251
|
Stocking KC, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY. Intracortical Neural Stimulation With Untethered, Ultrasmall Carbon Fiber Electrodes Mediated by the Photoelectric Effect. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:2402-2412. [PMID: 30605086 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2889832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural stimulation with tethered, electrically activated probes is damaging to neural tissue and lacks good spatial selectivity and stable chronic performance. The photoelectric effect, which converts incident light into electric potential and heat, provides an opportunity for a tetherless stimulation method. We propose a novel stimulation paradigm that relies on the photoelectric effect to stimulate neurons around a free-floating, ultrasmall (7-8 μm diameter) carbon fiber probe. METHODS A two-photon microscope induced photo-stimulation with a near-infrared laser. Chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry were used to characterize the electrochemical properties of photo-stimulation, while the fluorescence of Rhodamine-B was used to quantify temperature changes. RESULTS Photo-stimulation caused a local cathodic potential pulse with minimal leakage current. Stimulation induced voltage deflections of 0.05-0.4 V in vitro, varying linearly with the power of the laser source (5-40 mW). Temperature increases in the immediate vicinity of the electrode were limited to 2.5 °C, suggesting that this stimulation modality can be used without inducing heat damage. Successful stimulation was supported in vivo by increased calcium fluorescence in local neurons at stimulation onset in a transgenic GCaMP-3 mouse model. Furthermore, cells activated by photo-stimulation were closer to the electrode than in electrical stimulation under similar conditions, indicating increased spatial precision. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that the proposed photoelectric method for neural stimulation is effective. SIGNIFICANCE Photoelectric stimulation is precise and avoids the need for a potentially destructive tether, making it a promising alternative to electrical stimulation.
Collapse
|
252
|
Fang A, Hao Z, Wang L, Li D, He J, Gao L, Mao X, Paz R. In vitro model of the glial scar. Int J Bioprint 2019; 5:235. [PMID: 32596540 PMCID: PMC7294684 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The trauma of central nervous system (CNS) can lead to glial scar, and it can limit the regeneration of neurons at the injured area, which is considered to be a major factor affecting the functional recovery of patients with CNS injury. At present, the study of the glial scar model in vitro is still limited to two-dimensional culture, and the state of the scar in vivo cannot be well mimicked. Therefore, we use a collagen gel and astrocytes to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model in vitro to mimic natural glial scar tissue. The effects of concentration changes of astrocytes on cell morphology, proliferation, and tissue performance were investigated. After 8 days of culture in vitro, the results showed that the tissue model contracted, with a measured shrinkage rate of 4.5%, and the compressive elastic modulus increased to nearly 4 times. Moreover, the astrocytes of the 3D tissue model have the ability of proliferation, hyperplasia, and formation of scar clusters. It indicates that the model we constructed has the characteristics of glial scar tissue to some extent and can provide an in vitro model for the research of glial scar and brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Zhiyan Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Dichen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Jiankang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Xinggang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Rubén Paz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
Feng T, Ji W, Tang Q, Wei H, Zhang S, Mao J, Zhang Y, Mao L, Zhang M. Low-Fouling Nanoporous Conductive Polymer-Coated Microelectrode for In Vivo Monitoring of Dopamine in the Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10786-10791. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Control of neural probe shank flexibility by fluidic pressure in embedded microchannel using PDMS/PI hybrid substrate. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220258. [PMID: 31339963 PMCID: PMC6655783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable neural probes are widely used to record and stimulate neural activities. These probes should be stiff enough for insertion. However, it should also be flexible to minimize tissue damage after insertion. Therefore, having dynamic control of the neural probe shank flexibility will be useful. For the first time, we have successfully fabricated flexible neural probes with embedded microfluidic channels for dynamic control of neural probe stiffness by controlling fluidic pressure in the channels. The present hybrid neural probes consisted of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyimide (PI) layers could provide the required stiffness for insertion and flexibility during operation. The PDMS channels were fabricated by reversal imprint using a silicon mold and bonded to a PI layer to form the embedded channels in the neural probe. The probe shape was patterned using an oxygen plasma generated by an inductively coupled plasma etching system. The critical buckling force of PDMS/PI neural probes could be tuned from 0.25-1.25 mN depending on the applied fluidic pressure in the microchannels and these probes were successfully inserted into a 0.6% agarose gel that mimicked the stiffness of the brain tissue. Polymer-based neural probes are typically more flexible than conventional metal wire-based probes, and they could potentially provide less tissue damage after implantation.
Collapse
|
255
|
Consequence of insertion trauma - effect on early measurements when using intracerebral devices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10652. [PMID: 31337819 PMCID: PMC6650456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of devices that quantify biological properties of cerebral tissue. Installing such device will cause a local insertion trauma, which will affect early measurements. Current literature proposes minimum one hour of observation before acquiring first measurements when using microdialysis. It is unknown whether this applies to other intracerebral devices. We therefore aimed to investigate time needed to reach steady state when using microdialysis and two intracerebral probes in a piglet model. Ten newborn piglets less than 24 hours of age were anaesthetized. Two probes (Codman and OxyLite/OxyFlo) and a microdialysis catheter (CMA Microdialysis) were installed 10 mm into the left hemisphere. Probes measured intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and oxygen tension. The microdialysis catheter measured lactate, glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate. Measurements were acquired hourly for 20 hours. Lactate and glycerol peaked immediately after insertion and reached steady state after approximately four hours. Glucose, pyruvate, cerebral blood flow, and intracranial pressure reached steady state immediately. Oxygen tension reached steady state after 12 hours. With time, interindividual variability decreased for the majority of measurements. Consequently, time to stabilization after insertion depends on the choice of device and is crucial to obtain valid baseline values with high degree of precision.
