251
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Yu ED, Wang E, Garrigan E, Goodwin B, Sutherland A, Tarke A, Chang J, Gálvez RI, Mateus J, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Smith DM, Filaci G, Frazier A, Weiskopf D, Dan JM, Crotty S, Grifoni A, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R. Development of a T cell-based immunodiagnostic system to effectively distinguish SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination status. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:388-399.e3. [PMID: 35172129 PMCID: PMC8824221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 vaccines elicit memory T cell responses. Here, we report the development of 2 pools of experimentally defined SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes that, in combination with spike, were used to discriminate 4 groups of subjects with different SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine status. The overall T cell-based classification accuracy was 89.2% and 88.5% in the experimental and validation cohorts. This scheme was applicable to different mRNA vaccines and different lengths of time post infection/post vaccination and yielded increased accuracy when compared to serological readouts. T cell responses from breakthrough infections were also studied and effectively segregated from vaccine responses, with a combined performance of 86.6% across all 239 subjects from the 5 groups. We anticipate that a T cell-based immunodiagnostic scheme to classify subjects based on their vaccination and natural infection history will be an important tool for longitudinal monitoring of vaccinations and for establishing SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily Garrigan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodwin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - James Chang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rosa Isela Gálvez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy; Bioterapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA.
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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252
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Riise J, Meyer S, Blaas I, Chopra A, Tran TT, Delic-Sarac M, Hestdalen ML, Brodin E, Rustad EH, Dai KZ, Vaage JT, Nissen-Meyer LSH, Sund F, Wader KF, Bjornevik AT, Meyer PA, Nygaard GO, König M, Smeland S, Lund-Johansen F, Olweus J, Kolstad A. Rituximab-treated lymphoma patients develop strong CD8 T-cell responses following COVID-19 vaccination. Br J Haematol 2022; 197:697-708. [PMID: 35254660 PMCID: PMC9111866 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B‐cell depletion induced by anti‐cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy of patients with lymphoma is expected to impair humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccination, but effects on CD8 T‐cell responses are unknown. Here, we investigated humoral and CD8 T‐cell responses following two vaccinations in patients with lymphoma undergoing anti‐CD20‐mAb therapy as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy or other anti‐neoplastic agents during the last 9 months prior to inclusion, and in healthy age‐matched blood donors. Antibody measurements showed that seven of 110 patients had antibodies to the receptor‐binding domain of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein 3–6 weeks after the second dose of vaccination. Peripheral blood CD8 T‐cell responses against prevalent human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I SARS‐CoV‐2 epitopes were determined by peptide‐HLA multimer analysis. Strong CD8 T‐cell responses were observed in samples from 20/29 patients (69%) and 12/16 (75%) controls, with similar median response magnitudes in the groups and some of the strongest responses observed in patients. We conclude that despite the absence of humoral immune responses in fully SARS‐CoV‐2‐vaccinated, anti‐CD20‐treated patients with lymphoma, their CD8 T‐cell responses reach similar frequencies and magnitudes as for controls. Patients with lymphoma on B‐cell depleting therapies are thus likely to benefit from current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines, and development of vaccines aimed at eliciting T‐cell responses to non‐Spike epitopes might provide improved protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Riise
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saskia Meyer
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isaac Blaas
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adity Chopra
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trung T Tran
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Delic-Sarac
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malu Lian Hestdalen
- Department of Hematology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ellen Brodin
- Hematological Research Group, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Even Holth Rustad
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Hematological Research Group, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ke-Zheng Dai
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Torgils Vaage
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Fredrik Sund
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karin F Wader
- Department of Oncology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne T Bjornevik
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter A Meyer
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gro O Nygaard
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marton König
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigbjørn Smeland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fridtjof Lund-Johansen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,ImmunoLingo Convergence Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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253
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Baron F, Canti L, Ariën KK, Kemlin D, Desombere I, Gerbaux M, Pannus P, Beguin Y, Marchant A, Humblet-Baron S. Insights From Early Clinical Trials Assessing Response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Immunocompromised Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827242. [PMID: 35309332 PMCID: PMC8931657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical to protect immunocompromised patients against COVID-19 with effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccination as they have an increased risk of developing severe disease. This is challenging, however, since effective mRNA vaccination requires the successful cooperation of several components of the innate and adaptive immune systems, both of which can be severely affected/deficient in immunocompromised people. In this article, we first review current knowledge on the immunobiology of SARS-COV-2 mRNA vaccination in animal models and in healthy humans. Next, we summarize data from early trials of SARS-COV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with secondary or primary immunodeficiency. These early clinical trials identified common predictors of lower response to the vaccine such as anti-CD19, anti-CD20 or anti-CD38 therapies, low (naive) CD4+ T-cell counts, genetic or therapeutic Bruton tyrosine kinase deficiency, treatment with antimetabolites, CTLA4 agonists or JAK inhibitors, and vaccination with BNT162b2 versus mRNA1273 vaccine. Finally, we review the first data on third dose mRNA vaccine administration in immunocompromised patients and discuss recent strategies of temporarily holding/pausing immunosuppressive medication during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Baron
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-I3, University of Liege and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Liège, Liege, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Canti
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-I3, University of Liege and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Virology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Delphine Kemlin
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Desombere
- Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Margaux Gerbaux
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Pannus
- Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Humans, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-I3, University of Liege and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Liège, Liege, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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254
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Cellular therapies for the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood 2022; 140:208-221. [PMID: 35240679 PMCID: PMC8896869 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with blood disorders who are immune suppressed are at increased risk for infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Sequelae of infection can include severe respiratory disease and/or prolonged duration of viral shedding. Cellular therapies may protect these vulnerable patients by providing antiviral cellular immunity and/or immune modulation. In this recent review of the field, phase 1/2 trials evaluating adoptive cellular therapies with virus-specific T cells or natural killer cells are described along with trials evaluating the safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of immune modulating cellular therapies including regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells. In addition, the immunologic basis for these therapies is discussed.
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255
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Immune response to the third COVID-19 vaccine dose is related to lymphocyte count in multiple sclerosis patients treated with fingolimod. J Neurol 2022; 269:2286-2292. [PMID: 35235002 PMCID: PMC8889521 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The majority of multiple sclerosis [MS] patients treated with fingolimod fail to develop a protective level of IgG humoral and adaptive cellular immune responses following full BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Objective To compare the efficacy of the third COVID-19 vaccine dose in vaccine non-responders fingolimod-treated MS patients. Study design This is a prospective 3-month, single-center, randomized clinical trial. Methods Twenty relapsing MS patients who had been on fingolimod therapy ≥ 12 months and failed to develop humoral IgG immune response to 2-dose Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination were randomized into two groups: fingolimod-continuation group and fingolimod-discontinuation group. Humoral and memory cellular immune responses were assessed within 1 and 3 months following the third Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine dose and compared between the groups. Results A higher rate of patients in the fingolimod-discontinuation group [n = 8/10] compared to fingolimod-continuation group [n = 2/10] developed positive SARS-COV-2 IgG. Median IgG titer 1 month following the third dose was 202.3 BAU/ml vs. 26.4 BAU/ml, respectively, p = 0.022. The development of IgG humoral response correlated with absolute lymphocyte count. Specific SARS-COV-2 memory B cell and T cell immune responses were not detected in both groups, either at 1 month or 3 months following the third COVID-19 vaccine dose. Conclusions Short period of fingolimod treatment discontinuation was associated with the development of humoral protection but not with adaptive cellular immunity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-11030-0.
