251
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Mullender C, da Costa KAS, Alrubayyi A, Pett SL, Peppa D. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine strategies in people with HIV. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac005. [PMID: 36846557 PMCID: PMC9452103 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, based on the ancestral Wuhan strain, were developed rapidly to meet the needs of a devastating global pandemic. People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) have been designated as a priority group for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in most regions and varying primary courses (two- or three-dose schedule) and additional boosters are recommended depending on current CD4+ T cell count and/or detectable HIV viraemia. From the current published data, licensed vaccines are safe for PLWH, and stimulate robust responses to vaccination in those well controlled on antiretroviral therapy and with high CD4+ T cell counts. Data on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity remain, however, scarce in PLWH, especially in people with advanced disease. A greater concern is a potentially diminished immune response to the primary course and subsequent boosters, as well as an attenuated magnitude and durability of protective immune responses. A detailed understanding of the breadth and durability of humoral and T cell responses to vaccination, and the boosting effects of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2, in more diverse populations of PLWH with a spectrum of HIV-related immunosuppression is therefore critical. This article summarizes focused studies of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH and provides a comprehensive review of the emerging literature on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of co-morbidities modulating responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the remaining challenges informing the optimal vaccination strategy to elicit enduring responses against existing and emerging variants in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mullender
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Pett
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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252
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Agrati C, Carsetti R, Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Quintarelli C, Locatelli F, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR. The immune response as a double-edged sword: the lesson learnt during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunology 2022; 167:287-302. [PMID: 35971810 PMCID: PMC9538066 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has represented an unprecedented challenge for the humanity, and scientists around the world provided a huge effort to elucidate critical aspects in the fight against the pathogen, useful in designing public health strategies, vaccines and therapeutic approaches. One of the first pieces of evidence characterizing the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection has been its breadth of clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to severe/deadly disease, and the indication of the key role played by the immune response in influencing disease severity. This review is aimed at summarizing what the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection taught us about the immune response, highlighting its features of a double‐edged sword mediating both protective and pathogenic processes. We will discuss the protective role of soluble and cellular innate immunity and the detrimental power of a hyper‐inflammation‐shaped immune response, resulting in tissue injury and immunothrombotic events. We will review the importance of B‐ and T‐cell immunity in reducing the clinical severity and their ability to cross‐recognize viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, INMI L. Spallanzani, IRCCS
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell laboratory, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Molecular Virology and antimicrobial immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS.,Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- General Directorate for Research and Health Innovation, Italian Ministry of Health
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital IRCCS, Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona).,Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome
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253
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Karsten H, Cords L, Westphal T, Knapp M, Brehm TT, Hermanussen L, Omansen TF, Schmiedel S, Woost R, Ditt V, Peine S, Lütgehetmann M, Huber S, Ackermann C, Wittner M, Addo MM, Sette A, Sidney J, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. High-resolution analysis of individual spike peptide-specific CD4 + T-cell responses in vaccine recipients and COVID-19 patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1410. [PMID: 35957961 PMCID: PMC9363231 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Potential differences in the breadth, distribution and magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell responses directed against the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein between vaccinees, COVID‐19 patients and subjects who experienced both ways of immunisation have not been comprehensively compared on a peptide level. Methods Following virus‐specific in vitro cultivation, we determined the T‐cell responses directed against 253 individual overlapping 15‐mer peptides covering the entire SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein using IFN‐γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. In vitro HLA binding was determined for selected peptides. Results We mapped 955 single peptide‐specific CD4+ T‐cell responses in a cohort of COVID‐19 patients (n = 8), uninfected vaccinees (n = 16) and individuals who experienced both infection and vaccination (n = 11). Patients and vaccinees (two‐time and three‐time vaccinees alike) had a comparable number of CD4+ T‐cell responses (median 26 vs. 29, P = 0.7289). Most of these specificities were conserved in B.1.1.529 and the BA.4 and BA.5 sublineages. The highest magnitude of these in vitro IFN‐γ CD4+ T‐cell responses was observed in COVID‐19 patients (median 0.35%), and three‐time vaccinees showed a higher magnitude than two‐time vaccinees (median 0.091% vs. 0.175%, P < 0.0001). Twelve peptide specificities were each detected in at least 40% of subjects. In vitro HLA binding showed promiscuous presentation by DRB1 molecules for several peptides. Conclusion Both SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccination prime broadly directed T‐cell responses directed against the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein. This comprehensive high‐resolution analysis of spike peptide specificities will be a useful resource for further investigation of spike‐specific T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Karsten
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Tim Westphal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Knapp
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Lennart Hermanussen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Till Frederik Omansen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vanessa Ditt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla CA USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla CA USA
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
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254
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Grifoni A, Sette A. From Alpha to omicron: The response of T cells. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:146-150. [PMID: 35966178 PMCID: PMC9364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critically important to understand how the adaptive immune response, elicited by vaccination or infection, recognizes SARS-CoV-2. This is especially true when considering the challenges to the immune response posed by variant evolution. Herein, we summarize our work aimed at characterizing the magnitude of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, the proteins most frequently recognized, and the associated T cell epitope repertoire. This work formed the foundation for our most recent studies aimed at understanding and predicting the ability of T cell responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination to subsequently cross-recognize novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. We found that T cell responses are remarkably preserved and able to cross-recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants, from Alpha to Omicron. This is distinct from what has been observed for the SARS-CoV-2- specific antibody and B cell responses. This body of work, supported by independent studies carried out by other groups, suggests that T cells may contribute to a second line of defense against infection while also limiting viral spread and, thus, disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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255
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Govender M, Hopkins FR, Göransson R, Svanberg C, Shankar EM, Hjorth M, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Sjöwall J, Nyström S, Larsson M. T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931039. [PMID: 36003367 PMCID: PMC9393525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is being extensively studied, and much remains unknown regarding the long-term consequences of the disease on immune cells. The different arms of the immune system are interlinked, with humoral responses and the production of high-affinity antibodies being largely dependent on T cell immunity. Here, we longitudinally explored the effect COVID-19 has on T cell populations and the virus-specific T cells, as well as neutralizing antibody responses, for 6-7 months following hospitalization. The CD8+ TEMRA and exhausted CD57+ CD8+ T cells were markedly affected with elevated levels that lasted long into convalescence. Further, markers associated with T cell activation were upregulated at inclusion, and in the case of CD69+ CD4+ T cells this lasted all through the study duration. The levels of T cells expressing negative immune checkpoint molecules were increased in COVID-19 patients and sustained for a prolonged duration following recovery. Within 2-3 weeks after symptom onset, all COVID-19 patients developed anti-nucleocapsid IgG and spike-neutralizing IgG as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses. In addition, we found alterations in follicular T helper (TFH) cell populations, such as enhanced TFH-TH2 following recovery from COVID-19. Our study revealed significant and long-term alterations in T cell populations and key events associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Govender
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Francis R. Hopkins
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robin Göransson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Maria Hjorth
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Divison of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöwall
- Divison of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marie Larsson,
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256
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Spreco A, Dahlström Ö, Jöud A, Nordvall D, Fagerström C, Blomqvist E, Gustafsson F, Hinkula J, Schön T, Timpka T. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Compared with Hybrid Immunity in Populations Prioritized and Non-Prioritized for COVID-19 Vaccination in 2021-2022: A Naturalistic Case-Control Study in Sweden. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081273. [PMID: 36016162 PMCID: PMC9414381 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The term hybrid immunity is used to denote the immunological status of vaccinated individuals with a history of natural infection. Reports of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern motivate continuous rethought and renewal of COVID-19 vaccination programs. We used a naturalistic case-control study design to compare the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to hybrid immunity 180 days post-vaccination in prioritized and non-prioritized populations vaccinated before 31 July 2021 in three Swedish counties (total population 1,760,000). Subjects with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test recorded within 6 months before vaccination (n = 36,247; 6%) were matched to vaccinated-only controls. In the prioritized population exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants post-vaccination, the odds ratio (OR) for breakthrough infection was 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6−2.8; p < 0.001) in the vaccinated-only group compared with the hybrid immunity group, while in the later vaccinated non-prioritized population, the OR decreased from 4.3 (95% CI, 2.2−8.6; p < 0.001) during circulation of the Delta variant to 1.9 (95% CI, 1.7−2.1; p < 0.001) with the introduction of the Omicron variant (B.1.617.2). We conclude that hybrid immunity provides gains in protection, but that the benefits are smaller for risk groups and with circulation of the Omicron variant and its sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Spreco
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, 58225 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Jöud
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Research and Education, Skåne University Hospital, 21421 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dennis Nordvall
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Qulturum Development Department, Region Jönköping County, 55592 Jönköping, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Blomqvist
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Gustafsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Schön
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, County of Östergötland and Kalmar, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Regional Executive Office, Region Östergötland, 58225 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-705-364357
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257
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Nanishi E, McGrath ME, O'Meara TR, Barman S, Yu J, Wan H, Dillen CA, Menon M, Seo HS, Song K, Xu AZ, Sebastian L, Brook B, Bosco AN, Borriello F, Ernst RK, Barouch DH, Dhe-Paganon S, Levy O, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ. mRNA booster vaccination protects aged mice against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Commun Biol 2022; 5:790. [PMID: 35933439 PMCID: PMC9357006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades vaccine-induced immunity. While a booster dose of ancestral mRNA vaccines effectively elicits neutralizing antibodies against variants, its efficacy against Omicron in older adults, who are at the greatest risk of severe disease, is not fully elucidated. Here, we evaluate multiple longitudinal immunization regimens of mRNA BNT162b2 to assess the effects of a booster dose provided >8 months after the primary immunization series across the murine lifespan, including in aged 21-month-old mice. Boosting dramatically enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses with evidence of Omicron cross-recognition. Furthermore, while younger mice are protected without a booster dose, boosting provides sterilizing immunity against Omicron-induced lung infection in aged 21-month-old mice. Correlational analyses reveal that neutralizing activity against Omicron is strongly associated with protection. Overall, our findings indicate age-dependent vaccine efficacy and demonstrate the potential benefit of mRNA booster immunization to protect vulnerable older populations against SARS-CoV-2 variants. A longitudinal study in mice reveals that a booster dose of mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses and provides sterilizing immunity against Omicron-induced lung infection in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huahua Wan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kijun Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Z Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke Sebastian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Nicole Bosco
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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258
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Alfonso-Dunn R, Lin J, Kirschner V, Lei J, Feuer G, Malin M, Liu J, Roche M, Sadiq SA. Strong T-cell activation in response to COVID-19 vaccination in multiple sclerosis patients receiving B-cell depleting therapies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926318. [PMID: 35990701 PMCID: PMC9388928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromised individuals, including multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on certain immunotherapy treatments, are considered susceptible to complications from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and specific vaccination regimens have been recommended for suitable protection. MS patients receiving anti-CD20 therapy (aCD20-MS) are considered especially vulnerable due to acquired B-cell depletion and impaired antibody production in response to virus infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Here, the humoral and cellular responses are analyzed in a group of aCD20-MS patients (n=43) compared to a healthy control cohort (n=34) during the first 6 months after a 2-dose cycle mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination. Both IgG antibodies recognizing receptor binding domain (RBD) from CoV-2 spike protein and their blocking activity against RBD-hACE2 binding were significantly reduced in aCD20-MS patients, with a seroconversion rate of only 23.8%. Interestingly, even under conditions of severe B-cell depletion and failed seroconversion, a significantly higher polyfunctional IFNγ+ and IL-2+ T-cell response and strong T-cell proliferation capacity were detected compared to controls. Moreover, no difference in T-cell response was observed between forms of disease (relapsing remitting- vs progressive-MS), anti-CD20 therapy (Rituximab vs Ocrelizumab) and type of mRNA-based vaccine received (mRNA-1273 vs BNT162b2). These results suggest the generation of a partial adaptive immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in B-cell depleted MS individuals driven by a functionally competent T-cell arm. Investigation into the role of the cellular immune response is important to identifying the level of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in aCD20-MS patients and could have potential implications for future vaccine design and application.