Collapse
|
256
|
Dorand RD, Benson BL, Huang LF, Petrosiute A, Huang AY. Insights From Dynamic Neuro-Immune Imaging on Murine Immune Responses to CNS Damage. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:737. [PMID: 31379488 PMCID: PMC6650615 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving technologies and increasing understanding of human physiology over the past century have afforded our ability to intervene on human diseases using implantable bio-materials. These bio-electronic devices present a unique challenge through the creation of an interface between the native tissue and implantable bio-materials: the generation of host immune response surrounding such devices. While recent developments in cancer immunology seek to stimulate the immune system against cancer, successful long-term application of implantable bio-material devices need to durably minimize reactive immune processes at involved anatomical sites. Peripheral immune system response has been studied extensively for implanted bio-materials at various body sites. Examples include tooth composites (Gitalis et al., 2019), inguinal hernia repair (Heymann et al., 2019), and cardiac stents and pacemaker leads (Slee et al., 2016). Studies have also been extended to less well-studied immune reactivity in response to CNS neural-electronic implant devices. Recent technological advances in 2-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy (2P-LSM) have allowed novel insights into in vivo immune response in a variety of tissue microenvironments. While imaging of peripheral tissues has provided an abundance of data with regards to immune cell dynamics, central nervous system (CNS) imaging is comparatively complicated by tissue accessibility and manipulation. Despite these challenges, the results of dynamic intravital neuro-immune imaging thus far have provided foundational insights into basic CNS biology. Utilizing a combination of intravital and ex vivo 2P-LSM, we have observed novel pathways allowing immune cells, stromal cells, cancer cells and proteins to communicate between the CNS parenchyma and peripheral vasculature. Similar to what has been reported in the intestinal tract, we have visualized myeloid cells extend dendritic processes across the blood brain barrier (BBB) into pial blood vessels. Furthermore, transient vessel leaks seen during systemic inflammation provide opportunities for cellular protein to be exchanged between the periphery and CNS. These insights provide new, visual information regarding immune surveillance and antigen presentation within the CNS. Furthermore, when combining intravital 2P-LSM and microfluidic devices complexed with mathematical modeling, we are gaining new insights into the intravascular behavior of circulating immune cells. This new knowledge into the basic mechanisms by which cells migrate to and interact with the CNS provide important considerations for the design of neuro-electronic biomaterials that have the potential to connect the peripheral-neural microenvironments into a unique, artificial interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Dixon Dorand
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bryan L Benson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren F Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Agne Petrosiute
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Institute/University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Institute/University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Gulino M, Kim D, Pané S, Santos SD, Pêgo AP. Tissue Response to Neural Implants: The Use of Model Systems Toward New Design Solutions of Implantable Microelectrodes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:689. [PMID: 31333407 PMCID: PMC6624471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of implantable neuroelectrodes is advancing rapidly as these tools are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in clinical practice, especially for the treatment of traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders. Electrodes have been exploited in a wide number of neural interface devices, such as deep brain stimulation, which is one of the most successful therapies with proven efficacy in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson or epilepsy. However, one of the main caveats related to the clinical application of electrodes is the nervous tissue response at the injury site, characterized by a cascade of inflammatory events, which culminate in chronic inflammation, and, in turn, result in the failure of the implant over extended periods of time. To overcome current limitations of the most widespread macroelectrode based systems, new design strategies and the development of innovative materials with superior biocompatibility characteristics are currently being investigated. This review describes the current state of the art of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models available for the study of neural tissue response to implantable microelectrodes. We particularly highlight new models with increased complexity that closely mimic in vivo scenarios and that can serve as promising alternatives to animal studies for investigation of microelectrodes in neural tissues. Additionally, we also express our view on the impact of the progress in the field of neural tissue engineering on neural implant research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gulino
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Duque Santos
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
258
|
Scopelliti MG, Karimi Y, Chamanzar M. Ultrasonically Steerable Graded-Index Optical Waveguides for Deep Tissue Light Delivery: Theory and Applications. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2019:6008-6011. [PMID: 31947216 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graded-index (GRIN) fibers have been used as implantable optical waveguides to guide light and relay images through the depth of the tissue. We have recently shown that non-invasive ultrasound can generate refractive index gradients within the tissue that form virtual GRIN lenses for imaging and photostimulation deep into the tissue. Here we present the theory behind this idea by analyzing the coupled acoustic-photonic system that models the interaction of light with the ultrasonically modulated medium. We will discuss how changing the parameters of ultrasound will change the confinement and guiding of light within the modulated medium. We will also demonstrate that using a custom-designed cylindrical ultrasonic array, the pressure interference can be controlled to sculpt complex patterns of light in the medium, such as dipole and quadrupole shapes, suitable for multisite imaging. Finally, we will discuss experimental results corroborating the theoretical predictions to generate single and multisite in situ virtual lenses that can be used for fluorescent imaging of mouse brain tissue that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP).