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256
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Komissarov AA, Dolzhikova IV, Efimov GA, Logunov DY, Mityaeva O, Molodtsov IA, Naigovzina NB, Peshkova IO, Shcheblyakov DV, Volchkov P, Gintsburg AL, Vasilieva E. Boosting of the SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response after Vaccination with Single-Dose Sputnik Light Vaccine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1139-1145. [PMID: 35101893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite measures taken world-wide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues. Because efficient antiviral drugs are not yet widely available, vaccination is the best option to control the infection rate. Although this option is obvious in the case of COVID-19-naive individuals, it is still unclear when individuals who have recovered from a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection should be vaccinated and whether the vaccination raises immune responses against the coronavirus and its novel variants. In this study, we collected peripheral blood from 84 healthy human donors of different COVID-19 status who were vaccinated with the Sputnik Light vaccine and measured the dynamics of the Ab and T cell responses, as well as the virus-neutralizing activity (VNA) in serum, against two SARS-CoV-2 variants, B.1.1.1 and B.1.617.2. We showed that vaccination of individuals previously exposed to the virus considerably boosts the existing immune response. In these individuals, receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG titers and VNA in serum were already elevated on the 7th day after vaccination, whereas COVID-19-naive individuals developed the Ab response and VNA mainly 21 d postvaccination. Additionally, we found a strong correlation between RBD-specific IgG titers and VNA in serum, and according to these data vaccination may be recommended when the RBD-specific IgG titers drop to 142.7 binding Ab units/ml or below. In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that vaccination is beneficial for both COVID-19-naive and recovered individuals, especially since it raises serum VNA against the B.1.617.2 variant, one of the five SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Komissarov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia;
| | - Inna V Dolzhikova
- Federal State Budget Institution National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Denis Y Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Mityaeva
- Genome Engineering Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Ivan A Molodtsov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelli B Naigovzina
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia; and
| | | | - Dmitry V Shcheblyakov
- Federal State Budget Institution National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Genome Engineering Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- Federal State Budget Institution National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia; and
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257
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T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals. J Microbiol 2022; 60:276-289. [PMID: 35157219 PMCID: PMC8852923 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, first emerged in 2019. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been given a lot of attention. However, the armamentarium of humoral and T cells may have differing roles in different viral infections. Though the exact role of T cells in COVID-19 remains to be elucidated, prior experience with human coronavirus has revealed an essential role of T cells in the outcomes of viral infections. Moreover, an increasing body of evidence suggests that T cells might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes the role of T cells in mouse CoV, human pathogenic respiratory CoV in general and SARS-CoV-2 in specific.
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258
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Kornek B, Leutmezer F, Rommer PS, Koblischke M, Schneider L, Haslacher H, Thalhammer R, Zimprich F, Zulehner G, Bsteh G, Dal-Bianco A, Rinner W, Zebenholzer K, Wimmer I, Steinmaurer A, Graninger M, Mayer M, Roedl K, Berger T, Winkler S, Aberle JH, Tobudic S. B Cell Depletion and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Responses in Neuroimmunologic Patients. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:342-352. [PMID: 35067959 PMCID: PMC9011809 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was undertaken to assess the impact of B cell depletion on humoral and cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in patients with various neuroimmunologic disorders on anti-CD20 therapy. This included an analysis of the T cell vaccine response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. METHODS We investigated prospectively humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in 82 patients with neuroimmunologic disorders on anti-CD20 therapy and 82 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. For quantification of antibodies, the Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 viral spike (S) immunoassay against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) was used. IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays were performed to assess T cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain and the Delta variant. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were found less frequently in patients (70% [57/82]) compared with controls (82/82 [100%], p < 0.001). In patients without detectable B cells (<1 B cell/mcl), seroconversion rates and antibody levels were lower compared to nondepleted (≥1 B cell/mcl) patients (p < 0.001). B cell levels ≥1 cell/mcl were sufficient to induce seroconversion in our cohort of anti-CD20 treated patients. In contrast to the antibody response, the T-cell response against the Wuhan strain and the Delta variant was more pronounced in frequency (p < 0.05) and magnitude (p < 0.01) in B-cell depleted compared to nondepleted patients. INTERPRETATION Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinnation can be attained in patients on anti-CD20 therapy by the onset of B cell repopulation. In the absence of B cells, a strong T cell response is generated which may help to protect against severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in this high-risk population. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:342-352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kornek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Leutmezer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lisa Schneider
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Thalhammer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Zulehner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Bsteh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Walter Rinner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Zebenholzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Steinmaurer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Margareta Mayer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kilian Roedl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Tobudic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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259
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Goel RR, Painter MM, Lundgreen KA, Apostolidis SA, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Mathew D, Pattekar A, Reynaldi A, Khoury DS, Gouma S, Hicks P, Dysinger S, Hicks A, Sharma H, Herring S, Korte S, KC W, Oldridge DA, Erickson RI, Weirick ME, McAllister CM, Awofolaju M, Tanenbaum N, Dougherty J, Long S, D’Andrea K, Hamilton JT, McLaughlin M, Williams JC, Adamski S, Kuthuru O, Drapeau EM, Davenport MP, Hensley SE, Bates P, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.20.481163. [PMID: 35233575 PMCID: PMC8887077 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.20.481163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a clear role in protective immunity, the durability and quality of antibody and memory B cell responses induced by mRNA vaccination, particularly by a 3 rd dose of vaccine, remains unclear. Here, we examined antibody and memory B cell responses in a cohort of individuals sampled longitudinally for ∼9-10 months after the primary 2-dose mRNA vaccine series, as well as for ∼3 months after a 3 rd mRNA vaccine dose. Notably, antibody decay slowed significantly between 6- and 9-months post-primary vaccination, essentially stabilizing at the time of the 3 rd dose. Antibody quality also continued to improve for at least 9 months after primary 2-dose vaccination. Spike- and RBD-specific memory B cells were stable through 9 months post-vaccination with no evidence of decline over time, and ∼40-50% of RBD-specific memory B cells were capable of simultaneously recognizing the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. Omicron-binding memory B cells induced by the first 2 doses of mRNA vaccine were boosted significantly by a 3rd dose and the magnitude of this boosting was similar to memory B cells specific for other variants. Pre-3 rd dose memory B cell frequencies correlated with the increase in neutralizing antibody titers after the 3 rd dose. In contrast, pre-3 rd dose antibody titers inversely correlated with the fold-change of antibody boosting, suggesting that high levels of circulating antibodies may limit reactivation of immunological memory and constrain further antibody boosting by mRNA vaccines. These data provide a deeper understanding of how the quantity and quality of antibody and memory B cell responses change over time and number of antigen exposures. These data also provide insight into potential immune dynamics following recall responses to additional vaccine doses or post-vaccination infections. GRAPHICAL SUMMARY
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kendall A. Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sokratis A. Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Dysinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Hicks
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Harsh Sharma
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Sarah Herring
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Scott Korte
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Wumesh KC
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel I. Erickson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison E. Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M. McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Moses Awofolaju
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tanenbaum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt D’Andrea
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob T. Hamilton
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maura McLaughlin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine C. Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Drapeau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
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260
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A single dose of COVID-19 vaccine induces a strong T cell and B cell response in healthcare professionals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:529-537. [PMID: 35190936 PMCID: PMC8860269 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A broad understanding on how SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination mobilize the immune system is necessary to find the best predictors of long-term protection and identify individuals that would benefit from additional vaccine doses. This study aims to understand the effect of a single dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine, in individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection, on circulating CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh)-cells, Spike-specific T-cells and IgG/IgA antibodies. For that, peripheral blood samples from 50 healthcare professionals, recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection, collected immediately before (T1) and 15 days after (T2) vaccine administration, were used to analyze the frequency and numbers of Tfh-cells and their subsets, serum titers of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells. Six months after infection (T1), 96% of recovered participants presented either IgG or T-cells specific for Spike, however, Spike-specific T-cells were missing in 16% of them. These individuals presented lower levels of Spike-specific IgG (T1 and T2), IgA (T1), and Spike-specific T-cells (T2). Vaccination increased the percentage of participants reactive for Spike-specific T-cells (from 64 to 98%), IgG (from 90 to 100%) and IgA (from 48 to 98%). It also mobilized circulating Tfh-cells, increasing their frequency and activation, and promoting Tfh17 polarization, restoring the decreased numbers of Tfh-cells (especially Tfh17) observed in recovered participants. Interestingly, Tfh percentage correlated with Spike-specific IgG levels. Our data showed that a single dose of vaccine efficiently restored Spike-specific T-cells, and IgG and IgA antibodies. Mobilization of Tfh-cells, and their correlation with IgG levels, suggest that vaccination induced a functional Tfh cell response.
