251
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Kinetically distinct processing pathways diversify the CD8 + T cell response to a single viral epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19399-19407. [PMID: 32719124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004372117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The source proteins from which CD8+ T cell-activating peptides are derived remain enigmatic. Glycoproteins are particularly challenging in this regard owing to several potential trafficking routes within the cell. By engineering a glycoprotein-derived epitope to contain an N-linked glycosylation site, we determined that optimal CD8+ T cell expansion and function were induced by the peptides that are rapidly produced from the exceedingly minor fraction of protein mislocalized to the cytosol. In contrast, peptides derived from the much larger fraction that undergoes translocation and quality control are produced with delayed kinetics and induce suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. This dual system of peptide generation enhances CD8+ T cell participation in diversifying both antigenicity and the kinetics of peptide display.
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252
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Borna S, Fabisik M, Ilievova K, Dvoracek T, Brdicka T. Mechanisms determining a differential threshold for sensing Src family kinase activity by B and T cell antigen receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12935-12945. [PMID: 32665402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although signal transduction by immunoreceptors such as the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), B cell antigen receptor (BCR), and Fc receptors uses the same schematic and similar molecules, the threshold and the fine-tuning are set differently for each receptor. One manifestation of these differences is that inhibition of Src family kinases (SFK) blocks TCR but not BCR signaling. SFKs are key kinases phosphorylating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) in both these receptors. However, it has been proposed that in B cells, downstream kinase SYK can phosphorylate ITAM sequences independently of SFK, allowing it to compensate for the loss of SFK activity, whereas its T cell paralog ZAP-70 is not capable of this compensation. To test this proposal, we examined signaling in SYK- and ZAP-70-deficient B and T cell lines expressing SYK or ZAP-70. We also analyzed signal transduction in T cells expressing BCR or B cells expressing part of the TCR complex. We show that when compared with ZAP-70, SYK lowered the threshold for SFK activity necessary to initiate antigen receptor signaling in both T and B cells. However, neither SYK nor ZAP-70 were able to initiate signaling independently of SFK. We further found that additional important factors are involved in setting this threshold. These include differences between the antigen receptor complexes themselves and the spatial separation of the key transmembrane adaptor protein LAT from the TCR. Thus, immunoreceptor sensing of SFK activity is a complex process regulated at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Borna
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Fabisik
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Ilievova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Dvoracek
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Brdicka
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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253
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Pol JG, Caudana P, Paillet J, Piaggio E, Kroemer G. Effects of interleukin-2 in immunostimulation and immunosuppression. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20191247. [PMID: 31611250 PMCID: PMC7037245 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctions in the nature and spatiotemporal expression of IL-2R subunits on conventional versus regulatory T cells are exploited to manipulate IL-2 immunomodulatory effects. Particularly, low-dose IL-2 and some recombinant derivatives are being evaluated to enhance/inhibit immune responses for therapeutic purposes. Historically, interleukin-2 (IL-2) was first described as an immunostimulatory factor that supports the expansion of activated effector T cells. A layer of sophistication arose when regulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes (Tregs) were shown to require IL-2 for their development, homeostasis, and immunosuppressive functions. Fundamental distinctions in the nature and spatiotemporal expression patterns of IL-2 receptor subunits on naive/memory/effector T cells versus Tregs are now being exploited to manipulate the immunomodulatory effects of IL-2 for therapeutic purposes. Although high-dose IL-2 administration has yielded discrete clinical responses, low-dose IL-2 as well as innovative strategies based on IL-2 derivatives, including “muteins,” immunocomplexes, and immunocytokines, are being explored to therapeutically enhance or inhibit the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U932, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U932, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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254
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Mohammadzadeh A. Co-inhibitory receptors, transcription factors and tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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255
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Ceramide Synthase 5 Deficiency Aggravates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis and Colon Carcinogenesis and Impairs T-Cell Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071753. [PMID: 32630271 PMCID: PMC7409364 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide synthase 5 is one of six enzymes that catalyze the production of ceramides from sphingosine or sphinganine. Ceramides are important components of cell membranes and act as signaling molecules. Previously it has been shown that ceramide synthase 6 and 2 influence colitis in several animal models with sometimes opposite effects. Here, we investigated the disease course of dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis and azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis-associated colon cancer in mice with global ceramide synthase 5 knockout (CerS5-ko) or with ceramide synthase 5 knockout restricted to the colon epithelium (CerS5fl/fl VilCre). We monitored disease development and analyzed colon barrier function as well as the immune cell status in these mice. CerS5-ko mice but not CerS5fl/fl-VilCre mice were more susceptible to acute and chronic inflammation. However, the cell barrier function of colon epithelial cells was not disturbed by downregulation of ceramide synthase 5. Instead, untreated CerS5-ko mice displayed reduced numbers of CD3+ immune cells in the spleen, colon, and blood, especially of intraepithelial CD8+ T-cells, which was not obvious in CerS5fl/fl Vil Cre mice. Reduced T-cell number in colon tissue of CerS5-ko mice was accompanied by a reduced expression of IL-1β, IFNγ, and IL-4. In vitro investigations revealed that knockdown of ceramide synthase 5 in T-cells impaired T-cell activation. In summary, we show that CerS5-ko mice were more susceptible to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis-associated colon cancer. A reduced number of T-cells in the colon epithelium that was already the case in untreated CerS5-ko mice might have contributed to this effect.
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256
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Liquid-liquid phase separation in biology: mechanisms, physiological functions and human diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:953-985. [PMID: 32548680 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells are compartmentalized by numerous membrane-enclosed organelles and membraneless compartments to ensure that a wide variety of cellular activities occur in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamics of membrane-bound organelles, such as their fusion and fission, vesicle-mediated trafficking and membrane contactmediated inter-organelle interactions, have been extensively characterized. However, the molecular details of the assembly and functions of membraneless compartments remain elusive. Mounting evidence has emerged recently that a large number of membraneless compartments, collectively called biomacromolecular condensates, are assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Phase-separated condensates participate in various biological activities, including higher-order chromatin organization, gene expression, triage of misfolded or unwanted proteins for autophagic degradation, assembly of signaling clusters and actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletal networks, asymmetric segregations of cell fate determinants and formation of pre- and post-synaptic density signaling assemblies. Biomacromolecular condensates can transition into different material states such as gel-like structures and solid aggregates. The material properties of condensates are crucial for fulfilment of their distinct functions, such as biochemical reaction centers, signaling hubs and supporting architectures. Cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to ensure that biomacromolecular condensates are assembled and disassembled in a tightly controlled manner. Aberrant phase separation and transition are causatively associated with a variety of human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. This review summarizes recent major progress in elucidating the roles of LLPS in various biological pathways and diseases.