Collapse
|
259
|
Ou Y, Buchanan AM, Witt CE, Hashemi P. Frontiers in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection: Towards Measuring Neurotransmitters as Chemical Diagnostics for Brain Disorders. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:2738-2755. [PMID: 32724337 PMCID: PMC7386554 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to chemically diagnose disorders of the brain. There is hence great interest in designing and optimizing tools for direct detection of chemical biomarkers implicated in neurological disorders to improve diagnosis and treatment. Tools that are capable of monitoring brain chemicals, neurotransmitters in particular, need to be biocompatible, perform with high spatiotemporal resolution, and ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. Recent advances in electrochemical methods are addressing these criteria; the resulting devices demonstrate great promise for in vivo neurotransmitter detection. None of these devices are currently used for diagnostic purposes, however these cutting-edge technologies are promising more sensitive, selective, faster, and less invasive measurements. Via this review we highlight significant technical advances and in vivo studies, performed in the last 5 years, that we believe will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools for brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Colby E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
Wellman SM, Li L, Yaxiaer Y, McNamara I, Kozai TDY. Revealing Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Cell Death, Glial Proliferation, and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Around Implanted Intracortical Neural Interfaces. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:493. [PMID: 31191216 PMCID: PMC6546924 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the long-term performance of neural electrode interfaces requires overcoming severe biological reactions such as neuronal cell death, glial cell activation, and vascular damage in the presence of implanted intracortical devices. Past studies traditionally observe neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption around inserted microelectrode arrays. However, analysis of these factors alone yields poor correlation between tissue inflammation and device performance. Additionally, these studies often overlook significant biological responses that can occur during acute implantation injury. The current study employs additional histological markers that provide novel information about neglected tissue components-oligodendrocytes and their myelin structures, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and BBB -associated pericytes-during the foreign body response to inserted devices at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days post-insertion. Our results reveal unique temporal and spatial patterns of neuronal and oligodendrocyte cell loss, axonal and myelin reorganization, glial cell reactivity, and pericyte deficiency both acutely and chronically around implanted devices. Furthermore, probing for immunohistochemical markers that highlight mechanisms of cell death or patterns of proliferation and differentiation have provided new insight into inflammatory tissue dynamics around implanted intracortical electrode arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lehong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yalikun Yaxiaer
- Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ingrid McNamara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Takashi D. Y. Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
261
|
Wang S, Zhang B, Su L, Nie W, Han D, Han G, Zhang H, Chong C, Tan J. Subcellular distributions of iron oxide nanoparticles in rat brains affected by different surface modifications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1988-1998. [PMID: 31067350 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the surface modification on the subcellular distribution of nanoparticles in the brain remains elusive. The nanoparticles prepared by conjugating polyethylene glycol and maleic anhydride-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Mal-SPIONs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA/Mal-SPIONs) and with Arg-Gly-Asp peptide (RGD/Mal-SPIONs) were injected into the rat substantia nigra. Observation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples obtained 24 h after perfusion showed that abundant RGD/Mal-SPIONs accumulated in the myelin sheath, dendrites, axon terminals and mitochondria, and on cell membranes in the brain tissue near the injection site. For rats injected with BSA/Mal-SPIONs, a few nanoparticles accumulated in the myelin sheath, axon terminals, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi, and lysosomes of neurons and glial cells while least SPIONs in rats injected with Mal-SPIONs were found. TEM pictures showed some Mal-SPIONs were expelled out of the brain. RGD/Mal-SPIONs diffused extensively to the thalamus, frontal cortex, temporal lobe, olfactory bulb, and brain stem after injection. Only a few BSA/Mal-SPIONs diffused to the afore-mentioned brain areas. This work reveals different surface modifications on the iron oxide nanoparticles play crucial roles in their distribution and diffusion in the rat brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Lichao Su
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Wan Nie
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Dong Han
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Guihua Han
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chuangang Chong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
262
|
Böhm T, Joseph K, Kirsch M, Moroni R, Hilger A, Osenberg M, Manke I, Johnston M, Stieglitz T, Hofmann UG, Haas CA, Thiele S. Quantitative synchrotron X-ray tomography of the material-tissue interface in rat cortex implanted with neural probes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7646. [PMID: 31113972 PMCID: PMC6529414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural probes provide many options for neuroscientific research and medical purposes. However, these implantable micro devices are not functionally stable over time due to host-probe interactions. Thus, reliable high-resolution characterization methods are required to understand local tissue changes upon implantation. In this work, synchrotron X-ray tomography is employed for the first time to image the interface between brain tissue and an implanted neural probe, showing that this 3D imaging method is capable of resolving probe and surrounding tissue at a resolution of about 1 micrometer. Unstained tissue provides sufficient contrast to identify electrode sites on the probe, cells, and blood vessels within tomograms. Exemplarily, we show that it is possible to quantify characteristics of the interaction region between probe and tissue, like the blood supply system. Our first-time study demonstrates a way for simultaneous 3D investigation of brain tissue with implanted probe, providing information beyond what was hitherto possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böhm
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Joseph
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Engesserstraße 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 23, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Riko Moroni
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Hilger
