. They might serve as safe and effective vehicles for the transport of therapeutic molecules to specific tissues and cells. In this review, we focus on EVs as a vehicle for gene therapy in cancer. We describe recent developments in EV engineering to achieve efficient intracellular delivery of cancer therapeutics and avoid off-target effects, to provide an overview of the potential applications of EV-mediated gene therapy and the most promising biomedical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescenzo Massaro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (G.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Giulia Sgueglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (G.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Victoria Frattolillo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (G.S.); (V.F.)
| | - S. Rubina Baglio
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (G.S.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (C.D.); Tel.: +39-081-5667569 (L.A.); +39-081-5667564 (C.D.)
| | - Carmela Dell’Aversana
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.M.); (G.S.); (V.F.)
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (C.D.); Tel.: +39-081-5667569 (L.A.); +39-081-5667564 (C.D.)
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255
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Gharbi T, Zhang Z, Yang GY. The Function of Astrocyte Mediated Extracellular Vesicles in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:568889. [PMID: 33178687 PMCID: PMC7593543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.568889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte activation plays an important role during disease-induced inflammatory response in the brain. Exosomes in the brain could be released from bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells, neuro stem cells (NSC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), etc. We summarized that exosomes release and transport signaling to the target cells, and then produce function. Furthermore, we discussed the pathological interactions between astrocytes and other brain cells, which are related to brain diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), psychiatric, traumatic brain injury (TBI), etc. We provide up-to-date, comprehensive and valuable information on the involvement of exosomes in brain diseases, which is beneficial for basic researchers and clinical physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Gharbi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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256
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Chronopoulos A, Kalluri R. Emerging role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:6951-6960. [PMID: 33060855 PMCID: PMC7557313 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shedding of microbial extracellular vesicles constitutes a universal mechanism for inter-kingdom and intra-kingdom communication that is conserved among prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. In this review we delineate fundamental aspects of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) including their biogenesis, cargo composition, and interactions with host cells. We critically examine the evidence that BEVs from the host gut microbiome can enter the circulatory system to disseminate to distant organs and tissues. The potential involvement of BEVs in carcinogenesis is evaluated and future research ideas explored. We further discuss the potential of BEVs in microbiome-based liquid biopsies for cancer diagnostics and bioengineering strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Chronopoulos
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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257
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O'Brien K, Breyne K, Ughetto S, Laurent LC, Breakefield XO. RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:585-606. [PMID: 32457507 PMCID: PMC7249041 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 962] [Impact Index Per Article: 240.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term 'extracellular vesicles' refers to a heterogeneous population of vesicular bodies of cellular origin that derive either from the endosomal compartment (exosomes) or as a result of shedding from the plasma membrane (microvesicles, oncosomes and apoptotic bodies). Extracellular vesicles carry a variety of cargo, including RNAs, proteins, lipids and DNA, which can be taken up by other cells, both in the direct vicinity of the source cell and at distant sites in the body via biofluids, and elicit a variety of phenotypic responses. Owing to their unique biology and roles in cell-cell communication, extracellular vesicles have attracted strong interest, which is further enhanced by their potential clinical utility. Because extracellular vesicles derive their cargo from the contents of the cells that produce them, they are attractive sources of biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Furthermore, studies demonstrating phenotypic effects of specific extracellular vesicle-associated cargo on target cells have stoked interest in extracellular vesicles as therapeutic vehicles. There is particularly strong evidence that the RNA cargo of extracellular vesicles can alter recipient cell gene expression and function. During the past decade, extracellular vesicles and their RNA cargo have become better defined, but many aspects of extracellular vesicle biology remain to be elucidated. These include selective cargo loading resulting in substantial differences between the composition of extracellular vesicles and source cells; heterogeneity in extracellular vesicle size and composition; and undefined mechanisms for the uptake of extracellular vesicles into recipient cells and the fates of their cargo. Further progress in unravelling the basic mechanisms of extracellular vesicle biogenesis, transport, and cargo delivery and function is needed for successful clinical implementation. This Review focuses on the current state of knowledge pertaining to packaging, transport and function of RNAs in extracellular vesicles and outlines the progress made thus far towards their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian O'Brien
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Louise C Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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258
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Beard K, Meaney DF, Issadore D. Clinical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2045-2056. [PMID: 32312151 PMCID: PMC7502684 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.6990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key mediators of cell-cell communication during homeostasis and in pathology. Central nervous system (CNS)-derived EVs contain cell type-specific surface markers and intralumenal protein, RNA, DNA, and metabolite cargo that can be used to assess the biochemical and molecular state of neurons and glia during neurological injury and disease. The development of EV isolation strategies coupled with analysis of multi-plexed biomarker and clinical data have the potential to improve our ability to classify and treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) and resulting sequelae. Additionally, their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has implications for both EV-based diagnostic strategies and for potential EV-based therapeutics. In the present review, we discuss encouraging data for EV-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies in the context of TBI monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryshawna Beard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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259
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Cai Y, Liu W, Lian L, Xu Y, Bai X, Xu S, Zhang J. Stroke treatment: Is exosome therapy superior to stem cell therapy? Biochimie 2020; 179:190-204. [PMID: 33010339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of disability and death, and currently, ideal clinical treatment is lacking. Stem cell transplantation is a widely-used treatment approach for stroke. When compared with other types of stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been widely studied because of their many advantages. The paracrine effect is the primary mechanism for stem cells to play their role, and exosomes play an essential role in the paracrine effect. When compared with cell therapy, cell-free exosome therapy can prevent many risks and difficulties, and therefore, represents a promising and novel approach for treatment. In this study, we reviewed the research progress in the application of BMSCs-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exos) and BMSCs in the treatment of stroke. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of cell therapy and cell-free exosome therapy were described, and the possible factors that hinder the introduction of these two treatments into the clinic were analyzed. Furthermore, we reviewed the current optimization methods of cell therapy and cell-free exosome therapy. Taken together, we hypothesize that cell-free exosome therapy will have excellent research prospects in the future, and therefore, it is worth further exploring. There are still some issues that need to be further addressed. For example, differences between the in vivo microenvironment and in vitro culture conditions will affect the paracrine effect of stem cells. Most importantly, we believe that more preclinical and clinical design studies are required to compare the efficacy of stem cells and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wanying Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yingzhi Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Bai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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260
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Fuller OK, Whitham M, Mathivanan S, Febbraio MA. The Protective Effect of Exercise in Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102182. [PMID: 32998245 PMCID: PMC7599526 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has systemic effects on the body, affecting almost every organ. It is important not only for general health and wellbeing, but also in the prevention of diseases. The mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of physical activity are not completely understood; however, studies indicate these benefits are not confined to simply managing energy balance and body weight. They also include systemic factors which are released into the circulation during exercise and which appear to underlie the myriad of benefits exercise can elicit. It was shown that along with a number of classical cytokines, active tissues also engage in inter-tissue communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes and other small EVs, which are able to deliver biomolecules to cells and alter their metabolism. Thus, EVs may play a role in the acute and systemic adaptations that take place during and after physical activity, and may be therapeutically useful in the treatment of a range of diseases, including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity; and the focus of this review, neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver K Fuller