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257
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Davis SJ, O’Brien-Ball C. T-Cell Receptor Ligands: Every which Way They Can. Biophys J 2020; 118:2867-2869. [PMID: 32492373 PMCID: PMC7300379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Corresponding author
| | - Caitlin O’Brien-Ball
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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258
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Rohrs JA, Wang P, Finley SD. Understanding the Dynamics of T-Cell Activation in Health and Disease Through the Lens of Computational Modeling. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 3:1-8. [PMID: 30689404 PMCID: PMC6593125 DOI: 10.1200/cci.18.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells in the immune system are activated by binding to foreign peptides (from an external pathogen) or mutant peptide (derived from endogenous proteins) displayed on the surface of a diseased cell. This triggers a series of intracellular signaling pathways, which ultimately dictate the response of the T cell. The insights from computational models have greatly improved our understanding of the mechanisms that control T-cell activation. In this review, we focus on the use of ordinary differential equation–based mechanistic models to study T-cell activation. We highlight several examples that demonstrate the models’ utility in answering specific questions related to T-cell activation signaling, from antigen discrimination to the feedback mechanisms that initiate transcription factor activation. In addition, we describe other modeling approaches that can be combined with mechanistic models to bridge time scales and better understand how intracellular signaling events, which occur on the order of seconds to minutes, influence phenotypic responses of T-cell activation, which occur on the order of hours to days. Overall, through concrete examples, we emphasize how computational modeling can be used to enable the rational design and optimization of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin Wang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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259
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Promote Latent Adenovirus Reactivation from Tonsillectomy Specimens. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00100-20. [PMID: 32269118 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00100-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a common cause of illness among young children, immunocompromised patients, and transplant recipients. The majority of HAdV infections are self-limited, but recurring infection is frequently encountered in young children and may require hospitalization. In this study, we surveyed the presence of HAdV in tonsillectomy samples and investigated epigenetic conditions that contributed to HAdV reactivation. HAdV DNA was detected from 86.7% donors. The lymphocytes isolated from the samples failed to produce infectious HAdV after incubation, suggesting the viruses remained in a latent status. To determine whether epigenetic factors played a role in HAdV reactivation, isolated lymphocytes were treated with a small compound library. Viral DNA replication and infectious HAdV production were assayed by PCR and by a secondary infection assay. We identified several compounds, mainly pan- and selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which showed activity to reactivate HAdV from latency. The viruses were isolated and were determined as species C HAdV. Using a model of HAdV lytic infection, we showed that the compounds promoted histone-3 acetylation and association with viral early gene promoters. In addition to demonstrate the palatine tonsils as a reservoir of latent HAdV, this study uncovers a critical role of histone acetylation in HAdV reactivation, linking HAdV latency to recurrent HAdV infection.IMPORTANCE Respiratory tract infection by adenoviruses is among the most common diseases in children, attributing to approximately 20% of hospitalizations of children with acute respiratory infection (ARI). Adenovirus transmits by direct contact, but recurrent infection is common. Ever since its isolation, adenovirus has been known to have the ability to establish persistent or latent infection. We found 87.7% tonsillectomy specimens contained detectable amounts of adenoviral DNA. Isolated lymphocytes did not produce infectious adenoviruses without stimulation. By screening an epigenetic informer compound library, we identified several histone deacetylase inhibitors that promoted adenovirus reactivation that was evidenced by increased viral DNA replication and production of infectious viruses. The human tonsils are covered with bacterial pathogens that may utilize pathogen-associated pattern molecules or metabolites to cause epigenetic activation and proinflammatory gene transcription, which may lead to viral reactivation from latency. The study shows that recurrent adenovirus infection could arise from reactivation of residing virus from previous infections.
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260
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Fiore D, Cappelli LV, Broccoli A, Zinzani PL, Chan WC, Inghirami G. Peripheral T cell lymphomas: from the bench to the clinic. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:323-342. [PMID: 32249838 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of orphan neoplasms. Despite the introduction of anthracycline-based chemotherapy protocols, with or without autologous haematopoietic transplantation and a plethora of new agents, the progression-free survival of patients with PTCLs needs to be improved. The rarity of these neoplasms, the limited knowledge of their driving defects and the lack of experimental models have impaired clinical successes. This scenario is now rapidly changing with the discovery of a spectrum of genomic defects that hijack essential signalling pathways and foster T cell transformation. This knowledge has led to new genomic-based stratifications, which are being used to establish objective diagnostic criteria, more effective risk assessment and target-based interventions. The integration of genomic and functional data has provided the basis for targeted therapies and immunological approaches that underlie individual tumour vulnerabilities. Fortunately, novel therapeutic strategies can now be rapidly tested in preclinical models and effectively translated to the clinic by means of well-designed clinical trials. We believe that by combining new targeted agents with immune regulators and chimeric antigen receptor-expressing natural killer and T cells, the overall survival of patients with PTCLs will dramatically increase.
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MESH Headings
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fiore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Vincenzo Cappelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Broccoli
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wing C Chan
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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261
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Recent insights of T cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways for T cell activation and development. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:750-761. [PMID: 32439954 PMCID: PMC7272404 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires extracellular stimulatory signals that are mainly mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) complexes. The TCR recognizes antigens on major histocompatibility complex molecules with the cooperation of CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. After recognition, TCR-induced signaling cascades that propagate signals via various molecules and second messengers are induced. Consequently, many features of T cell-mediated immune responses are determined by these intracellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of TCR signaling direct T cells toward distinct effector linages. Therefore, stringent regulation of T cell activation is crucial for T cell homeostasis and proper immune responses. Dysregulation of TCR signaling can result in anergy or autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the pathways that govern how the TCR complex transmits signals into cells and the roles of effector molecules that are involved in these pathways.