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Osenberg
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Midori Johnston
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, Hansastraße 9a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Engesserstraße 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, Hansastraße 9a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Boehler C, Oberueber F, Asplund M. Tuning drug delivery from conducting polymer films for accurately controlled release of charged molecules. J Control Release 2019; 304:173-180. [PMID: 31096016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporally controlled drug release based on conducting polymer films offers a powerful technology to improve the tissue integration for implantable neuroprobes. We here explore the release efficiency of such systems in order to improve the understanding of the release mechanism and allow for optimized implementation of this technology into future drug release applications. By exposing drug loaded PEDOT coatings of different thicknesses to a multitude of release signals, along with optimizing the steps during the polymer synthesis, we could identify a highly reproducible electrostatically controlled drug release next to a slow diffusion driven release component. The release efficiency was moreover observed to be higher for a cyclic voltammetry signal in comparison to release driven by a constant potential. Biphasic current pulses, as used during neural stimulation, did not allow for long enough diffusion times to yield efficient active drug expulsion from the polymer films. A quantitative analysis could confirm an overall linear dependency between drug release and film thickness. The amount of drug released in response to the trigger signals was however not linearly correlated with the amount of charge applied. By combining these findings we could develop a model which accurately describes the drug release mechanism from a PEDOT film. The proposed model thereby points the way for how actively controlled, and diffusion related, release can be tuned for obtaining delivery dynamics tailored to specific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boehler
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Oberueber
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Asplund
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
264
|
Falcone JD, Sohal HS, Kyriakides TR, Bellamkonda RV. The impact of modulating the blood-brain barrier on the electrophysiological and histological outcomes of intracortical electrodes. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:046005. [PMID: 31048574 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab1ef9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Successful application of chronic intracortical electrodes remains highly variable. The biological mechanisms leading to electrode failure are still being explored. Recent work has shown a correlation between blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and long-term recordings. Here we proposed to modulate the BBB healing after intracortical electrode implantation, while evaluating the functional electrophysiology. The CCL2/CCR2 pathway was chosen based on previous work demonstrating the positive histological effects in an intracortical electrode model, as well as in other neurodegenerative models. By disrupting this pathway, recruitment of pro-inflammatory monocytes (a result of a breached BBB) is potentially reduced at the electrode interface. APPROACH Michigan electrodes were implanted for 2 and 12 weeks in rats, and a CCR2 antagonist (RS 102895) was administered daily to the treatment group. Functional electrodes were used for the 12 week cohort, and weekly electrophysiological recordings were taken. At 2 and 12 weeks, histology was analyzed. MAIN RESULTS At 12 weeks, the CCR2-antagonist group had significantly higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) than control. CCR2-antagonism at 2 weeks significantly increased the neural population and decreased BBB breach. At 12 weeks, CCR2-antagonism significantly increased number of neurons and BBB + vasculature within 100 µm of the electrode interface. SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrates that for intracortical electrodes, disruption of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway improves chronic outcomes in electrophysiology and histology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Falcone
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
265
|
Martins NRB, Angelica A, Chakravarthy K, Svidinenko Y, Boehm FJ, Opris I, Lebedev MA, Swan M, Garan SA, Rosenfeld JV, Hogg T, Freitas RA. Human Brain/Cloud Interface. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:112. [PMID: 30983948 PMCID: PMC6450227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Internet comprises a decentralized global system that serves humanity's collective effort to generate, process, and store data, most of which is handled by the rapidly expanding cloud. A stable, secure, real-time system may allow for interfacing the cloud with the human brain. One promising strategy for enabling such a system, denoted here as a "human brain/cloud interface" ("B/CI"), would be based on technologies referred to here as "neuralnanorobotics." Future neuralnanorobotics technologies are anticipated to facilitate accurate diagnoses and eventual cures for the ∼400 conditions that affect the human brain. Neuralnanorobotics may also enable a B/CI with controlled connectivity between neural activity and external data storage and processing, via the direct monitoring of the brain's ∼86 × 109 neurons and ∼2 × 1014 synapses. Subsequent to navigating the human vasculature, three species of neuralnanorobots (endoneurobots, gliabots, and synaptobots) could traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain parenchyma, ingress into individual human brain cells, and autoposition themselves at the axon initial segments of neurons (endoneurobots), within glial cells (gliabots), and in intimate proximity to synapses (synaptobots). They would then wirelessly transmit up to ∼6 × 1016 bits per second of synaptically processed and encoded human-brain electrical information via auxiliary nanorobotic fiber optics (30 cm3) with the capacity to handle up to 1018 bits/sec and provide rapid data transfer to a cloud based supercomputer for real-time brain-state monitoring and data extraction. A neuralnanorobotically enabled human B/CI might serve as a personalized conduit, allowing persons to obtain direct, instantaneous access to virtually any facet of cumulative human knowledge. Other anticipated applications include myriad opportunities to improve education, intelligence, entertainment, traveling, and other interactive experiences. A specialized application might be the capacity to engage in fully immersive experiential/sensory experiences, including what is referred to here as "transparent shadowing" (TS). Through TS, individuals might experience episodic segments of the lives of other willing participants (locally or remote) to, hopefully, encourage and inspire improved understanding and tolerance among all members of the human family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R. B. Martins
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Center for Research and Education on Aging (CREA), University of California, Berkeley and LBNL, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Krishnan Chakravarthy