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259
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Sapir T, Averch Z, Lerman B, Bodzin A, Fishman Y, Maitra R. COVID-19 and the Immune Response: A Multi-Phasic Approach to the Treatment of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158606. [PMID: 35955740 PMCID: PMC9369212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral agent that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease that causes flu-like symptoms that, when exacerbated, can have life-threatening consequences. COVID-19 has been linked to persistent symptoms, sequelae, and medical complications that can last months after the initial infection. This systematic review aims to elucidate the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved and identify potential characteristics of COVID-19 pathology that may increase symptom duration. We also describe he three different stages of COVID-19—viral replication, immune hyperactivation, and post-acute sequelae—as well as each phase’s corresponding immune response. Finally, we use this multiphasic approach to describe different treatment approaches for each of the three stages—antivirals, immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies, and continued immunosuppressants—to fully curate the treatment to the stage of disease.
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260
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Gombolay GY, Dutt M, Tyor W. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review/meta-analysis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1321-1331. [PMID: 35852423 PMCID: PMC9349877 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with MS (pwMS) varies by disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). We perform a meta-analysis and systematic review of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in pwMS. METHODS Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase from January 1, 2019-December 31, 2021, excluding prior SARS-CoV-2 infections. The meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were applied. The data were pooled using a fixed-effects model. RESULTS Eight-hundred sixty-four healthy controls and 2203 pwMS from 31 studies were included. Antibodies were detected in 93% healthy controls (HCs), and 77% pwMS, with >93% responses in all DMTs (interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, cladribine, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, and teriflunomide) except for 72% sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators (S1PM) and 44% anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). T-cell responses were detected in most anti-CD20 and decreased in S1PM. Higher antibody response was observed in mRNA vaccines (99.7% HCs) versus non-mRNA vaccines (HCs: 72% inactivated virus; pwMS: 86% vector, 59% inactivated virus). A multivariate logistic regression model to predict vaccine response demonstrated that mRNA versus non-mRNA vaccines had a 3.4 odds ratio (OR) for developing immunity in anti-CD20 (p = 0.0052) and 7.9 OR in pwMS on S1PM or CD20 mAbs (p < 0.0001). Antibody testing timing did not affect antibody detection. CONCLUSION Antibody responses are decreased in S1PM and anti-CD20; however, cellular responses were positive in most anti-CD20 with decreased T cell responses in S1PM. mRNA vaccines had increased seroconversion rates compared to non-RNA vaccines. Further investigation in how DMTs affect vaccine immunity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. Gombolay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric NeurologyEmory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta1400 Tulle Road NE, 8 FloorAtlantaGeorgia30329USA
| | - Monideep Dutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric NeurologyEmory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta1400 Tulle Road NE, 8 FloorAtlantaGeorgia30329USA
| | - William Tyor
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Atlanta VA Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
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261
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SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in the changing landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunity 2022; 55:1764-1778. [PMID: 36049482 PMCID: PMC9385766 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with increasing ability to evade neutralizing antibodies have emerged. Thus, earlier interest in defining the correlates of protection from infection, mainly mediated by humoral immunity, has shifted to correlates of protection from disease, which require a more comprehensive analysis of both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, we summarized the evidence that supports the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells induced by infection, by vaccination or by their combination (defined as hybrid immunity) in disease protection. We then analyzed the different epidemiological and virological variables that can modify the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and their influence in the possible ability of T cells to protect the host from severe COVID-19 development.
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262
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Casado JL, Vizcarra P, Haemmerle J, Velasco H, Martín-Hondarza A, Rodríguez-Domínguez MJ, Velasco T, Martín S, Romero-Hernández B, Fernández-Escribano M, Vallejo A. Pre-existing T cell immunity determines the frequency and magnitude of cellular immune response to two doses of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine X 2022; 11:100165. [PMID: 35529539 PMCID: PMC9057925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of CD4 T-cell response to first/second dose of mRNA vaccine was observed in 21% and 12% of health care workers (HCWs). T-cell response was greater in frequency/magnitude in HCWs with pre-existing immunity, due due to infection or cross-reactivity. Pre-existing immunity correlated with the magnitude of specific antibodies production after vaccination.
Little is known about the factors associated with lack of T-cell response to mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In a prospective cohort of 61 health care workers (HCWs), 21% and 16% after the first dose of mRNA BNT162b vaccine, and 12% and 7% after the second dose, showed lack of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response, respectively. Pre-existing T-cell immunity, due to past infection (46%) or cross-reactive cellular response (26%), was significantly associated with T-cell response in frequency (CD4+ T-cell, 100% vs 82% after two doses; p = 0.049) and in the magnitude of T-cell response during follow up. Furthermore, baseline CD4+ T-cell correlated positively with the titer of specific IgG-antibodies after first and second vaccine dose. Our data demonstrate that cross-reactive T-cells correlate with a better cellular response as well as an enhanced humoral response, and we confirm the close correlation of humoral and cellular response after mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain (J.L. Casado). Laboratory of Immunovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRyCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain (A. Vallejo).
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Velasco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramon y Cajal (IRyCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Hondarza
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramon y Cajal (IRyCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario J. Rodríguez-Domínguez
- Department of Microbiology, Health Research Institute Ramon y Cajal (IRyCIS), CIBERESP, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Velasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martín
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero-Hernández
- Department of Microbiology, Health Research Institute Ramon y Cajal (IRyCIS), CIBERESP, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramon y Cajal (IRyCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain (J.L. Casado). Laboratory of Immunovirology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRyCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain (A. Vallejo).