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262
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Serçinoğlu O, Ozbek P. Sequence-structure-function relationships in class I MHC: A local frustration perspective. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232849. [PMID: 32421728 PMCID: PMC7233585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) binds short antigenic peptides with the help of Peptide Loading Complex (PLC), and presents them to T-cell Receptors (TCRs) of cytotoxic T-cells and Killer-cell Immunglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) of Natural Killer (NK) cells. With more than 10000 alleles, human MHC (Human Leukocyte Antigen, HLA) is the most polymorphic protein in humans. This allelic diversity provides a wide coverage of peptide sequence space, yet does not affect the three-dimensional structure of the complex. Moreover, TCRs mostly interact with HLA in a common diagonal binding mode, and KIR-HLA interaction is allele-dependent. With the aim of establishing a framework for understanding the relationships between polymorphism (sequence), structure (conserved fold) and function (protein interactions) of the human MHC, we performed here a local frustration analysis on pMHC homology models covering 1436 HLA I alleles. An analysis of local frustration profiles indicated that (1) variations in MHC fold are unlikely due to minimally-frustrated and relatively conserved residues within the HLA peptide-binding groove, (2) high frustration patches on HLA helices are either involved in or near interaction sites of MHC with the TCR, KIR, or tapasin of the PLC, and (3) peptide ligands mainly stabilize the F-pocket of HLA binding groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Serçinoğlu
- Department of Bioengineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Engineering, Fener, Rize, Turkey
| | - Pemra Ozbek
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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263
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Ma CY, Marioni JC, Griffiths GM, Richard AC. Stimulation strength controls the rate of initiation but not the molecular organisation of TCR-induced signalling. eLife 2020; 9:e53948. [PMID: 32412411 PMCID: PMC7308083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of naïve T cells with different TCRs may interact with a peptide-MHC ligand, but very few will activate. Remarkably, this fine control is orchestrated using a limited set of intracellular machinery. It remains unclear whether changes in stimulation strength alter the programme of signalling events leading to T cell activation. Using mass cytometry to simultaneously measure multiple signalling pathways during activation of murine CD8+ T cells, we found a programme of distal signalling events that is shared, regardless of the strength of TCR stimulation. Moreover, the relationship between transcription of early response genes Nr4a1 and Irf8 and activation of the ribosomal protein S6 is also conserved across stimuli. Instead, we found that stimulation strength dictates the rate with which cells initiate signalling through this network. These data suggest that TCR-induced signalling results in a coordinated activation program, modulated in rate but not organization by stimulation strength.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Single-Cell Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Ma
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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264
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Lindner SE, Johnson SM, Brown CE, Wang LD. Chimeric antigen receptor signaling: Functional consequences and design implications. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3223. [PMID: 32637585 PMCID: PMC7314561 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed the care of refractory B cell malignancies and holds tremendous promise for many aggressive tumors. Despite overwhelming scientific, clinical, and public interest in this rapidly expanding field, fundamental inquiries into CAR T cell mechanistic functioning are still in their infancy. Because CAR T cells are manufactured from donor T lymphocytes, and because CARs incorporate well-characterized T cell signaling components, it has largely been assumed that CARs signal analogously to canonical T cell receptors (TCRs). However, recent studies demonstrate that many aspects of CAR signaling are unique, distinct from endogenous TCR signaling, and potentially even distinct among various CAR constructs. Thus, rigorous and comprehensive proteomic investigations are required for rational engineering of improved CARs. Here, we review what is known about proximal CAR signaling in T cells, compare it to conventional TCR signaling, and outline unmet challenges to improving CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Lindner
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Johnson
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - C. E. Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - L. D. Wang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckham Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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265
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P66Shc: A Pleiotropic Regulator of B Cell Trafficking and a Gatekeeper in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041006. [PMID: 32325830 PMCID: PMC7226591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients (CLL) have a profound deficiency in the expression of p66Shc, an adaptor protein with pro-apoptotic and pro-oxidant activities. This defect results in leukemic B cell resistance to apoptosis and additionally impinges on the balance between chemokine receptors that control B cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs and the sphingosine phosphate receptor S1PR1 that controls their egress therefrom, thereby favoring leukemic B cell accumulation in the pro-survival lymphoid niche. Ablation of the gene encoding p66Shc in the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model of human CLL enhances leukemogenesis and promotes leukemic cell invasiveness in both nodal and extranodal organs, providing in vivo evidence of the pathogenic role of the p66Shc defect in CLL pathogenesis. Here we present an overview of the functions of p66Shc in B lymphocytes, with a specific focus on the multiple mechanisms exploited by p66Shc to control B cell trafficking and the abnormalities in this process caused by p66Shc deficiency in CLL.