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261
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Mudd PA, Minervina AA, Pogorelyy MV, Turner JS, Kim W, Kalaidina E, Petersen J, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Haile A, Kirk AM, Mettelman RC, Crawford JC, Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Rosati E, Richards KA, Sant AJ, Klebert MK, Suessen T, Middleton WD, Wolf J, Teefey SA, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Kedzierska K, Rossjohn J, Thomas PG, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits a robust and persistent T follicular helper cell response in humans. Cell 2022; 185:603-613.e15. [PMID: 35026152 PMCID: PMC8695127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust anti-spike (S) antibody and CD4+ T cell responses. It is not yet clear whether vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cell responses contribute to this outstanding immunogenicity. Using fine-needle aspiration of draining axillary lymph nodes from individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, we evaluated the T cell receptor sequences and phenotype of lymph node TFH. Mining of the responding TFH T cell receptor repertoire revealed a strikingly immunodominant HLA-DPB1∗04-restricted response to S167-180 in individuals with this allele, which is among the most common HLA alleles in humans. Paired blood and lymph node specimens show that while circulating S-specific TFH cells peak one week after the second immunization, S-specific TFH persist at nearly constant frequencies for at least six months. Collectively, our results underscore the key role that robust TFH cell responses play in establishing long-term immunity by this efficacious human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Anastasia A Minervina
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pogorelyy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kalaidina
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alem Haile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Allison M Kirk
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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262
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Ishii H, Nomura T, Yamamoto H, Nishizawa M, Thu Hau TT, Harada S, Seki S, Nakamura-Hoshi M, Okazaki M, Daigen S, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Nagata N, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Shiwa N, Suzuki T, Park ES, Ken M, Onodera T, Takahashi Y, Kusano K, Shimazaki R, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Matano T. Neutralizing-antibody-independent SARS-CoV-2 control correlated with intranasal-vaccine-induced CD8 + T cell responses. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100520. [PMID: 35233545 PMCID: PMC8768424 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccines are essential for the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently developed vaccines inducing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S)-antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are effective, but the appearance of NAb-resistant S variant viruses is of great concern. A vaccine inducing S-independent or NAb-independent SARS-CoV-2 control may contribute to containment of these variants. Here, we investigate the efficacy of an intranasal vaccine expressing viral non-S antigens against intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in cynomolgus macaques. Seven vaccinated macaques exhibit significantly reduced viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs on day 2 post-challenge compared with nine unvaccinated controls. The viral control in the absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs is significantly correlated with vaccine-induced, viral-antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Our results indicate that CD8+ T cell induction by intranasal vaccination can result in NAb-independent control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting a potential of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses to contribute to COVID-19 containment. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of an intranasal S-free vaccine is shown in macaques The SARS-CoV-2 control is associated with vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses Vaccine induction of CD8+ T cells can result in neutralization-free viral control Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells may contribute to SARS-CoV-2 variant control
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masako Nishizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Trang Thi Thu Hau
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sayuri Seki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Midori Nakamura-Hoshi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Midori Okazaki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sachie Daigen
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eun-Sil Park
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Maeda Ken
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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263
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BTK Inhibitors Impair Humoral and Cellular Responses to Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in CLL. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1732-1740. [PMID: 35157769 PMCID: PMC8941484 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations effectively prevent infections; however, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have reduced antibody responses following vaccinations. Combined humoral and cellular immune responses to novel adjuvanted vaccines are not well characterized in CLL. In an open-label, single-arm clinical trial, we measured the humoral and cellular immunogenicity of the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in CLL patients who were treatment naïve (TN) or receiving Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) therapy. The primary endpoint was antibody response to RZV (≥4-fold increase in anti glycoprotein E [gE]). Cellular response of gE-specific CD4+ T cells was assessed by flow cytometry for upregulation of ≥ 2 effector molecules. The antibody response rate was significantly higher in the TN cohort (76.8% [95% confidence interval 65.7-87.8]) compared to patients receiving a BTKi (40.0% [26.4-53.6]; P = .0002). The cellular response rate was also significantly higher in the TN cohort (70.0% [57.3-82.7]) compared to the BTKi group (41.3% [27.1-55.5]; P = .0072). A concordant positive humoral and cellular immune response was observed in 69.1% [56.9-81.3] of subjects with a humoral response, whereas 39.0% [24.1-54.0] of subjects without a humoral response attained a cellular immune response (P = .0033). Antibody titers and T cell responses were not correlated with age, absolute B and T cell counts, or serum immunoglobulin levels (all P > 0.05). RZV induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in treated and untreated CLL patients, albeit with lower response rates in patients on BTKi therapy compared to TN patients. Registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03702231.
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264
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Sauerwein KMT, Geier CB, Stemberger RF, Akyaman H, Illes P, Fischer MB, Eibl MM, Walter JE, Wolf HM. Antigen-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Activation in Primary Antibody Deficiency After BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827048. [PMID: 35237272 PMCID: PMC8882590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) were inconclusive with respect to the ability of the patients to produce vaccine-specific IgG antibodies, while patients with milder forms of primary antibody deficiency such as immunoglobulin isotype deficiency or selective antibody deficiency have not been studied at all. In this study we examined antigen-specific activation of CXCR5-positive and CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory cells and also isotype-specific and functional antibody responses in patients with CVID as compared to other milder forms of primary antibody deficiency and healthy controls six weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD134 was examined by multi-color flow cytometry on CD4+ T cell subsets stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides, while in parallel IgG and IgA antibodies and surrogate virus neutralization antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were measured by ELISA. The results show that in CVID and patients with other milder forms of antibody deficiency normal IgG responses (titers of spike protein-specific IgG three times the detection limit or more) were associated with intact vaccine-specific activation of CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory T cells, despite defective activation of circulating T follicular helper cells. In contrast, CVID IgG nonresponders showed defective vaccine-specific and superantigen-induced activation of both CD4+T cell subsets. In conclusion, impaired TCR-mediated activation of CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory T cells following stimulation with vaccine antigen or superantigen identifies patients with primary antibody deficiency and impaired IgG responses after BNT162b2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. T. Sauerwein
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Biomedical Research, Center of Experimental Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Biomedizinische Forschung & Bio-Produkte AG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Peter Illes
- USF Health Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children´s Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Michael B. Fischer
- Department for Biomedical Research, Center of Experimental Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha M. Eibl
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Biomedizinische Forschung & Bio-Produkte AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolan E. Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Hermann M. Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Hermann M. Wolf,
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265
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Vallejo A, Martín-Hondarza A, Gómez S, Velasco H, Vizcarra P, Haemmerle J, Casado JL. Cellular Responses to Membrane and Nucleocapsid Viral Proteins Are Also Boosted After SARS-CoV-2 Spike mRNA Vaccination in Individuals With Either Past Infection or Cross-Reactivity. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812729. [PMID: 35222312 PMCID: PMC8874124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable clinical efficacy in the general population, although the nature of T-cell priming is not fully understood. We performed longitudinal spike-, membrane-, and nucleocapsid-specific T-cell analysis in individuals with past infection and infection-naïve individuals with cross-reactivity. We found an additional enhancement of T-cell response to the structural membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins after mRNA vaccine in these individuals. Thus, despite the spike-specific response, we found that the first dose of the vaccine boosted a significant CD8 cell response to M and N proteins, whereas no cellular response to those proteins was found in infection-naïve individuals without pre-existing cross-reactivity who were tested for eventual asymptomatic infection. These findings highlight the additional benefit of mRNA vaccines as broad boosters of cellular responses to different viral epitopes in these individuals and suggest extended protection to other viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vallejo
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Hondarza
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Gómez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Velasco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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266
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Mazzoni A, Vanni A, Spinicci M, Lamacchia G, Kiros ST, Rocca A, Capone M, Di Lauria N, Salvati L, Carnasciali A, Mantengoli E, Farahvachi P, Zammarchi L, Lagi F, Colao MG, Liotta F, Cosmi L, Maggi L, Bartoloni A, Rossolini GM, Annunziato F. SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination trigger long-lived B and CD4+ T lymphocytes: implications for booster strategies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157990. [PMID: 35139036 PMCID: PMC8920339 DOI: 10.1172/jci157990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Vanni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Spinicci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | - Giulia Lamacchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Seble Tekle Kiros