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Yamamoto S, Tanaka A, Ohmagari N, Yamaguchi K, Ishitsuka K, Morisaki N, Kojima M, Nishikimi A, Tokuda H, Inoue M, Tanaka S, Umezawa J, Okubo R, Nishimura K, Konishi M, Miyo K, Mizoue T. Use of heated tobacco products, moderate alcohol drinking, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers after BNT162b2 vaccination among Japanese healthcare workers. Prev Med 2022; 161:107123. [PMID: 35787841 PMCID: PMC9249408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of heated tobacco products (HTPs) use and moderate alcohol drinking on immunogenicity to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines remain elusive. This study aimed to examine the association of tobacco product use and alcohol consumption with anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody titers after the BNT162b2 vaccine. Participants were 3433 healthcare workers receiving two vaccine doses in the 4 national centers for advanced medical and research in Japan. Smoking status and alcohol consumption were assessed via a questionnaire, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers were measured with chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay using serum collected on the median of 64 days after the second vaccination. Multilevel linear regression models were used to estimate the geometric mean titers (GMT) and the ratios of means (RoM) between groups with adjustment for covariates. Compared with never-smokers (GMT = 118), IgG antibody titers were significantly lower among HTPs users (including those who also smoked cigarettes) (GMT = 105; RoM = 0.89 [95%CI: 0.78-0.99]) and exclusive cigarettes smokers (GMT = 98; RoM = 0.81 [95%CI: 0.71-0.92]). Compared with non-drinkers of alcohol (GMT = 123), alcohol drinkers consuming <1 go/day (GMT = 113; RoM = 0.93 [95%CI: 0.88-0.98]), 1-1.9 go/day (GMT = 104; RoM = 0.85 [95%CI: 0.78-0.93]), and ≥ 2 go/day (GMT = 103; RoM = 0.84 [95%CI: 0.74-0.96]) had significantly lower antibody titers (P for trend<0.01). Spline analysis showed a large reduction of antibody until around 1 go/day of alcohol consumption, and then they gradually decreased. Results suggest that in addition to conventional cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol drinking, HTPs use and moderate alcohol drinking may be predictors of lower immunological response to COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akihito Tanaka
- Department of Laboratory Testing, Center Hospital of the National Center for the Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koushi Yamaguchi
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazue Ishitsuka
- Department of social science, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of social science, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Kojima
- Department of Frailty Research, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nishikimi
- Biosafety Division, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Tokuda
- Bioresource Division, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Tanaka
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Umezawa
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Okubo
- Clinical Research & Education Promotion Division, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nishimura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maki Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Miyo
- Center for Medical Informatics Intelligence, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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264
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Rebholz H, Braun RJ, Saha T, Harzer O, Schneider M, Ladage D. Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific antibody responses in Lower Austria. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271382. [PMID: 35895668 PMCID: PMC9328535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lower Austrian Wachau region was an early COVID-19 hotspot of infection. As previously reported, in June 2020, after the first peak of infections, we determined that 8.5% and 9.0% of the participants in Weißenkirchen and surrounding communities in the Wachau region were positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Here, we present novel data obtained eight months later (February 2021) from Weißenkirchen, after the second peak of infection, with 25.0% (138/552) and 23.6% (130/552) of participants that are positive for IgG and IgA, respectively. In participants with previous IgG/IgA positivity (June 2020), we observed a 24% reduction in IgG levels, whereas the IgA levels remained stable in February 2021. This subgroup was further analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 induced T cell activities. Although 76% (34/45) and 76% (34/45) of IgG positive and IgA positive participants, respectively, showed specific T cell activities (upon exposure to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides), those were not significantly correlated with the levels of IgG or IgA. Thus, the analyses of antibodies cannot surrogate the measurement of T cell activities. For a comprehensive view on SARS-CoV-2-triggered immune responses, the measurement of different classes of antibodies should be complemented with the determination of T cell activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Rebholz
- Research Division for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Biosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- GHU Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Research Division for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Biosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- * E-mail: (RJB); (DL)
| | - Titas Saha
- Department of Scientific Coordination and Management, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Oliver Harzer
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Bioscientia, Institute of Medical Diagnostics, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Miriam Schneider
- Department of Scientific Coordination and Management, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Dennis Ladage
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
- Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Maria Hilf Hospital, Mönchengladbach, Germany
- * E-mail: (RJB); (DL)
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265
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Karagiannis F, Peukert K, Surace L, Michla M, Nikolka F, Fox M, Weiss P, Feuerborn C, Maier P, Schulz S, Al B, Seeliger B, Welte T, David S, Grondman I, de Nooijer AH, Pickkers P, Kleiner JL, Berger MM, Brenner T, Putensen C, Kato H, Garbi N, Netea MG, Hiller K, Placek K, Bode C, Wilhelm C. Impaired ketogenesis ties metabolism to T cell dysfunction in COVID-19. Nature 2022; 609:801-807. [PMID: 35901960 PMCID: PMC9428867 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia and fasting are host adaptations to acute infection, inducing a metabolic switch towards ketogenesis and the production of ketone bodies, including β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) 1-6. However, whether ketogenesis metabolically influences the immune response in pulmonary infections remains unclear. Here we report impaired production of BHB in humans with SARS-CoV-2-induced but not influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CD4+ T cell function is impaired in COVID-19 and BHB promotes both survival and production of Interferon-γ from CD4+ T cells. Using metabolic tracing analysis, we uncovered that BHB provides an alternative carbon source to fuel oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and the production of bioenergetic amino acids and glutathione, which is important for maintaining the redox balance. T cells from patients with SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS were exhausted and skewed towards glycolysis, but can be metabolically reprogrammed by BHB to perform OXPHOS, thereby increasing their functionality. Finally, we demonstrate that ketogenic diet (KD) and delivery of BHB as ketone ester drink restores CD4+ T cell metabolism and function in respiratory infections, ultimately reducing the mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Altogether, our data reveal BHB as alternative carbon source promoting T cell responses in pulmonary viral infections, highlighting impaired ketogenesis as a potential confounder of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Karagiannis
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Peukert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Surace
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Michla
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Nikolka
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mario Fox
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patricia Weiss
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Feuerborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Maier
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schulz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burcu Al
- Immunology and Metabolism Unit, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Seeliger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inge Grondman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aline H de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Lukas Kleiner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Moritz Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Immunology and Metabolism Unit, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Placek
- Immunology and Metabolism Unit, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Bode
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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266
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Cantarelli C, Angeletti A, Perin L, Russo LS, Sabiu G, Podestà MA, Cravedi P. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in dialysis and kidney transplantation. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1816-1828. [PMID: 36147709 PMCID: PMC9384565 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progressive improvements in the management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), individuals with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are still at high risk of infection-related complications. Although the risk of infection in these patients is comparable to that of the general population, their lower rate of response to vaccination is a matter of concern. When prevention strategies fail, infection is often severe. Comorbidities affecting patients on maintenance dialysis and kidney transplant recipients clearly account for the increased risk of severe COVID-19, while the role of uremia and chronic immunosuppression is less clear. Immune monitoring studies have identified differences in the innate and adaptive immune response against the virus that could contribute to the increased disease severity. In particular, individuals on dialysis show signs of T cell exhaustion that may impair antiviral response. Similar to kidney transplant recipients, antibody production in these patients occurs, but with delayed kinetics compared with the general population, leaving them more exposed to viral expansion during the early phases of infection. Overall, unique features of the immune response during COVID-19 in individuals with ESKD may occur with severe comorbidities affecting these individuals in explaining their poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cantarelli
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Saban Research Institute, Division of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; , Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; , Los Angeles, CA
| | - Luis Sanchez Russo
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY
| | - Gianmarco Sabiu
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Italy
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY
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267
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Kato Y, Bloom NI, Sun P, Balinsky CA, Qiu Q, Cheng Y, Jani V, Schilling MA, Goforth CW, Weir DL, Ramos I, Sealfon SC, Letizia AG, Crotty S. Memory B-Cell Development After Asymptomatic or Mild Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:18-22. [PMID: 35892131 PMCID: PMC9384564 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of memory B cells after asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is not well understood. METHODS We compared spike antibody titers, pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers, and memory B-cell responses among SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive Marine recruits who either reported asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. RESULTS Thirty-six asymptomatic participants exhibited similar spike IgG titers, spike IgA titers, and pseudovirus neutralization titers compared to 30 symptomatic participants. Pseudovirus neutralization and spike IgG titers showed significant positive correlations with frequency of memory B cells. CONCLUSIONS Among young adults, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection induced antibody and memory B-cell responses comparable to mild symptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kato
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathaniel I Bloom
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Peifang Sun
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Qi Qiu
- Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Vihasi Jani
- Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Carl W Goforth
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- Correspondence: A. G. Letizia, MD, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 ()
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268
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Jacobsen H, Cobos Jiménez V, Sitaras I, Bar-Zeev N, Čičin-Šain L, Higdon MM, Deloria-Knoll M. Post-vaccination T cell immunity to omicron. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944713. [PMID: 35990661 PMCID: PMC9386871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2021, the omicron variant of SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and replaced the previously dominant delta strain. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against omicron has been challenging to estimate in clinical studies or is not available for all vaccines or populations of interest. T cell function can be predictive of vaccine longevity and effectiveness against disease, likely in a more robust way than antibody neutralization. In this mini review, we summarize the evidence on T cell immunity against omicron including effects of boosters, homologous versus heterologous regimens, hybrid immunity, memory responses and vaccine product. Overall, T cell reactivity in post-vaccine specimens is largely preserved against omicron, indicating that vaccines utilizing the parental antigen continue to be protective against disease caused by the omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jacobsen
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Henning Jacobsen,
| | - Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), a joint venture of HZI and MHH, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Germany
| | - Melissa M. Higdon
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria Deloria-Knoll
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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269
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8122. [PMID: 35897696 PMCID: PMC9368024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The relentless, protracted evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus imposes tremendous pressure on herd immunity and demands versatile adaptations by the human host genome to counter transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic alterations associated with a wide range of short- and long-term manifestations during acute infection and post-acute recovery, respectively. To promote viral replication during active infection and viral persistence, the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein regulates host cell microenvironment including pH and ion concentrations to maintain a high oxidative environment that supports template switching, causing extensive mitochondrial damage and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling cascades. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial distress induce dynamic changes to both the host and viral RNA m6A methylome, and can trigger the derepression of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE1), resulting in global hypomethylation, epigenetic changes, and genomic instability. The timely application of melatonin during early infection enhances host innate antiviral immune responses by preventing the formation of "viral factories" by nucleocapsid liquid-liquid phase separation that effectively blockades viral genome transcription and packaging, the disassembly of stress granules, and the sequestration of DEAD-box RNA helicases, including DDX3X, vital to immune signaling. Melatonin prevents membrane depolarization and protects cristae morphology to suppress glycolysis via antioxidant-dependent and -independent mechanisms. By restraining the derepression of LINE1 via multifaceted strategies, and maintaining the balance in m6A RNA modifications, melatonin could be the quintessential ancient molecule that significantly influences the outcome of the constant struggle between virus and host to gain transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic dominance over the host genome during acute infection and PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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270
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Nelson RW, Chen Y, Venezia OL, Majerus RM, Shin DS, Carrington MN, Yu XG, Wesemann DR, Moon JJ, Luster AD. SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific CD4 + memory T cell responses across COVID-19 disease severity and antibody durability. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9464. [PMID: 35857584 PMCID: PMC9097883 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are central to long-term immunity against viruses through the functions of T helper 1 (TH1) and T follicular helper (TFH) cell subsets. To better understand the role of these subsets in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunity, we conducted a longitudinal study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific CD4+ T cell and antibody responses in convalescent individuals who seroconverted during the first wave of the pandemic in Boston, MA, USA, across a range of COVID-19 disease severities. Analyses of spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) epitope-specific CD4+ T cells using peptide and major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) tetramers demonstrated expanded populations of T cells recognizing the different SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in most individuals compared with prepandemic controls. Individuals who experienced a milder disease course not requiring hospitalization had a greater percentage of circulating TFH (cTFH) and TH1 cells among SARS-CoV-2-specific cells. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells responses in a subset of individuals with sustained anti-S antibody responses after viral clearance also revealed an increased proportion of memory cTFH cells. Our findings indicate that efficient early disease control also predicts favorable long-term adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Nelson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia L. Venezia
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel S. Shin
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - MGH COVID-19 Collection & Processing Team†
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Queens University of Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary N. Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James J. Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
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271
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Patients Recovering from Severe COVID-19 Develop a Polyfunctional Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148004. [PMID: 35887351 PMCID: PMC9323836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific T cells are crucial to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, avoid reinfection and confer protection after vaccination. We have studied patients with severe or moderate COVID-19 pneumonia, compared to patients who recovered from a severe or moderate infection that had occurred about 4 months before the analyses. In all these subjects, we assessed the polyfunctionality of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by quantifying cytokine production after in vitro stimulation with different SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools covering different proteins (M, N and S). In particular, we quantified the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells simultaneously producing interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-17, granzyme B, and expressing CD107a. Recovered patients who experienced a severe disease display high proportions of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells producing Th1 and Th17 cytokines and are characterized by polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells. A similar profile was found in patients experiencing a moderate form of COVID-19 pneumonia. No main differences in polyfunctionality were observed among the CD8+ T cell compartments, even if the proportion of responding cells was higher during the infection. The identification of those functional cell subsets that might influence protection can thus help in better understanding the complexity of immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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272
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Emmelot ME, Vos M, Boer MC, Rots NY, de Wit J, van Els CACM, Kaaijk P. Omicron BA.1 Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Lead to Reduced T-Cell Response in Vaccinated and Convalescent Individuals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071570. [PMID: 35891550 PMCID: PMC9318964 DOI: 10.3390/v14071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron BA.1 variant can readily infect people with vaccine-induced or naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity facilitated by escape from neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, T-cell reactivity against the Omicron BA.1 variant seems relatively well preserved. Here, we studied the preexisting T cells elicited by either vaccination with the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine or by natural infection with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 for their cross-reactive potential to 20 selected CD4+ T-cell epitopes of spike-protein-harboring Omicron BA.1 mutations. Although the overall memory CD4+ T-cell responses primed by the ancestral spike protein was still preserved generally, we show here that there is also a clear loss of memory CD4+ T-cell cross-reactivity to immunodominant epitopes across the spike protein due to Omicron BA.1 mutations. Complete or partial loss of preexisting T-cell responsiveness was observed against 60% of 20 nonconserved CD4+ T-cell epitopes predicted to be presented by a broad set of common HLA class II alleles. Monitoring such mutations in circulating strains helps predict which virus variants may escape previously induced cellular immunity and could be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten E. Emmelot
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
| | - Martijn Vos
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
| | - Mardi C. Boer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
| | - Nynke Y. Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (M.E.E.); (M.V.); (M.C.B.); (N.Y.R.); (J.d.W.); (C.A.C.M.v.E.)
- Correspondence:
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273
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SARS-CoV-2 infection in a stem cell transplant recipient grafted from a SARS-CoV-2-positive donor. Bone Marrow Transplant 2022; 57:1604-1606. [PMID: 35842475 PMCID: PMC9287818 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-022-01763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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274
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Rice A, Verma M, Voigt E, Battisti P, Beaver S, Reed S, Dinkins K, Mody S, Zakin L, Tanaka S, Morimoto B, Olson CA, Gabitzsch E, Safrit JT, Spilman P, Casper C, Soon-Shiong P. Heterologous saRNA Prime, DNA Dual-Antigen Boost SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Elicits Robust Cellular Immunogenicity and Cross-Variant Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910136. [PMID: 35911728 PMCID: PMC9335885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed if immune responses are enhanced in CD-1 mice by heterologous vaccination with two different nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines: a next-generation human adenovirus serotype 5 (hAd5)-vectored dual-antigen spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) vaccine (AdS+N) and a self-amplifying and -adjuvanted S RNA vaccine (AAHI-SC2) delivered by a nanostructured lipid carrier. The AdS+N vaccine encodes S modified with a fusion motif to increase cell-surface expression and an N antigen modified with an Enhanced T-cell Stimulation Domain (N-ETSD) to direct N to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment and increase MHC class I and II stimulation potential. The S sequence in the AAHI-SC2 vaccine comprises the D614G mutation, two prolines to stabilize S in the prefusion conformation, and 3 glutamines in the furin cleavage region to confer protease resistance. CD-1 mice received vaccination by homologous and heterologous prime > boost combinations. Humoral responses to S were the highest with any regimen that included the AAHI-SC2 vaccine, and IgG bound to wild type and Delta (B.1.617.2) variant S1 at similar levels. An AAHI-SC2 prime followed by an AdS+N boost particularly enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to both wild type and Delta S peptides relative to all other vaccine regimens. Sera from mice receiving AAHI-SC2 homologous or heterologous vaccination were found to be highly neutralizing for all pseudovirus strains tested: Wuhan, Beta, Delta, and Omicron strains. The findings here, taken in consideration with the availability of both vaccines in thermostable formulations, support the testing of heterologous vaccination by an AAHI-SC2 > AdS+N regimen in animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection to assess its potential to provide increased protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants particularly in regions of the world where the need for cold-chain storage has limited the distribution of other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rice
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Mohit Verma
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Emily Voigt
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter Battisti
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sam Beaver
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sierra Reed
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kyle Dinkins
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Shivani Mody
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Lise Zakin
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Corey Casper
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), Seattle, WA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Patrick Soon-Shiong
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick Soon-Shiong,
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275
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Verstegen NJM, Hagen RR, van den Dijssel J, Kuijper LH, Kreher C, Ashhurst T, Kummer LYL, Steenhuis M, Duurland M, de Jongh R, de Jong N, van der Schoot CE, Bos AV, Mul E, Kedzierska K, van Dam KPJ, Stalman EW, Boekel L, Wolbink G, Tas SW, Killestein J, van Kempen ZLE, Wieske L, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, Rispens T, van Ham SM, ten Brinke A, van de Sandt CE. Immune dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 experienced immunosuppressed rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis patients vaccinated with mRNA-1273. eLife 2022; 11:e77969. [PMID: 35838348 PMCID: PMC9337853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients affected by different types of autoimmune diseases, including common conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are often treated with immunosuppressants to suppress disease activity. It is not fully understood how the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral and cellular immunity induced by infection and/or upon vaccination is affected by immunosuppressants. Methods The dynamics of cellular immune reactivation upon vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 experienced MS patients treated with the humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab (OCR) and RA patients treated with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy were analyzed at great depth via high-dimensional flow cytometry of whole blood samples upon vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. Longitudinal B and T cell immune responses were compared to SARS-CoV-2 experienced healthy controls (HCs) before and 7 days after the first and second vaccination. Results OCR-treated MS patients exhibit a preserved recall response of CD8+ T central memory cells following first vaccination compared to HCs and a similar CD4+ circulating T follicular helper 1 and T helper 1 dynamics, whereas humoral and B cell responses were strongly impaired resulting in absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity. MTX treatment significantly delayed antibody levels and B reactivation following the first vaccination, including sustained inhibition of overall reactivation marker dynamics of the responding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 experienced MS-OCR patients may still benefit from vaccination by inducing a broad CD8+ T cell response which has been associated with milder disease outcome. The delayed vaccine-induced IgG kinetics in RA-MTX patients indicate an increased risk after the first vaccination, which might require additional shielding or alternative strategies such as treatment interruptions in vulnerable patients. Funding This research project was supported by ZonMw (The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, #10430072010007), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement (#792532 and #860003), the European Commission (SUPPORT-E, #101015756) and by PPOC (#20_21 L2506), the NHMRC Leadership Investigator Grant (#1173871).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels JM Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ruth R Hagen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jet van den Dijssel