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266
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Liang Y, Yi P, Wang X, Zhang B, Jie Z, Soong L, Sun J. Retinoic Acid Modulates Hyperactive T Cell Responses and Protects Vitamin A-Deficient Mice against Persistent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2984-2994. [PMID: 32284332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem and is associated with increased host susceptibility to infection; however, how VAD influences viral infection remains unclear. Using a persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection model, we showed in this study that although VAD did not alter innate type I IFN production, infected VAD mice had hyperactive, virus-specific T cell responses at both the acute and contraction stages, showing significantly decreased PD-1 but increased cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) expression by T cells. Compared with control mice, VAD mice displayed excessive inflammation and more severe liver pathology, with increased death during persistent infection. Of note, supplements of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), one of the important metabolites of vitamin A, downregulated hyperactive T cell responses and rescued the persistently infected VAD mice. By using adoptive transfer of splenocytes, we found that the environmental vitamin A or its metabolites acted as rheostats modulating antiviral T cells. The analyses of T cell transcriptional factors and signaling pathways revealed the possible mechanisms of RA, as its supplements inhibited the abundance of NFATc1 (NFAT 1), a key regulator for T cell activation. Also, following CD3/CD28 cross-linking stimulation, RA negatively regulated the TCR-proximal signaling in T cells, via decreased phosphorylation of Zap70 and its downstream signals, including phosphorylated AKT, p38, ERK, and S6, respectively. Together, our data reveal VAD-mediated alterations in antiviral T cell responses and highlight the potential utility of RA for modulating excessive immune responses and tissue injury in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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267
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Häusler D, Torke S, Weber MS. High-Dose Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia as a Potential Risk Factor in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:301. [PMID: 32161591 PMCID: PMC7053380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown; however, it is considered to be an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) triggered by a combination of both environmental and genetic factors. Vitamin D deficiency is also discussed as a possible disease-promoting factor in MS, as low vitamin D status is associated with increased formation of CNS lesions, elevated number of relapses and accelerated disease progression. However, it remains unclear whether this association is causal and related and most importantly, whether vitamin D supplementation in MS is of direct therapeutic benefit. Recently, we could show that in a murine model of MS, administration of a moderate vitamin D dose was of clinical benefit, while excessive vitamin D supplementation had a negative effect on disease severity. Of note, disease exacerbation was associated with high-dose vitamin D caused secondary hypercalcemia. Mechanistically dissecting this outcome, we found that hypercalcemia independent of vitamin D similarly triggered activation of disease-perpetuating T cells. These findings caution that vitamin D should be supplemented in a controlled and moderate manner in patients with MS and concomitantly highlight calcium as a novel potential MS risk factor by itself. In this review, we will summarize the current evidence from animal and clinical studies aiming to assess whether vitamin D may be of benefit in patients with MS. Furthermore, we will discuss any possible secondary effects of vitamin D with a particular focus on the role of calcium on immune cells and in the pathogenesis of CNS demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Häusler
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Torke
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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268
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Yin Q, Wyatt CJ, Han T, Smalley KSM, Wan L. ITCH as a potential therapeutic target in human cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:117-130. [PMID: 32165318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ITCH/AIP4 ubiquitin E3 ligase was discovered independently by two groups searching for atrophin-1 interacting proteins and studying the genetics of mouse coat color alteration, respectively. ITCH is classified as a NEDD4 family E3 ligase featured with the C-terminal HECT domain for E3 ligase function and WW domains for substrate recruiting. ITCH deficiency in the mouse causes severe multi-organ autoimmune disease. Its roles in maintaining a balanced immune response have been extensively characterized over the past two and a half decades. A wealth of reports demonstrate a multifaceted role of ITCH in human cancers. Given the versatility of ITCH in catalyzing both proteolytic and non-proteolytic ubiquitination of its over fifty substrates, ITCH's role in malignancies is believed to be context-dependent. In this review, we summarize the downstream substrates of ITCH, the functions of ITCH in both tumor cells and the immune system, as well as the implications of such functions in human cancers. Moreover, we describe the upstream regulatory mechanisms of ITCH and the efforts have been made to target ITCH using small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Clayton J Wyatt
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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269
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Li WF, Aryal M, Shu ST, Smithgall TE. HIV-1 Nef dimers short-circuit immune receptor signaling by activating Tec-family kinases at the host cell membrane. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5163-5174. [PMID: 32144207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 virulence factor Nef promotes high-titer viral replication, immune escape, and pathogenicity. Nef interacts with interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), two Tec-family kinases expressed in HIV-1 target cells (CD4 T cells and macrophages, respectively). Using a cell-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, here we demonstrate that Nef recruits both Itk and Btk to the cell membrane and induces constitutive kinase activation in transfected 293T cells. Nef homodimerization-defective mutants retained their interaction with both kinases but failed to induce activation, supporting a role for Nef homodimer formation in the activation mechanism. HIV-1 infection up-regulates endogenous Itk activity in SupT1 T cells and donor-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, HIV-1 strains expressing Nef variants with mutations in the dimerization interface replicated poorly and were significantly attenuated in Itk activation. We conclude that direct activation of Itk and Btk by Nef at the membrane in HIV-infected cells may override normal immune receptor control of Tec-family kinase activity to enhance the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Fai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Manish Aryal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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270
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Salerno F, Turner M, Wolkers MC. Dynamic Post-Transcriptional Events Governing CD8+ T Cell Homeostasis and Effector Function. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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271
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Xu X, Li H, Xu C. Structural understanding of T cell receptor triggering. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:193-202. [PMID: 32047259 PMCID: PMC7052162 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) is one of the most complicated receptors in mammalian cells, and its triggering mechanism remains mysterious. As an octamer complex, TCR comprises an antigen-binding subunit (TCRαβ) and three CD3 signaling subunits (CD3ζζ, CD3δε, and CD3γε). Engagement of TCRαβ with an antigen peptide presented on the MHC leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in CD3 cytoplasmic domains (CDs), thus translating extracellular binding kinetics to intracellular signaling events. Whether conformational change plays an important role in the transmembrane signal transduction of TCR is under debate. Attracted by the complexity and functional importance of TCR, many groups have been studying TCR structure and triggering for decades using diverse biochemical and biophysical tools. Here, we synthesize these structural studies and discuss the relevance of the conformational change model in TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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272
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Li X, Gong L, Gu H. Regulation of immune system development and function by Cbl-mediated ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:123-133. [PMID: 31402498 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a form of posttranslational protein modification that affects the activity of target proteins by regulating their intracellular degradation, trafficking, localization, and association with other regulators. Recent studies have placed protein ubiquitination as an important regulatory mode to control immune system development, function, and pathogenesis. In this review, we will mainly update the research progress from our laboratory on the roles of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the development and function of lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells. In addition, we will highlight our current understanding of the mechanisms used by this family of proteins, especially Cbl and Cbl-b, to co-ordinately regulate the function of various receptors and transcription factors in the context of immune regulation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Kisoji Biotechnologies, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liying Gong
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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273