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | - Arianna Rocca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Carnasciali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Parham Farahvachi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | | | | | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, and
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, and
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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267
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Kudlay D, Kofiadi I, Khaitov M. Peculiarities of the T Cell Immune Response in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:242. [PMID: 35214700 PMCID: PMC8877307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance, and control strategies for this disease. This review provides data from studies of the immune response in coronavirus infections. It describes general mechanisms of immunity, its T cell components, and presents a detailed scheme of the T cell response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including from the standpoint of determining the most promising targets for assessing its level. In addition, we reviewed studies investigating post-vaccination immunity in the development of vaccines against COVID-19. This review also includes the peculiarities of immunity in different age and gender groups, and in the presence of a number of factors, for example, comorbidity or disease severity. This study summarizes the most informative methods for assessing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kudlay
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kofiadi
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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268
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Iannetta M, Landi D, Cola G, Campogiani L, Malagnino V, Teti E, Coppola L, Di Lorenzo A, Fraboni D, Buccisano F, Grelli S, Mozzani M, Zingaropoli MA, Ciardi MR, Nisini R, Bernardini S, Andreoni M, Marfia GA, Sarmati L. B- and T-Cell Responses After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Disease Modifying Therapies: Immunological Patterns and Clinical Implications. Front Immunol 2022; 12:796482. [PMID: 35111162 PMCID: PMC8801814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination campaign to contrast the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the issue of vaccine immunogenicity in special populations such as people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) on highly effective disease modifying treatments (DMTs). While humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have been well characterized in the general population and in PwMS, very little is known about cell-mediated responses in conferring protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Methods PwMS on ocrelizumab, fingolimod or natalizumab, vaccinated with two doses of mRNABNT162b2 (Comirnaty®) vaccine were enrolled. Anti-Spike (S) and anti-Nucleoprotein (N) antibody titers, IFN-gamma production upon S and N peptide libraries stimulation, peripheral blood lymphocyte absolute counts were assessed after at least 1 month and within 4 months from vaccine second dose administration. A group of age and sex matched healthy donors (HD) were included as reference group. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 8.2.1. Results Thirty PwMS and 9 HDs were enrolled. All the patients were negative for anti-N antibody detection, nor reported previous symptoms of COVID-19. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts were assessed in PwMS showing: (i) reduction of circulating B-lymphocytes in PwMS on ocrelizumab; (ii) reduction of peripheral blood B- and T-lymphocyte absolute counts in PwMS on fingolimod and (iii) normal B- and T-lymphocyte absolute counts with an increase in circulating CD16+CD56+ NK-cells in PwMS on natalizumab. Three patterns of immunological responses were identified in PwMS. In patients on ocrelizumab, anti-S antibody were lacking or reduced, while T-cell responses were normal. In patients on fingolimod both anti-S titers and T-cell mediated responses were impaired. In patients on natalizumab both anti-S titers and T-cell responses were present and comparable to those observed in HD. Conclusions The evaluation of T-cell responses, anti-S titers and peripheral blood lymphocyte absolute count in PwMS on DMTs can help to better characterize the immunological response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The evaluation of T-cell responses in longitudinal cohorts of PwMS will help to clarify their protective role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19. The correlation between DMT treatment and immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could help to better evaluate vaccination strategies in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannetta
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Doriana Landi
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Cola
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Campogiani
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teti
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Lorenzo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Fraboni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Buccisano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Mozzani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy
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269
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Zhuo SH, Wu JJ, Zhao L, Li WH, Zhao YF, Li YM. A chitosan-mediated inhalable nanovaccine against SARS-CoV-2. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:4191-4200. [PMID: 35126879 PMCID: PMC8809230 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-4012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with several antigenic variants, has grown into a global challenge, and the rapid establishment of an immune barrier is crucial to achieving long-term control of the virus. This has led to a great demand for easy preparation and scalable vaccines, especially in low-income countries. Here, we present an inhalable nanovaccine comprising chitosan and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The chitosan-mediated nanovaccine enabled a strong spike-specific antibody immune response and augmented local mucosal immunity in bronchoalveolar lavage and lungs, which might be capable of protecting the host from infection without systemic toxicity. In addition, the enhanced adaptive immunity stimulated by chitosan showed potential protection against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, inhalation of the nanovaccine induced a comparable antibody response compared to intramuscular injection. This inhalable nanovaccine against SARS-CoV-2 offers a convenient and compliant strategy to reduce the use of needles and the need for medical staff. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (the immune activation of CS-mediated nanovacccine on BMDCs, cell viability, immune responses in lungs and BALF, serum chemistry and H&E histopathological analysis.) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-4012-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Zhuo
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jun-Jun Wu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lang Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315221 China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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270
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Liu Y, Zeng Q, Deng C, Li M, Li L, Liu D, Liu M, Ruan X, Mei J, Mo R, Zhou Q, Liu M, Peng S, Wang J, Zhang H, Xiao H. Robust induction of B cell and T cell responses by a third dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Cell Discov 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35102140 PMCID: PMC8803973 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy in clinical trials, especially in reducing severe illness and casualty. However, the waning of humoral immunity over time has raised concern over the durability of immune memory following vaccination. Thus, we conducted a nonrandomized trial among the healthcare workers (HCWs) to investigate the long-term sustainability of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells and T cells stimulated by inactivated vaccines and the potential need for a third booster dose. Although neutralizing antibodies elicited by the standard two-dose vaccination schedule dropped from a peak of 29.3 arbitrary units (AU)/mL to 8.8 AU/mL 5 months after the second vaccination, spike-specific memory B and T cells were still detectable, forming the basis for a quick recall response. As expected, the faded humoral immune response was vigorously elevated to 63.6 AU/mL by 7.2 folds 1 week after the third dose along with abundant spike-specific circulating follicular helper T cells in parallel. Meanwhile, spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also robustly elevated by 5.9 and 2.7 folds respectively. Robust expansion of memory pools by the third dose potentiated greater durability of protective immune responses. Another key finding in this trial was that HCWs with low serological response to two doses were not truly "non-responders" but fully equipped with immune memory that could be quickly recalled by a third dose even 5 months after the second vaccination. Collectively, these data provide insights into the generation of long-term immunological memory by the inactivated vaccine, which could be rapidly recalled and further boosted by a third dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiguanxi Deng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liubing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dayue Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyuan Ruan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruohui Mo
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sui Peng
- Clinical Trials Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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271
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Mazzoni A, Vanni A, Spinicci M, Capone M, Lamacchia G, Salvati L, Coppi M, Antonelli A, Carnasciali A, Farahvachi P, Giovacchini N, Aiezza N, Malentacchi F, Zammarchi L, Liotta F, Rossolini GM, Bartoloni A, Cosmi L, Maggi L, Annunziato F. SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific CD4+ T Cell Response Is Conserved Against Variants of Concern, Including Omicron. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801431. [PMID: 35154116 PMCID: PMC8826050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating data have investigated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 mutations on antibody neutralizing activity, less is known about T cell immunity. In this work, we found that the ancestral (Wuhan strain) Spike protein can efficaciously reactivate CD4+ T cell memory in subjects with previous Alpha variant infection. This finding has practical implications, as in many countries only one vaccine dose is currently administered to individuals with previous COVID-19, independently of which SARS-CoV-2 variant was responsible of the infection. We also found that only a minority of Spike-specific CD4+ T cells targets regions mutated in Alpha, Beta and Delta variants, both after natural infection and vaccination. Finally, we found that the vast majority of Spike-specific CD4+ T cell memory response induced by natural infection or mRNA vaccination is conserved also against Omicron variant. This is of importance, as this newly emerged strain is responsible for a sudden rise in COVID-19 cases worldwide due to its increased transmissibility and ability to evade antibody neutralization. Collectively, these observations suggest that most of the memory CD4+ T cell response is conserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, providing an efficacious line of defense that can protect from the development of severe forms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Vanni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Spinicci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela Capone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Lamacchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Coppi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Carnasciali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Parham Farahvachi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicla Giovacchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Noemi Aiezza
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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272