- UC San Diego Health Science, San Diego, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Ioan Opris
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Mikhail A. Lebedev
- Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces of the Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Information and Internet Technologies of Digital Health Institute, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Melanie Swan
- Department of Philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Steven A. Garan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Center for Research and Education on Aging (CREA), University of California, Berkeley and LBNL, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tad Hogg
- Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
266
|
Adewole DO, Serruya MD, Wolf JA, Cullen DK. Bioactive Neuroelectronic Interfaces. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:269. [PMID: 30983957 PMCID: PMC6449725 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the neural engineering field, next-generation implantable neuroelectronic interfaces are being developed using biologically-inspired and/or biologically-derived materials to improve upon the stability and functional lifetime of current interfaces. These technologies use biomaterials, bioactive molecules, living cells, or some combination of these, to promote host neuronal survival, reduce the foreign body response, and improve chronic device-tissue integration. This article provides a general overview of the different strategies, milestones, and evolution of bioactive neural interfaces including electrode material properties, biological coatings, and "decoration" with living cells. Another such biohybrid approach developed in our lab uses preformed implantable micro-tissue featuring long-projecting axonal tracts encased within carrier biomaterial micro-columns. These so-called "living electrodes" have been engineered with carefully tailored material, mechanical, and biological properties to enable natural, synaptic based modulation of specific host circuitry while ultimately being under computer control. This article provides an overview of these living electrodes, including design and fabrication, performance attributes, as well as findings to date characterizing in vitro and in vivo functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayo O. Adewole
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mijail D. Serruya
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John A. Wolf
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Butnaru D, Chapman J. The impact of self-replicating proteins on inflammation, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration-An untraveled path. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:231-240. [PMID: 30639644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases is a battlefield in which microglia fight a highly atypical battle. During the inflammatory process microglia themselves become dysfunctional and even with all the available immune arsenal including cytokine or/and antibody production, the battle is eventually lost. A closer look into the picture will reveal the fact that this is mainly due to the atypical characteristics of the infectious agent. The supramolecular assemblies of misfolded proteins carry unique features not encountered in any of the common pathogens. Through misfolding, proteins undergo conformational changes which make them become immunogenic, neurotoxic and highly infective. The immunogenicity appears to be triggered by the exposure of previously hidden hydrophobic portions in proteins which act as damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) for the immune system. The neurotoxicity and infectivity are promoted by the small oligomeric forms of misfolded proteins/peptides. Oligomers adopt conformations such as tubular-like, beta-barrel-like, etc., that penetrate cell membranes through their hydrophobic surfaces, thus destabilizing ionic homeostasis. At the same time, oligomers act as a seed for protein misfolding through a prion/prion-like mechanism. Here, we propose the hypothesis that oligomers have catalytic surfaces and exercise their capacity to infect native proteins through specific characteristics such as hydrophobic, electrostatic and π-π stacking interactions as well as the specific surface area (SSA), surface curvature and surface chemistry of their nanoscale supramolecular assemblies. All these are the key elements for prion/prion-like mechanism of self-replication and disease spreading within the CNS. Thus, understanding the mechanism of prion's templating activity may help us in the prevention and development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Butnaru
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Bennett C, Mohammed F, Álvarez-Ciara A, Nguyen MA, Dietrich WD, Rajguru SM, Streit WJ, Prasad A. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in acute Utah electrode array implants and the effect of deferoxamine as an iron chelator on acute foreign body response. Biomaterials 2019; 188:144-159. [PMID: 30343257 PMCID: PMC6300159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of intracortical microelectrode arrays has gained significant attention in being able to help restore function in paralysis patients and study the brain in various neurological disorders. Electrode implantation in the cortex causes vasculature or blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and thus elicits a foreign body response (FBR) that results in chronic inflammation and may lead to poor electrode performance. In this study, a comprehensive insight into the acute molecular mechanisms occurring at the Utah electrode array-tissue interface is provided to understand the oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular unit (astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells) disruption that occurs following microelectrode implantation. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify the gene expression at acute time-points of 48-hr, 72-hr, and 7-days for factors mediating oxidative stress, inflammation, and BBB disruption in rats implanted with a non-functional 4 × 4 Utah array in the somatosensory cortex. During vascular disruption, free iron released into the brain parenchyma can exacerbate the FBR, leading to oxidative stress and thus further contributing to BBB degradation. To reduce the free iron released into the brain tissue, the effects of an iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylate (DFX), was also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Farrah Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suhrud M Rajguru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
269
|
Abstract
Hydrogels have emerged as a promising bioelectronic interfacing material. This review discusses the fundamentals and recent advances in hydrogel bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Yuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Baoyang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
270
|