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Myers DR, Wheeler B, Roose JP. mTOR and other effector kinase signals that impact T cell function and activity. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:134-153. [PMID: 31402496 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells play important roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Following the cloning of the T cell receptor (TCR), the race was on to map signaling proteins that contributed to T cell activation downstream of the TCR as well as co-stimulatory molecules such as CD28. We term this "canonical TCR signaling" here. More recently, it has been appreciated that T cells need to accommodate increased metabolic needs that stem from T cell activation in order to function properly. A central role herein has emerged for mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In this review we briefly cover canonical TCR signaling to set the stage for discussion on mTOR signaling, mRNA translation, and metabolic adaptation in T cells. We also discuss the role of mTOR in follicular helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and other T cell subsets. Our lab recently uncovered that "tonic signals", which pass through proximal TCR signaling components, are robustly and selectively transduced to mTOR to promote baseline translation of various mRNA targets. We discuss insights on (tonic) mTOR signaling in the context of T cell function in autoimmune diseases such as lupus as well as in cancer immunotherapy through CAR-T cell or checkpoint blockade approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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274
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Balagopalan L, Malik H, McIntire KM, Garvey JA, Nguyen T, Rodriguez-Peña AB, Samelson LE. Bypassing ubiquitination enables LAT recycling to the cell surface and enhanced signaling in T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229036. [PMID: 32084172 PMCID: PMC7034843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LAT molecules defective in ubiquitination have an increased half-life and induce enhanced signaling when expressed in T cells. In this study, we have examined the role of ubiquitination in regulating LAT endocytosis, recycling, and degradation in resting and stimulated T cells. By tracking and comparing plasma membrane-labeled wild type and ubiquitination-resistant 2KR LAT, we find that ubiquitination promotes the degradation of surface LAT in T cells. Activation of T cells increases LAT ubiquitination and promotes trafficking of internalized LAT to lysosomes for degradation. Ubiquitination of LAT does not change internalization rates from the cell surface, but prevents efficient recycling of LAT to the surface of T cells. Our study demonstrates that surface LAT levels are tightly controlled by ubiquitination. LAT in unstimulated cells lacks ubiquitin allowing for increased LAT stability and efficient T cell activation upon TCR triggering; ubiquitination leads to efficient removal of LAT after activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Balagopalan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LB); (LES)
| | - Hiba Malik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. McIntire
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Garvey
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana B. Rodriguez-Peña
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lawrence E. Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LB); (LES)
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275
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Enterovirus 71 Infection Shapes Host T Cell Receptor Repertoire and Presumably Expands VP1-Specific TCRβ CDR3 Cluster. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020121. [PMID: 32075096 PMCID: PMC7169398 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has become an important public health problem in the Asia-Pacific region in the past decades. EV71 infection might cause neurological and psychiatric complications and even death. Although an EV71 vaccine has been currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Virus infections have been reported to shape host T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Therefore, understanding of host TCR repertoire in EV71 infection could better the knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefit the anti-viral therapy development. In this study, we used a mouse-adapted EV71 (mEV71) model to observe changes of host TCR repertoire in an EV71-infected central nervous system. Neonate mice were infected with mEV71 and mouse brainstem TCRβ repertoires were explored. Here, we reported that mEV71 infection impacted host brainstem TCRβ repertoire, where mEV71 infection skewed TCRβ diversity, changed VJ combination usages, and further expanded specific TCRβ CDR3 clones. Using bioinformatics analysis and ligand-binding prediction, we speculated the expanded TCRβ CDR3 clone harboring CASSLGANSDYTF sequence was capable of binding cleaved EV71 VP1 peptides in concert with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. We observed that mEV71 infection shaped host TCRβ repertoire and presumably expanded VP1-specific TCRβ CDR3 in mEV71-infected mouse brainstem that integrated EV71 pathogenesis in central nervous system.
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276
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277
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Blumenthal D, Burkhardt JK. Multiple actin networks coordinate mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201911058. [PMID: 31977034 PMCID: PMC7041673 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is an essential step in mounting an adaptive immune response. It is known that antigen recognition and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling depend on forces applied by the T cell actin cytoskeleton, but until recently, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly defined. Here, we review recent advances in the field, which show that specific actin-dependent structures contribute to the process in distinct ways. In essence, T cell priming involves a tug-of-war between the cytoskeletons of the T cell and the APC, where the actin cytoskeleton serves as a mechanical intermediate that integrates force-dependent signals. We consider each of the relevant actin-rich T cell structures separately and address how they work together at the topologically and temporally complex cell-cell interface. In addition, we address how this mechanobiology can be incorporated into canonical immunological models to improve how these models explain T cell sensitivity and antigenic specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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278
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Chandran SS, Klebanoff CA. T cell receptor-based cancer immunotherapy: Emerging efficacy and pathways of resistance. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:127-147. [PMID: 31355495 PMCID: PMC7027847 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells can induce durable remissions in patients with refractory B-lymphoid cancers. By contrast, results applying CAR-modified T cells to solid malignancies have been comparatively modest. Alternative strategies to redirect T cell specificity and cytolytic function are therefore necessary if ACT is to serve a greater role in human cancer treatments. T cell receptors (TCRs) are antigen recognition structures physiologically expressed by all T cells that have complementary, and in some cases superior, properties to CARs. Unlike CARs, TCRs confer recognition to epitopes derived from proteins residing within any subcellular compartment, including the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. This enables TCRs to detect a broad universe of targets, such as neoantigens, cancer germline antigens, and viral oncoproteins. Moreover, because TCRs have evolved to efficiently detect and amplify antigenic signals, these receptors respond to epitope densities many fold smaller than required for CAR-signaling. Herein, we summarize recent clinical data demonstrating that TCR-based immunotherapies can mediate regression of solid malignancies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. These trials simultaneously highlight emerging mechanisms of TCR resistance. We conclude by discussing how TCR-based immunotherapies can achieve broader dissemination through innovations in cell manufacturing and non-viral genome integration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Chandran
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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279
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Shang W, Wang F, Zhu Q, Wang L, Wang H. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genetic Screening to Study T-Cell Function. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2111:59-70. [PMID: 31933198 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0266-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-based cancer immunotherapies have emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment, highlighting the importance of understanding the regulation of T-cell function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell activation are not fully understood. The CRISPR/Cas9 system can serve as a robust method to systematically study signaling pathways. In this chapter, we describe details of using the CRISPR screen to identify regulators in TCR signaling, from the sgRNA library construction to genomic DNA sequencing. We also add some notes to further help readers performing the CRISPR screen. This approach can be readily adapted to study the activation of other immune cells, including B cells and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Shang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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280
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RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 is required for early T cell development. BLOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2:27-32. [PMID: 35399867 PMCID: PMC8974940 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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281
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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282
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The role of actin and myosin in antigen extraction by B lymphocytes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:90-104. [PMID: 31862219 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cells must extract antigens attached to the surface of antigen presenting cells to generate high-affinity antibodies. Antigen extraction requires force, and recent studies have implicated actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell as the major driver of antigen extraction. These actomyosin-dependent pulling forces also serve to test the affinity of the B cell antigen receptor for antigen prior to antigen extraction. Such affinity discrimination is central to the process of antibody affinity maturation. Here we review the evidence that actomyosin-dependent pulling forces generated within the B cell promote affinity discrimination and power antigen extraction. Our take on these critical B cell functions is influenced significantly by the recent identification of formin-generated, myosin-rich, concentric actin arcs in the medial portion of the T cell immune synapse, as B cells appear to contain a similar contractile actomyosin structure.