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Hyun YS, Lee YH, Jo HA, Baek IC, Kim SM, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. Comprehensive Analysis of CD4 + T Cell Response Cross-Reactive to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens at the Single Allele Level of HLA Class II. Front Immunol 2022; 12:774491. [PMID: 35069546 PMCID: PMC8770530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Common human coronaviruses have been circulating undiagnosed worldwide. These common human coronaviruses share partial sequence homology with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); therefore, T cells specific to human coronaviruses are also cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Herein, we defined CD4+ T cell responses that were cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens in blood collected in 2016–2018 from healthy donors at the single allele level using artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) expressing a single HLA class II allotype. We assessed the allotype-restricted responses in the 42 individuals using the aAPCs matched 22 HLA-DR alleles, 19 HLA-DQ alleles, and 13 HLA-DP alleles. The response restricted by the HLA-DR locus showed the highest magnitude, and that by HLA-DP locus was higher than that by HLA-DQ locus. Since two alleles of HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP loci are expressed co-dominantly in an individual, six different HLA class II allotypes can be used to the cross-reactive T cell response. Of the 16 individuals who showed a dominant T cell response, five, one, and ten showed a dominant response by a single allotype of HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP, respectively. The single allotype-restricted T cells responded to only one antigen in the five individuals and all the spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins in the six individuals. In individuals heterozygous for the HLA-DPA and HLA-DPB loci, four combinations of HLA-DP can be expressed, but only one combination showed a dominant response. These findings demonstrate that cross-reactive T cells to SARS-CoV-2 respond with single-allotype dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Seok Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-A Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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273
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Rüthrich MM, Giesen N, Mellinghoff SC, Rieger CT, von Lilienfeld-Toal M. Cellular Immune Response after Vaccination in Patients with Cancer-Review on Past and Present Experiences. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:182. [PMID: 35214642 PMCID: PMC8875094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at particular risk for infection but also have diminished vaccine responses, usually quantified by the level of specific antibodies. Nonetheless, vaccines are specifically recommended in this vulnerable patient group. Here, we discuss the cellular part of the vaccine response in patients with cancer. We summarize the experience with vaccines prior to and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in different subgroups, and we discuss why, especially in patients with cancer, T cells may be the more reliable correlate of protection. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on options to improve the cellular response to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Madeleine Rüthrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institut, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Giesen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sibylle C. Mellinghoff
- Centre for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Christina T. Rieger
- Hemato-Oncology Germering & Interdisciplinary Tumorcenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Marie von Lilienfeld-Toal
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institut, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
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274
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Acute Kidney Allograft Rejection Following Coronavirus mRNA Vaccination: A Case Report. Transplant Direct 2022; 8:e1274. [PMID: 35047661 PMCID: PMC8759614 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
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275
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Tauzin A, Gong SY, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Vézina D, Gasser R, Nault L, Marchitto L, Benlarbi M, Chatterjee D, Nayrac M, Laumaea A, Prévost J, Boutin M, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Bo Y, Perreault J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Bazin R, Dubé M, De Serres G, Brousseau N, Richard J, Rovito R, Côté M, Tremblay C, Marchetti GC, Duerr R, Martel-Laferrière V, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination with a 16-week interval between doses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:97-109.e5. [PMID: 34953513 PMCID: PMC8639412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The standard regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 includes two doses administered three weeks apart. However, some public health authorities spaced these doses, raising questions about efficacy. We analyzed longitudinal humoral responses against the D614G strain and variants of concern for SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naive and previously infected individuals who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with sixteen weeks between doses. While administering a second dose to previously infected individuals did not significantly improve humoral responses, these responses significantly increased in naive individuals after a 16-week spaced second dose, achieving similar levels as in previously infected individuals. Comparing these responses to those elicited in individuals receiving a short (4-week) dose interval showed that a 16-week interval induced more robust responses among naive vaccinees. These findings suggest that a longer interval between vaccine doses does not compromise efficacy and may allow greater flexibility in vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lauriane Nault
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Josée Perreault
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Quebec QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec QC H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicholas Brousseau
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec QC H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Roberta Rovito
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Giulia C Marchetti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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276
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Gagne M, Corbett KS, Flynn BJ, Foulds KE, Wagner DA, Andrew SF, Todd JPM, Honeycutt CC, McCormick L, Nurmukhambetova ST, Davis-Gardner ME, Pessaint L, Bock KW, Nagata BM, Minai M, Werner AP, Moliva JI, Tucker C, Lorang CG, Zhao B, McCarthy E, Cook A, Dodson A, Teng IT, Mudvari P, Roberts-Torres J, Laboune F, Wang L, Goode A, Kar S, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Yang ES, Shi W, Ploquin A, Doria-Rose N, Carfi A, Mascola JR, Boritz EA, Edwards DK, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Suthar MS, Graham BS, Roederer M, Moore IN, Nason MC, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Seder RA. Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Delta one year after mRNA-1273 vaccination in rhesus macaques coincides with anamnestic antibody response in the lung. Cell 2022; 185:113-130.e15. [PMID: 34921774 PMCID: PMC8639396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Delta wanes over time; however, there are limited data on the impact of durability of immune responses on protection. Here, we immunized rhesus macaques and assessed immune responses over 1 year in blood and upper and lower airways. Serum neutralizing titers to Delta were 280 and 34 reciprocal ID50 at weeks 6 (peak) and 48 (challenge), respectively. Antibody-binding titers also decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Four days after Delta challenge, the virus was unculturable in BAL, and subgenomic RNA declined by ∼3-log10 compared with control animals. In nasal swabs, sgRNA was reduced by 1-log10, and the virus remained culturable. Anamnestic antibodies (590-fold increased titer) but not T cell responses were detected in BAL by day 4 post-challenge. mRNA-1273-mediated protection in the lungs is durable but delayed and potentially dependent on anamnestic antibody responses. Rapid and sustained protection in upper and lower airways may eventually require a boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kizzmekia S Corbett
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Danielle A Wagner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shayne F Andrew
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul M Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher Cole Honeycutt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren McCormick
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saule T Nurmukhambetova
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne P Werner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Courtney Tucker
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia G Lorang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bingchun Zhao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCarthy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Prakriti Mudvari
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jesmine Roberts-Torres
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farida Laboune
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eli A Boritz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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277
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Naranbhai V, Nathan A, Kaseke C, Berrios C, Khatri A, Choi S, Getz MA, Tano-Menka R, Ofoman O, Gayton A, Senjobe F, Denis KJS, Lam EC, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB, Walker BD, Iafrate AJ, Gaiha GD. T cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is preserved in most but not all prior infected and vaccinated individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.04.21268586. [PMID: 35018386 PMCID: PMC8750712 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.04.21268586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) contains mutations that mediate escape from infection and vaccine-induced antibody responses, although the extent to which these substitutions in spike and non-spike proteins affect T cell recognition is unknown. Here we show that T cell responses in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, both prior infection and vaccination, and boosted vaccination are largely preserved to Omicron spike and non-spike proteins. However, we also identify a subset of individuals (∼21%) with a >50% reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike. Evaluation of functional CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cell responses confirmed these findings and reveal that reduced recognition to Omicron spike is primarily observed within the CD8 + T cell compartment. Booster vaccination substantially enhanced T cell responses to Omicron spike. In contrast to neutralizing immunity, these findings suggest preservation of T cell responses to the Omicron variant, although with reduced reactivity in some individuals.
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278
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Clinical Development of mRNA Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 440:167-186. [PMID: 35906319 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of safe and effective mRNA platform-based COVID-19 vaccines from the recent pandemic has changed the face of vaccine development. Compared with conventional technologies used historically, mRNA-based vaccines offer a rapid flexible and robust approach to preventing disease caused by transient viral strains such as SAR2-CoV-2 variants of concern and seasonal influenza. Adaptations in the formulation of the mRNA delivery systems such as with lipid nanoparticle delivery (LNP) used in mRNA-1273 and BNT16b2b have enabled this technology to flourish under the urgent collective response and collaborative regulatory understanding derived from COVID-19 vaccine development. The application of mRNA-based therapeutics in other areas holds potential promise including combination vaccines that might deliver protections against multiple infectious diseases. Future studies and further advances in mRNA-based technologies will provide insight into the clinical efficacy and real-world effectiveness of vaccines as well as provisions with respect to the impact of reactogenicity profiles. Overall, the success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has helped unlock a platform likely to result in many more candidate vaccines entering clinical evaluation to address the unmet medical needs of other diseases including viral respiratory diseases, herpesviruses, and historically challenging vaccine targets such as HIV.