Eles JR, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY, Cui XT. Meningeal inflammatory response and fibrous tissue remodeling around intracortical implants: An in vivo two-photon imaging study. Biomaterials 2018; 195:111-123. [PMID: 30634095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meningeal inflammation and encapsulation of neural electrode arrays is a leading cause of device failure, yet little is known about how it develops over time or what triggers it. This work characterizes the dynamic changes of meningeal inflammatory cells and collagen-I in order to understand the meningeal tissue response to neural electrode implantation. We use in vivo two-photon microscopy of CX3CR1-GFP mice over the first month after electrode implantation to quantify changes in inflammatory cell behavior as well as meningeal collagen-I remodeling. We define a migratory window during the first day after electrode implantation hallmarked by robust inflammatory cell migration along electrodes in the meninges as well as cell trafficking through meningeal venules. This migratory window attenuates by 2 days post-implant, but over the next month, the meningeal collagen-I remodels to conform to the surface of the electrode and thickens. This work shows that there are distinct time courses for initial meningeal inflammatory cell infiltration and meningeal collagen-I remodeling. This may indicate a therapeutic window early after implantation for modulation and mitigation of meningeal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Eles
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States
| | - A L Vazquez
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States; Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - T D Y Kozai
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States; NeuroTech Center of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - X T Cui
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
271
|
Michelson NJ, Eles JR, Vazquez AL, Ludwig KA, Kozai TDY. Calcium activation of cortical neurons by continuous electrical stimulation: Frequency dependence, temporal fidelity, and activation density. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:620-638. [PMID: 30585651 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the brain has become a mainstay of fundamental neuroscience research and an increasingly prevalent clinical therapy. Despite decades of use in basic neuroscience research and the growing prevalence of neuromodulation therapies, gaps in knowledge regarding activation or inactivation of neural elements over time have limited its ability to adequately interpret evoked downstream responses or fine-tune stimulation parameters to focus on desired responses. In this work, in vivo two-photon microscopy was used to image neuronal calcium activity in layer 2/3 neurons of somatosensory cortex (S1) in male C57BL/6J-Tg(Thy1-GCaMP6s)GP4.3Dkim/J mice during 30 s of continuous electrical stimulation at varying frequencies. We show frequency-dependent differences in spatial and temporal somatic responses during continuous stimulation. Our results elucidate conflicting results from prior studies reporting either dense spherical activation of somas biased toward those near the electrode, or sparse activation of somas at a distance via axons near the electrode. These findings indicate that the neural element specific temporal response local to the stimulating electrode changes as a function of applied charge density and frequency. These temporal responses need to be considered to properly interpret downstream circuit responses or determining mechanisms of action in basic science experiments or clinical therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
272
|
Chatard C, Sabac A, Moreno-Velasquez L, Meiller A, Marinesco S. Minimally Invasive Microelectrode Biosensors Based on Platinized Carbon Fibers for in Vivo Brain Monitoring. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1751-1760. [PMID: 30648158 PMCID: PMC6311694 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability to monitor the chemical composition of brain interstitial fluid remains an important challenge in the field of bioanalytical chemistry. In particular, microelectrode biosensors are a promising resource for the detection of neurochemicals in interstitial fluid in both animals and humans. These biosensors can provide second-by-second temporal resolution and enzymatic recognition of virtually any redox or nonredox molecule. However, despite miniaturization of these sensors to 50-250 μm in diameter to avoid vascular and cellular injury, inflammation and foreign-body reactions still occur following their implantation. Here, we fabricated microelectrodes with platinized carbon fibers to create biosensors that have an external diameter that is less than 15 μm. Platinization was achieved with physical vapor deposition, and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and improved enzymatic detection were observed for these carbon fiber microelectrodes. When these devices were implanted in the brains of rats, no injuries to the parenchyma or brain blood vessels were detected. In addition, these microelectrodes provided different estimates of basal glucose, lactate, and oxygen concentrations compared to conventional biosensors. Induction of spreading depolarization in the cerebral cortex further demonstrated the greater sensitivity of our microelectrodes to dynamic neurochemical changes. Thus, these minimally invasive devices represent a major advance in our ability to analyze brain interstitial fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chatard
- INSERM
U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Team TIGER, Lyon Neuroscience
Research Center—CRNL, Lyon 69373 Cedex 08, France
- AniRA—Neurochem
Technological Platform, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon 69373 Cedex 08, France
- INSA
de Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
- Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Andrei Sabac
- CNRS
UMR5270, Lyon Nanotechnologies Institute—INL, Villeurbanne 69621, France
- CNRS
UMR5005, Ampère Laboratory, Villeurbanne 69621, France
- INSA
de Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Laura Moreno-Velasquez
- INSERM
U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Team TIGER, Lyon Neuroscience
Research Center—CRNL, Lyon 69373 Cedex 08, France
- Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Anne Meiller
- AniRA—Neurochem
Technological Platform, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon 69373 Cedex 08, France
- Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| | - Stephane Marinesco
- INSERM
U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Team TIGER, Lyon Neuroscience
Research Center—CRNL, Lyon 69373 Cedex 08, France
- AniRA—Neurochem
Technological Platform, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon 69373 Cedex 08, France
- Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon 69100, France
| |
Collapse
|
273
|