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283
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signalling is of paramount importance to immunity. Regulated increases in cytosolic and organellar Ca2+ concentrations in lymphocytes control complex and crucial effector functions such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, antibody and cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity. Altered Ca2+ regulation in lymphocytes leads to various autoimmune, inflammatory and immunodeficiency syndromes. Several types of plasma membrane and organellar Ca2+-permeable channels are functional in T cells. They contribute highly localized spatial and temporal Ca2+ microdomains that are required for achieving functional specificity. While the mechanistic details of these Ca2+ microdomains are only beginning to emerge, it is evident that through crosstalk, synergy and feedback mechanisms, they fine-tune T cell signalling to match complex immune responses. In this article, we review the expression and function of various Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and endolysosomes of T cells and their role in shaping immunity and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Jean-Pierre Kinet
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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284
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Motavalli R, Etemadi J, Kahroba H, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Immune system-mediated cellular and molecular mechanisms in idiopathic membranous nephropathy pathogenesis and possible therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2019; 238:116923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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285
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Daneshpour H, Youk H. Modeling cell-cell communication for immune systems across space and time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 18:44-52. [PMID: 31922054 PMCID: PMC6941841 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Communicating is crucial for cells to coordinate their behaviors. Immunological processes, involving diverse cytokines and cell types, are ideal for developing frameworks for modeling coordinated behaviors of cells. Here, we review recent studies that combine modeling and experiments to reveal how immune systems use autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine signals to achieve behaviors such as controlling population densities and hair regenerations. We explain that models are useful because one can computationally vary numerous parameters, in experimentally infeasible ways, to evaluate alternate immunological responses. For each model, we focus on the length-scales and time-scales involved and explain why integrating multiple length-scales and time-scales in a model remain challenging. We suggest promising modeling strategies for meeting this challenge and their practical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirad Daneshpour
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, the Netherlands.,Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Hyun Youk
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, the Netherlands.,Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629HZ, the Netherlands.,CIFAR, CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
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286
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Kaitao L, William R, Zhou Y, Cheng Z. Single-molecule investigations of T-cell activation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:102-110. [PMID: 32296738 PMCID: PMC7158867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation is the central event governing its development, differentiation, and effector functions. T-cell activation is initiated by the direct physical interaction of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule expressed on the antigen presenting cell (APC) surface. Since the identification of TCR as the only receptor for antigen on T cells three decades ago, studies have elucidated the major molecular players and signaling events responding to TCR stimulation. However, the question of how the physical event of pMHC binding is converted across the membrane into chemical events to initiate signal transduction remains elusive. Here we review recent investigations of T-cell activation using single-molecule force and fluorescence techniques that shed new light on this key question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kaitao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Rittase William
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Yuan Zhou
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Zhu Cheng
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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287
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Wipa P, Paensuwan P, Ngoenkam J, Woessner NM, Minguet S, Schamel WW, Pongcharoen S. Actin polymerization regulates recruitment of Nck to CD3ε upon T-cell receptor triggering. Immunology 2019; 159:298-308. [PMID: 31674657 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton supports intracellular signal transduction and T-cell activation. The non-catalytic region of the tyrosine kinase (Nck) molecule is an adapter protein implicated in TCR-induced actin polymerization. Further, Nck is recruited to the CD3ε subunit of the TCR upon TCR triggering. Here we examine the role of actin polymerization in the recruitment of Nck to the TCR. To this end, Nck binding to CD3ε was quantified in Jurkat cells using the proximity ligation assay. We show that inhibition of actin polymerization using cytochalasin D delayed the recruitment of Nck1 to the TCR upon TCR triggering. Interestingly, CD3ε phosphorylation was also delayed. These findings suggest that actin polymerization promotes the recruitment of Nck to the TCR, enhancing downstream signaling, such as phosphorylation of CD3ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pussadee Paensuwan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nadine M Woessner
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Research Center for Academic Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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288
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Regulation of cell adhesion: a collaborative effort of integrins, their ligands, cytoplasmic actors, and phosphorylation. Q Rev Biophys 2019; 52:e10. [PMID: 31709962 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583519000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are large heterodimeric type 1 membrane proteins expressed in all nucleated mammalian cells. Eighteen α-chains and eight β-chains can combine to form 24 different integrins. They are cell adhesion proteins, which bind to a large variety of cellular and extracellular ligands. Integrins are required for cell migration, hemostasis, translocation of cells out from the blood stream and further movement into tissues, but also for the immune response and tissue morphogenesis. Importantly, integrins are not usually active as such, but need activation to become adhesive. Integrins are activated by outside-in activation through integrin ligand binding, or by inside-out activation through intracellular signaling. An important question is how integrin activity is regulated, and this topic has recently drawn much attention. Changes in integrin affinity for ligand binding are due to allosteric structural alterations, but equally important are avidity changes due to integrin clustering in the plane of the plasma membrane. Recent studies have partially solved how integrin cell surface structures change during activation. The integrin cytoplasmic domains are relatively short, but by interacting with a variety of cytoplasmic proteins in a regulated manner, the integrins acquire a number of properties important not only for cell adhesion and movement, but also for cellular signaling. Recent work has shown that specific integrin phosphorylations play pivotal roles in the regulation of integrin activity. Our purpose in this review is to integrate the present knowledge to enable an understanding of how cell adhesion is dynamically regulated.