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279
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Mahil SK, Bechman K, Raharja A, Domingo-Vila C, Baudry D, Brown MA, Cope AP, Dasandi T, Graham C, Khan H, Lechmere T, Malim MH, Meynell F, Pollock E, Sychowska K, Barker JN, Norton S, Galloway JB, Doores KJ, Tree T, Smith CH. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity to a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 in people receiving methotrexate or targeted immunosuppression: a longitudinal cohort study. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2022; 4:e42-e52. [PMID: 34778846 PMCID: PMC8577228 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines have robust immunogenicity in the general population. However, data for individuals with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases who are taking immunosuppressants remains scarce. Our previously published cohort study showed that methotrexate, but not targeted biologics, impaired functional humoral immunity to a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), whereas cellular responses were similar. Here, we aimed to assess immune responses following the second dose. METHODS In this longitudinal cohort study, we recruited individuals with psoriasis who were receiving methotrexate or targeted biological monotherapy (ie, tumour necrosis factor [TNF] inhibitors, interleukin [IL]-17 inhibitors, or IL-23 inhibitors) from a specialist psoriasis centre serving London and South-East England. The healthy control cohort were volunteers without psoriasis, not receiving immunosuppression. Immunogenicity was evaluated immediately before, on day 28 after the first BNT162b2 vaccination and on day 14 after the second dose (administered according to an extended interval regimen). Here, we report immune responses following the second dose. The primary outcomes were humoral immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, defined as titres of total spike-specific IgG and of neutralising antibody to wild-type, alpha (B.1.1.7), and delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variants, and cellular immunity defined as spike-specific T-cell responses (including numbers of cells producing interferon-γ, IL-2, IL-21). FINDINGS Between Jan 14 and April 4, 2021, 121 individuals were recruited, and data were available for 82 participants after the second vaccination. The study population included patients with psoriasis receiving methotrexate (n=14), TNF inhibitors (n=19), IL-17 inhibitors (n=14), IL-23 inhibitors (n=20), and 15 healthy controls, who had received both vaccine doses. The median age of the study population was 44 years (IQR 33-52), with 43 (52%) males and 71 (87%) participants of White ethnicity. All participants had detectable spike-specific antibodies following the second dose, and all groups (methotrexate, targeted biologics, and healthy controls) demonstrated similar neutralising antibody titres against wild-type, alpha, and delta variants. By contrast, a lower proportion of participants on methotrexate (eight [62%] of 13, 95% CI 32-86) and targeted biologics (37 [74%] of 50, 60-85; p=0·38) had detectable T-cell responses following the second vaccine dose, compared with controls (14 [100%] of 14, 77-100; p=0·022). There was no difference in the magnitude of T-cell responses between patients receiving methotrexate (median cytokine-secreting cells per 106 cells 160 [IQR 10-625]), targeted biologics (169 [25-503], p=0·56), and controls (185 [133-328], p=0·41). INTERPRETATION Functional humoral immunity (ie, neutralising antibody responses) at 14 days following a second dose of BNT162b2 was not impaired by methotrexate or targeted biologics. A proportion of patients on immunosuppression did not have detectable T-cell responses following the second dose. The longevity of vaccine-elicited antibody responses is unknown in this population. FUNDING NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London; The Psoriasis Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer K Mahil
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie Bechman
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Antony Raharja
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clara Domingo-Vila
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Baudry
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tejus Dasandi
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hataf Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Freya Meynell
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emily Pollock
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kamila Sychowska
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Norton
- Psychology Department, Institute for Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James B Galloway
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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280
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Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity. Understanding whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination elicits a GC response has profound implications for the capacity of responding B cells to contribute to protection against infection. However, direct assessment of the GC response in humans remains a major challenge. Here we summarize emerging evidence for the importance of the GC response in the establishment of durable and broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss new approaches to modulate the GC response to better protect against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also discuss new findings showing that the GC B cell response persists in the draining lymph nodes for at least 6 months in some individuals following vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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281
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Alanio C, Verma A, Mathew D, Gouma S, Liang G, Dunn T, Oldridge DA, Weaver J, Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, Betts MR, Collman RG, Bushman FD, Meyer NJ, Hensley SE, Rader D, Wherry EJ. OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:463-473. [PMID: 35134186 PMCID: PMC8905965 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been identified, including age, race, and obesity. However, 20%–50% of severe cases occur in the absence of these factors. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that infects about 50% of all individuals worldwide and is among the most significant nongenetic determinants of immune system. We hypothesized that latent CMV infection might influence the severity of COVID-19. Our analyses demonstrate that CMV seropositivity is associated with more than twice the risk of hospitalization due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Immune profiling of blood and CMV DNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a subset of patients for whom respiratory tract samples were available revealed altered T-cell activation profiles in absence of extensive CMV replication in the upper respiratory tract. These data suggest a potential role for CMV-driven immune perturbations in affecting the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may have implications for the discrepancies in COVID-19 severity between different human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Dunn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, and Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek A Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - JoEllen Weaver
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - M Betina Pampena
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Translational Lung Biology, and Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Correspondence: E. John Wherry, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 357 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 ()
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282
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Boekel L. Immunity after COVID-19 vaccinations in immunocompromised patients with psoriasis. THE LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY 2022; 4:e5-e7. [PMID: 34778845 PMCID: PMC8577226 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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283
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Mollé LM, Smyth CH, Yuen D, Johnston APR. Nanoparticles for vaccine and gene therapy: Overcoming the barriers to nucleic acid delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1809. [PMID: 36416028 PMCID: PMC9786906 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics can be used to control virtually every aspect of cell behavior and therefore have significant potential to treat genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. However, while clinically approved to treat a small number of diseases, the full potential of nucleic acid therapeutics is hampered by inefficient delivery. Nucleic acids are large, highly charged biomolecules that are sensitive to degradation and so the approaches to deliver these molecules differ significantly from traditional small molecule drugs. Current studies suggest less than 1% of the injected nucleic acid dose is delivered to the target cell in an active form. This inefficient delivery increases costs and limits their use to applications where a small amount of nucleic acid is sufficient. In this review, we focus on two of the major barriers to efficient nucleic acid delivery: (1) delivery to the target cell and (2) transport to the subcellular compartment where the nucleic acids are therapeutically active. We explore how nanoparticles can be modified with targeting ligands to increase accumulation in specific cells, and how the composition of the nanoparticle can be engineered to manipulate or disrupt cellular membranes and facilitate delivery to the optimal subcellular compartments. Finally, we highlight how with intelligent material design, nanoparticle delivery systems have been developed to deliver nucleic acids that silence aberrant genes, correct genetic mutations, and act as both therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Mollé
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Cameron H. Smyth
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Daniel Yuen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Angus P. R. Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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284
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Mattoo SUS, Myoung J. A Promising Vaccination Strategy against COVID-19 on the Horizon: Heterologous Immunization. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1601-1614. [PMID: 34949742 PMCID: PMC9705928 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination campaigns are the highest priority of majority of countries. Limited supply and worldwide disproportionate availability issues for the approved vaccines, together with concerns about rare side-effects have recently initiated the switch to heterologous vaccination, commonly known as mixing of vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in the general population. However, none of the vaccines is 100% efficacious or effective, with variants posing more challenges, resulting in breakthrough cases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of immune responses to variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. Furthermore, we discuss the scope of heterologous vaccination and future strategies to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, including fractionation of vaccine doses and alternative route of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-63-9004055 Fax: +82-63-9004012 E-mail:
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285
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Gao F, Huang J, Li T, Hu C, Shen M, Mu S, Luo F, Song S, Hao Y, Wang W, Han X, Qian C, Wang Y, Wu R, Li L, Li S, Jin A. A Highly Conserved Peptide Vaccine Candidate Activates Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Variant Strains. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789905. [PMID: 34950151 PMCID: PMC8688401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the imminent need for vaccine candidates with cross-protection against globally circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutants, we present a conserved antigenic peptide RBD9.1 with both T-cell and B-cell epitopes. RBD9.1 can be recognized by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent serum, particularly for those with high neutralizing potency. Immunization with RBD9.1 can successfully induce the production of the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies in Balb/c mice. Importantly, the immunized sera exhibit sustained neutralizing efficacy against multiple dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant strains, including B.1.617.2 that carries a point mutation (SL452R) within the sequence of RBD9.1. Specifically, SY451 and SY454 are identified as the key amino acids for the binding of the induced RBD-specific antibodies to RBD9.1. Furthermore, we have confirmed that the RBD9.1 antigenic peptide can induce a S448-456 (NYNYLYRLF)-specific CD8+ T-cell response. Both RBD9.1-specific B cells and the S448-456-specific T cells can still be activated more than 3 months post the last immunization. This study provides a potential vaccine candidate that can generate long-term protective efficacy over SARS-CoV-2 variants, with the unique functional mechanism of activating both humoral and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Gao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feiyang Luo