Dopfel D, Zhang N. Mapping stress networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging in awake animals. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:251-263. [PMID: 30450389 PMCID: PMC6234259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiology of stress is studied through behavioral neuroscience, endocrinology, neuronal morphology and neurophysiology. There is a shift in focus toward progressive changes throughout stress paradigms and individual susceptibility to stress that requires methods that allow for longitudinal study design and study of individual differences in stress response. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with the advantages of noninvasiveness and a large field of view, can be used for functionally mapping brain-wide regions and circuits critical to the stress response, making it suitable for longitudinal studies and understanding individual variability of short-term and long-term consequences of stress exposure. In addition, fMRI can be applied to both animals and humans, which is highly valuable in translating findings across species and examining whether the physiology and neural circuits involved in the stress response are conserved in mammals. However, compared to human fMRI studies, there are a number of factors that are essential for the success of fMRI studies in animals. This review discussed the use of fMRI in animal studies of stress. It reviewed advantages, challenges and technical considerations of the animal fMRI methodology as well as recent literature of stress studies using fMRI in animals. It also highlighted the development of combining fMRI with other methods and the future potential of fMRI in animal studies of stress. We conclude that animal fMRI studies, with their flexibility, low cost and short time frame compared to human studies, are crucial to advancing our understanding of the neurobiology of stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Dopfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
274
|
Wellman SM, Cambi F, Kozai TD. The role of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors on neural interface technology: A novel perspective on tissue regeneration and repair. Biomaterials 2018; 183:200-217. [PMID: 30172245 PMCID: PMC6469877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and their precursors are critical glial facilitators of neurophysiology, which is responsible for cognition and behavior. Devices that are used to interface with the brain allow for a more in-depth analysis of how neurons and these glia synergistically modulate brain activity. As projected by the BRAIN Initiative, technologies that acquire a high resolution and robust sampling of neural signals can provide a greater insight in both the healthy and diseased brain and support novel discoveries previously unobtainable with the current state of the art. However, a complex series of inflammatory events triggered during device insertion impede the potential applications of implanted biosensors. Characterizing the biological mechanisms responsible for the degradation of intracortical device performance will guide novel biomaterial and tissue regenerative approaches to rehabilitate the brain following injury. Glial subtypes which assist with neuronal survival and exchange of electrical signals, mainly oligodendrocytes, their precursors, and the insulating myelin membranes they produce, are sensitive to inflammation commonly induced from insults to the brain. This review explores essential physiological roles facilitated by oligodendroglia and their precursors and provides insight into their pathology following neurodegenerative injury and disease. From this knowledge, inferences can be made about the impact of device implantation on these supportive glia in order to engineer effective strategies that can attenuate their responses, enhance the efficacy of neural interfacing technology, and provide a greater understanding of the challenges that impede wound healing and tissue regeneration during pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Takashi Dy Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Evaluation of drug loading capacity and release characteristics of PEDOT/naproxen system: Effect of doping ions. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
276
|
Wu F, Cheng H, Wei H, Xiong T, Yu P, Mao L. Galvanic Redox Potentiometry for Self-Driven in Vivo Measurement of Neurochemical Dynamics at Open-Circuit Potential. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13021-13029. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanjun Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Renz AF, Reichmuth AM, Stauffer F, Thompson-Steckel G, Vörös J. A guide towards long-term functional electrodes interfacing neuronal tissue. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:061001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aae0c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
278
|
James ND, McMahon SB, Field-Fote EC, Bradbury EJ. Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:905-917. [PMID: 30264729 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromodulation, the use of electrical interfaces to alter neuronal activity, has been successful as a treatment approach in several neurological disorders, including deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease and epidural spinal stimulation for chronic pain. Neuromodulation can also be beneficial for spinal cord injury, from assisting basic functions such as respiratory pacing and bladder control, through to restoring volitional movements and skilled hand function. Approaches range from electrical stimulation of peripheral muscles, either directly or via brain-controlled bypass devices, to stimulation of the spinal cord and brain. Limitations to widespread clinical application include durability of neuromodulation devices, affordability and accessibility of some approaches, and poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Efforts to overcome these challenges through advances in technology, together with pragmatic knowledge gained from clinical trials and basic research, could lead to personalised neuromodulatory interventions to meet the specific needs of individuals with spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D James
- Regeneration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK; Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Regeneration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edelle C Field-Fote
- Shepherd Center, Crawford Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Program in Applied Physiology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Regeneration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
279
|
Golabchi A, Wu B, Li X, Carlisle DL, Kozai TDY, Friedlander RM, Cui XT. Melatonin improves quality and longevity of chronic neural recording. Biomaterials 2018; 180:225-239. [PMID: 30053658 PMCID: PMC6179369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chronic performance of implantable neural electrodes is hindered by inflammatory brain tissue responses, including microglia activation, glial scarring, and neuronal loss. Melatonin (MT) has shown remarkable neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects in treating central nervous system (CNS) injuries and degeneration by inhibiting caspase-1, -3, and -9 activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release, as well as reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This study examined the effect of MT administration on the quality and longevity of neural recording from an implanted microelectrode in the visual cortex of mice for 16 weeks. MT (30 mg/kg) was administered via daily intraperitoneal injection for acute (3 days before and 14 days post-implantation) and chronic (3 days before and 16 weeks post-implantation) exposures. During the first 4 weeks, both MT groups showed significantly higher single-unit (SU) yield, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and amplitude compared to the vehicle control group. However, after 4 weeks of implantation, the SU yield of the acute treatment group dropped to the same level as the control group, while the chronic treatment group maintained significantly higher SU yield compared to both acute (week 5-16) and control (week 0-16) mice. Histological studies revealed a significant increase in neuronal viability and decrease in neuronal apoptosis around the implanted electrode at week 16 in the chronic group in comparison to control and acute subjects, which is correlated with reduced oxidative stress and increased number of pro-regeneration arginase-1 positive microglia cells. These results demonstrate the potent effect of MT treatment in maintaining a high-quality electrode-tissue interface and suggest that MT promotes neuroprotection possibly through its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Golabchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Diane L Carlisle
