251
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Zhao L, Wang D, Xue SW, Tan Z, Luo H, Wang Y, Li H, Pan C, Fu S, Hu X, Lan Z, Xiao Y, Kuai C. Antidepressant Treatment-Induced State-Dependent Reconfiguration of Emotion Regulation Networks in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:771147. [PMID: 35069281 PMCID: PMC8770425 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in emotion regulation are the main clinical features, common risk factors, and treatment-related targets for major depressive disorder (MDD). The neural bases of emotion regulation are moving beyond specific functions and emphasizing instead the integrative functions of spatially distributed brain areas that work together as large-scale brain networks, but it is still unclear whether the dynamic interactions among these emotion networks would be the target of clinical intervention for MDD. Data were collected from 70 MDD patients and 43 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. The dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) between emotion regions was estimated via a sliding-window method based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI). A k-means clustering method was applied to classify all time windows across all participants into several dFC states reflecting recurring functional interaction patterns among emotion regions over time. The results showed that four dFC states were identified in the emotion networks. Their alterations of state-related occurrence proportion were found in MDD and subsequently normalized following 12-week antidepressant treatment. Baseline strong dFC could predict the reduction rate of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores. These findings highlighted the state-dependent reconfiguration of emotion regulation networks in MDD patients owing to antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Wei Xue
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Tan
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanxiaoran Li
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyuan Pan
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sufen Fu
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Hu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Lan
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changxiao Kuai
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
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252
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Kuehl LK, Deuter CE, Nowacki J, Ueberrueck L, Wingenfeld K, Otte C. Attentional bias in individuals with depression and adverse childhood experiences: influence of the noradrenergic system? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3519-3531. [PMID: 34605959 PMCID: PMC8629860 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental disorder with affective, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. Mood congruent cognitive biases, including a negative attentional bias, are important for development, maintenance, and recurrence of depressive symptoms. MDD is associated with maladaptive changes in the biological stress systems such as dysregulations of central noradrenergic alpha2-receptors in the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system, which can affect cognitive processes including attention. Patients with adverse childhood experiences (ACE), representing severe stress experiences in early life, might be particularly affected. OBJECTIVES With an experimental design, we aimed to gain further knowledge about the role of noradrenergic activity for attentional bias in MDD patients with and without ACE. METHODS We tested the effect of increased noradrenergic activity induced by the alpha2-receptor blocker yohimbine on attentional bias in a placebo-controlled repeated measures design. Four groups were included as follows: MDD patients with and without ACE, and healthy participants with and without ACE (total N = 128, all without antidepressant medication). RESULTS A significant effect of MDD on attentional bias scores of sad face pictures (p = .037) indicated a facilitated attentional processing of sad face pictures in MDD patients (compared to non-MDD individuals). However, we found no such effect of ACE. For attentional bias of happy face pictures, we found no significant effects of MDD and ACE. Even though a higher increase of blood pressure and salivary alpha-amylase following yohimbine compared to placebo indicated successful noradrenergic stimulation, we found no significant effects of yohimbine on attentional bias of happy or sad face pictures. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the hypothesis of a negative attentional bias in MDD patients. However, as we found no effect of ACE or yohimbine, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which ACE increases the risk of MDD and to understand the biological basis of the MDD-related negative attentional bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn K Kuehl
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E Deuter
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Nowacki
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Ueberrueck
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
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253
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Intuitive judgments in depression and the role of processing fluency and positive valence: A preregistered replication study. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE 2020; 2:e2593. [PMID: 36398058 PMCID: PMC9645470 DOI: 10.32872/cpe.v2i4.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent preliminary evidence indicates that depression is associated with impaired intuitive information processing. The current study aimed at replicating these findings and to move one step further by exploring whether factors known as triggering intuition (positivity, processing fluency) also affect intuition in patients with depression. Method We pre-registered and tested five hypotheses using data from 35 patients with depression and 35 healthy controls who performed three versions of the Judgment of Semantic Coherence Task (JSCT, Bowers et al., 1990). This task operationalizes intuition as the inexplicable and sudden detection of semantic coherence. Results Results revealed that depressed patients and healthy controls did not differ in their general intuitive performance (Hypothesis 1). We further found that fluency did not significantly affect depressed patients’ coherence judgments (H2a) and that the assumed effect of fluency on coherence judgments was not moderated by depression (H2b). Finally, we found that triads positive in valence were more likely to be judged as coherent as compared to negative word triads in the depressed sample (H3a), but this influence of positive (vs. negative) valence on coherence judgments did not significantly differ between the two groups (H3b). Conclusion Overall the current study did not replicate findings from previous research regarding intuitive semantic coherence detection deficits in depression. However, our findings suggest that enhancing positivity in depressed patients may facilitate their ability to see meaning in their environment and to take intuitive decision. The pre-registered replication study did not find intuition deficits in patients with depression. Processing fluency did not affect coherence judgments in depressed patients or healthy controls. Depressed patients and healthy controls use positive valence as cue for intuitive coherence judgments. Future studies should test whether enhancing positivity in depressed patients boosts their ability to find meaning (e.g., meaning in life).
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254
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Jiang W, Liu X, Zhang J, Feng Z. Mental health status of Chinese residents during the COVID-19 epidemic. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:580. [PMID: 33272247 PMCID: PMC7711255 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the mental health status of Chinese residents during the epidemic of COVID-19, as well as to identify the positive and negative factors and regulatory effect of negative cognitive processing bias on mental health. METHODS A total of 60,199 residents in China were surveyed via an internet-based survey containing a general questionnaire, such as the self-rating depression scale, the state anxiety inventory, and the negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire. An ordered multiple logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze the collected data. RESULTS The survey revealed mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms in 62.65, 11.33, and 6.14% participants, respectively, and mild, moderate, and severe anxiety symptoms in 33.21, 41.27, and 22.99% participants, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors, such as female gender, being older than 55 years, high school education level, medical staff, marital conflicts, negative attention bias, rumination, and death growth rate, positively affected depression and anxiety symptoms. The good family functionality, democratic working atmosphere, and a myriad of social activities negatively affected the level of depressive and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION Chinese residents exhibited a high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms during the epidemic. Thus, psychological interventions should focus on the vulnerable groups, and cognitive training should focus on reducing the negative cognitive processing bias. This might be an effective way to alleviate the mental stress of the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuerong Liu
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengzhi Feng
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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255
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Does Approach-Avoidance Behavior in Response to Ambiguous Cues Reflect Depressive Interpretation Bias? Related but Distinct. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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256
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LeMoult J. From Stress to Depression: Bringing Together Cognitive and Biological Science. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 29:592-598. [PMID: 33343103 PMCID: PMC7727022 DOI: 10.1177/0963721420964039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most consistent findings in the depression literature is that stressful life events predict the onset and course of depressive episodes. Cognitive and biological responses to life stressors have both been identified, albeit largely independently, as central to understanding the association between stress and depression. I maintain that the largest advances in the understanding of depression will come from examining the ways that cognitive and biological responses to stressors reciprocally influence one another and, in doing so, contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. I summarize the cognitive and biological stress responses implicated in depression and then describe the reciprocal ways that they are associated with each other. Finally, I discuss the broader implications of taking this integrated approach and suggest directions and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
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257