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289
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Kumar P, Lele SS, Ragothaman VK, Raghunathan D, Epstein AL, Chiba S, Prabhakar BS. OX40L-JAG1-Induced Expansion of Lineage-Stable Regulatory T Cells Involves Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3225-3236. [PMID: 31704879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+T regulatory cells (Tregs) control autoimmune response by suppressing proliferation and effector functions of self-reactive Foxp3-CD4+/CD8+ T cells and thereby maintain the critical balance between self-tolerance and autoimmunity. Earlier, we had shown that OX40L-JAG1 cosignaling mediated through their cognate receptors OX40 and Notch3 preferentially expressed on murine Tregs can selectively induce their proliferation in the absence of TCR stimulation. However, the differential molecular mechanisms regulating TCR-independent versus TCR-dependent Treg proliferation and lineage stability of the expanded Tregs remained unknown. In this study, we show that OX40L-JAG1 treatment induced TCR-independent proliferation of Tregs in the thymus and periphery. The use of Src kinase inhibitor permitted us to demonstrate selective inhibition of TCR-dependent T cell proliferation with little to no effect on OX40L-JAG1-induced TCR-independent Treg expansion in vitro, which was critically dependent on noncanonical NF-κB signaling. OX40L-JAG1-expanded Tregs showed sustained lineage stability as indicated by stable demethylation marks in Treg signature genes such as Foxp3, Il2ra, Ctla4, Ikzf2, and Ikzf4. Furthermore, OX40L-JAG1 treatment significantly increased CTLA4+ and TIGIT+ Tregs and alleviated experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. Relevance of our findings to humans became apparent when human OX40L and JAG1 induced TCR-independent selective expansion of human Tregs in thymocyte cultures and increased human Tregs in the liver tissue of humanized NSG mice. Our findings suggest that OX40L-JAG1-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation is a conserved mechanism that can be used to expand lineage-stable Tregs to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Swarali Surendra Lele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Vandhana K Ragothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Divya Raghunathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900933
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; and
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
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290
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291
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Murphy KA, Bhamidipati K, Rubin SJS, Kipp L, Robinson WH, Lanz TV. Immunomodulatory receptors are differentially expressed in B and T cell subsets relevant to autoimmune disease. Clin Immunol 2019; 209:108276. [PMID: 31669582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory cell-surface receptors on lymphocytes, often called immune checkpoints, are powerful targets for cancer therapy. Despite their direct involvement in autoimmune pathology, they are currently not exploited therapeutically for autoimmune diseases. Understanding the expression pattern of these receptors in health and disease is essential for targeted drug design. Here, we designed three 23-colour flow cytometry panels for peripheral-blood T cells, including 15 lineage-defining markers and 21 immunomodulatory cell-surface receptors, and a 22-marker panel for B cells. Blood samples from healthy individuals, multiple sclerosis (MS), and lupus (SLE) patients were included in the study. Several receptors show differential expression on regulatory T cells (Treg) compared to T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, and functional relevance of this difference could be shown for BTLA and CD5. Unbiased multiparametric analysis revealed a subset of activated CD8+ T cells and a subset of unswitched memory B cells that are diminished in MS and SLE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Samuel J S Rubin
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucas Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Tobias V Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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292
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Courtney AH, Shvets AA, Lu W, Griffante G, Mollenauer M, Horkova V, Lo WL, Yu S, Stepanek O, Chakraborty AK, Weiss A. CD45 functions as a signaling gatekeeper in T cells. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/604/eaaw8151. [PMID: 31641081 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T cells require the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 to detect and respond to antigen because it activates the Src family kinase Lck, which phosphorylates the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex. CD45 activates Lck by opposing the negative regulatory kinase Csk. Paradoxically, CD45 has also been implicated in suppressing TCR signaling by dephosphorylating the same signaling motifs within the TCR complex upon which Lck acts. We sought to reconcile these observations using chemical and genetic perturbations of the Csk/CD45 regulatory axis incorporated with computational analyses. Specifically, we titrated the activities of Csk and CD45 and assessed their influence on Lck activation, TCR-associated ζ-chain phosphorylation, and more downstream signaling events. Acute inhibition of Csk revealed that CD45 suppressed ζ-chain phosphorylation and was necessary for a regulatable pool of active Lck, thereby interconnecting the activating and suppressive roles of CD45 that tune antigen discrimination. CD45 suppressed signaling events that were antigen independent or induced by low-affinity antigen but not those initiated by high-affinity antigen. Together, our findings reveal that CD45 acts as a signaling "gatekeeper," enabling graded signaling outputs while filtering weak or spurious signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Courtney
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexey A Shvets
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Veronika Horkova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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293
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Li J, Lentini NA, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. A luciferase lysis assay reveals in vivo malignant cell sensitization by phosphoantigen prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113668. [PMID: 31628909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to small phosphorus-containing compounds, often called phosphoantigens, which are now known to be intracellular ligands of the immune receptor butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1). In order to compare the efficiency of butyrophilin ligands, we developed a luciferase-based lysis assay that measures the direct cytolysis by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells of luciferase-expressing K562 leukemia cells sensitized by phosphoantigen prodrugs. Our results show that the luciferase-based lysis assay allows in vitro and in vivo assessment of phosphoantigen activity in a way that does not require the extensive processing of flow cytometry or ELISA based approaches. In cellular assays, the structure activity relationships of phosphoantigen prodrugs correlate with ELISA-based activation assays, though phosphoantigen induced target cell lysis occurs at lower concentrations relative to T cell interferon γ production measured by ELISA. In mice dosed with phosphoantigens, a racemic aryl phosphonamidate prodrug, methyl 2-[[[(E)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-pent-3-enyl]-(1-naphthyloxy)phosphoryl]amino]acetate (1-Nap/GlyOMe C-HMBP, 5), sensitized subcutaneous K562 tumors within minutes, and this effect was maintained at least four hours after treatment. In vivo activity of compound 5 was stronger than that of an equivalent dose of zoledronate. This luciferase lysis assay can be used for evaluation of phosphoantigens due to its time efficiency, high sensitivity, and in vivo compatibility and demonstrates rapid in vitro and in vivo sensitization of tumor cells by phosphoantigen prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Nicholas A Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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294