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Martin Whitham
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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261
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Von Schulze AT, Deng F, Morris JK, Geiger PC. Heat therapy: possible benefits for cognitive function and the aging brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1468-1476. [PMID: 32969779 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00168.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, yet there are no disease-modifying treatments available and there is no cure. It is becoming apparent that metabolic and vascular conditions such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension promote the development and accumulation of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia pathologies. To this end, aerobic exercise, which is a common lifestyle intervention for both metabolic disease and hypertension, is shown to improve brain health during both healthy aging and dementia. However, noncompliance or other barriers to exercise response are common in exercise treatment paradigms. In addition, reduced intracellular proteostasis and mitochondrial function could contribute to the etiology of AD. Specifically, compromised chaperone systems [i.e., heat shock protein (HSP) systems] can contribute to protein aggregates (i.e., β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and reduced mitochondrial quality control (i.e., mitophagy). Therefore, novel therapies that target whole body metabolism, the vasculature, and chaperone systems (like HSPs) are needed to effectively treat AD. This review focuses on the role of heat therapy in the treatment and prevention of AD. Heat therapy has been independently shown to reduce whole body insulin resistance, improve vascular function, activate interorgan cross talk via endocytic vesicles, and activate HSPs to improve mitochondrial function and proteostasis in a variety of tissues. Thus, heat therapy could offer immense clinical benefit to patients suffering from AD. Importantly, future studies in patients are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of heat therapy in preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Von Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fengyan Deng
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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262
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Jakubec M, Maple-Grødem J, Akbari S, Nesse S, Halskau Ø, Mork-Jansson AE. Plasma-derived exosome-like vesicles are enriched in lyso-phospholipids and pass the blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232442. [PMID: 32956358 PMCID: PMC7505448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Their membrane structure and core content is largely dependent on the cell of origin. Exosomes have been investigated both for their biological roles and their possible use as disease biomarkers and drug carriers. These potential technological applications require the rigorous characterization of exosomal blood brain barrier permeability and a description of their lipid bilayer composition. To achieve these goals, we have established a 3D static blood brain barrier system based on existing systems for liposomes and a complementary LC-MS/MS and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance methodology for the analysis of purified human plasma-derived exosome-like vesicles. Results show that the isolated vesicles pass the blood brain barrier and are taken up in endothelial cells. The compositional analysis revealed that the isolated vesicles are enriched in lyso phospholipids and do not contain phosphatidylserine. These findings deviate significantly from the composition of exosomes originating from cell culture, and may reflect active removal by macrophages that respond to exposed phosphahtidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jakubec
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jodi Maple-Grødem
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Saleha Akbari
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Susanne Nesse
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Øyvind Halskau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astrid Elisabeth Mork-Jansson
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
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263
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Extracellular Vesicles as Innovative Tool for Diagnosis, Regeneration and Protection against Neurological Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186859. [PMID: 32962107 PMCID: PMC7555813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently attracted a great deal of interest as they may represent a new biosignaling paradigm. According to the mode of biogenesis, size and composition, two broad categories of EVs have been described, exosomes and microvesicles. EVs have been shown to carry cargoes of signaling proteins, RNA species, DNA and lipids. Once released, their content is selectively taken up by near or distant target cells, influencing their behavior. Exosomes are involved in cell–cell communication in a wide range of embryonic developmental processes and in fetal–maternal communication. In the present review, an outline of the role of EVs in neural development, regeneration and diseases is presented. EVs can act as regulators of normal homeostasis, but they can also promote either neuroinflammation/degeneration or tissue repair in pathological conditions, depending on their content. Since EV molecular cargo constitutes a representation of the origin cell status, EVs can be exploited in the diagnosis of several diseases. Due to their capability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), EVs not only have been suggested for the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders by means of minimally invasive procedures, i.e., “liquid biopsies”, but they are also considered attractive tools for targeted drug delivery across the BBB. From the therapeutic perspective, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising sources of EVs. In particular, the neuroprotective properties of MSCs derived from the dental pulp are here discussed.
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Soekmadji C, Li B, Huang Y, Wang H, An T, Liu C, Pan W, Chen J, Cheung L, Falcon-Perez JM, Gho YS, Holthofer HB, Le MTN, Marcilla A, O'Driscoll L, Shekari F, Shen TL, Torrecilhas AC, Yan X, Yang F, Yin H, Xiao Y, Zhao Z, Zou X, Wang Q, Zheng L. The future of Extracellular Vesicles as Theranostics - an ISEV meeting report. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1809766. [PMID: 33144926 PMCID: PMC7580849 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1809766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in clinical theranostics has rapidly advanced in the past decade. In November 2018, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) held a workshop on “EVs in Clinical Theranostic”. Here, we report the conclusions of roundtable discussions on the current advancement in the analysis technologies and we provide some guidelines to researchers in the field to consider the use of EVs in clinical application. The main challenges and the requirements for EV separation and characterization strategies, quality control and clinical investigation were discussed to promote the application of EVs in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haifang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Taixue An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weilun Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lesley Cheung
- The Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan Manuel Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory and Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Department of Life Science, POSTECH, South Korea
| | - Harry B Holthofer
- Medical Department, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Àrea De Parasitologia, Departament De Farmàcia I Tecnologia Farmacèutica I Parasitologia, Universitat De València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute La Fe-Universitat De Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute (TSJCI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental BiologyCell Science, Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tang Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Xiaomei Yan
- Department of Chemical Biology, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Laboratory of Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xue Zou
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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265
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Villata S, Canta M, Cauda V. EVs and Bioengineering: From Cellular Products to Engineered Nanomachines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176048. [PMID: 32842627 PMCID: PMC7504061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural carriers produced by many different cell types that have a plethora of functions and roles that are still under discovery. This review aims to be a compendium on the current advancement in terms of EV modifications and re-engineering, as well as their potential use in nanomedicine. In particular, the latest advancements on artificial EVs are discussed, with these being the frontier of nanomedicine-based therapeutics. The first part of this review gives an overview of the EVs naturally produced by cells and their extraction methods, focusing on the possibility to use them to carry desired cargo. The main issues for the production of the EV-based carriers are addressed, and several examples of the techniques used to upload the cargo are provided. The second part focuses on the engineered EVs, obtained through surface modification, both using direct and indirect methods, i.e., engineering of the parental cells. Several examples of the current literature are proposed to show the broad variety of engineered EVs produced thus far. In particular, we also report the possibility to engineer the parental cells to produce cargo-loaded EVs or EVs displaying specific surface markers. The third and last part focuses on the most recent advancements based on synthetic and chimeric EVs and the methods for their production. Both top-down or bottom-up techniques are analyzed, with many examples of applications.