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Buckley R, Westaway D. Mental health rescue effects of women's outdoor tourism: A role in COVID-19 recovery. ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2020; 85:103041. [PMID: 33100433 PMCID: PMC7575266 DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.103041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mental and social health outcomes from a portfolio of women's outdoor tourism products, with ~100,000 clients, are analysed using a catalysed netnography of >1000 social media posts. Entirely novel outcomes include: psychological rescue; recognition of a previously missing life component, and flow-on effects to family members. Outcomes reported previously for extreme sports, but not previously for hiking in nature, include psychological transformation. Outcomes also identified previously include: happiness, gratitude, relaxation, clarity and insights, nature appreciation, challenge and capability, and companionship and community effects. Commercial outdoor tourism enterprises can contribute powerfully to the wellbeing of women and families. This will be especially valuable for mental health recovery, following deterioration during COVID-19 coronavirus lockdowns worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Buckley
- International Chair in Ecotourism Research (Emeritus), Griffith University, 4222, Australia
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258
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Park JH, Lee SH, Kim Y, Park SW, Byeon GH, Jang JW. Depressive symptoms are associated with worse cognitive prognosis in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic Parkinson disease. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20:880-890. [PMID: 32840032 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depression is very common in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), only a few studies have investigated the longitudinal effects of initial depression on cognitive decline in these patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of depression on cognitive functions in patients with PD. METHODS We used data from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) to investigate the relationship between depression and PD. Depressive symptoms were measured in patients with PD based on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) or Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) scores obtained at baseline. We evaluated cognitive decline as whether a patient with PD progressed to PD with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during a 4-year follow-up period. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was done to know whether depression can predict the conversion to MCI. In addition, a voxel-based morphometric analysis using volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare structural changes related to future cognitive decline as well as to reveal longitudinal effect of baseline depression on cortical atrophy. RESULTS Data from 263 patients with cognitively normal de novo PD who were available for longitudinal cognitive testing were analysed. The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the depressive symptoms were independent risk factors for conversion to MCI in patients with de novo PD after adjusting for covariates (hazards ratio (95% CI)) of depression defined by the GDS (1.753 (1.084-2.835)) and the NPI (1.815 (1.083-3.042)) scores, respectively. The significant structural changes in PD with MCI as well as longitudinal effect of baseline depression on subsequent cortical atrophy were found in multiple areas on the voxel-based morphometric analysis (P < 0.001, family-wise error rate corrected). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the presence of depressive symptoms in patients with early PD is associated with a higher risk of progression to MCI and early depression may reflect subsequent cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Park
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Gi Hwan Byeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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259
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Bao J, Kato M. Determinants of Maternal Emotion Socialization: Based on Belsky's Process of Parenting Model. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2044. [PMID: 33013514 PMCID: PMC7509056 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate how the potential multifactors influence mothers’ emotion socialization. This study involved 300 Japanese-speaking married mothers with 2–5-year-old children, who answered a series of measures of emotion socialization (coaching, dismissing, dysfunction, and non-involvement), emotion regulation strategy (reappraisal and expressive suppression), psychopathology (anxiety and depression), and perceived parenting alliance with their partners. (a) Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated different effects between maternal anxiety and depression, such that higher levels of depression were associated with less coaching and higher levels of anxiety were associated with more dismissing and dysfunction. (b) Moreover, maternal emotion regulation was significant even when controlling for psychopathology, in which reappraisal had significant positive association with coaching and, conversely, expressive suppression had significant negative association with coaching and positive associations with non-involvement, dismissing, and dysfunction. (c) Additionally, moderation analysis revealed that a greater use of reappraisal was associated with more coaching, and this relation was strongest in lower levels of parenting alliance. Similarly, a greater use of reappraisal was associated with less dysfunction only when parenting alliance was low. Reappraisal may be effective in promoting supportive emotion socialization and buffering the negative effect of lower parenting alliance on unsupportive emotion socialization. Based on Belsky’s process of parenting model, we incorporate maternal psychopathology, emotion regulation, and perceived parenting alliance into one model of influencing maternal emotion socialization and highlight the unique role of emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bao
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kato
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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260
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Attention control ability, mood state, and emotional regulation ability partially affect executive control of attention on task-irrelevant emotional stimuli. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 210:103169. [PMID: 33007524 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive control of attention is important for goal-directed behavior, and it is influenced by emotional information. This study examined the effect of stimulus valence on a color word flanker task and how individual differences within a general population may affect task performance. 119 participants completed a color word flanker task with task-irrelevant emotional information (positive, negative, neutral). This task was followed by several self-report scales that measured individual differences in attention control ability (ACS), current mood (PANAS), and emotion regulation ability (DERS). Faster reaction times and greater accuracy were associated with negative stimuli. The flanker effect was greater for negative trials than for neutral and positive trials. The greater flanker effect for negative trials was driven by decreased reaction time on negative congruent trials. A significant interaction was evident between stimulus valence and ACS score, such that reaction time was faster for negative trials than for neutral trials among those with low, average, and high ACS. However, this difference was largest for those with high ACS. Further, these relationships between attention control ability and executive control of attention were influenced by level of depressive symptoms (as measured by BDI-II). This study extends our knowledge about the relationship between executive control of attention to emotional stimuli and individual differences related to mood and attentional disorders in a general population. Study results may have important implications for theoretical models of cognitive control and task-irrelevant emotional information across individual differences.
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261
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Sfärlea A, Buhl C, Loechner J, Neumüller J, Asperud Thomsen L, Starman K, Salemink E, Schulte-Körne G, Platt B. "I Am a Total…Loser" - The Role of Interpretation Biases in Youth Depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1337-1350. [PMID: 32654075 PMCID: PMC7445197 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Negative interpretation biases have been found to characterize adults with depression and to be involved in the development and maintenance of the disorder. However, less is known about their role in youth depression. The present study investigated i) whether negative interpretation biases characterize children and adolescents with depression and ii) to what extent these biases are more pronounced in currently depressed youth compared to youth at risk for depression (as some negative interpretation biases have been found already in high-risk youth before disorder onset). After a negative mood induction interpretation biases were assessed with two experimental tasks: Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST) and Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) in three groups of 9-14-year-olds: children and adolescents with a diagnosis of major depression (n = 32), children and adolescents with a high risk for depression (children of depressed parents; n = 48), as well as low-risk children and adolescents (n = 42). Depressed youth exhibited substantially more negative interpretation biases than both high-risk and low-risk groups (as assessed with both tasks), while the high-risk group showed more negative interpretation biases than the low-risk group only as assessed via the SST. The results indicate that the negative interpretation biases that are to some extent already present in high-risk populations before disorder onset are strongly amplified in currently depressed youth. The different findings for the two tasks suggest that more implicit interpretation biases (assessed with the SST) might represent cognitive vulnerabilities for depression whereas more explicit interpretation biases (assessed with the AST) may arise as a consequence of depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Sfärlea
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Buhl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Loechner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Neumüller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Asperud Thomsen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Kornelija Starman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elske Salemink
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Belinda Platt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
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262