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lisan H Kuijper
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Christine Kreher
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Thomas Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Laura YL Kummer
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Mariel Duurland
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Rivka de Jongh
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Nina de Jong
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Amélie V Bos
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Erik Mul
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Koos PJ van Dam
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Eileen W Stalman
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Laura Boekel
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Gertjan Wolbink
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of NeurologyAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zoé LE van Kempen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of NeurologyAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinNetherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
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276
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Torresi J, Edeling MA, Nolan T, Godfrey DI. A Complementary Union of SARS-CoV2 Natural and Vaccine Induced Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914167. [PMID: 35911696 PMCID: PMC9326230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has progressed considerably since the COVID-19 pandemic was first declared on the 11th of March in 2020. Recovery from infection is associated with the development of protective immune responses, although over time these become less effective against new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Consequently, reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 variants is not infrequent and has contributed to the ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines have had a tremendous impact on reducing infection and particularly the number of deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, waning of vaccine induced immunity plus the emergence of new variants has necessitated the use of boosters to maintain the benefits of vaccination in reducing COVID-19 associated deaths. Boosting is also beneficial for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and developed natural immunity, also enhancing responses immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review summarizes our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, the risks of reinfection with emerging variants and the very important protective role vaccine boosting plays in both vaccinated and previously infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Edeling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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277
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Lamacchia G, Mazzoni A, Spinicci M, Vanni A, Salvati L, Peruzzi B, Bencini S, Capone M, Carnasciali A, Farahvachi P, Rocca A, Kiros ST, Graziani L, Zammarchi L, Mencarini J, Colao MG, Caporale R, Liotta F, Cosmi L, Rossolini GM, Bartoloni A, Maggi L, Annunziato F. Clinical and Immunological Features of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Individuals Requiring Hospitalization. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1379-1391. [PMID: 35809212 PMCID: PMC9674730 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Waning immunity and the surge of SARS-CoV-2 variants are responsible for breakthrough infections, i.e., infections in fully vaccinated individuals. Although the majority of vaccinated infected subjects report mild or no symptoms, some others require hospitalization. The clinical and immunological features of vaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients are currently unknown. Methods Twenty-nine unvaccinated and 36 vaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients were prospectively enrolled and clinical and laboratory data were gathered. Immunophenotyping of leukocytes’ subsets, T and B cell SARS-CoV-2-specific responses were evaluated via flow cytometry. Anti-IFN-α autoantibodies were measured via ELISA. Results Despite vaccinated patients were older and with more comorbidities, unvaccinated subjects showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory markers, more severe disease, and increased mortality rate. Accordingly, they presented significant alterations in the circulating leukocyte composition, typical of severe COVID-19. Vaccinated patients displayed higher levels of anti-Spike IgGs and Spike-specific B cells. Of all participants, survivors showed higher levels of anti-Spike IgGs and Spike-specific CD4+ T cells than non-survivors. At hospital admission, 6 out of 65 patients (9.2%) displayed high serum concentrations of autoantibodies targeting IFN-α. Remarkably, 3 were unvaccinated and eventually died, while the other 3 were vaccinated and survived. Conclusion Despite more severe pre-existing clinical conditions, vaccinated patients have good outcome. A rapid activation of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity is fundamental for the resolution of the infection. Therefore, prior immunization through vaccination provides a significant contribution to prevention of disease worsening and can even overcome the presence of high-risk factors (i.e., older age, comorbidities, anti-IFN-α autoantibodies). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-022-01325-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lamacchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Spinicci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Vanni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Peruzzi
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Bencini
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Carnasciali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Parham Farahvachi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Arianna Rocca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Seble Tekle Kiros
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Graziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Mencarini
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Colao
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporale
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.,Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.,Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134, Florence, Italy. .,Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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The Role of Cellular Immunity in the Protective Efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071103. [PMID: 35891267 PMCID: PMC9324880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been approved for clinical use. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers after immunization are widely used as an evaluation indicator, and the roles of cellular immune responses in the protective efficacy of vaccines are rarely mentioned. However, therapeutic monoclonal neutralizing antibodies have shown limited efficacy in improving the outcomes of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), suggesting a passive role of cellular immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The synergistic effect of virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses helps the host to fight against viral infection. In fact, it has been observed that the early appearance of specific T-cell responses is strongly correlated with mild symptoms of COVID-19 patients and that individuals with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural-protein-specific T cells are more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings suggest the important contribution of the cellular immune response to the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19. Nowadays, new SARS-CoV-2 variants that can escape from the neutralization of antibodies are rapidly increasing. However, the epitopes of these variants recognized by T cells are largely preserved. Paying more attention to cellular immune responses may provide new instructions for designing effective vaccines for the prevention of severe disease induced by the break-through infection of new variants and the sequelae caused by virus latency. In this review, we deliberate on the role of cellular immunity against COVID-19 and summarize recent advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the immune responses induced by vaccines to improve the design of new vaccines and immunization strategies.
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279
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A third vaccination with a single T cell epitope confers protection in a murine model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3966. [PMID: 35803932 PMCID: PMC9267705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms and impact of booster vaccinations are essential in the design and delivery of vaccination programs. Here we show that a three dose regimen of a synthetic peptide vaccine elicits an accruing CD8+ T cell response against one SARS-CoV-2 Spike epitope. We see protection against lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model in the absence of neutralizing antibodies, but two dose approaches are insufficient to confer protection. The third vaccine dose of the single T cell epitope peptide results in superior generation of effector-memory T cells and tissue-resident memory T cells, and these tertiary vaccine-specific CD8+ T cells are characterized by enhanced polyfunctional cytokine production. Moreover, fate mapping shows that a substantial fraction of the tertiary CD8+ effector-memory T cells develop from re-migrated tissue-resident memory T cells. Thus, repeated booster vaccinations quantitatively and qualitatively improve the CD8+ T cell response leading to protection against otherwise lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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280
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Zhang RY, Zhou SH, He CB, Wang J, Wen Y, Feng RR, Yin XG, Yang GF, Guo J. Adjuvant-Protein Conjugate Vaccine with Built-In TLR7 Agonist on S1 Induces Potent Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1367-1375. [PMID: 35748575 PMCID: PMC9260725 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the global pandemic of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a safe, effective, and affordable mass-produced vaccine remains the current focus of research. Herein, we designed an adjuvant-protein conjugate vaccine candidate, in which the TLR7 agonist (TLR7a) was conjugated to S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and systematically compared the effect of different numbers of built-in TLR7a on the immune activity for the first time. As the number of built-in TLR7a increased, a bell-shaped reaction was observed in three TLR7a-S1 conjugates, with TLR7a(10)-S1 (with around 10 built-in adjuvant molecules on one S1 protein) eliciting a more potent immune response than TLR7a(2)-S1 and TLR7a(18)-S1. This adjuvant-protein conjugate strategy allows the built-in adjuvant to provide cluster effects and prevents systemic toxicity and facilitates the co-delivery of adjuvant and antigen. Vaccination of mice with TLR7a(10)-S1 triggered a potent humoral and cellular immunity and a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response. Meanwhile, the vaccine induces effective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and all variants of concern (B.1.1.7/alpha, B.1.351/beta, P.1/gamma, B.1.617.2/delta, and B.1.1.529/omicron). It is expected that the adjuvant-protein conjugate strategy has great potential to construct a potent recombinant protein vaccine candidate against various types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen-Bin He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ran-Ran Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xu-Guang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical
Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center
for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central
China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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281
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Whole-genome analysis and mutation pattern of SARS-CoV-2 during first and second wave outbreak in Gwangju, Republic of Korea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11354. [PMID: 35790838 PMCID: PMC9255444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the specific genomic features and mutation pattern, whole and near-complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were analyzed. Clinical samples were collected from 18 COVID-19–positive patients and subjected to nucleic acid purification. Cell culture was performed to extract various SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Whole-genome analysis was performed using next-generation sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to determine genetic diversity of the various SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The next-generation sequencing data identified 8 protein-coding regions with 17 mutated proteins. We identified 51 missense point mutations and deletions in 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that V and GH are the dominant clades of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in the Gwangju region of South Korea. Moreover, statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between viral load (P < 0.001) and number of mutations (P < 0.0001) in 2 mutually exclusive SARS-CoV-2 clades which indicates frequent genomic alterations in SARS-CoV-2 in patients with high viral load. Our results provide an in-depth analysis of SARS-COV-2 whole genome which we believe, can shed light in the understanding of SARS-COV-2 pathogenesis and mutation pattern which can aid in the development of prevention methods as well as future research into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic development.