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266
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Hoshino A, Kim HS, Bojmar L, Gyan KE, Cioffi M, Hernandez J, Zambirinis CP, Rodrigues G, Molina H, Heissel S, Mark MT, Steiner L, Benito-Martin A, Lucotti S, Di Giannatale A, Offer K, Nakajima M, Williams C, Nogués L, Pelissier Vatter FA, Hashimoto A, Davies AE, Freitas D, Kenific CM, Ararso Y, Buehring W, Lauritzen P, Ogitani Y, Sugiura K, Takahashi N, Alečković M, Bailey KA, Jolissant JS, Wang H, Harris A, Schaeffer LM, García-Santos G, Posner Z, Balachandran VP, Khakoo Y, Raju GP, Scherz A, Sagi I, Scherz-Shouval R, Yarden Y, Oren M, Malladi M, Petriccione M, De Braganca KC, Donzelli M, Fischer C, Vitolano S, Wright GP, Ganshaw L, Marrano M, Ahmed A, DeStefano J, Danzer E, Roehrl MHA, Lacayo NJ, Vincent TC, Weiser MR, Brady MS, Meyers PA, Wexler LH, Ambati SR, Chou AJ, Slotkin EK, Modak S, Roberts SS, Basu EM, Diolaiti D, Krantz BA, Cardoso F, Simpson AL, Berger M, Rudin CM, Simeone DM, Jain M, Ghajar CM, Batra SK, Stanger BZ, Bui J, Brown KA, Rajasekhar VK, Healey JH, de Sousa M, Kramer K, Sheth S, Baisch J, Pascual V, Heaton TE, La Quaglia MP, Pisapia DJ, Schwartz R, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shukla A, Blavier L, DeClerck YA, LaBarge M, Bissell MJ, Caffrey TC, Grandgenett PM, Hollingsworth MA, Bromberg J, Costa-Silva B, Peinado H, Kang Y, Garcia BA, O'Reilly EM, Kelsen D, Trippett TM, Jones DR, Matei IR, Jarnagin WR, Lyden D. Extracellular Vesicle and Particle Biomarkers Define Multiple Human Cancers. Cell 2020; 182:1044-1061.e18. [PMID: 32795414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for improved tissue and liquid biopsy tools for cancer detection. We investigated the proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) in 426 human samples from tissue explants (TEs), plasma, and other bodily fluids. Among traditional exosome markers, CD9, HSPA8, ALIX, and HSP90AB1 represent pan-EVP markers, while ACTB, MSN, and RAP1B are novel pan-EVP markers. To confirm that EVPs are ideal diagnostic tools, we analyzed proteomes of TE- (n = 151) and plasma-derived (n = 120) EVPs. Comparison of TE EVPs identified proteins (e.g., VCAN, TNC, and THBS2) that distinguish tumors from normal tissues with 90% sensitivity/94% specificity. Machine-learning classification of plasma-derived EVP cargo, including immunoglobulins, revealed 95% sensitivity/90% specificity in detecting cancer. Finally, we defined a panel of tumor-type-specific EVP proteins in TEs and plasma, which can classify tumors of unknown primary origin. Thus, EVP proteins can serve as reliable biomarkers for cancer detection and determining cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuko Hoshino
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Linda Bojmar
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kofi Ennu Gyan
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Constantinos P Zambirinis
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gonçalo Rodrigues
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Søren Heissel
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milica Tesic Mark
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Loïc Steiner
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Benito-Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serena Lucotti
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Katharine Offer
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miho Nakajima
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin Williams
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Nogués
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fanny A Pelissier Vatter
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alexander E Davies
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Freitas
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonathan Ararso
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weston Buehring
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pernille Lauritzen
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yusuke Ogitani
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kei Sugiura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maša Alečković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kayleen A Bailey
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua S Jolissant
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huajuan Wang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashton Harris
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Miles Schaeffer
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guillermo García-Santos
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Zoe Posner
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinod P Balachandran
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasmin Khakoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Praveen Raju
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruth Scherz-Shouval
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mahathi Malladi
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Petriccione
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin C De Braganca
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Donzelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Vitolano
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geraldine P Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee Ganshaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariel Marrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amina Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joe DeStefano
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Enrico Danzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael H A Roehrl
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norman J Lacayo
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresa C Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin R Weiser
- Colorectal Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary S Brady
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonard H Wexler
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Srikanth R Ambati
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander J Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily K Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shakeel Modak
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen S Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen M Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Diolaiti
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A Krantz
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatima Cardoso
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Center/Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amber L Simpson
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jack Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinagolu K Rajasekhar
- Orthopedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John H Healey
- Orthopedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria de Sousa
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kim Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sujit Sheth
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeanine Baisch
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd E Heaton
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P La Quaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Pisapia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Thoracic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Laurence Blavier
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Yves A DeClerck
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Mark LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Caffrey
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Kelsen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tanya M Trippett
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David R Jones
- Thoracic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina R Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - William R Jarnagin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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267
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Kumar A, Kodidela S, Tadrous E, Cory TJ, Walker CM, Smith AM, Mukherjee A, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Replication and Pathogenesis and Their Potential Role in Therapeutic Intervention. Viruses 2020; 12:E887. [PMID: 32823684 PMCID: PMC7472073 DOI: 10.3390/v12080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown their potential as a carrier of molecular information, and they have been involved in physiological functions and diseases caused by viral infections. Virus-infected cells secrete various lipid-bound vesicles, including endosome pathway-derived exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles that are released from the plasma membrane. They are released via a direct outward budding and fission of plasma membrane blebs into the extracellular space to either facilitate virus propagation or regulate the immune responses. Moreover, EVs generated by virus-infected cells can incorporate virulence factors including viral protein and viral genetic material, and thus can resemble noninfectious viruses. Interactions of EVs with recipient cells have been shown to activate signaling pathways that may contribute to a sustained cellular response towards viral infections. EVs, by utilizing a complex set of cargos, can play a regulatory role in viral infection, both by facilitating and suppressing the infection. EV-based antiviral and antiretroviral drug delivery approaches provide an opportunity for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the literature on EVs, their associated involvement in transmission in viral infections, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunitha Kodidela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Erene Tadrous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Crystal Martin Walker
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Amber Marie Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Ahona Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.K.); (E.T.); (A.M.)
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268
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He R, Jiang Y, Shi Y, Liang J, Zhao L. Curcumin-laden exosomes target ischemic brain tissue and alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111314. [PMID: 32919674 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ischemic cerebrovascular disease has revealed that ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury often leads to aggravation of metabolic oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier (BBB) destruction, eventually causing secondary brain tissue damage. Accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in focal ischemia activate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and damage the BBB by degrading tight junction proteins (TJPs). Herein, we report macrophage-derived exosomes (Ex) loaded with curcumin (cur) as a multifunctional biomimetic delivery vehicle (Ex-cur) for targeting ischemic brain tissue and alleviating cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in a transient cerebral ischemia rat model. The design principle relies on unique features of macrophage-derived exosomes and the natural ingredient cur. Specifically, cur can be entrapped within exosomes when incubated with murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, and its stability is subsequently significantly improved. The resultant Ex-cur can target ischemic regions by leveraging the targeting migration capability of Ex driven by inflammation. Accumulated Ex-cur in ischemic regions is experimentally proven to be highly effective at reducing ROS accumulation by virtue of the antioxidant properties of cur. Using Ex-cur to down-regulate ROS accumulation in lesions, we alleviate BBB damage and suppress mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis, which is confirmed by a series of relevant protein analysis. These findings demonstrate good therapeutic efficacy of Ex-cur for treating I/R injury, providing experimental evidence for the potential clinical benefits of Ex-cur for other modes of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi He
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China
| | - Yibing Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China
| | - Yijie Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China
| | - Jia Liang
- Life Science Institution, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, PR China.