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Maj M, Stein DJ, Parker G, Zimmerman M, Fava GA, De Hert M, Demyttenaere K, McIntyre RS, Widiger T, Wittchen HU. The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:269-293. [PMID: 32931110 PMCID: PMC7491646 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is widely acknowledged to be a heterogeneous entity, and the need to further characterize the individual patient who has received this diagnosis in order to personalize the management plan has been repeatedly emphasized. However, the research evidence that should guide this personalization is at present fragmentary, and the selection of treatment is usually based on the clinician's and/or the patient's preference and on safety issues, in a trial-and-error fashion, paying little attention to the particular features of the specific case. This may be one of the reasons why the majority of patients with a diagnosis of depression do not achieve remission with the first treatment they receive. The predominant pessimism about the actual feasibility of the personalization of treatment of depression in routine clinical practice has recently been tempered by some secondary analyses of databases from clinical trials, using approaches such as individual patient data meta-analysis and machine learning, which indicate that some variables may indeed contribute to the identification of patients who are likely to respond differently to various antidepressant drugs or to antidepressant medication vs. specific psychotherapies. The need to develop decision support tools guiding the personalization of treatment of depression has been recently reaffirmed, and the point made that these tools should be developed through large observational studies using a comprehensive battery of self-report and clinical measures. The present paper aims to describe systematically the salient domains that should be considered in this effort to personalize depression treatment. For each domain, the available research evidence is summarized, and the relevant assessment instruments are reviewed, with special attention to their suitability for use in routine clinical practice, also in view of their possible inclusion in the above-mentioned comprehensive battery of measures. The main unmet needs that research should address in this area are emphasized. Where the available evidence allows providing the clinician with specific advice that can already be used today to make the management of depression more personalized, this advice is highlighted. Indeed, some sections of the paper, such as those on neurocognition and on physical comorbidities, indicate that the modern management of depression is becoming increasingly complex, with several components other than simply the choice of an antidepressant and/or a psychotherapy, some of which can already be reliably personalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon Parker
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marc De Hert
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
- KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Demyttenaere
- University Psychiatric Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilans Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
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263
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Gao L, Xie Y, Jia C, Wang W. Prevalence of depression among Chinese university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15897. [PMID: 32985593 PMCID: PMC7522998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of the depression prevalence among Chinese university students vary considerably across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively analyze the depression prevalence among Chinese university students. We searched four electronic databases with the search terms of depression, China, university student, and questionnaire. Studies reporting depression among Chinese university students were included in the analysis. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the qualities of the studies. The package of “meta” in R Foundation for Statistical Computing was used to calculate an overall proportion in a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analysis was conducted to analyze the influencing factors on the depression prevalence. Any conflict in the data analysis was discussed by all the reviewers. A total of 113 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of depression among Chinese university students was shown to be 28.4% (n = 185,787), with 95%CI from 25.7 to 31.2%. The overall depression prevalence among Chinese university students was still relatively high. More efforts need to be done to provide better mental healthcare to university students in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. .,St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | | | - Chunhua Jia
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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264
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Duyser FA, van Eijndhoven PFP, Bergman MA, Collard RM, Schene AH, Tendolkar I, Vrijsen JN. Negative memory bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:1165-1172. [PMID: 32663947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative memory bias is a strong risk factor for the development and maintenance of depression. Recent evidence also found negative memory bias in other mental disorders. Here, we aim to: 1) assess the presence and strength of negative memory bias in a range of (comorbid) mental disorders, 2) investigate which disorder-specific symptoms are associated with negative memory bias, and 3) test whether negative memory bias might be a transdiagnostic mechanism. METHODS Negative memory bias was measured in patients with at least one diagnosis of a stress-related disorder (n = 86), a neurodevelopmental disorder (n = 53), or both (n = 68), and 51 controls. Depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder symptom severity was assessed using questionnaires. Groups were compared on negative memory bias and the associations between negative memory bias and symptom severity were made using linear regression models. RESULTS All patient groups showed stronger negative memory bias than the controls. Negative memory bias was individually associated with all symptom severity indices, but when added into a single model, only the association with depressive symptom severity remained. This persisted after controlling for diagnostic group. LIMITATIONS Due to the cross-sectional sectional study design, we could only look at the associations between negative memory bias and disorder-specific symptoms and not at the direction of the effects. CONCLUSIONS Negative memory bias is characteristic of a depressotypic processing style and present in different mental disorders. It might play a mechanistic role in the development of (subclinical) co-occurrence between mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Duyser
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P F P van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R M Collard
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - J N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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265
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Suslow T, Hußlack A, Kersting A, Bodenschatz CM. Attentional biases to emotional information in clinical depression: A systematic and meta-analytic review of eye tracking findings. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:632-642. [PMID: 32663997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, eye-tracking technology has been increasingly used to investigate attention orientation in depression. The aim of the current review was to summarize the available eye-tracking research specifying the effects of clinical depression on early and late attention allocation during visual perception of emotional material. METHODS The literature search identified sixteen relevant publications, including twelve free-viewing studies in which multiple stimulus arrays with images (scenarios) or faces were administered. Meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of acute depression on attentional maintenance during free viewing as a function of type and emotional quality of stimulus material. RESULTS Moderate (to large) differences were observed between depressed and healthy individuals in maintained attention to dysphoric images (Hedges' g = .66) and sad faces (g = .58). Moderate group differences were also revealed for maintained attention to positive images (g = -.51) and happy faces (g = -.54). Age of patients explained between study variance in effect sizes for attention to happy faces. No group differences in initial attention orientation were found. LIMITATIONS The number of free-viewing studies based on images was low (n=4). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that clinical depression is characterized by medium-sized increases of attention maintenance for dysphoric and medium-sized decreases for positive stimuli compared to healthy individuals. Therefore, both alterations represent equally important targets for attention modification programs. Depressed patients seem not to manifest abnormalities in early orienting to emotional stimuli. Differences between patients and healthy subjects in attention to positive stimuli may diminish with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anja Hußlack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charlott Maria Bodenschatz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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266
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Miragall M, Borrego A, Cebolla A, Etchemendy E, Navarro-Siurana J, Llorens R, Blackwell SE, Baños RM. Effect of an upright (vs. stooped) posture on interpretation bias, imagery, and emotions. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 68:101560. [PMID: 32078947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adopting an upright (vs. stooped) posture has been related to positive effects on emotional and cognitive processes. However, there is no evidence concerning the effect of posture on two key processes associated with the maintenance of depression: interpretation bias and vividness of mental imagery. The objectives were to investigate the effect of adopting an upright (vs. stooped) posture on interpretation bias and vividness of positive and negative mental imagery, and to explore the interplay between these processes and depression-related emotions. METHODS The sample consisted of 54 participants (Mage = 22.00, 64.8% women), who were randomly assigned to the upright or stooped condition. Participants answered self-report measures while they were adopting a specific posture. Posture was monitored through inertial technology. RESULTS Main results were that: upright (vs. stooped) posture led to more positive interpretations of ambiguous information and increased positive emotions related to depression (happiness, optimism and vigor); time in an upright position was associated with change in interpretation bias and vividness of positive mental imagery; and level of depressive symptomatology moderated the effect of posture on the change in interpretation bias. LIMITATIONS Limitations are related to the use of non-clinical sample, the use of short-term measurements, and the lack of an experimental condition adopting the usual posture. CONCLUSIONS Posture interacts with mechanisms involved in the maintenance of depression, as well as with depression-related emotions. This study has clinical implications that should be continued explored in order to clarify the role of manipulating the posture in individuals with depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miragall
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Adrián Borrego
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería. Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ausiàs Cebolla
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Ernestina Etchemendy
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jéssica Navarro-Siurana
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Roberto Llorens
- Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería. Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; Servicio de Neurorrehabilitación y Daño Cerebral de los Hospitales Vithas-NISA. Fundación Hospitales NISA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Simon E Blackwell
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rosa M Baños
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto Carlos III, Spain.