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyi Song
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanan Hao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingming Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruixin Wu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luo Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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286
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Nguyen THO, Cohen CA, Rowntree LC, Bull MB, Hachim A, Kedzierska K, Valkenburg SA. T Cells Targeting SARS-CoV-2: By Infection, Vaccination, and Against Future Variants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:793102. [PMID: 35004764 PMCID: PMC8739267 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses are a key cornerstone to viral immunity to drive high-quality antibody responses, establishing memory for recall and for viral clearance. Inefficient recruitment of T cell responses plays a role in the development of severe COVID-19 and is also represented by reduced cellular responses in men, children, and diversity compared with other epitope-specific subsets and available T cell receptor diversity. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are elicited by multiple vaccine formats and augmented by prior infection for hybrid immunity. Epitope conservation is relatively well-maintained leading to T cell crossreactivity for variants of concern that have diminished serological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louise C. Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maireid B. Bull
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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287
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Sureshchandra S, Lewis SA, Doratt BM, Jankeel A, Coimbra Ibraim I, Messaoudi I. Single-cell profiling of T and B cell repertoires following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e153201. [PMID: 34935643 PMCID: PMC8783687 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have shown exceptional clinical efficacy, providing robust protection against severe disease. However, our understanding of transcriptional and repertoire changes following full vaccination remains incomplete. We used scRNA-Seq and functional assays to compare humoral and cellular responses to 2 doses of mRNA vaccine with responses observed in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic disease. Our analyses revealed enrichment of spike-specific B cells, activated CD4+ T cells, and robust antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses following vaccination. On the other hand, although clonally expanded CD8+ T cells were observed following both vaccination and natural infection, CD8+ T cell responses were relatively weak and variable. In addition, TCR gene usage was variable, reflecting the diversity of repertoires and MHC polymorphism in the human population. Natural infection induced expansion of CD8+ T cell clones that occupy distinct clusters compared to those induced by vaccination and likely recognize a broader set of viral antigens of viral epitopes presented by the virus not seen in the mRNA vaccine. Our study highlights a coordinated adaptive immune response in which early CD4+ T cell responses facilitate the development of the B cell response and substantial expansion of effector CD8+ T cells, together capable of contributing to future recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
| | - Sloan A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
| | - Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
| | | | | | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
- Institute for Immunology, and
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department fo Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Levington, Kentucky, USA
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288
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Nayrac M, Dubé M, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Marchitto L, Tastet O, Tauzin A, Brassard N, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Vézina D, Gong SY, Benlarbi M, Gasser R, Laumaea A, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Ortega-Delgado GG, Laporte M, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Richard J, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE. Temporal associations of B and T cell immunity with robust vaccine responsiveness in a 16-week interval BNT162b2 regimen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.18.473317. [PMID: 34981046 PMCID: PMC8722583 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.18.473317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spacing of the BNT162b2 mRNA doses beyond 3 weeks raised concerns about vaccine efficacy. We longitudinally analyzed B cell, T cell and humoral responses to two BNT162b2 mRNA doses administered 16 weeks apart in 53 SARS-CoV-2 naïve and previously-infected donors. This regimen elicited robust RBD-specific B cell responses whose kinetics differed between cohorts, the second dose leading to increased magnitude in naïve participants only. While boosting did not increase magnitude of CD4 + T cell responses further compared to the first dose, unsupervised clustering analyses of single-cell features revealed phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. Integrated analysis showed longitudinal immune component-specific associations, with early Thelper responses post-first dose correlating with B cell responses after the second dose, and memory Thelper generated between doses correlating with CD8 T cell responses after boosting. Therefore, boosting elicits a robust cellular recall response after the 16-week interval, indicating functional immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9 Canada
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
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289
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Rocco JM, Pei L, Galindo F, Laidlaw E, Sereti I. Clinical Considerations During Breakthrough Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infections in Vaccinated Individuals With Autoimmunity. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab577. [PMID: 34917696 PMCID: PMC8669033 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rocco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luxin Pei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frances Galindo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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290
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Tamariz-Amador LE, Battaglia AM, Maia C, Zherniakova A, Guerrero C, Zabaleta A, Burgos L, Botta C, Fortuño MA, Grande C, Manubens A, Arguiñano JM, Gomez C, Perez-Persona E, Olazabal I, Oiartzabal I, Panizo C, Prosper F, San-Miguel JF, Rodriguez-Otero P, Martín-Sánchez E, Paiva B. Immune biomarkers to predict SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:202. [PMID: 34907159 PMCID: PMC8669666 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of reduced SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in patients with hematological malignancies. We hypothesized that tumor and treatment-related immunosuppression can be depicted in peripheral blood, and that immune profiling prior to vaccination can help predict immunogenicity. We performed a comprehensive immunological characterization of 83 hematological patients before vaccination and measured IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody response to four viral antigens at day +7 after second-dose COVID-19 vaccination using multidimensional and computational flow cytometry. Health care practitioners of similar age were the control group (n = 102). Forty-four out of 59 immune cell types were significantly altered in patients; those with monoclonal gammopathies showed greater immunosuppression than patients with B-cell disorders and Hodgkin lymphoma. Immune dysregulation emerged before treatment, peaked while on-therapy, and did not return to normalcy after stopping treatment. We identified an immunotype that was significantly associated with poor antibody response and uncovered that the frequency of neutrophils, classical monocytes, CD4, and CD8 effector memory CD127low T cells, as well as naive CD21+ and IgM+D+ memory B cells, were independently associated with immunogenicity. Thus, we provide novel immune biomarkers to predict COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in hematological patients, which are complementary to treatment-related factors and may help tailoring possible vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Esteban Tamariz-Amador
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anna Martina Battaglia
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia", University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Catarina Maia
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anastasiia Zherniakova
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Camila Guerrero
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Burgos
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cirino Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia", University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria-Antonia Fortuño
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Grande
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Andrea Manubens
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Clara Gomez
- Hospital Universitario de Galdakao, Galdakano, Spain
| | | | - Iñigo Olazabal
- Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Panizo
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus F San-Miguel
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paula Rodriguez-Otero
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Martín-Sánchez
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain.
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291
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Rocco JM, Mallarino-Haeger C, Randolph AH, Ray SM, Schechter MC, Zerbe CS, Holland SM, Sereti I. Hyperinflammatory Syndromes After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Messenger RNA vaccination in Individuals With Underlying Immune Dysregulation. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:e912-e915. [PMID: 34893818 PMCID: PMC8689836 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines has been a significant accomplishment. Adverse events are extremely rare, but continued surveillance is important, especially in at-risk populations. In 5 patients with preexisting immune dysregulation, hyperinflammatory syndromes, including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, developed after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Early recognition of this rare condition is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rocco
- Correspondence: Joseph M. Rocco, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Room 11B17, MSC 1876, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 ()
| | | | - Attiya H Randolph
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan M Ray
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marcos C Schechter
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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292
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Abstract
In an unprecedented collaborative effort, basic and clinical scientists have provided us with an effective COVID-19 vaccine within less than one year after SARS CoV-2 emergence. Virus or vaccine induced immunity may offer different degrees of protection against infection, transmission and pathology (disease). Immunity decides on the outcome of COVID-19, both at an individual as well as a population level. In this literature analysis, emphasis is put first on the gold standard for evaluating human antiviral immunity: data from high quality, well-designed trials centered on patient outcome as clinical endpoint (morbidity, e. g. severe COVID-19). Next, case reports or case series on humans with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) may provide unique insights into human CoV-2 immunity. Surrogate markers in blood (e. g. antibody titers) are extensively employed for the evaluation of SARS CoV-2 immunity, but are not useful. SARS CoV-2 antibody titers neither indicate local immunity in the nasopharynx/respiratory tract nor do they reliably reflect systemic immunity. Systemic and tissue resident SARS CoV-2 specific effector and memory T-cells are key to immunity but cannot routinely be measured in blood. Based largely on clinical data, this literature analysis suggests that antiviral immunity against Coronaviruses including SARS CoV-2 is waning significantly over time regarding infection and transmission protection. However, in individuals who have recovered from infections with human Coronaviruses (including SARS CoV-2) or been vaccinated against SARS CoV-2, immunity is robust in its most critical quality: protection against pathology/severe disease. Thus, immunologists see the glass half-full and envisage the transition of COVID-19 from an epidemic to an endemic state with semiannual peaks of incidence but, most importantly, protection from severe COVID-19 or death in the vast majority of individuals (as observed in other human Coronavirus infections).