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269
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Wijerathne H, Witek MA, Baird AE, Soper SA. Liquid biopsy markers for stroke diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:771-788. [PMID: 32500751 PMCID: PMC8157911 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1777859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a short time window (4.5 h) for the effective treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which uses recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Unfortunately, this short therapeutic timeframe is a contributing factor to the relatively small number of patients (~7%) that receive rt-PA. While neuroimaging is the major diagnostic for AIS, more timely decisions could be made using a molecular diagnostic. AREAS COVERED In this review, we survey neuroimaging techniques used to diagnose stroke and their limitations. We also highlight the potential of various molecular/cellular biomarkers, especially peripheral blood-based (i.e. liquid biopsy) biomarkers, for diagnosing stroke to allow for precision decisions on managing stroke in a timely manner. Both protein and nucleic acid molecular biomarkers are reviewed. In particular, mRNA markers are discussed for AIS and hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis sourced from both cells and extracellular vesicles. EXPERT OPINION While there are a plethora of molecular markers for stroke diagnosis that have been reported, they have yet to be FDA-cleared. Possible reasons include the inability for these markers to appear in sufficient quantities for highly sensitive clinical decisions within the rt-PA therapeutic time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshani Wijerathne
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Malgorzata A. Witek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alison E. Baird
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Bio Engineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Biofluidica, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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270
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Salunkhe S, Dheeraj, Basak M, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Surface functionalization of exosomes for target-specific delivery and in vivo imaging & tracking: Strategies and significance. J Control Release 2020; 326:599-614. [PMID: 32730952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanovesicles excreted by many cells for intercellular communication and for transfer of materials including proteins, nucleic acids and even synthetic therapeutic agents. Surface modification of exosomes imparts additional functionality to the exosomes to enable site specific drug delivery and in vivo imaging and tracking and is an emerging area in drug delivery research. The present review focuses upon these modifications on the exosomal surface, the chemistry involved and their impact on targeted drug delivery for the treatment of brain, breast, lung, liver, colon tumors and, heart diseases and for understanding their in vivo fate including their uptake mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. The specific exosomal membrane proteins such as tetraspanins (CD63, CD81, CD9), lactadherin (LA), lysosome associated membrane protein-2b (Lamp-2b) and, glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) involved in functionalization of exosome surface have also been discussed along with different strategies of surface modification like genetic engineering, covalent modification (click chemistry and metabolic engineering of parent cells of exosomes) and non-covalent modification (multivalent electrostatic interactions, ligand-receptor interaction, hydrophobic interaction, aptamer based modification and modification by anchoring CP05 peptide) along with optical (fluorescent and bioluminescent) and radioactive isotope labelling techniques of exosomes for imaging purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dheeraj
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Moumita Basak
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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271
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Forsberg MH, Kink JA, Hematti P, Capitini CM. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Exosomes: Progress and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:665. [PMID: 32766255 PMCID: PMC7379234 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their robust immunomodulatory capabilities, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been used as a cellular therapy for a number of human diseases. Part of the mechanism of action of MSCs is the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that transmit signals to recipient cells that change their biologic behavior. This review briefly summarizes the development of MSCs as a treatment for human diseases as well as describes our present understanding of exosomes; how they exert their effects on target cells, and how they are differentiated from other EVs. The current treatment paradigm for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is discussed, and how MSCs and MSC derived exosomes are emerging as treatment options for treating patients after radiation exposure. Other conditions such as graft-versus-host disease and cardiovascular disease/stroke are discussed as examples to highlight the immunomodulatory and regenerative capacity of MSC-exosomes. Finally, a consideration is given to how these cell-based therapies could possibly be deployed in the event of a catastrophic radiation exposure event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Forsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John A Kink
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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272
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Guedes VA, Devoto C, Leete J, Sass D, Acott JD, Mithani S, Gill JM. Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:663. [PMID: 32765398 PMCID: PMC7378746 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous condition, associated with diverse etiologies, clinical presentations and degrees of severity, and may result in chronic neurobehavioral sequelae. The field of TBI biomarkers is rapidly evolving to address the many facets of TBI pathology and improve its clinical management. Recent years have witnessed a marked increase in the number of publications and interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, cell signaling, immune responses, and as biomarkers in a number of pathologies. Exosomes have a well-defined lipid bilayer with surface markers that reflect the cell of origin and an aqueous core that contains a variety of biological material including proteins (e.g., cytokines and growth factors) and nucleic acids (e.g., microRNAs). The presence of proteins associated with neurodegenerative changes such as amyloid-β, α-synuclein and phosphorylated tau in exosomes suggests a role in the initiation and propagation of neurological diseases. However, mechanisms of cell communication involving exosomes in the brain and their role in TBI pathology are poorly understood. Exosomes are promising TBI biomarkers as they can cross the blood-brain barrier and can be isolated from peripheral fluids, including serum, saliva, sweat, and urine. Exosomal content is protected from enzymatic degradation by exosome membranes and reflects the internal environment of their cell of origin, offering insights into tissue-specific pathological processes. Challenges in the clinical use of exosomal cargo as biomarkers include difficulty in isolating pure exosomes, variable yields of the isolation processes, quantification of vesicles, and lack of specificity of exosomal markers. Moreover, there is no consensus regarding nomenclature and characteristics of EV subtypes. In this review, we discuss current technical limitations and challenges of using exosomes and other EVs as blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential as diagnostic and prognostic tools in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Guedes
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christina Devoto
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jacqueline Leete
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Delia Sass
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jedidiah D Acott
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara Mithani
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jessica M Gill
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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273
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Transport of Extracellular Vesicles across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Brain Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124407. [PMID: 32575812 PMCID: PMC7352415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), but little is known about passage. Here, we used multiple-time regression analysis to examine the ability of 10 exosome populations derived from mouse, human, cancerous, and non-cancerous cell lines to cross the BBB. All crossed the BBB, but rates varied over 10-fold. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an activator of the innate immune system, enhanced uptake independently of BBB disruption for six exosomes and decreased uptake for one. Wheatgerm agglutinin (WGA) modulated transport of five exosome populations, suggesting passage by adsorptive transcytosis. Mannose 6-phosphate inhibited uptake of J774A.1, demonstrating that its BBB transporter is the mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Uptake rates, patterns, and effects of LPS or WGA were not predicted by exosome source (mouse vs. human) or cancer status of the cell lines. The cell surface proteins CD46, AVβ6, AVβ3, and ICAM-1 were variably expressed but not predictive of transport rate nor responses to LPS or WGA. A brain-to-blood efflux mechanism variably affected CNS retention and explains how CNS-derived exosomes enter blood. In summary, all exosomes tested here readily crossed the BBB, but at varying rates and by a variety of vesicular-mediated mechanisms involving specific transporters, adsorptive transcytosis, and a brain-to-blood efflux system.
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274
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Domingues HS, Falcão AM, Mendes-Pinto I, Salgado AJ, Teixeira FG. Exosome Circuitry During (De)(Re)Myelination of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:483. [PMID: 32612996 PMCID: PMC7308472 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal neuron-glia cell communication is fundamental for the proper function of the nervous system. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that insulate and provide trophic support to neurons. This effective interaction is crucial not only for myelination but also for long-term axonal survival and neural connectivity. In recent years, exosomes have been portrayed as key players in intercellular interaction in the context of the healthy and diseased CNS. They act as communicating vehicles, true attachés operating between neurons and glial cells. Despite the complex exosome circuitry within the nervous system, experimental evidence supports the role of exosomes in modulating myelination. Oligodendrocytes secrete exosomes in response to neuronal signals in an electric activity-dependent manner. These released exosomes are then internalized by neurons, contributing to their integrity and activity. In turn, neurons secrete exosomes to control the communication between them and with myelinating cells in order to regulate synaptic function in neuronal development, myelin maintenance, and neuroregeneration. In this review, we provide a critical view of the current understanding on how exosomes, either from CNS-resident cells or from the periphery, contribute to the formation and maintenance of myelin and, additionally, on how the differential content of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions foresees the use of these nanovesicles as putative diagnostic and/or therapeutical agents in white matter degeneration-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes-Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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275
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Extracellular Vesicles miRNA Cargo for Microglia Polarization in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060901. [PMID: 32545705 PMCID: PMC7356143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, and despite its high dissemination, effective pharmacotherapies are lacking. TBI can be divided into two phases: the instantaneous primary mechanical injury, which occurs at the moment of insult, and the delayed secondary injury, which involves a cascade of biological processes that lead to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of both acute and chronic TBI, and it is considered to be one of the major determinants of the outcome and progression of disease. In TBI one of the emerging mechanisms for cell–cell communication involved in the immune response regulation is represented by Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). These latter are produced by all cell types and are considered a fingerprint of their generating cells. Exosomes are the most studied nanosized vesicles and can carry a variety of molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Several miRNAs have been shown to target key neuropathophysiological pathways involved in TBI. The focus of this review is to analyze exosomes and their miRNA cargo to modulate TBI neuroinflammation providing new strategies for prevent long-term progression of disease.