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267
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Quigley L, Wen A, Dobson KS. Cognitive control over emotional information in current and remitted depression. Behav Res Ther 2020; 132:103658. [PMID: 32615318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression propose that difficulty exerting cognitive control over emotional information may be involved in the development, maintenance, and/or recurrence of depression. This study evaluated depression-related biases in three cognitive control functions, namely inhibition, working memory updating, and set shifting. Currently depressed (n = 53), remitted depressed (n = 55), and non-clinical control (n = 51) participants completed computer-based paradigms designed to measure inhibition, working memory updating, and set shifting, respectively, involving emotional stimuli. As hypothesized, currently depressed participants exhibited biases in cognitive control over emotional information but did not exhibit broad impairments on a non-emotional measure of cognitive control. Specifically, currently depressed participants showed a reduced ability to inhibit the processing of negative distracting stimuli and to update working memory with emotional information, relative to control participants. Currently depressed participants also had greater difficulty shifting away from an emotion-relevant task set than from an emotion-irrelevant task set, whereas control participants did not show this bias. Remitted depressed participants did not demonstrate similar biases to currently depressed participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Alainna Wen
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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268
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Brolsma SCA, Vassena E, Vrijsen JN, Sescousse G, Collard RM, van Eijndhoven PF, Schene AH, Cools R. Negative Learning Bias in Depression Revisited: Enhanced Neural Response to Surprising Reward Across Psychiatric Disorders. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:280-289. [PMID: 33082119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work has proposed that major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with a specific cognitive bias: patients with depression seem to learn more from punishment than from reward. This learning bias has been associated with blunting of reward-related neural responses in the striatum. A key question is whether negative learning bias is also present in patients with MDD and comorbid disorders and whether this bias is specific to depression or shared across disorders. METHODS We employed a transdiagnostic approach assessing a heterogeneous group of (nonpsychotic) psychiatric patients from the MIND-Set (Measuring Integrated Novel Dimensions in Neurodevelopmental and Stress-Related Mental Disorders) cohort with and without MDD but also with anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and/or autism (n = 66) and healthy control subjects (n = 24). To investigate reward and punishment learning, we employed a deterministic reversal learning task with functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS In contrast to previous studies, patients with MDD did not exhibit impaired reward learning or reduced reward-related neural activity anywhere in the brain. Interestingly, we observed consistently increased neural responses in the bilateral lateral prefrontal cortex of patients when they received a surprising reward. This increase was not specific to MDD, but generalized to anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism. Critically, increased prefrontal activity to surprising reward scaled with transdiagnostic symptom severity, particularly that associated with concentration and attention, as well as the number of diagnoses; patients with more comorbidities showed a stronger prefrontal response to surprising reward. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal enhancement may reflect compensatory working memory recruitment, possibly to counteract the inability to swiftly update reward expectations. This neural mechanism may provide a candidate transdiagnostic index of psychiatric severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C A Brolsma
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eliana Vassena
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment, Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Depression Expertise Centre, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lyon, France
| | - Rose M Collard
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Phillip F van Eijndhoven
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Brandmeyer T, Delorme A. Meditation and the Wandering Mind: A Theoretical Framework of Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:39-66. [PMID: 32598855 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620917340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the practice of meditation, the tendency of the mind to wander away from the object of focus is ubiquitous. The occurrence of mind wandering in the context of meditation provides individuals a unique and intimate opportunity to closely examine the nature of the wandering mind by cultivating an awareness of ongoing thought patterns, while simultaneously aiming to cultivate equanimity (evenness of temper or disposition) and compassion toward the content of thoughts, interpretations, and bodily sensations. In this article we provide a theoretical framework that highlights the neurocognitive mechanisms by which contemplative practices influence the neural and phenomenological processes underlying spontaneous thought. Our theoretical model focuses on several converging mechanisms: the role of meta-awareness in facilitating an increased moment-to-moment awareness of spontaneous thought processes, the effects of meditation practice on key structures underlying both the top-down cognitive processes and bottom-up sensory processes implicated in attention and emotion regulation, and the influence of contemplative practice on the neural substrates underlying perception and perceptual decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Brandmeyer
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.,Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5549
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5549.,Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego
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270
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Krings A, Heeren A, Fontaine P, Blairy S. Attentional biases in depression: Relation to disorder severity, rumination, and anhedonia. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 100:152173. [PMID: 32359726 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to cognitive models of depression, selective attentional biases (ABs) for mood-congruent information are core vulnerability factors of depression maintenance. However, findings concerning the presence of these biases in depression are mixed. This study aims to clarify the presence of these ABs among individuals with clinical and subclinical depression. METHOD We compared three groups based on a semi-structured diagnostic interview and a depressive symptoms scale (BDI-II): 34 individuals with major depressive disorder (clinically depressed); 35 with a dysphoric mood but without the criteria of major depressive disorder (i.e., subclinically depressed), and 26 never been depressed individuals. We examined AB for sad and happy materials in three modified versions of the exogenous cueing task using scenes, facial expressions, and words. Brooding, anhedonia, and anxiety were also evaluated. RESULTS In contrast to our hypotheses, there were no ABs for negative or positive information, regardless of the task and the groups. Neither the association between AB toward negative information and brooding nor the one between AB away from positive stimuli and anhedonia was significant. Bayes factors analyses revealed that the present pattern of findings does not result from a lack of statistical power. DISCUSSION Our results raise questions about how common AB is in depression. From a theoretical point of view, because individuals with depression did not exhibit AB, our results also seemingly challenge the claim that AB figures prominently in the maintenance of depression. We believe the present null results to be particularly useful for future meta-research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Krings
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alexandre Heeren
- Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier 10, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Psychiatry service, CHC Clinique Montlégia, bd Patience et Beaujonc 9 - (B), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Sylvie Blairy
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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271
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Hsu KJ, McNamara ME, Shumake J, Stewart RA, Labrada J, Alario A, Gonzalez GD, Schnyer DM, Beevers CG. Neurocognitive predictors of self-reported reward responsivity and approach motivation in depression: A data-driven approach. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:682-697. [PMID: 32579757 PMCID: PMC7951991 DOI: 10.1002/da.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in reward-related processes, such as reward responsivity and approach motivation, appear to play a role in the nature and course of depression. Prior work suggests that cognitive biases for valenced information may contribute to these reward processes. Yet there is little work examining how biased attention, processing, and memory for positively and negatively valenced information may be associated with reward-related processes in samples with depression symptoms. METHODS We used a data-driven, machine learning (elastic net) approach to identify the best predictors of self-reported reward-related processes using multiple tasks of attention, processing, and memory for valenced information measured across behavioral, eye tracking, psychophysiological, and computational modeling approaches (n = 202). Participants were adults (ages 18-35) who ranged in depression symptom severity from mild to severe. RESULTS Models predicted between 5.0-12.2% and 9.7-28.0% of held-out test sample variance in approach motivation and reward responsivity, respectively. Low self-referential processing of positively valenced information was the most robust, albeit modest, predictor of low approach motivation and reward responsivity. CONCLUSIONS Self-referential processing of positive information is the strongest predictor of reward responsivity and approach motivation in a sample ranging from mild to severe depression symptom severity. Experiments are now needed to clarify the causal relationship between self-referential processing of positively valenced information and reward processes in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kean J. Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC,Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX,Corresponding Author: Kean J. Hsu, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Medical Center, 2115 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007 ()