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282
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Kudryavtsev IV, Golovkin AS, Totolian AA. T helper cell subsets and related target cells in acute COVID-19. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-thc-1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current review presents a brief overview of the immune system dysregulation during acute COVID-19 and illustrates the main alterations in peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell (Th) subsets as well as related target cells. Effects of dendritic cell dysfunction induced by SARS-CoV-2 exhibited decreased expression of cell-surface HLA-DR, CCR7 as well as co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, suggesting reduced antigen presentation, migratory and activation capacities of peripheral blood dendritic cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific Th cells could be detected as early as days 24 post-symptom onset, whereas the prolonged lack of SARS-CoV-2-specific Th cells was associated with severe and/or poor COVID-19 outcome. Firstly, in acute COVID-19 the frequency of Th1 cell was comparable with control levels, but several studies have reported about upregulated inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors and exhaustion-associated molecules (TIM3, PD-1, BTLA, TIGIT etc.) on circulating CD8+ T-cells and NK-cells, whereas the macrophage count was increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Next, type 2 immune responses are mediated mainly by Th2 cells, and several studies have revealed a skewing towards dominance of Th2 cell subset in peripheral blood samples from patients with acute COVID-19. Furthermore, the decrease of circulating main Th2 target cells basophiles and eosinophils were associated with severe COVID-19, whereas the lung tissue was enriched with mast cells and relevant mediators released during degranulation. Moreover, the frequency of peripheral blood Th17 cells was closely linked to COVID-19 severity, so that low level of Th17 cells was observed in patients with severe COVID-19, but in BAL the relative number of Th17 cells as well as the concentrations of relevant effector cytokines were dramatically increased. It was shown that severe COVID-19 patients vs. healthy control had higher relative numbers of neutrophils if compared, and the majority of patients with COVID-19 had increased frequency and absolute number of immature neutrophils with altered ROS production. Finally, the frequency of Tfh cells was decreased during acute COVID-19 infection. Elevated count of activated Tfh were found as well as the alterations in Tfh cell subsets characterized by decreased regulatory Tfh1 cell and increased pro-inflammatory Tfh2 as well as Tfh17 cell subsets were revealed. Descriptions of peripheral blood B cells during an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection werev reported as relative B cell lymphopenia with decreased frequency of nave and memory B cell subsets, as well as increased level of CD27hiCD38hiCD24 plasma cell precursors and atypical CD21low B cells. Thus, the emerging evidence suggests that functional alterations occur in all Th cell subsets being linked with loss-of-functions of main Th cell subsets target cells. Furthermore, recovered individuals could suffer from long-term immune dysregulation and other persistent symptoms lasting for many months even after SARS-CoV-2 elimination, a condition referred to as post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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283
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Unravelling the enhanced vaccine immunity by heterologous KCONVAC/Ad5-nCoV COVID-19 vaccination. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:210. [PMID: 35787610 PMCID: PMC9251036 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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284
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Preclinical Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPSTM) SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071069. [PMID: 35891233 PMCID: PMC9317729 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the rise of variants, some of which are more resistant to the effects of vaccination, highlights the potential need for additional COVID-19 vaccines. We used the Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) technology, in which proteins are presented on a polysaccharide polymer to induce antibody, Th1, Th17 and CD8+ T cell responses, to engineer a novel vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2. This vaccine contains a fragment of the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) sequence of the original D614G strain and was used to immunize nonhuman primates (NHP) for assessment of immunological responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The SARS-CoV-2 MAPS vaccine generated robust neutralizing antibodies as well as Th1, Th17 and cytotoxic CD8 T-cell responses in NHPs. Furthermore, MAPS-immunized NHPs had significantly lower viral loads in the nasopharynx and lung compared to control animals. Taken together, these findings support the use of the MAPS platform to make a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The nature of the platform also could enable its use for the inclusion of different variants in a single vaccine.
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285
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Nami M, Han P, Hanlon D, Tatsuno K, Wei B, Sobolev O, Pitruzzello M, Vassall A, Yosinski S, Edelson R, Reed M. Rapid Screen for Antiviral T-Cell Immunity with Nanowire Electrochemical Biosensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109661. [PMID: 35165959 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly assess and monitor patient immune responses is critical for clinical diagnostics, vaccine design, and fundamental investigations into the presence or generation of protective immunity against infectious diseases. Recently, findings on the limits of antibody-based protection provided by B-cells have highlighted the importance of engaging pathogen-specific T-cells for long-lasting and broad protection against viruses and their emergent variants such as in SARS-CoV-2. However, low-cost and point-of-care tools for detecting engagement of T-cell immunity in patients are conspicuously lacking in ongoing efforts to assess and control population-wide disease risk. Currently available tools for human T-cell analysis are time and resource-intensive. Using multichannel silicon-nanowire field-effect transistors compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, a device designed for rapid and label-free detection of human T-cell immune responses is developed. The generalizability of this approach is demonstrated by measuring T-cell responses against melanoma antigen MART1, common and seasonal viruses CMV, EBV, flu, as well as emergent pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Further, this device provides a modular and translational platform for optimizing vaccine formulations and combinations, offering quick and quantitative readouts for acquisition and persistence of T-cell immunity against variant-driven pathogens such as flu and pandemic SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Douglas Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Brian Wei
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Olga Sobolev
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mary Pitruzzello
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Aaron Vassall
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shari Yosinski
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Richard Edelson
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mark Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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286
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Vikkurthi R, Ansari A, Pai AR, Jha SN, Sachan S, Pandit S, Nikam B, Kalia A, Jit BP, Parray HA, Singh S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Shrivastava T, Coshic P, Kumar S, Sharma P, Sharma N, Taneja J, Pandey AK, Sharma A, Thiruvengadam R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Bhatnagar S, Gupta N. Inactivated whole-virion vaccine BBV152/Covaxin elicits robust cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:974-985. [PMID: 35681012 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BBV152 is a whole-virion inactivated vaccine based on the Asp614Gly variant. BBV152 is the first alum-imidazoquinolin-adjuvanted vaccine authorized for use in large populations. Here we characterized the magnitude, quality and persistence of cellular and humoral memory responses up to 6 months post vaccination. We report that the magnitude of vaccine-induced spike and nucleoprotein antibodies was comparable with that produced after infection. Receptor binding domain-specific antibodies declined against variants in the order of Alpha (B.1.1.7; 3-fold), Delta (B.1.617.2; 7-fold) and Beta (B.1.351; 10-fold). However, pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies declined up to 2-fold against the Delta followed by the Beta variant (1.7-fold). Vaccine-induced memory B cells were also affected by the Delta and Beta variants. The SARS-CoV-2-specific multicytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells were found in ~85% of vaccinated individuals. Only a ~1.3-fold reduction in efficacy was observed in CD4+ T cells against the Beta variant. We found that antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were present in the central memory compartment and persisted for at least up to 6 months post vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells were detected in ~50% of individuals. Importantly, the vaccine was capable of inducing follicular T helper cells that exhibited B-cell help potential. These findings show that inactivated vaccine BBV152 induces robust immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern that persists for at least 6 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Vikkurthi
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupama R Pai
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Someshwar Nath Jha
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suvechchha Pandit
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhushan Nikam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Kalia
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Juhi Taneja
- ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
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287
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Benning L, Morath C, Bartenschlager M, Kim H, Reineke M, Beimler J, Buylaert M, Nusshag C, Kälble F, Reichel P, Töllner M, Schaier M, Klein K, Benes V, Rausch T, Rieger S, Stich M, Tönshoff B, Weidner N, Schnitzler P, Zeier M, Süsal C, Hien Tran T, Bartenschlager R, Speer C. Neutralizing antibody response against the B.1.617.2 (delta) and the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variants after a third mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1873-1883. [PMID: 35384272 PMCID: PMC9111366 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Seroconversion after COVID-19 vaccination is impaired in kidney transplant recipients. Emerging variants of concern such as the B.1.617.2 (delta) and the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variants pose an increasing threat to these patients. In this observational cohort study, we measured anti-S1 IgG, surrogate neutralizing, and anti-receptor-binding domain antibodies three weeks after a third mRNA vaccine dose in 49 kidney transplant recipients and compared results to 25 age-matched healthy controls. In addition, vaccine-induced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, the B.1.617.2 (delta), and the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variants was assessed using a live-virus assay. After a third vaccine dose, anti-S1 IgG, surrogate neutralizing, and anti-receptor-binding domain antibodies were significantly lower in kidney transplant recipients compared to healthy controls. Only 29/49 (59%) sera of kidney transplant recipients contained neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type or the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant and neutralization titers were significantly reduced compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). Vaccine-induced cross-neutralization of the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variants was detectable in 15/35 (43%) kidney transplant recipients with seropositivity for anti-S1 IgG, surrogate neutralizing, and/or anti-RBD antibodies. Neutralization of the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variants was significantly reduced compared to neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type or the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant for both, kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls (p < .001 for all).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Benning
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heeyoung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Reineke
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Beimler
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirabel Buylaert
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Nusshag
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Kälble
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula Reichel
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schaier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Klein
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Rieger
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stich
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tönshoff
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niklas Weidner
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caner Süsal
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Transplant Immunology Research Center of Excellence, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thuong Hien Tran
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudius Speer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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288
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Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Sanku G, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Schaughency P, Lack J, Nutman TB. Antigenic Determinants of SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4+ T Cell Lines Reveals M Protein-Driven Dysregulation of Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883159. [PMID: 35844575 PMCID: PMC9279651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated CD4+ T cell lines (TCLs) reactive to either SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) or membrane (M) proteins from unexposed naïve T cells from six healthy donor volunteers to understand in fine detail whether the S and M structural proteins have intrinsic differences in driving antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Having shown that each of the TCLs were antigen-specific and antigen-reactive, single cell mRNA analyses demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 S and M proteins drive strikingly distinct molecular signatures. Whereas the S-specific CD4+ T cell transcriptional signature showed a marked upregulation of CCL1, CD44, IL17RB, TNFRSF18 (GITR) and IGLC3 genes, in general their overall transcriptome signature was more similar to CD4+ T cell responses induced by other viral antigens (e.g. CMV). However, the M protein-specific CD4+ TCLs have a transcriptomic signature that indicate a marked suppression of interferon signaling, characterized by a downregulation of the genes encoding ISG15, IFITM1, IFI6, MX1, STAT1, OAS1, IFI35, IFIT3 and IRF7 (a molecular signature which is not dissimilar to that found in severe COVID-19). Our study suggests a potential link between the antigen specificity of the SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells and the development of specific sets of adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the balance between T cells of significantly different specificities may be the key to understand how CD4+ T cell dysregulation can determine the clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Pedro H. Gazzinelli-Guimaraes,
| | - Gayatri Sanku
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Paul Schaughency
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Justin Lack
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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289
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Tarke A, Potesta M, Varchetta S, Fenoglio D, Iannetta M, Sarmati L, Mele D, Dentone C, Bassetti M, Montesano C, Mondelli MU, Filaci G, Grifoni A, Sette A. Early and Polyantigenic CD4 T Cell Responses Correlate with Mild Disease in Acute COVID-19 Donors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137155. [PMID: 35806161 PMCID: PMC9267033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in samples from 89 acute COVID-19 patients, utilizing blood samples collected during the first wave of COVID-19 in Italy. The goal of the study was to examine correlations between SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in the early phase comparing mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19 disease outcomes. T cell responses to the spike (S) and non-S proteins were measured in a combined activation-induced marker (AIM) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay. Early CD4+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 S correlated with milder disease by both AIM and IFNγ ICS readouts. The correlation of S-specific CD4+ T cell responses with milder disease severity was most striking within the first two weeks of symptom onset compared to later time points. Furthermore, donors with milder disease were associated with polyantigenic CD4+ T cell responses that recognized more prominently non-S proteins in addition to S, while severe acute COVID-19 was characterized by lower magnitudes of CD4+ T cell responses and a narrower repertoire. In conclusion, this study highlights that both the magnitude and breadth of early SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses correlated with milder disease outcomes in acute COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Potesta
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.V.); (D.M.); (M.U.M.)