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276
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Mohammed I, Ijaz S, Mokhtari T, Gholaminejhad M, Mahdavipour M, Jameie B, Akbari M, Hassanzadeh G. Subventricular zone-derived extracellular vesicles promote functional recovery in rat model of spinal cord injury by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:809-818. [PMID: 32185593 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the destruction of spinal cord motor and sensory resulted from an attack on the spinal cord, which can cause significant physiological damage. The inflammasome is a multiprotein oligomer resulting in inflammation; the NLRP3 inflammasome composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), procaspase-1, and cleavage of procaspase-1 into caspase-1 initiates the inflammatory response. Subventricular Zone (SVZ) is the origin of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the adult brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny lipid membrane bilayer vesicles secreted by different types of cells playing an important role in cell-cell communications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intrathecal transplantation of EVs on the NLRP3 inflammasome formation in SCI rats. Male wistar rats were divided into three groups as following: laminectotomy group, SCI group, and EVs group. EVs was isolated from SVZ, and characterized by western blot and DLS, and then injected into the SCI rats. Real-time PCR and western blot were carried out for gene expression and protein level of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1. H&E and cresyl violet staining were performed for histological analyses, as well as BBB test for motor function. The results indicated high level in mRNA and protein level in SCI group in comparison with laminectomy (p < 0.001), and injection of EVs showed a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein levels in EVs group compared to SCI (p < 0.001). H&E and cresyl violet staining showed recovery in neural cells of spinal cord tissue in EVs group in comparison with SCI group. BBB test showed the promotion of motor function in EVs group compared to SCI in 14 days (p < 0.05). We concluded that the injection of EVs could recover the motor function in rats with SCI and rescue the neural cells of spinal cord tissue by suppressing the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ijaz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Mokhtari
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Morteza Gholaminejhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mahdavipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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277
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Song Z, Xu Y, Deng W, Zhang L, Zhu H, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhao W, Han Y, Qin C. Brain Derived Exosomes Are a Double-Edged Sword in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:79. [PMID: 32547364 PMCID: PMC7274346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain derived exosomes (BDEs) are extracellular nanovesicles that are collectively released by all cell lineages of the central nervous system and contain cargo from their original cells. They are emerging as key mediators of communication and waste management among neurons, glial cells and connective tissue during both physiological and pathological conditions in the brain. We review the rapidly growing frontier of BDEs biology in recent years including the involvement of exosomes in neuronal development, maintenance and communication through their multiple signaling functions. Particularly, we highlight the important role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. Our understanding of such unique nanovesicles may offer not only answers about the (patho) physiological course in AD and associated neurodegenerative diseases but also ideal methods to develop these vesicles as vehicles for drug delivery or as tools to monitor brain diseases in a non-invasive manner because crossing the blood brain barrier is an inherent capability of exosomes. BDEs have potential as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools for AD and related brain disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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278
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Chinnappan M, Srivastava A, Amreddy N, Razaq M, Pareek V, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Peterson JE, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Exosomes as drug delivery vehicle and contributor of resistance to anticancer drugs. Cancer Lett 2020; 486:18-28. [PMID: 32439419 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous vesicles implicated in intercellular signalling. Through their uncanny ability to carry and deliver donor cellular cargo (biomolecules) to target cells, they exert a profound effect on the regular functioning of healthy cells and play a significant role in pathogenesis and progression of several diseases, including cancer. The composition and number of endogenously circulating exosomes frequently vary, which is often reflective of the pathophysiological status of the cell. Applicability of exosomes derived from normal cells as a drug carrier with or without modifying their intraluminal and surface components are generally tested. Conversely, exosomes also are reported to contribute to resistance towards several anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the role of exosomes in cancer progression, resistance and the potential use of exosomes as a delivery vehicle of cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the exploitation of exosomes as a drug delivery vehicle. We also discuss the role of exosomes in conferring resistance to anti-cancer therapeutics. While this review is focused on cancer, the exosome-based drug delivery and resistance is also applicable to other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Narsireddy Amreddy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Mohammad Razaq
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Vipul Pareek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rebaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Meghna Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jo Elle Peterson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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279
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Gurung S, Greening DW, Catt S, Salamonsen L, Evans J. Exosomes and soluble secretome from hormone-treated endometrial epithelial cells direct embryo implantation. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:510-520. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A successful pregnancy requires a synchronous dialogue between endometrium and embryo within the endometrial milieu. The aim of this study was to assess the role in the implantation of mediators in the endometrial milieu. Total secretome (TS), soluble secretome (SS) and small extracellular vesicles (containing exosomes) were generated from hormonally primed human endometrial epithelial cell culture medium. Human trophectoderm stem cell-derived spheroids were cultured with TS, SS or exosomes (30 µg/ml) on hormonally primed epithelial cells, with exosomes significantly increasing cell adhesion and outgrowth. Furthermore, F1 mouse 2-cell embryos were cultured in groups for 48 h followed by culture with each secretome fraction (30 µg/ml) for 48 h. Blastocyst cell number and hatching were quantified. In addition, blastocysts were further cultured on a fibronectin matrix for 72 h or transferred to recipient mice (with corresponding secretomes) with embryo implantation assessed after 6 days. Exosomes significantly increased total cell number in mouse embryos and complete hatching from zona pellucida, with both exosomes and SS significantly enhancing mouse embryo outgrowth. Importantly, exosomes increased the embryo implantation rate in comparison to other secretome fractions (normalized based on treatment amount) from the endometrial epithelia. These data indicate that endometrial epithelial exosomes support embryo growth, development and implantation while the SS has selective involvement specifically on mouse embryo outgrowth. This finding provides new insights into the molecular differences of endometrial secretome components in implantation and early embryo development and may implicate endometrial exosomes in the pathophysiology of implantation failure in infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gurung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Catt
- EPRD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Salamonsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Evans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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280
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Chung B, Kim J, Nam J, Kim H, Jeong Y, Liu HW, Cho Y, Kim YH, Oh HJ, Chung S. Evaluation of Cell-Penetrating Peptides Using Microfluidic In Vitro 3D Brain Endothelial Barrier. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e1900425. [PMID: 32329170 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In drug delivery to the human brain, blood vessels are a significant hurdle because they restrict the entry of most solutes to protect brain. To overcome this hurdle, an in vitro 3D model for brain endothelial barrier is developed using a microfluidic device with hydrogel providing a 3D extracellular matrix scaffold. Using the model, peptides known to utilize receptor-mediated transcytosis are verified, which has been one of the most promising mechanisms for brain-specific penetration. The cytotoxicity and cellular damage to the peptide are investigated and the receptor-mediated transcytosis and brain endothelial specific penetrating abilities of the peptides in a quantitative manner are demonstrated. As a preclinical test, applying the quantification assays conducted in this study are suggested, including the penetrating ability, cytotoxicity, endothelial damage, and receptor specificity. Using this microfluidic device as an in vitro platform for evaluating various brain targeting drugs and drug carrier candidates is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohye Chung
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Nam
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeju Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Wen Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Cho
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Oh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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281
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Liu Y, Cui J, Wang H, Hezam K, Zhao X, Huang H, Chen S, Han Z, Han ZC, Guo Z, Li Z. Enhanced therapeutic effects of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles with an injectable collagen matrix for experimental acute kidney injury treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:161. [PMID: 32321594 PMCID: PMC7178991 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to have therapeutic potential for ischemic diseases and are considered an alternative to cell therapy. However, the low retention and poor stability of EVs post-transplantation in vivo remain obstacle prior to the clinical application of EVs. METHODS This study was designed to investigate whether collagen matrix could increase the retention and stability of EVs and further improve the therapeutic effects in murine acute kidney injury (AKI) model. EVs were isolated from human placental MSCs (hP-MSC-EVs) and encapsulated in a collagen matrix. Then, we investigated whether collagen matrix can prolong the retention of EVs in vivo, further enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of EVs in AKI. RESULTS Our results indicated that collagen matrix could effectively encapsulate EVs, significantly increase the stability of EVs, and promote the sustained release of EVs. Collagen matrix has improved the retention of EVs in the AKI model, which was proved by Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) imaging. The application of collagen matrix remarkably facilitated the proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells in AKI compared with EVs alone. Moreover, collagen matrix could further augment the therapeutic effects of hP-MSC-EVs as revealed by angiogenesis, fibrosis and apoptosis, and functional analysis. Finally, we found that EVs play a therapeutic role by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. CONCLUSIONS Collagen matrix markedly enhanced the retention of EVs and further augmented the therapeutic effects of EVs for AKI. This strategy for improving the efficacy of EVs therapy provides a new direction for cell-free therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.,The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, the College of Life Science, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, China
| | - Hongfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Kamal Hezam
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Haoyan Huang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shang Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhibo Han
- Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Stem Cell, Shangrao, 334001, Jiangxi, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Engineering Technologies for Cell Pharmaceutical, National Engineering Research Center of Cell Products, AmCellGene Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong-Chao Han
- Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Stem Cell, Shangrao, 334001, Jiangxi, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Engineering Technologies for Cell Pharmaceutical, National Engineering Research Center of Cell Products, AmCellGene Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, the College of Life Science, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 102218, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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282
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Mesenchymal Cell-Derived Exosomes as Novel Useful Candidates for Drug Delivery. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.98722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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283
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Elsharkasy OM, Nordin JZ, Hagey DW, de Jong OG, Schiffelers RM, Andaloussi SEL, Vader P. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: Why and how? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:332-343. [PMID: 32305351 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a multitude of synthetic drug delivery systems has been developed and introduced to the market. However, applications of such systems are limited due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity and/or immunogenicity. At the same time, the field of natural drug carrier systems has grown rapidly. One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-derived membranous particles which play important roles in intercellular communication. EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery. In order to take advantage of these attributes, an in-depth understanding of why EVs are such unique carrier systems and how we can exploit their qualities is pivotal. Here, we review unique EV features that are relevant for drug delivery and highlight emerging strategies to make use of those features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
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284
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Saint-Pol J, Gosselet F, Duban-Deweer S, Pottiez G, Karamanos Y. Targeting and Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier with Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040851. [PMID: 32244730 PMCID: PMC7226770 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most complex and selective barriers in the human organism. Its role is to protect the brain and preserve the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The central elements of this physical and physiological barrier are the endothelial cells that form a monolayer of tightly joined cells covering the brain capillaries. However, as endothelial cells regulate nutrient delivery and waste product elimination, they are very sensitive to signals sent by surrounding cells and their environment. Indeed, the neuro-vascular unit (NVU) that corresponds to the assembly of extracellular matrix, pericytes, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and neurons have the ability to influence BBB physiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a central role in terms of communication between cells. The NVU is no exception, as each cell can produce EVs that could help in the communication between cells in short or long distances. Studies have shown that EVs are able to cross the BBB from the brain to the bloodstream as well as from the blood to the CNS. Furthermore, peripheral EVs can interact with the BBB leading to changes in the barrier’s properties. This review focuses on current knowledge and potential applications regarding EVs associated with the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Saint-Pol
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University Artois, F-62300 Lens, France; (F.G.); (S.D.-D.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-2179-1746
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University Artois, F-62300 Lens, France; (F.G.); (S.D.-D.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sophie Duban-Deweer
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University Artois, F-62300 Lens, France; (F.G.); (S.D.-D.); (Y.K.)
| | - Gwënaël Pottiez
- Caprion Biosciences Inc., 141, Avenue du Président-Kennedy Suite 5650, Montréal, QC H2X3Y7, Canada;
| | - Yannis Karamanos
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University Artois, F-62300 Lens, France; (F.G.); (S.D.-D.); (Y.K.)
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285
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Jeske R, Bejoy J, Marzano M, Li Y. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Characteristics and Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:129-144. [PMID: 31847715 PMCID: PMC7187972 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are found to play an important role in various biological processes and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Because of the protective effects, stem cell-derived EVs can be used to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis in the recipient cells. In addition, EVs/exosomes have been used as directional communication tools between stem cells and parenchymal cells, giving them the ability to serve as biomarkers. Likewise, altered EVs/exosomes can be utilized for drug delivery by loading with proteins, small interfering RNAs, and viral vectors, in particular, because EVs/exosomes are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. In this review article, the properties of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived EVs are discussed. The biogenesis, that is, how EVs originate in the endosomal compartment or from the cell layer of microvesicles, EV composition, the available methods of purification, and characterizations of EVs/exosomes are summarized. In particular, EVs/exosomes derived from iPSCs of different lineage specifications and the applications of these stem cell-derived exosomes in neurological diseases are discussed. Impact statement In this review, we summarized the work related to extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In particular, EVs/exosomes derived from hPSCs of different lineage specifications and the applications of these stem cell-derived exosomes in neurological diseases are discussed. The results highlight the important role of cell-cell interactions in neural cellular phenotype and neurodegeneration. The findings reported in this article are significant for pluripotent stem cell-derived cell-free products toward applications in stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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286
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Erickson MA, Wilson ML, Banks WA. In vitro modeling of blood-brain barrier and interface functions in neuroimmune communication. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32228633 PMCID: PMC7106666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune communication contributes to both baseline and adaptive physiological functions, as well as disease states. The vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) and associated cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) serve as an important interface for immune communication between the brain and periphery through the blood. Immune functions and interactions of the BBB and NVU in this context can be categorized into at least five neuroimmune axes, which include (1) immune modulation of BBB impermeability, (2) immune regulation of BBB transporters, secretions, and other functions, (3) BBB uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, (4) immune cell trafficking, and (5) BBB secretions of immunoactive substances. These axes may act separately or in concert to mediate various aspects of immune signaling at the BBB. Much of what we understand about immune axes has been from work conducted using in vitro BBB models, and recent advances in BBB and NVU modeling highlight the potential of these newer models for improving our understanding of how the brain and immune system communicate. In this review, we discuss how conventional in vitro models of the BBB have improved our understanding of the 5 neuroimmune axes. We further evaluate the existing literature on neuroimmune functions of novel in vitro BBB models, such as those derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and discuss their utility in evaluating aspects of neuroimmune communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Miranda L Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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287
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Hornung S, Dutta S, Bitan G. CNS-Derived Blood Exosomes as a Promising Source of Biomarkers: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:38. [PMID: 32265650 PMCID: PMC7096580 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, ectosomes, and microvesicles. Exosomes are nanovesicles, 30–200 nm in diameter, that carry cell- and cell-state-specific cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including mRNA and miRNA. Recent studies have shown that central nervous system (CNS)-derived exosomes may carry amyloidogenic proteins and facilitate their cell-to-cell transfer, thus playing a critical role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as tauopathies and synucleinopathies. CNS-derived exosomes also have been shown to cross the blood-brain-barrier into the bloodstream and therefore have drawn substantial attention as a source of biomarkers for various neurodegenerative diseases as they can be isolated via a minimally invasive blood draw and report on the biochemical status of the CNS. However, although isolating specific brain-cell-derived exosomes from the blood is theoretically simple and the approach has great promise, practical details are of crucial importance and may compromise the reproducibility and utility of this approach, especially when different laboratories use different protocols. In this review we discuss the role of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of CNS-derived blood exosomes as a source of biomarkers for these diseases, and practical challenges associated with the methodology of CNS-derived blood exosomes and subsequent biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hornung
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suman Dutta
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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288
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Liu Z, Cao K, Liao Z, Chen Y, Lei X, Wei Q, Liu C, Sun X, Yang Y, Cai J, Gao F. Monophosphoryl lipid A alleviated radiation-induced testicular injury through TLR4-dependent exosomes. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3917-3930. [PMID: 32135028 PMCID: PMC7171420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation protection on male testis is an important task for ionizing radiation-related workers or people who receive radiotherapy for tumours near the testicle. In recent years, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4, have been widely studied as a radiation protection target. In this study, we detected that a low-toxicity TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) produced obvious radiation protection effects on mice testis. We found that MPLA effectively alleviated testis structure damage and cell apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation (IR). However, as the expression abundance differs a lot in distinct cells and tissues, MPLA seemed not to directly activate TLR4 singling pathway in mice testis. Here, we demonstrated a brand new mechanism for MPLA producing radiation protection effects on testis. We observed a significant activation of TLR4 pathway in macrophages after MPLA stimulation and identified significant changes in macrophage-derived exosomes protein expression. We proved that after MPLA treatment, macrophage-derived exosomes played an important role in testis radiation protection, and specially, G-CSF and MIP-2 in exosomes are the core molecules in this protection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Naval Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zebin Liao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Naval Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Cai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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289
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Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a New Therapeutic Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030727. [PMID: 31979113 PMCID: PMC7036914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are on the cusp of regenerative medicine due to their differentiation capacity, favorable culture conditions, ability to be manipulated in vitro, and strong immunomodulatory activity. Recent studies indicate that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs, especially their immunomodulatory potential, can be largely attributed to paracrine factors. Exosomes, vesicles that are 30-150 nanometers in diameter that function in cell-cell communication, are one of the key paracrine effectors. MSC-derived exosomes are enriched with therapeutic miRNAs, mRNAs, cytokines, lipids, and growth factors. Emerging evidences support the compelling possibility of using MSC-derived exosomes as a new form of therapy for treating several different kinds of disease such as heart, kidney, immune diseases, neural injuries, and neurodegenerative disease. This review provides a summary of current knowledge and discusses engineering of MSC-derived exosomes for their use in translational medicine.