| | - Mary E. McNamara
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Jason Shumake
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | | | - Jocelyn Labrada
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Alexandra Alario
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Guadalupe D.S. Gonzalez
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - David M. Schnyer
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Christopher G. Beevers
- Institute for Mental Health Research and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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272
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Hussenoeder FS, Jentzsch D, Matschinger H, Hinz A, Kilian R, Riedel-Heller SG, Conrad I. Depression and quality of life in old age: a closer look. Eur J Ageing 2020; 18:75-83. [PMID: 33746683 PMCID: PMC7925788 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-020-00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders are among the most widespread mental disorders in old age, with negative consequences for quality of life (QOL). Understanding QOL as a multidimensional construct, in this article we have a closer look on what specific aspects are affected by depression. We used a representative sample of the German population (n = 805) and one of individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 106) to compare QOL using the WHOQOL-BREF and the WHOQOL-OLD. Multivariate analysis showed that individuals diagnosed with depression exhibited lower QOL with regard to WHOQOL-BREF-dimensions physical health, psychological, social relationships and global QOL and with regard to WHOQOL-OLD-facets sensory abilities, past, present, and future activities and social participation. In addition, in the regression analysis, there were no significant differences between individuals with and without depression with regard to environment (WHOQOL-BREF), autonomy, death and dying, intimacy and overall (WHOQOL-OLD). Associations between depression and QOL in older age are selective in terms of which aspects of QOL are affected. From a methodological perspective, a multidimensional approach to QOL is recommended. From a clinical perspective, our research highlights those areas of QOL that are relevant for health professionals working with older people and that could be the focus of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Hussenoeder
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Jentzsch
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Herbert Matschinger
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Section of Health Economics and Mental Health Services Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Conrad
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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273
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Frewen P, Schroeter ML, Riva G, Cipresso P, Fairfield B, Padulo C, Kemp AH, Palaniyappan L, Owolabi M, Kusi-Mensah K, Polyakova M, Fehertoi N, D’Andrea W, Lowe L, Northoff G. Neuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:164-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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274
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275
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Jopling E, Gotlib IH, LeMoult J. Effects of working memory training on cognitive, affective, and biological responses to stress in major depression: A novel cognitive bias modification protocol. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:45-51. [PMID: 31957691 PMCID: PMC7050386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 320 million individuals are living with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a leading cause of disability worldwide. Thus, there is a crucial need to identify processes that contribute to the maintenance of depressive episodes. Difficulty removing negative information from working memory (WM) is posited to exacerbate affective, cognitive, and biological dysregulation in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), but this has not yet been tested empirically. METHODS In this study we examined whether training depressed individuals to remove negative information from WM (RNI training) would reduce symptoms of depression and levels of rumination, and would be associated with attenuated biological responsivity to stress. Individuals diagnosed with MDD were randomly assigned to complete Real-RNI training or Sham-RNI training for six days. RESULTS Across conditions, participants exhibited significant improvements from pre- to post-training in removing negative information from WM, symptoms of depression, and rumination. Furthermore, participants in the Real-RNI condition showed a more attenuated pattern of cortisol and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) responses to stress than did participants in the Sham-RNI training condition. LIMITATIONS We did not assess the long-term effects of training. It will be important for future research to examine whether the documented training-related effects persist across time. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine the effects of RNI training on clinical symptoms and biological responses to stress in MDD, and it provides experimental evidence that training individuals with depression to remove negative information from WM can help to modulate the heightened biological responses to stress seen in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Jopling
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | | | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
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276
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de Nooij L, Harris MA, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Shen X, Cox SR, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC. Cognitive functioning and lifetime major depressive disorder in UK Biobank. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e28. [PMID: 32189608 PMCID: PMC7315876 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment associated with lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) is well-supported by meta-analytic studies, but population-based estimates remain scarce. Previous UK Biobank studies have only shown limited evidence of cognitive differences related to probable MDD. Using updated cognitive and clinical assessments in UK Biobank, this study investigated population-level differences in cognitive functioning associated with lifetime MDD. METHODS Associations between lifetime MDD and cognition (performance on six tasks and general cognitive functioning [g-factor]) were investigated in UK Biobank (N-range 7,457-14,836, age 45-81 years, 52% female), adjusting for demographics, education, and lifestyle. Lifetime MDD classifications were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Within the lifetime MDD group, we additionally investigated relationships between cognition and (a) recurrence, (b) current symptoms, (c) severity of psychosocial impairment (while symptomatic), and (d) concurrent psychotropic medication use. RESULTS Lifetime MDD was robustly associated with a lower g-factor (β = -0.10, PFDR = 4.7 × 10-5), with impairments in attention, processing speed, and executive functioning (β ≥ 0.06). Clinical characteristics revealed differential profiles of cognitive impairment among case individuals; those who reported severe psychosocial impairment and use of psychotropic medication performed worse on cognitive tests. Severe psychosocial impairment and reasoning showed the strongest association (β = -0.18, PFDR = 7.5 × 10-5). CONCLUSIONS Findings describe small but robust associations between lifetime MDD and lower cognitive performance within a population-based sample. Overall effects were of modest effect size, suggesting limited clinical relevance. However, deficits within specific cognitive domains were more pronounced in relation to clinical characteristics, particularly severe psychosocial impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Nooij
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew A. Harris
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C. Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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277
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Thai M, Başgöze Z, Klimes-Dougan B, Mueller BA, Fiecas M, Lim KO, Albott CS, Cullen KR. Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Clinical Improvement to Ketamine in Adolescents With Treatment Resistant Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:820. [PMID: 33013493 PMCID: PMC7461781 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a serious problem in adolescents. Development and optimization of novel interventions for these youth will require a deeper knowledge of the neurobiology of depression. A well-established phenomenon of depression is an attention bias toward negativity and away from positivity that is evidenced behaviorally and neurally, but it is unclear how symptom reduction is related to changes to this bias. Neurobiological research using a treatment probe has promise to help discover the neural changes that accompany symptom improvement. Ketamine has utility for such research because of its known rapid and strong antidepressant effects in the context of TRD. Our previous study of six open-label ketamine infusions in 11 adolescents with TRD showed variable response, ranging from full remission, partial response, non-response, or clinical worsening. In this study, we examined the performance of these participants on Word Face Stroop (WFS) fMRI task where they indicated the valence of affective words superimposed onto either congruent or incongruent emotional faces before and after the ketamine infusions. Participants also completed a clinical assessment (including measurement of depression symptomology and anhedonia/pleasure) before and after the ketamine infusions. Following ketamine treatment, better WFS performance correlated with self-reported decreased depressive symptoms and increased pleasure. Analyses of corticolimbic, corticostriatal and default mode (DMN) networks showed that across networks, decreased activation during all conditions (congruent negative, congruent positive, incongruent negative, and incongruent positive) correlated with decreases in depressive symptoms and with increases in pleasure. These findings suggest that in adolescents with TRD, clinical improvement may require an attenuation of the negativity bias and re-tuning of these three critical neural networks to attenuate DMN and limbic regions activation and allow more efficient recruitment of the reward network. Lower activation across conditions may facilitate shifting across different salient emotional stimuli rather than getting trapped in downward negative spirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Thai
- Psychology Department, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Zeynep Başgöze
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
- Psychology Department, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Mark Fiecas
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - C Sophia Albott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
| | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, United States
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278
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Fisher JE, Zhou J, Liu AG, Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Cozza SJ. Effect of comorbid anxiety and depression in complicated grief on perceived cognitive failures. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:54-62. [PMID: 31916661 DOI: 10.1002/da.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bereavement is associated with cognitive difficulties, but it is unclear whether these difficulties are associated with normative and/or complicated grief (CG) and how comorbid depression and anxiety contribute to them. Self-reported "minor errors in thinking" (i.e., cognitive failures) may manifest following bereavement and be differentially affected by CG, anxiety, and depression. METHODS Associations between perceived cognitive failures and CG, anxiety, and depression were investigated in 581 bereaved participants. To examine both single and comorbid conditions across the spectrum of bereaved participants, these relationships were examined using both linear regressions and group comparisons. RESULTS Continuous measures of depression, anxiety, and grief each independently predicted perceived cognitive failures. Group comparisons indicated that the group with three comorbid conditions had the highest frequency of perceived cognitive failures and the group with no conditions had the lowest. In addition, groups with threshold depression levels (both alone and comorbid with another condition) had higher frequencies of perceived cognitive failures than other groups, suggesting that depression was more strongly associated with perceived cognitive failures than CG or anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Future research about cognition following bereavement should address how multiple mental health symptoms or conditions combine to affect perceived and actual cognitive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscelyn E Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander G Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carol S Fullerton
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen J Cozza
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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279
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Bergman MA, Vissers CTWM, Collard RM, van Eijndhoven P, Schene AH, Vrijsen JN. The Effect of Alexithymia on Attentional Bias Toward Emotional Stimuli in Depression: An Eye-Tracking Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:569946. [PMID: 33679459 PMCID: PMC7925401 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.569946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexithymia-reflecting deficits in cognitive emotion processing-is highly prevalent in individuals with depressive disorders. Subsequently, mixed evidence for attentional bias is found in these individuals. Alexithymia may be a potential influencing factor for attentional bias in depression. In the current study, 83 currently depressed (CD) and 76 never-depressed (ND) controls completed an eye-tracker task consisting of valenced (non)-social pictures. Alexithymia scores were also included as a moderator as both a continuous and categorical measure (so high vs. low alexithymia). No group difference or moderating effect of alexithymia was found on attentional bias. Thus, alexithymic symptoms, included both dimensionally and categorically, may not influence biased attentional processing in depression compared to ND individuals. Thus, it is important to explore other potential explaining factors for the equivocal results found on biased attentional processing of emotional information in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Annemiek Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Constance Th W M Vissers
- Royal Dutch Kentalis, Kentalis Academy, Sint-Michielsgestel, Netherlands.,Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rose M Collard
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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280
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Gong Q, Yan XJ, Lei F, Wang ML, He LL, Luo YY, Gao HW, Feng YL, Yang SL, Li J, Du LJ. Proteomic profiling of the neurons in mice with depressive-like behavior induced by corticosterone and the regulation of berberine: pivotal sites of oxidative phosphorylation. Mol Brain 2019; 12:118. [PMID: 31888678 PMCID: PMC6937859 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic corticosterone (CORT) stress is an anxiety and depression inducing factor that involves the dysfunction of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neuronal plasticity. However, the regulation of proteomic profiles in neurons suffering CORT stress is remaining elusive. Thus, the proteomic profiles of mouse neuronal C17.2 stem cells were comprehensively investigated by TMT (tandem mass tag)-labeling quantitative proteomics. The quantitative proteomics conjugated gene ontology analysis revealed the inhibitory effect of CORT on the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, which can be antagonized by berberine (BBR) treatment. In addition, animal studies showed that changes in mitochondria by CORT can affect neuropsychiatric activities and disturb the physiological functions of neurons via disordering mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, the mitochondrial energy metabolism can be considered as one of the major mechanism underlying CORT-mediated depression. Since CORT is important for depression after traumatic stress disorder, our study will shed light on the prevention and treatment of depression as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gong
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mu-Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lu-Ling He
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ying-Ying Luo
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Yu-Lin Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Shi-Lin Yang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Li-Jun Du
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drugs and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China
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281
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Keller AS, Leikauf JE, Holt-Gosselin B, Staveland BR, Williams LM. Paying attention to attention in depression. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:279. [PMID: 31699968 PMCID: PMC6838308 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention is the gate through which sensory information enters our conscious experiences. Oftentimes, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) complain of concentration difficulties that negatively impact their day-to-day function, and these attention problems are not alleviated by current first-line treatments. In spite of attention's influence on many aspects of cognitive and emotional functioning, and the inclusion of concentration difficulties in the diagnostic criteria for MDD, the focus of depression as a disease is typically on mood features, with attentional features considered less of an imperative for investigation. Here, we summarize the breadth and depth of findings from the cognitive neurosciences regarding the neural mechanisms supporting goal-directed attention in order to better understand how these might go awry in depression. First, we characterize behavioral impairments in selective, sustained, and divided attention in depressed individuals. We then discuss interactions between goal-directed attention and other aspects of cognition (cognitive control, perception, and decision-making) and emotional functioning (negative biases, internally-focused attention, and interactions of mood and attention). We then review evidence for neurobiological mechanisms supporting attention, including the organization of large-scale neural networks and electrophysiological synchrony. Finally, we discuss the failure of current first-line treatments to alleviate attention impairments in MDD and review evidence for more targeted pharmacological, brain stimulation, and behavioral interventions. By synthesizing findings across disciplines and delineating avenues for future research, we aim to provide a clearer outline of how attention impairments may arise in the context of MDD and how, mechanistically, they may negatively impact daily functioning across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle S Keller
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John E Leikauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bailey Holt-Gosselin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brooke R Staveland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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282
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Lopez-Gomez I, Lorenzo-Luaces L, Chaves C, Hervas G, DeRubeis RJ, Vazquez C. Predicting optimal interventions for clinical depression: Moderators of outcomes in a positive psychological intervention vs. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 61:104-110. [PMID: 31395363 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Identifying differences in the clinical response to specific interventions is an important challenge in the field of Clinical Psychology. This is especially true in the treatment of depression where many treatments appear to have comparable outcomes. In a controlled trial, we compared a positive psychology group intervention, the Integrative Positive Psychological Intervention for Depression (IPPI-D; n = 62) to a cognitive-behavioral therapy group intervention (CBT; n = 66) for depression. No statistically or clinically-significant differences between the treatments were found, but a slight advantage was observed, on average, for IPPI-D. The aim of the present study was to identify and combine moderators of the differential efficacy of these two psychological interventions for clinical depression. For this purpose, a secondary analysis using the Personalized Advantage Index (PAI) was performed to identify the intervention predicted to produce the better outcome for each patient. Six of the 21 potential moderators were found to predict differential efficacy between the treatments. IPPI-D was predicted to be the optimal treatment for 73% of the sample. Baseline features that characterized these individuals were: mental and physical comorbidity, prior antidepressant medication, higher levels of negative thoughts, and higher personal growth. The 27% who were predicted to achieve better outcomes in CBT than in IPPI-D tended to have these baseline features: no comorbidities, no prior antidepressant medication, lower levels of negative thoughts, and lower personal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lopez-Gomez
- School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, United States of America.
| | - Covadonga Chaves
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Hervas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
| | - Robert J DeRubeis
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America.