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Lo WL, Shah NH, Rubin SA, Zhang W, Horkova V, Fallahee IR, Stepanek O, Zon LI, Kuriyan J, Weiss A. Slow phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue in LAT optimizes T cell ligand discrimination. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1481-1493. [PMID: 31611699 PMCID: PMC6858552 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-non-self discrimination is central to T cell-mediated immunity. The kinetic proofreading model can explain T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ligand discrimination; however, the rate-limiting steps have not been identified. Here, we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell adapter protein LAT at position Y132 is a critical kinetic bottleneck for ligand discrimination. LAT phosphorylation at Y132, mediated by the kinase ZAP-70, leads to the recruitment and activation of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), an important effector molecule for T cell activation. The slow phosphorylation of Y132, relative to other phosphosites on LAT, is governed by a preceding glycine residue (G131) but can be accelerated by substituting this glycine with aspartate or glutamate. Acceleration of Y132 phosphorylation increases the speed and magnitude of PLC-γ1 activation and enhances T cell sensitivity to weaker stimuli, including weak agonists and self-peptides. These observations suggest that the slow phosphorylation of Y132 acts as a proofreading step to facilitate T cell ligand discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neel H Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara A Rubin
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veronika Horkova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian R Fallahee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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295
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Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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296
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Saveanu L, Zucchetti AE, Evnouchidou I, Ardouin L, Hivroz C. Is there a place and role for endocyticTCRsignaling? Immunol Rev 2019; 291:57-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Saveanu
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Andres E. Zucchetti
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Inovarion Paris France
| | - Laurence Ardouin
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
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297
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Marshall N, Hutchinson K, Marron TU, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Svensson-Arvelund J, Brown BD, Merad M, Brody JD. Antitumor T-cell Homeostatic Activation Is Uncoupled from Homeostatic Inhibition by Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1520-1537. [PMID: 31375522 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-cell transfer into lymphodepleted recipients induces homeostatic activation and potentiates antitumor efficacy. In contrast to canonical T-cell receptor-induced activation, homeostatic activation yields a distinct phenotype and memory state whose regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show in patients and murine models that, following transfer into lymphodepleted bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, CD8+ T cells undergo activation but also simultaneous homeostatic inhibition manifested by upregulation of immune-checkpoint molecules and functional suppression. T cells transferred into BMT recipients were protected from homeostatic inhibition by PD-1/CTLA4 dual checkpoint blockade (dCB). This combination of dCB and BMT-"immunotransplant"-increased T-cell homeostatic activation and antitumor T-cell responses by an order of magnitude. Like homeostatic activation, homeostatic inhibition is IL7/IL15-dependent, revealing mechanistic coupling of these two processes. Marked similarity in ex vivo modulation of post-BMT T cells in mice and patients is promising for the clinical translation of immunotransplant (NCT03305445) and for addressing homeostatic inhibition in T-cell therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: For optimal anticancer effect, T-cell therapies including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, and transgenic T-cell therapies require transfer into lymphodepleted recipients and homeostatic activation; however, concomitant homeostatic inhibition mitigates T-cell therapies' efficacy. Checkpoint blockade uncouples homeostatic inhibition from activation, amplifying T-cell responses. Conversely, tumors nonresponsive to checkpoint blockade or BMT are treatable with immunotransplant.See related commentary by Ansell, p. 1487.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netonia Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Keino Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Thomas U Marron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mark Aleynick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ranjan Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
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298
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Beyond TCR Signaling: Emerging Functions of Lck in Cancer and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143500. [PMID: 31315298 PMCID: PMC6679228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) has emerged as one of the key molecules regulating T-cell functions. Studies using Lck knock-out mice or Lck-deficient T-cell lines have shown that Lck regulates the initiation of TCR signaling, T-cell development, and T-cell homeostasis. Because of the crucial role of Lck in T-cell responses, strategies have been employed to redirect Lck activity to improve the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and to potentiate T-cell responses in cancer immunotherapy. In addition to the well-studied role of Lck in T cells, evidence has been accumulated suggesting that Lck is also expressed in the brain and in tumor cells, where it actively takes part in signaling processes regulating cellular functions like proliferation, survival and memory. Therefore, Lck has emerged as a novel druggable target molecule for the treatment of cancer and neuronal diseases. In this review, we will focus on these new functions of Lck.
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299
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Onnis A, Baldari CT. Orchestration of Immunological Synapse Assembly by Vesicular Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:110. [PMID: 31334230 PMCID: PMC6616304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) by cognate peptide bound to the Major Histocompatibility Complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to the spatial reorganization of the TCR and accessory receptors to form a specialized area of intimate contact between T cell and APC, known as the immunological synapse (IS), where signals are deciphered, coordinated, and integrated to promote T cell activation. With the discovery that an endosomal TCR pool contributes to IS assembly and function by undergoing polarized recycling to the IS, recent years have witnessed a shift from a plasma membrane-centric view of the IS to the vesicular trafficking events that occur at this location following the TCR-dependent translocation of the centrosome toward the synaptic membrane. Here we will summarize our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that are responsible for the steady delivery of endosomal TCRs, kinases, and adapters to the IS to sustain signaling, as well as of the endocytic pathways responsible for signal termination. We will also discuss recent evidence highlighting a role for endosomes in sustaining TCR signaling after its internalization at the IS and identifying the IS as a site of formation and release of extracellular vesicles that allow for transcellular communication with the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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300
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Castro-Sánchez P, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gómez S, Ramirez-Munoz R, Roda-Navarro P. Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Signaling and Immunological Synapse by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31297117 PMCID: PMC6607956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is mediated by the formation of a long-lasting interaction established between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) called immunological synapse (IS). During T cell activation, different signaling molecules as well as the cytoskeleton and the endosomal compartment are polarized to the IS. This molecular dynamics is tightly regulated by phosphorylation networks, which are controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). While some PTPs are known to be important regulators of adhesion, ligand discrimination or the stimulation threshold, there is still little information about the regulatory role of PTPs in cytoskeleton rearrangements and endosomal compartment dynamics. Besides, spatial and temporal regulation of PTPs and substrates at the IS is only barely known. Consistent with an important role of PTPs in T cell activation, multiple mutations as well as altered expression levels or dynamic behaviors have been associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the precise mechanism for the regulation of T cell activation and effector function by PTPs in health and autoimmunity is not fully understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the regulatory role of PTPs in CD4+ T cell activation, IS assembly and effector function. The potential molecular mechanisms mediating the action of these enzymes in autoimmune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
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