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290
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Hur YH, Cerione RA, Antonyak MA. Extracellular vesicles and their roles in stem cell biology. Stem Cells 2020; 38:469-476. [PMID: 31828924 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells use a variety of mechanisms to help maintain their pluripotency and promote self-renewal, as well as, at the appropriate time, to differentiate into specialized cells. One such mechanism that is attracting significant attention from the stem cell, development, and regenerative medicine research communities involves a form of intercellular communication, specifically, the ability of cells to form and release nontraditional membrane-enclosed structures, referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). There are two major classes of EVs, microvesicles (MVs), which are generated through the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, and exosomes, which are formed as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the endo-lysosomal pathway that fuse with the cell surface to release their contents. Although they differ in how they are formed, both MVs and exosomes have been shown to contain a diverse array of bioactive cargo, such as proteins, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and even DNA, which can be transferred to other cells and promote phenotypic changes. Here, we will describe what is currently known regarding EVs and the roles they play in stem cell biology and different aspects of early development. We will also highlight how the EVs produced by stem cells are being aggressively pursued for clinical applications, including their potential use as therapeutic delivery systems and for their regenerative capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ha Hur
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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291
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Elahi FM, Farwell DG, Nolta JA, Anderson JD. Preclinical translation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:15-21. [PMID: 31381842 PMCID: PMC7004029 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by virtually all cells. Exosomes mediate the horizontal transfer of various macromolecules previously believed to be cell-autonomous in nature, including nonsecretory proteins, various classes of RNA, metabolites, and lipid membrane-associated factors. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) appear to be particularly beneficial for enhancing recovery in various models of disease. To date, there have been more than 200 preclinical studies of exosome-based therapies in a number of different animal models. Despite a growing number of studies reporting the therapeutic properties of MSC-derived exosomes, their underlying mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and scalable manufacturing remain largely outstanding questions. Here, we review the global trends associated with preclinical development of MSC-derived exosome-based therapies, including immunogenicity, source of exosomes, isolation methods, biodistribution, and disease categories tested to date. Although the in vivo data assessing the therapeutic properties of MSC-exosomes published to date are promising, several outstanding questions remain to be answered that warrant further preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M. Elahi
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - D. Gregory Farwell
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCalifornia
| | - Jan A. Nolta
- Institute for Regenerative CuresUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCalifornia
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292
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D’Agnelli S, Gerra MC, Bignami E, Arendt-Nielsen L. Exosomes as a new pain biomarker opportunity. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920957800. [PMID: 32909507 PMCID: PMC7493250 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920957800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles implicated in intercellular communication with ability to transfer cargo molecules, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids, at both close and distant target sites. It has been shown that exosomes are implicated in physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, the interest on exosomes' role in many pain states has increased. Their involvements in pain processes have been demonstrated by studies on different chronic pain diseases, both inflammatory and neuropathic, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, complex regional pain syndrome, and peripheral nerve injury. Animal and clinical studies investigated exosomes-based treatments, showing their ability to improve painful symptoms with fewer side effects, with potential immunoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect. Specific molecular patterns characterize exosomes' cargo according to the cellular origin, epigenetic modifications, environmental state, and stressor factors. Therefore, the identification of specific cargo's profile associated to pain states may lead to recognize specific pathological states and to consider the use of exosomes as biomarkers of diseases. Furthermore, exosomes' ability to transfer information and their presence in many accessible biological fluids suggest a potential use as novel non-invasive therapeutic tools in pain field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona D’Agnelli
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria C Gerra
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elena Bignami
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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293
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O’Meara T, Kong Y, Chiarella J, Price RW, Chaudhury R, Liu X, Spudich S, Robertson K, Emu B, Lu L. Exosomal MicroRNAs Associate With Neuropsychological Performance in Individuals With HIV Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 82:514-522. [PMID: 31714431 PMCID: PMC6857839 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive dysfunction remains prevalent among people living with HIV (PLWH), even after viral suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We investigated associations between neuropsychological performance (NP) and patterns of circulating exosomal microRNA (exo-miRNA) expression in PLWH on cART. SETTING A cross-sectional examination of plasma exo-miRNA among PLWH on cART with systemic viral suppression and volunteers without HIV infection. METHODS Thirty-one PLWH who started cART during early infection (n = 19) or chronic infection (n = 12) participated in phlebotomy and an 11-test neuropsychological battery after >1 year on treatment. NP higher- or lower-performing participants were categorized based on normalized neuropsychological scores. Total RNA was extracted from purified exosomes of 31 PLWH and 5 volunteers without HIV and subject to small RNA sequencing. Differential expression of exo-miRNAs was examined and biological functions were predicted. RESULTS Eleven exo-miRNAs were up-regulated in NP lower-performing (n = 18) relative to higher-performing PLWH (n = 13). A high proportion of the differentiating exo-miRNA target the axon guidance KEGG pathway and neurotrophin tyrosine receptor kinase signaling Gene Ontology pathway. Differential expression analysis of exo-miRNAs between NP lower- (n = 7) and higher-performing (n = 12) PLWH within the early infection group alone confirmed largely consistent findings. CONCLUSIONS Plasma exo-miRNA content differed between NP higher- and lower-performing PLWH. Several differentially expressed exo-miRNAs were predicted to be involved in inflammation and neurodegeneration pathways. Exo-miRNA in plasma may indicate cross-talk between the circulation and central nervous system and thus may be clinically relevant for neurocognitive dysfunction in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Kong
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Richard W. Price
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine,
San Francisco, CA
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven,
CT
| | | | | | - Kevin Robertson
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel
Hill, NC
| | | | - Lingeng Lu
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
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294