| | - Carmelo Vazquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
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283
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Visted E, Sørensen L, Vøllestad J, Osnes B, Svendsen JL, Jentschke S, Binder PE, Schanche E. The Association Between Juvenile Onset of Depression and Emotion Regulation Difficulties. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2262. [PMID: 31695636 PMCID: PMC6816416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile onset of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with increased likelihood of recurrent episodes of depression and more detrimental clinical trajectories. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of juvenile onset of MDD on emotion regulation as measured by self-report and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Furthermore, we wanted to assess whether juvenile onset impacted the association between rumination and depressive symptoms. Sixty-four individuals with at least three prior episodes of MDD were recruited and filled out self-report questionnaires measuring rumination and emotion regulation abilities. In addition, electrocardiographic assessments were used to calculate HRV. Based on self-reported age of MDD onset, individuals were divided in two groups: Juvenile onset of MDD (first MDD episode before the age of 18, n = 30) and adult onset of MDD (first MDD episode after the age of 18, n = 34). Results showed that individuals whose first depressive episode occurred in childhood and adolescence reported more rumination and less emotional clarity compared to individuals who had their first episode of MDD in adulthood. Moreover, the tendency to ruminate was strongly associated with depressive symptoms in the juvenile onset of MDD group, whereas no such association was found in the adult onset group. There was no significant group difference for HRV. The findings are discussed in light of existing literature, in addition to suggesting how our findings may inform clinical practice and future research. We conclude that juvenile onset of MDD may lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and that these difficulties may increase depressive symptoms and vulnerability for relapse in this particular subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Visted
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Vøllestad
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Solli District Psychiatric Center (DPS), Nesttun, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjørgvin District Psychiatric Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Lillebostad Svendsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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284
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Atique-Ur-Rehman H, Neill JC. Cognitive dysfunction in major depression: From assessment to novel therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 202:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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285
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Volk F, Floyd CG, Bohannon KE, Cole SM, McNichol KM, Schott EA, Williams ZDR. The Moderating Role of the Tendency to Blame Others in the Development of Perceived Addiction, Shame, and Depression in Pornography Users. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2019.1670301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Volk
- Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher G. Floyd
- Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Bohannon
- Department of Community Care and Counseling, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan M. Cole
- Department of Community Care and Counseling, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Katie M. McNichol
- Department of Community Care and Counseling, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily A. Schott
- Department of Community Care and Counseling, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Zachary D. R. Williams
- Department of Community Care and Counseling, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
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286
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A Pilot Study of Smartphone-Based Memory Bias Modification and Its Effect on Memory Bias and Depressive symptoms in an Unselected Population. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Memory bias modification (MBM) is a relatively new approach at targeting biased processing—a central cognitive factor causing and maintaining depression. In this pilot study we aimed to develop a smartphone-based autobiographical memory training, a novel form of MBM. A total of 153 unselected participants were randomly allocated to one of three experimental training conditions (positive, negative or sham memory training) conducted over a period of three days. Autobiographical memory bias and depressive scores were assessed pre- and post-training, whilst recent event recall and explicit self-referent memory bias were assessed post-training. Positive memory bias significantly increased in the positive training condition, however memory bias did not significantly differ post-training between the three conditions. Participants who received positive training recalled a positive autobiographical event more frequently compared to the other conditions. No significant difference between conditions was found in the other outcomes, including symptoms. The novel smartphone-based MBM intervention seems apt to affect autobiographical memory of emotional material. Future research should explore its possible (therapeutic) application.
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287
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Østergaard T, Lundgren T, Rosendahl I, Zettle RD, Jonassen R, Harmer CJ, Stiles TC, Landrø NI, Haaland VØ. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Preceded by Attention Bias Modification on Residual Symptoms in Depression: A 12-Month Follow-Up. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1995. [PMID: 31555180 PMCID: PMC6727662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a highly recurrent disorder with limited treatment alternatives for reducing risk of subsequent episodes. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and attention bias modification (ABM) separately have shown some promise in reducing depressive symptoms. This study investigates (a) if group-based ACT had a greater impact in reducing residual symptoms of depression over a 12-month follow-up than a control condition, and (b) if preceding ACT with ABM produced added benefits. This multisite study consisted of two phases. In phase 1, participants with a history of depression, currently in remission (N = 244), were randomized to either receive 14 days of ABM or a control condition. In phase 2, a quasi- experimental design was adopted, and only phase-1 participants from the Sørlandet site (N = 124) next received an 8-week group-based ACT intervention. Self-reported and clinician-rated depression symptoms were assessed at baseline, immediately after phase 1 and at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months after the conclusion of phase 1. At 12-month follow-up, participants who received ACT exhibited fewer self-reported and clinician-rated depressive symptoms. There were no significant differences between ACT groups preceded by ABM or a control condition. There were no significant differences between ACT groups preceded by ABM or a control condition. Group-based ACT successfully decreased residual symptoms in depression over 12 months, suggesting some promise in preventing relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Østergaard
- Department of Psychiatry, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert D. Zettle
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Rune Jonassen
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine J. Harmer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Psychopharmacology and Emotion Research Laboratory, University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tore C. Stiles
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nils Inge Landrø
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vegard Øksendal Haaland
- Department of Psychiatry, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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288
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Aragão JA, de Andrade LGR, Neves OMG, Aragão ICS, Aragão FMS, Reis FP. Anxiety and depression in patients with peripheral arterial disease admitted to a tertiary hospital. J Vasc Bras 2019; 18:e20190002. [PMID: 31488975 PMCID: PMC6709972 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.190002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions and are associated with chronic diseases, pain, loss of autonomy, dependence on others to perform routine activities, and loneliness. Depression often has a cause-and-effect relationship with other diseases, such as: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Objectives To estimate the frequency of anxiety and depression in patients of both sexes with PAD admitted to a tertiary hospital. Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a non-random sample selected consecutively. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess anxiety and depression, and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was used to assess PAD. Results The prevalence of anxiety in these patients was 24.4%, with associations between anxiety and monthly family income, smoking, and SAH. The prevalence of depression was 27.6%, with associations between depression and the female gender, being married or in a stable relationship, living on a family income of one minimum wage or less, not being an alcoholic, and having hypertension. Conclusions There are high prevalence rates of anxiety and depressive disorders among patients with PAD, which are underdiagnosed and, hence, not properly treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Aderval Aragão
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE, Brasil.,Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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289
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Volpe VV, Beacham A, Olafunmiloye O. Cognitive flexibility and the health of Black college-attending young adults experiencing interpersonal racial discrimination. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1132-1142. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105319869812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the utility of cognitive flexibility for the health of college-attending Black young adults facing chronic interpersonal racial discrimination in a sample of 218 healthy students attending a predominantly White university in the southeastern United States. Path and simple slope analysis indicated that cognitive flexibility moderated the association between racial discrimination and waist circumference but not depressive symptoms. At high cognitive flexibility, more experiences of discrimination were significantly associated with larger waist circumference. Findings suggest that cognitive flexibility may be detrimental for physical health and not of paramount importance for mental health of college-attending Black young adults.