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293
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Dennehy KM, Löll E, Dhillon C, Classen JM, Warm TD, Schuierer L, Hyhlik-Dürr A, Römmele C, Gosslau Y, Kling E, Hoffmann R. Comparison of the Development of SARS-Coronavirus-2-Specific Cellular Immunity, and Central Memory CD4+ T-Cell Responses Following Infection versus Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1439. [PMID: 34960185 PMCID: PMC8707815 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses following infection with coronaviruses are reportedly long-lived and provide long-term protection against severe disease. Whether vaccination induces similar long-lived responses is not yet clear since, to date, there are limited data comparing memory CD4+ T-cell responses induced after SARS-CoV-2 infection versus following vaccination with BioNTech/Pfizer BNT162b2. We compared T-cell immune responses over time after infection or vaccination using ELISpot, and memory CD4+ T-cell responses three months after infection/vaccination using activation-induced marker flow cytometric assays. Levels of cytokine-producing T-cells were remarkably stable between three and twelve months after infection, and were comparable to IFNγ+ and IFNγ+IL-2+ T-cell responses but lower than IL-2+ T-cell responses at three months after vaccination. Consistent with this finding, vaccination and infection elicited comparable levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4+ T-cells after three months in addition to comparable proportions of specific central memory CD4+ T-cells. By contrast, the proportions of specific effector memory CD4+ T-cells were significantly lower, whereas specific effector CD4+ T-cells were higher after infection than after vaccination. Our results suggest that T-cell responses-as measured by cytokine expression-and the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific central memory CD4+T-cells-indicative of the formation of the long-lived memory T-cell compartment-are comparably induced after infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Dennehy
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Eva Löll
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Christine Dhillon
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Johanna-Maria Classen
- Internal Medicine III-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (J.-M.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Tobias D. Warm
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (T.D.W.); (A.H.-D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lukas Schuierer
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Alexander Hyhlik-Dürr
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (T.D.W.); (A.H.-D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Christoph Römmele
- Internal Medicine III-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (J.-M.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Yvonne Gosslau
- Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (T.D.W.); (A.H.-D.); (Y.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Kling
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Reinhard Hoffmann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany; (E.L.); (L.S.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
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294
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Hartley GE, van Zelm MC, Robinson MJ. The benefit of boosters: diversity and inclusion in the COVID-19 memory response. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:15-17. [PMID: 34865234 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a new study, a group evaluate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated individuals and find evidence of durable immune memory for at least 6 months, irrespective of former infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E Hartley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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295
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Pieri M, Nicolai E, Ciotti M, Nuccetelli M, Sarubbi S, Pelagalli M, Bernardini S. Antibody response to COVID-19 vaccine: A point of view that can help to optimize dose distribution. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108406. [PMID: 34862126 PMCID: PMC8626226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The global strategy to control coronavirus disease is based on the availability of COVID-19 vaccines. More information about response to a single dose vaccine could help to better understand and optimize the management of the vaccine campaign. Workers from the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” and the University Hospital of University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” were monitored during their vaccination program. Serum samples were collected between the first and second dose and after the second dose. University personnel has been vaccinated with two doses of Vaxzevria vaccine 12 weeks apart, while hospital personnel has been vaccinated with two doses of Comirnaty 3 weeks apart. IgG antibodies (Abs) against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the virus spike surface glycoprotein and neutralizing antibodies (NT) anti-SARS-CoV-2 that block the interaction between RBD and the surface receptor cellular angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) were measured using the CL-series Mindray chemiluminescent assays, respectively. Different amounts of antibodies produced after the two doses of vaccine were found. Individuals with a previous natural infection developed a higher Abs titer. Among the individuals with no history of past SARS-CoV-2 infection, 5% had an Abs level of the same order of magnitude of infected people, suggesting that they acquired the infection in an asymptomatic way. In such individuals, one dose of vaccine may be sufficient to obtain a protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Sarubbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Pelagalli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; IFCC Emerging Technologies Division, Via Carlo Farini 81, 20159 Milan, Italy
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296
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Goel RR, Painter MM, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Lundgreen KA, Reynaldi A, Khoury DS, Pattekar A, Gouma S, Kuri-Cervantes L, Hicks P, Dysinger S, Hicks A, Sharma H, Herring S, Korte S, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Giles JR, Weirick ME, McAllister CM, Awofolaju M, Tanenbaum N, Drapeau EM, Dougherty J, Long S, D’Andrea K, Hamilton JT, McLaughlin M, Williams JC, Adamski S, Kuthuru O, Frank I, Betts MR, Vella LA, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Hensley SE, Davenport MP, Bates P, Luning Prak ET, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Science 2021; 374:abm0829. [PMID: 34648302 PMCID: PMC9284784 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The durability of immune memory after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination remains unclear. In this study, we longitudinally profiled vaccine responses in SARS-CoV-2–naïve and –recovered individuals for 6 months after vaccination. Antibodies declined from peak levels but remained detectable in most subjects at 6 months. By contrast, mRNA vaccines generated functional memory B cells that increased from 3 to 6 months postvaccination, with the majority of these cells cross-binding the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants. mRNA vaccination further induced antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and early CD4+ T cell responses correlated with long-term humoral immunity. Recall responses to vaccination in individuals with preexisting immunity primarily increased antibody levels without substantially altering antibody decay rates. Together, these findings demonstrate robust cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sokratis A. Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M. Rosenfeld
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kendall A. Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Dysinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Hicks
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harsh Sharma
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Herring
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott Korte
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison E. Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M. McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Moses Awofolaju
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tanenbaum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Drapeau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt D’Andrea
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob T. Hamilton
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maura McLaughlin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine C. Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - The UPenn COVID Processing Unit‡
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A. Vella
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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297
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Zhang P, Narayanan E, Liu Q, Tsybovsky Y, Boswell K, Ding S, Hu Z, Follmann D, Lin Y, Miao H, Schmeisser H, Rogers D, Falcone S, Elbashir SM, Presnyak V, Bahl K, Prabhakaran M, Chen X, Sarfo EK, Ambrozak DR, Gautam R, Martin MA, Swerczek J, Herbert R, Weiss D, Misamore J, Ciaramella G, Himansu S, Stewart-Jones G, McDermott A, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Finzi A, Carfi A, Fauci AS, Lusso P. A multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques. Nat Med 2021; 27:2234-2245. [PMID: 34887575 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a protective vaccine remains a top priority for the control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Here, we show that a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine co-expressing membrane-anchored HIV-1 envelope (Env) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag proteins to generate virus-like particles (VLPs) induces antibodies capable of broad neutralization and reduces the risk of infection in rhesus macaques. In mice, immunization with co-formulated env and gag mRNAs was superior to env mRNA alone in inducing neutralizing antibodies. Macaques were primed with a transmitted-founder clade-B env mRNA lacking the N276 glycan, followed by multiple booster immunizations with glycan-repaired autologous and subsequently bivalent heterologous envs (clades A and C). This regimen was highly immunogenic and elicited neutralizing antibodies against the most prevalent (tier-2) HIV-1 strains accompanied by robust anti-Env CD4+ T cell responses. Vaccinated animals had a 79% per-exposure risk reduction upon repeated low-dose mucosal challenges with heterologous tier-2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV AD8). Thus, the multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA platform represents a promising approach for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yin Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hana Schmeisser
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denise Rogers
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malcom A Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Swerczek
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, NIAID, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, NIAID, Poolesville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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298
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Juno JA, Hill DL. T follicular helper cells and their impact on humoral responses during pathogen and vaccine challenge. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 74:112-117. [PMID: 34861545 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for the establishment, maintenance and output of the germinal centre (GC) response. The transient nature of this response, and its location within secondary lymphoid tissues have hampered our understanding of this critical cell type, particularly in humans. A counterpart of GC Tfh cells in peripheral blood has enabled recent discoveries in disease and vaccination settings, while direct sampling of lymph nodes provides exciting new avenues to study GC responses directly in vivo. Tfh differentiation is shaped by the cytokine milieu during inflammation, vaccination and with age, and disease-specific patterns are emerging. An improved understanding of how to support a Tfh response remains key to enhancing vaccine immunity across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Rd., Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
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299
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Zohar T, Hsiao JC, Mehta N, Das J, Devadhasan A, Karpinski W, Callahan C, Citron MP, DiStefano DJ, Touch S, Wen Z, Sachs JR, Cejas PJ, Espeseth AS, Lauffenburger DA, Bett AJ, Alter G. Upper and lower respiratory tract correlates of protection against respiratory syncytial virus following vaccination of nonhuman primates. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 30:41-52.e5. [PMID: 34879230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of respiratory illness in infants and the elderly. Although several vaccines have been developed, none have succeeded in part due to our incomplete understanding of the correlates of immune protection. While both T cells and antibodies play a role, emerging data suggest that antibody-mediated mechanisms alone may be sufficient to provide protection. Therefore, to map the humoral correlates of immunity against RSV, antibody responses across six different vaccines were profiled in a highly controlled nonhuman primate-challenge model. Viral loads were monitored in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and machine learning was used to determine the vaccine platform-agnostic antibody features associated with protection. Upper respiratory control was associated with virus-specific IgA levels, neutralization, and complement activity, whereas lower respiratory control was associated with Fc-mediated effector mechanisms. These findings provide critical compartment-specific insights toward the rational development of future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Zohar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff C Hsiao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anush Devadhasan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wiktor Karpinski
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhiyun Wen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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300
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Kim JY, Lim SY, Park S, Kwon JS, Bae S, Park JY, Cha HH, Seo MH, Lee HJ, Lee N, Kim K, Shum D, Jee Y, Kim SH. Immune responses to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccines and to natural COVID-19 infections over a three-month period. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:777-784. [PMID: 34850034 PMCID: PMC8767884 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data directly comparing immune responses to vaccines and to natural infections with COVID-19. This study assessed the immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines over a 3-month period and compared the immune responses with those to natural infections. METHOD We enrolled healthcare workers (HCWs) who received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines and COVID-19-confirmed patients, and then S1-IgG and neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses were measured. RESULTS A total of 121 vaccinees and 26 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. After the 2 nd dose, the BNT162b2 vaccine yielded S1-IgG antibody responses similar to natural infections (2241 ± 899 vs. 2601 ± 5039, p=0.676), but significantly stronger than the ChAdOx1 vaccine (174 ± 96, p <0.0001). The neutralizing antibody titer generated by BNT162b2 was 6-fold higher than that generated by ChAdOx1, but lower than that by natural infection. T cell responses persisted for the 3 months in the BNT162b2 and natural infection but decreased in the ChAdOx1. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses after the 2 nd dose of BNT162b2 are higher than after the 2 nd dose of ChAdOx1 and like those occurring after natural infection. T cell responses are maintained longer in BNT162b2 vaccinees than in ChAdOx1 vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonju Park
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hee Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Seo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kideok Kim
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - David Shum
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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