| | - Daniela Fenoglio
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.F.); (G.F.)
- Bioterapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (L.S.)
| | - Dalila Mele
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.V.); (D.M.); (M.U.M.)
| | - Chiara Dentone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Polyclinic San Martino Hospital-IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Polyclinic San Martino Hospital-IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.D.); (M.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Montesano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Mario U. Mondelli
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.V.); (D.M.); (M.U.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (D.F.); (G.F.)
- Bioterapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.S.)
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290
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Moga E, Lynton-Pons E, Domingo P. The Robustness of Cellular Immunity Determines the Fate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904686. [PMID: 35833134 PMCID: PMC9271749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two years after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causal agent of the current global pandemic, it is time to analyze the evolution of the immune protection that infection and vaccination provide. Cellular immunity plays an important role in limiting disease severity and the resolution of infection. The early appearance, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response has been correlated with disease severity and it has been thought that T cell responses may be sufficient to clear infection with minimal disease in COVID-19 patients with X-linked or autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia. However, our knowledge of the phenotypic and functional diversity of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, CD4+ T helper cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh), which play a critical role in infection control as well as long-term protection, is still evolving. It has been described how CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes interrupt viral replication by secreting antiviral cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and directly killing infected cells, negatively correlating with stages of disease progression. In addition, CD4+ T helper cells have been reported to be key pieces, leading, coordinating and ultimately regulating antiviral immunity. For instance, in some more severe COVID-19 cases a dysregulated CD4+ T cell signature may contribute to the greater production of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for pathogenic inflammation. Here we discuss how cellular immunity is the axis around which the rest of the immune system components revolve, since it orchestrates and leads antiviral response by regulating the inflammatory cascade and, as a consequence, the innate immune system, as well as promoting a correct humoral response through CD4+ Tfh cells. This review also analyses the critical role of cellular immunity in modulating the development of high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and germinal center B cell differentiation in memory and long-lived antibody secreting cells. Finally, since there is currently a high percentage of vaccinated population and, in some cases, vaccine booster doses are even being administered in certain countries, we have also summarized newer approaches to long-lasting protective immunity and the cross-protection of cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Moga
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Esther Moga,
| | - Elionor Lynton-Pons
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Unidad de enfermedades infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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291
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Seyran M. Artificial intelligence and clinical data suggest the T cell-mediated SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein intranasal vaccines for global COVID-19 immunity. Vaccine 2022; 40:4296-4300. [PMID: 35778279 PMCID: PMC9226295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced computational methodologies suggested SARS-CoV-2, nonstructural proteins ORF1AB, ORF3a, as the source of immunodominant peptides for T cell presentation. T cell immunity is long-lasting and compatible with COVID-19 pathology. Based on the supporting clinical data, nonstructural SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccines could provide global immunity against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Seyran
- The University of Vienna, Doctoral Studies in Natural and Technical Sciences (SPL 44), Währinger Straße, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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292
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Barreto de Albuquerque J, Altenburger LM, Abe J, von Werdt D, Wissmann S, Martínez Magdaleno J, Francisco D, van Geest G, Ficht X, Iannacone M, Bruggmann R, Mueller C, Stein JV. Microbial uptake in oral mucosa-draining lymph nodes leads to rapid release of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells lacking a gut-homing phenotype. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabf1861. [PMID: 35714202 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract constitutes an essential barrier against ingested microbes, including potential pathogens. Although immune reactions are well studied in the lower GI tract, it remains unclear how adaptive immune responses are initiated during microbial challenge of the oral mucosa (OM), the primary site of microbial encounter in the upper GI tract. Here, we identify mandibular lymph nodes (mandLNs) as sentinel lymphoid organs that intercept ingested Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Oral Lm uptake led to local activation and release of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that constituted most of the early circulating effector T cell (TEFF) pool. MandLN-primed TEFF disseminated to lymphoid organs, lung, and OM and contributed substantially to rapid elimination of target cells. In contrast to CD8+ TEFF generated in mesenteric LN (MLN) during intragastric infection, mandLN-primed TEFF lacked a gut-seeking phenotype, which correlated with low expression of enzymes required for gut-homing imprinting by mandLN stromal and dendritic cells. Accordingly, mandLN-primed TEFF decreased Lm burden in spleen but not MLN after intestinal infection. Our findings extend the concept of regional specialization of immune responses along the length of the GI tract, with CD8+ TEFF generated in the upper GI tract displaying homing profiles that differ from those imprinted by lymphoid tissue of the lower GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas M Altenburger
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Diego von Werdt
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wissmann
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jose Martínez Magdaleno
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - David Francisco
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geert van Geest
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Remy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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293
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Wnuk K, Sudol J, Spilman P, Soon-Shiong P. Peptidome Surveillance Across Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Lineages Reveals HLA Binding Conservation in Nucleocapsid Among Variants With Most Potential for T-Cell Epitope Loss in Spike. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918928. [PMID: 35812370 PMCID: PMC9260595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide a unique global view of the relative potential for evasion of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells by SARS-CoV-2 lineages as they evolve over time, we performed a comprehensive analysis of predicted HLA-I and HLA-II binding peptides in Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N) protein sequences of all available SARS-CoV-2 genomes as provided by NIH NCBI at a bi-monthly interval between March and December of 2021. A data supplement of all B.1.1.529 (Omicron) genomes from GISAID in early December was also used to capture the rapidly spreading variant. A key finding is that throughout continued viral evolution and increasing rates of mutations occurring at T-cell epitope hotspots, protein instances with worst-case binding loss did not become the most frequent for any Variant of Concern (VOC) or Variant of Interest (VOI) lineage; suggesting T-cell evasion is not likely to be a dominant evolutionary pressure on SARS-CoV-2. We also determined that throughout the course of the pandemic in 2021, there remained a relatively steady ratio of viral variants that exhibit conservation of epitopes in the N protein, despite significant potential for epitope loss in S relative to other lineages. We further localized conserved regions in N with high epitope yield potential, and illustrated heterogeneity in HLA-I binding across the S protein consistent with empirical observations. Although Omicron’s high volume of mutations caused it to exhibit more epitope loss potential than most frequently observed versions of proteins in almost all other VOCs, epitope candidates across its most frequent N proteins were still largely conserved. This analysis adds to the body of evidence suggesting that N may have merit as an additional antigen to elicit immune responses to vaccination with increased potential to provide sustained protection against COVID-19 disease in the face of emerging variants.