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Reynolds JL, Mahajan SD. Transmigration of Tetraspanin 2 (Tspan2) siRNA Via Microglia Derived Exosomes across the Blood Brain Barrier Modifies the Production of Immune Mediators by Microglia Cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:554-563. [PMID: 31823250 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are implicated in the neuropathogenesis of HIV. Tetraspanin 2 (Tspan2) is closely related to CD9 and CD81 proteins, and are expressed on microglia cells. They have been implicated in cell fusion and adhesion and in the immune response, and neuroinflammation. Developing therapeutics that target microglia remains a challenge as these therapeutics must cross the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Our goal was to use microglia derived exosomes as a vehicle to deliver siRNA across the BBB to target human telomerase reverse transcriptase immortalized human microglial cells (HTHU) latently infected by HIV (HTHU-HIV) and to evaluate if the knockdown of Tspan2 gene expression in changes the activation state of microglia cells, thereby modulating the neuroinflammatory response. A blood brain barrier (BBB) model that closely mimics and accurately reflects the characteristics and functional properties of the in vivo BBB was used to examine HTHU microglia exosome effects on BBB permeability, and their ability to migrate across the and delivery small interfering RNA (siRNA) to cells on the CNS side of the BBB model. Exosomes were loaded with Texas-Red control siRNA (20 pmol) or Cy5-Tspan2 siRNA and then placed in the apical side of the BBB model, 24 h after incubation, HTHU-HIV cells microglial cells on the lower chamber were either imaged for siRNA uptake or analyzed for gene expression induced modifications. HTHU exosomes transmigrate from the apical side of the BBB to deliver Texas-Red control siRNA or Cy5-Tspan2 siRNA to HTHU-HIV microglia cells on the CNS side of the BBB model. A dose dependent (5-40 pmol) increase in Cy5-Tspan2 uptake with a corresponding decrease in gene expression for Tspan2 occurred in HTHU-HIV microglia. A decrease in Tspan2 gene expression as a consequence of knockdown with Tspan2 siRNA at both 20 and 40 pmol concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) gene expression in HTHU-HIV microglia. Furthermore, a decrease in the gene expression levels of the Interleukins, IL-13 and IL-10 and an increase in the gene expression levels for the Fc gamma receptor 2A(FCGR2A) and TNF-α occurred in HTHU-HIV microglial cells These data demonstrate that HTHU exosomes cross the BBB and are efficient delivery vehicles to the CNS. Moreover, modifying the expression levels of Tspan2, has downstream consequences that includes alterations in cytokines and microglia biomarkers. Graphical Abstract Microglia-derived exosomes loaded with Tspan2 siRNA transmigrate across the BBB and knockdown Tspan2 gene expression in human microglial cells latently infected by HIV. This knockdown increases CXCL12, CXCR4, FCGR2A and TNF-α while decreasing IL-13 and IL-10 gene expression in HTHU-HIV microglial cells. Modulating Tspan2 modulates microglia cytokines and phenotype biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Supriya D Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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295
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He F, Ye ZY, Zhao LD, Yin BC, Ye BC. Probing exosome internalization pathways through confocal microscopy imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14015-14018. [PMID: 31690902 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel fluorescence labelling method to track exosome internalization pathways in cells by confocal microscopy. The proposed method allows evaluation and comparison of the uptake pathways of exosomes originating from different cells, which would offer the potential for understanding the functions of exosomes in intercellular communication and their applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Ze-Yu Ye
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Li-Dong Zhao
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Bin-Cheng Yin
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. and Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang 832000, China.
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. and Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang 832000, China.
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296
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Fabbri M. Natural Killer Cell-Derived Vesicular miRNAs: A New Anticancer Approach? Cancer Res 2019; 80:17-22. [PMID: 31672842 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes targeting virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Specific pro- and antikilling signals modulate the overall ability of NK cells to kill cancer cells, however, several immune-escape mechanisms can be enacted by cancer cells to avoid NK-mediated killing. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles (EV) released by NK cells carry proteins and miRNAs able to exert an antitumoral effect, even within a highly immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. These recent findings suggest a possible use of NK-derived EVs as anticancer agents and propel the development of new strategies to enrich EVs with the most effective anticancer cargo as a promising new anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muller Fabbri
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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297
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Chung IM, Rajakumar G, Venkidasamy B, Subramanian U, Thiruvengadam M. Exosomes: Current use and future applications. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 500:226-232. [PMID: 31678573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal-derived vesicles that play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication and are secreted in several biological fluids including serum, saliva, urine, ascites, and cerebro-spinal fluid amongst others. Exosomes are small (30-150 nm diameter) with a distinctive bilipid protein structure. They can carry and exchange various cargos between cells and are used as a non-invasive biomarker for several diseases. Exosomes are considered the best biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, owing to their unique characteristics. Here, we provide a review of the up-to-date applications of exosomes, derived from various sources, in the prognosis and diagnosis of several diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and regenerative diseases as well as, arthritis, neurological diseases, and diabetes mellitus. The role of exosomes and their applications in biomedical research and preclinical trials have also been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Central University Laboratory Building, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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298
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Mori MA, Ludwig RG, Garcia-Martin R, Brandão BB, Kahn CR. Extracellular miRNAs: From Biomarkers to Mediators of Physiology and Disease. Cell Metab 2019; 30:656-673. [PMID: 31447320 PMCID: PMC6774861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs can be found in serum and other body fluids and serve as biomarkers for disease. More importantly, secreted miRNAs, especially those in extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes, may mediate paracrine and endocrine communication between different tissues and thus modulate gene expression and the function of distal cells. When impaired, these processes can lead to tissue dysfunction, aging, and disease. Adipose tissue is an especially important contributor to the pool of circulating exosomal miRNAs. As a result, alterations in adipose tissue mass or function, which occur in many metabolic conditions, can lead to changes in circulating miRNAs, which then function systemically. Here we review the findings that led to these conclusions and discuss how this sets the stage for new lines of investigation in which extracellular miRNAs are recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication and potential candidates for therapy of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raissa G Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruben Garcia-Martin
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruna B Brandão
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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299
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Shahjin F, Chand S, Yelamanchili SV. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Vehicles to the Central Nervous System. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:443-458. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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300
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Monfared H, Jahangard Y, Nikkhah M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Mowla SJ. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes Packed With a miR-21-Sponge Construct in a Rat Model of Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:782. [PMID: 31482067 PMCID: PMC6710330 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade 4 and the most aggressive form of glioma, with a poor response to current treatments. The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is widely dysregulated in various cancers, including GBM. One of the overexpressed miRNAs in GBM is miR-21 which promotes proliferation, invasion and metastatic behaviors of tumor cells. With a size of 30-100 nm, the extracellular vesicles "exosomes" have emerged as a novel and powerful drug delivering systems. Recently, exosomal transfer of miRNAs or anti-miRNAs to tumor cells has introduced a new approach for therapeutic application of miRNAs to combat cancer. Here, we have tried to down-regulate miR-21 expression in glioma cell lines, U87-MG, and C6, by using engineered exosomes, packed with a miR-21-sponge construct. Our data revealed that the engineered exosomes have the potential to suppress miR-21 and consequently to upregulate miR-21 target genes, PDCD4 and RECK. Interestingly, in cells treated with miR-21-sponge exosomes we observed a decline in proliferation and also an elevation in apoptotic rates. Finally, in a rat model of glioblastoma, administrating exosomes loaded with a miR-21-sponge construct leads to a significant reduction in the volume of the tumors. In brief, our findings suggest a new therapeutic strategy to use engineered exosomes to deliver a miR-21-sponge construct to GBM cells, in order to block its malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Monfared
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yavar Jahangard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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