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290
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Garcia SE, Francis SMS, Tone EB, Tully EC. Understanding associations between negatively biased attention and depression and social anxiety: positively biased attention is key. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 32:611-625. [PMID: 31272214 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1638732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Although research supports the premise that depressed and socially anxious individuals direct attention preferentially toward negative emotional cues, little is known about how attention to positive emotional cues might modulate this negative attention bias risk process. The purpose of this study was to determine if associations between attention biases to sad and angry faces and depression and social anxiety symptoms, respectively, would be strongest in individuals who also show biased attention away from happy faces. Methods: Young adults (N = 151; 79% female; M = 19.63 years) completed self-report measures of depression and social anxiety symptoms and a dot probe task to assess attention biases to happy, sad, and angry facial expressions. Results: Attention bias to happy faces moderated associations between attention to negatively valenced faces and psychopathology symptoms. However, attention bias toward sad faces was positively and significantly related to depression symptoms only for individuals who also selectively attended toward happy faces. Similarly, attention bias toward angry faces was positively and significantly associated with social anxiety symptoms only for individuals who also selectively attended toward happy faces. Conclusions: These findings suggest that individuals with high levels of depression or social anxiety symptoms attend preferentially to emotional stimuli across valences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Sara M S Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Erin B Tone
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Erin C Tully
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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291
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Teachman BA, Clerkin EM, Cunningham WA, Dreyer-Oren S, Werntz A. Implicit Cognition and Psychopathology: Looking Back and Looking Forward. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2019; 15:123-148. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Implicit cognitive processing is theorized to have a central role in many forms of psychopathology. In the current review, we focus on implicit associations, by which we mean evaluative representations in memory that are difficult to control and do not require conscious reflection to influence affect, cognition, or behavior. We consider definitional and measurement challenges before examining recent empirical evidence for these associations in anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, posttraumatic stress, depressive, and alcohol use disorders. This examination is framed by a brief review of the ways that prominent models of psychopathology represent biased implicit processing of disorder-relevant information. We consider to what extent models reflect more traditional automatic/implicit versus strategic/explicit dual-process perspectives or reflect more recent dynamical systems perspectives in which mental representations are iteratively reprocessed, evolving continuously. Finally, we consider the future research needed to better understand the interactive and temporal dynamics of implicit cognition in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Teachman
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Elise M. Clerkin
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Werntz
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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292
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Beevers CG, Mullarkey MC, Dainer-Best J, Stewart RA, Labrada J, Allen JJB, McGeary JE, Shumake J. Association between negative cognitive bias and depression: A symptom-level approach. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 128:212-227. [PMID: 30652884 PMCID: PMC6449499 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of depression posit that negatively biased self-referent processing and attention have important roles in the disorder. However, depression is a heterogeneous collection of symptoms and all symptoms are unlikely to be associated with these negative cognitive biases. The current study involved 218 community adults whose depression ranged from no symptoms to clinical levels of depression. Random forest machine learning was used to identify the most important depression symptom predictors of each negative cognitive bias. Depression symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Model performance was evaluated using predictive R-squared (Rpred2), the expected variance explained in data not used to train the algorithm, estimated by 10 repetitions of 10-fold cross-validation. Using the self-referent encoding task (SRET), depression symptoms explained 34% to 45% of the variance in negative self-referent processing. The symptoms of sadness, self-dislike, pessimism, feelings of punishment, and indecision were most important. Notably, many depression symptoms made virtually no contribution to this prediction. In contrast, for attention bias for sad stimuli, measured with the dot-probe task using behavioral reaction time (RT) and eye gaze metrics, no reliable symptom predictors were identified. Findings indicate that a symptom-level approach may provide new insights into which symptoms, if any, are associated with negative cognitive biases in depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Beevers
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Michael C Mullarkey
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Justin Dainer-Best
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Rochelle A Stewart
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jocelyn Labrada
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
| | | | | | - Jason Shumake
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health Research, The University of Texas at Austin
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293
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Teachman BA, Daniel KE, Eberle JW. Using Advances from Cognitive Science to Understand the Etiology and Maintenance of Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 69:1-3. [PMID: 30975467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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294
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Editorial: Missing the Pull of Life's Rewards? Attention Shifting and the Development of Depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:313-314. [PMID: 30832902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A burgeoning literature is elucidating the nature of reward disruption in the development of depression. At this point, the question is not whether reward function is disrupted, but how.1 Early conceptual models of the disorder emphasized that depression involves disturbances to positive affect-not just negative affect-but clinical affective science took some time to catch up. Currently, investigations of reward processing, a component and mechanism of positive affect, are prominent in depression research. Developmental research on this topic has proceeded from early studies establishing that reward function is altered in adolescent depression to investigations attempting to disentangle the ways in which reward processing is disrupted before, during, and after the onset of depression. Attentional flexibility in the context of reward and punishment provides an intriguing potential context for altered reward processing in vulnerable youth.
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295
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Ruhe HG, Mocking RJT, Figueroa CA, Seeverens PWJ, Ikani N, Tyborowska A, Browning M, Vrijsen JN, Harmer CJ, Schene AH. Emotional Biases and Recurrence in Major Depressive Disorder. Results of 2.5 Years Follow-Up of Drug-Free Cohort Vulnerable for Recurrence. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:145. [PMID: 30984039 PMCID: PMC6447719 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An interesting factor explaining recurrence risk in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) may be neuropsychological functioning, i.e., processing of emotional stimuli/information. Negatively biased processing of emotional stimuli/information has been found in both acute and (inconclusively) remitted states of MDD, and may be causally related to recurrence of depression. We aimed to investigate self-referent, memory and interpretation biases in recurrently depressed patients in remission and relate these biases to recurrence. We included 69 remitted recurrent MDD-patients (rrMDD-patients), 35-65 years, with ≥2 episodes, voluntarily free of antidepressant maintenance therapy for at least 4 weeks. We tested self-referent biases with an emotional categorization task, bias in emotional memory by free recall of the emotion categorization task 15 min after completing it, and interpretation bias with a facial expression recognition task. We compared these participants with 43 never-depressed controls matched for age, sex and intelligence. We followed the rrMDD-patients for 2.5 years and assessed recurrent depressive episodes by structured interview. The rrMDD-patients showed biases toward emotionally negative stimuli, faster responses to negative self-relevant characteristics in the emotional categorization, better recognition of sad faces, worse recognition of neutral faces with more misclassifications as angry or disgusting faces and less misclassifications as neutral faces (0.001 < p < 0.05). Of these, the number of misclassifications as angry and the overall performance in the emotional memory task were significantly associated with the time to recurrence (p ≤ 0.04), independent of residual symptoms and number of previous episodes. In a support vector machine data-driven model, prediction of recurrence-status could best be achieved (relative to observed recurrence-rate) with demographic and childhood adversity parameters (accuracy 78.1%; 1-sided p = 0.002); neuropsychological tests could not improve this prediction. Our data suggests a persisting (mood-incongruent) emotional bias when patients with recurrent depression are in remission. Moreover, these persisting biases might be mechanistically important for recurrence and prevention thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henricus G Ruhe
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roel J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline A Figueroa
- Department of Psychiatry, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paulien W J Seeverens
- Department of Psychiatry, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nessa Ikani
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,ProPersona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Tyborowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,ProPersona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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296
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297
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Xu J, Zhu XY, Sun H, Xu XQ, Xu SA, Suo Y, Cao LJ, Zhou Q, Yu HJ, Cao WZ. Low vitamin D levels are associated with cognitive impairment in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. BMC Endocr Disord 2018; 18:87. [PMID: 30477467 PMCID: PMC6260768 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-018-0314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is commonly observed in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). Low levels of vitamin D have been correlated with cognitive impairment in non-HT population. We examined the association of vitamin D levels with cognitive impairment in patients with HT. METHODS We recruited 194 patients with HT and 200 healthy volunteers. Levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured using a competitive protein-binding assay. Cognitive funtion was assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (MoCA). Subjects with a MoCA scores < 26 are considered as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Fifty-five HT patients (28.4%) were diagnosed as having MCI. Patients with MCI had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels when compared with patients without MCI (33.9 ± 6.2 vs. 44.3 ± 9.6 nmol/L, P < 0.001). Significant differences in 25(OH)D quartiles of HT patients were observed between the patients with MCI and the patients without MCI (P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, serum 25(OH)D levels (≤ 34.0 and ≥ 47.1 nmol/L) were significantly associated with cognitive impairment in patients with HT (OR 6.279, 95% CI 2.673-14.834, P < 0.001; OR 0.061, 95% CI 0.008-0.491, P = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate an important association between serum vitamin D levels and cognitive impairment in patients with HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xiang-yun Zhu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xiao-qin Xu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Song-ao Xu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yuan Suo
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Li-jun Cao
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Hui-jie Yu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Wei-zhong Cao
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province China
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