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294
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Jeong S, Lee N, Lee SK, Cho EJ, Hyun J, Park MJ, Song W, Kim HS. Humoral and Cellular Responses to BNT162b2 as a Booster Following Two Doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Determined Using Three SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays and an Interferon-Gamma Release Assay: A Prospective Longitudinal Study in Healthcare Workers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859019. [PMID: 35720318 PMCID: PMC9198331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on humoral and cellular responses to BNT162b2 as a booster dose, following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine, have seldom been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the positivity rates of three representative antibody assays targeting total, IgG, and neutralizing antibodies, and an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), and to determine the longitudinal changes in quantitative antibody titers after each vaccination. A total of 1027 samples were collected from healthcare workers. The number of participants after the booster dose was 153, and they all completed a questionnaire on adverse reactions. All antibody assays showed 100.0% positivity at 1 month after booster vaccination. The median antibody titers of the assays were significantly increased compared with those after the second dose (22.1-fold increase for Roche total antibody, 14.0-fold increase for Abbott IgG, and 1.1-fold increase (97.5% inhibition) for GenScript neutralizing antibody). Cellular responses determined using the IGRA were positive in 92.8% of the participants. Most participants (72.5%) reported mild adverse reactions. Correlations between the three antibody assays and IGRA were weak or negligible, indicating a difference between humoral and cellular responses. Overall, our study provides information about booster vaccine strategies and laboratory settings, which could subsequently contribute to the control of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seri Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nuri Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Hyun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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295
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van der Ploeg K, Kirosingh AS, Mori DAM, Chakraborty S, Hu Z, Sievers BL, Jacobson KB, Bonilla H, Parsonnet J, Andrews JR, Press KD, Ty MC, Ruiz-Betancourt DR, de la Parte L, Tan GS, Blish CA, Takahashi S, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, Singh U, Wang TT, Jagannathan P. TNF-α + CD4 + T cells dominate the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response in COVID-19 outpatients and are associated with durable antibodies. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100640. [PMID: 35588734 PMCID: PMC9061140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific CD4+ T cells are likely important in immunity against coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), but our understanding of CD4+ longitudinal dynamics following infection and of specific features that correlate with the maintenance of neutralizing antibodies remains limited. Here, we characterize SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in a longitudinal cohort of 109 COVID-19 outpatients enrolled during acute infection. The quality of the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ response shifts from cells producing interferon gamma (IFNγ) to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from 5 days to 4 months post-enrollment, with IFNγ-IL-21-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells the predominant population detected at later time points. Greater percentages of IFNγ-IL-21-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells on day 28 correlate with SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies measured 7 months post-infection (⍴ = 0.4, p = 0.01). mRNA vaccination following SARS-CoV-2 infection boosts both IFNγ- and TNF-α-producing, spike-protein-specific CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2-specific, TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells may play an important role in antibody maintenance following COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ response shifts from cells producing IFNγ to TNF-α SARS-CoV-2-specific IFNγ−TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells predominate at later timepoints IFNγ-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells correlate with durable SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies Post-infection mRNA vaccination boosts both IFNγ+ and TNF-α+ S-specific CD4+ T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattria van der Ploeg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam S Kirosingh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Diego A M Mori
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zicheng Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Karen B Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen D Press
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maureen C Ty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Lauren de la Parte
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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296
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Ansari A, Sachan S, Jit BP, Sharma A, Coshic P, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Gupta N. An efficient immunoassay for the B cell help function of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4 + T cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100224. [PMID: 35571764 PMCID: PMC9085463 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The B cell "help" function of CD4+ T cells is an important mechanism of adaptive immunity. Here, we describe improved antigen-specific T-B cocultures for quantitative measurement of T cell-dependent B cell responses, with as few as ∼90 T cells. Utilizing M. tuberculosis (Mtb), we show that early priming and activation of CD4+ T cells is important for productive interaction between T and B cells and that similar effects are achieved by supplementing cocultures with monocytes. We find that monocytes promote survivability of B cells via BAFF and stem cell growth factor (SCGF)/C-type lectin domain family 11 member A (CLEC11A), but this alone does not fully recapitulate the effects of monocyte supplementation. Importantly, we demonstrate improved activation and immunological output of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific memory CD4+ T-B cell cocultures with the inclusion of monocytes. This method may therefore provide a more sensitive assay to evaluate the B cell help quality of memory CD4+ T cells, for example, after vaccination or natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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297
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SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibody Response and T Cell-Immunity in Immunocompromised Patients up to Six Months Post COVID: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123535. [PMID: 35743605 PMCID: PMC9225567 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 generates SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in immunocompetent individuals. However, in immunocompromised patients, the humoral immunity following infection may be impaired or absent. Recently, the assessment of cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2, both following natural infection and vaccination, has contributed new knowledge regarding patients with low or no antibody responses. As part of a prospective cohort study which included hospitalized patients with COVID-19, we identified immunocompromised patients and compared them with age- and sex-matched immunocompetent patients regarding co-morbidities, biomarkers of COVID-19 and baseline viral load by real-time PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Spike and nucleocapsid antibody responses were analyzed at inclusion and after two weeks, six weeks and six months. Plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were quantified, lymphocyte phenotyping was performed, and SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses after in vitro antigen stimulation were assessed at six months post infection. All patients showed IgG levels above or within reference limits. At six months, all patients had detectable SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses were detected in 12 of 12 immunocompetent patients and in four of six immunocompromised patients. The magnitude of long-lived SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses were significantly correlated with the number of CD4 T cells and NK cells. Determining the durability of the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals could be of importance by providing insights into the risk of re-infection and the need for vaccine boosters.
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298
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Ameratunga R. SARS-CoV-2 the ASIA virus (autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants), the risk of infertility and vaccine hesitancy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1177-1184. [PMID: 35695410 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2089120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 has had a calamitous impact on the global community. The current death toll far exceeds 6 million and large numbers of patients are experiencing long-term medical and psychiatric morbidity from the infection. The immunopathology of severe COVID-19 is now better understood. In severely affected patients, there is a chaotic, destructive immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2, where autoimmunity features prominently. AREAS COVERED COVID-19 vaccines ensure a coordinated, balanced immune response to future SARS-CoV-2 infection. The rapid global deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines has been hindered by financial, logistical and political barriers. Of concern is increasing vaccine hesitancy caused by unfounded conspiracy theories of vaccine adverse effects, often fueled by misinformation and disinformation on social media. EXPERT OPINION This perspective discusses the potential impact of the so-called autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome caused by adjuvants (ASIA) on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Proponents of the ASIA syndrome have inappropriately linked infertility to HPV vaccines and have recently suggested antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and ovarian follicles. COVID-19 vaccines have also been linked to ASIA and unfounded fear of infertility is a leading cause of vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy caused by spurious disorders such as ASIA are likely to harm individuals and delay global vaccination efforts leading to emergence of vaccine and monoclonal antibody resistant mutants, thereby prolonging the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
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299
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Cords L, Knapp M, Woost R, Schulte S, Kummer S, Ackermann C, Beisel C, Peine S, Johansson AM, Kwok WWH, Günther T, Fischer N, Wittner M, Addo MM, Huber S, Schulze zur Wiesch J. High and Sustained Ex Vivo Frequency but Altered Phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4 + T-Cells in an Anti-CD20-Treated Patient with Prolonged COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061265. [PMID: 35746736 PMCID: PMC9228841 DOI: 10.3390/v14061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we longitudinally assessed the ex vivo frequency and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein (aa145-164) epitope-specific CD4+ T-cells of an anti-CD20-treated patient with prolonged viral positivity in direct comparison to an immunocompetent patient through an MHC class II DRB1*11:01 Tetramer analysis. We detected a high and stable SARS-CoV-2 membrane-specific CD4+ T-cell response in both patients, with higher frequencies of virus-specific CD4+ T-cells in the B-cell-depleted patient. However, we found an altered virus-specific CD4+ T-cell memory phenotype in the B-cell-depleted patient that was skewed towards late differentiated memory T-cells, as well as reduced frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T-cells with CD45RA- CXCR5+ PD-1+ circulating T follicular helper cell (cTFH) phenotype. Furthermore, we observed a delayed contraction of CD127- virus-specific effector cells. The expression of the co-inhibitory receptors TIGIT and LAG-3 fluctuated on the virus-specific CD4+ T-cells of the patient, but were associated with the inflammation markers IL-6 and CRP. Our findings indicate that, despite B-cell depletion and a lack of B-cell-T-cell interaction, a robust virus-specific CD4+ T-cell response can be primed that helps to control the viral replication, but which is not sufficient to fully abrogate the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Cords
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Maximilian Knapp
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sophia Schulte
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Silke Kummer
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Claudia Beisel
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | | | - William Wai-Hung Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; (A.M.J.); (W.W.-H.K.)
| | - Thomas Günther
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Nicole Fischer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Samuel Huber
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit I, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (M.K.); (R.W.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (C.B.); (M.W.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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300
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Chatterjee B, Singh Sandhu H, Dixit NM. Modeling recapitulates the heterogeneous outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection and quantifies the differences in the innate immune and CD8 T-cell responses between patients experiencing mild and severe symptoms. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010630. [PMID: 35759522 PMCID: PMC9269964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in highly heterogeneous outcomes, from cure without symptoms to acute respiratory distress and death. Empirical evidence points to the prominent roles of innate immune and CD8 T-cell responses in determining the outcomes. However, how these immune arms act in concert to elicit the outcomes remains unclear. Here, we developed a mathematical model of within-host SARS-CoV-2 infection that incorporates the essential features of the innate immune and CD8 T-cell responses. Remarkably, by varying the strengths and timings of the two immune arms, the model recapitulated the entire spectrum of outcomes realized. Furthermore, model predictions offered plausible explanations of several confounding clinical observations, including the occurrence of multiple peaks in viral load, viral recrudescence after symptom loss, and prolonged viral positivity. We applied the model to analyze published datasets of longitudinal viral load measurements from patients exhibiting diverse outcomes. The model provided excellent fits to the data. The best-fit parameter estimates indicated a nearly 80-fold stronger innate immune response and an over 200-fold more sensitive CD8 T-cell response in patients with mild compared to severe infection. These estimates provide quantitative insights into the likely origins of the dramatic inter-patient variability in the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The insights have implications for interventions aimed at preventing severe disease and for understanding the differences between viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhaditya Chatterjee
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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