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Neurotechnology Division of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
280
|
Nicolai EN, Michelson NJ, Settell ML, Hara SA, Trevathan JK, Asp AJ, Stocking KC, Lujan JL, Kozai TDY, Ludwig KA. Design Choices for Next-Generation Neurotechnology Can Impact Motion Artifact in Electrophysiological and Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E494. [PMID: 30424427 PMCID: PMC6215211 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Implantable devices to measure neurochemical or electrical activity from the brain are mainstays of neuroscience research and have become increasingly utilized as enabling components of clinical therapies. In order to increase the number of recording channels on these devices while minimizing the immune response, flexible electrodes under 10 µm in diameter have been proposed as ideal next-generation neural interfaces. However, the representation of motion artifact during neurochemical or electrophysiological recordings using ultra-small, flexible electrodes remains unexplored. In this short communication, we characterize motion artifact generated by the movement of 7 µm diameter carbon fiber electrodes during electrophysiological recordings and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) measurements of electroactive neurochemicals. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrate that artifact induced by motion can be problematic to distinguish from the characteristic signals associated with recorded action potentials or neurochemical measurements. These results underscore that new electrode materials and recording paradigms can alter the representation of common sources of artifact in vivo and therefore must be carefully characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan N Nicolai
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Megan L Settell
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Seth A Hara
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - James K Trevathan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Anders J Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Kaylene C Stocking
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - J Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- NeuroTech Center of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
281
|
Gaire J, Lee HC, Hilborn N, Ward R, Regan M, Otto KJ. The role of inflammation on the functionality of intracortical microelectrodes. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:066027. [PMID: 30260321 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aae4b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation has long been associated with the performance decline of intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs). Consequently, several strategies, including the use of anti-inflammatories, have been employed to mitigate the inflammation surrounding IMEs. However, these strategies have had limited success towards achieving a chronically viable cortical neural interface, questioning the efficacy of anti-inflammatory approach. APPROACH Herein, we conducted a systematic study in rats implanted with functional devices by modulating inflammation via systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dexamethasone (DEX), a combination of both, or none to assess the degree of inflammation on device functionality. We hypothesized that implanted rats treated with LPS will have a negative impact, and rats treated with DEX will have a positive impact on functionality IMEs and histological outcome. MAIN RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe adverse effects in recording metrics among different groups with LPS and/or DEX treatment despite alterations in initial pro-inflammatory markers. We also did not observe any functional benefit of anti-inflammatory treatment. Regardless of the treatment conditions, the recording quality degraded at chronic time points. In end-point histology, implanted rats that received LPS had significantly lower NeuN density and higher levels of CD68 surrounding the implant site, indicative of the pro-inflammatory effect of LPS, which, however, contradicted with the recorded results. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, our results suggest that acute inflammatory events may not be the key driver for functional degradation of IMEs. Future intervention strategies geared towards improving the functional longevity of intracortical devices may benefit using multi-modal approaches rather than a single approach, such as controlling the initial inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janak Gaire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
282
|
Winter BM, Daniels SR, Salatino JW, Purcell EK. Genetic Modulation at the Neural Microelectrode Interface: Methods and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E476. [PMID: 30424409 PMCID: PMC6215262 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of implanted microelectrode arrays (MEAs), in the brain, has enabled a greater understanding of neural function, and new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Glial encapsulation of the device and the loss of neurons at the device-tissue interface are widely believed to reduce recording quality and limit the functional device-lifetime. The integration of microfluidic channels within MEAs enables the perturbation of the cellular pathways, through defined vector delivery. This provides new approaches to shed light on the underlying mechanisms of the reactive response and its contribution to device performance. In chronic settings, however, tissue ingrowth and biofouling can obstruct or damage the channel, preventing vector delivery. In this study, we describe methods of delivering vectors through chronically implanted, single-shank, "Michigan"-style microfluidic devices, 1⁻3 weeks, post-implantation. We explored and validated three different approaches for modifying gene expression at the device-tissue interface: viral-mediated overexpression, siRNA-enabled knockdown, and cre-dependent conditional expression. We observed a successful delivery of the vectors along the length of the MEA, where the observed expression varied, depending on the depth of the injury. The methods described are intended to enable vector delivery through microfluidic devices for a variety of potential applications; likewise, future design considerations are suggested for further improvements on the approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey M Winter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Samuel R Daniels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Joseph W Salatino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Erin K Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
283
|
Schwerdt HN, Zhang E, Kim MJ, Yoshida T, Stanwicks L, Amemori S, Dagdeviren HE, Langer R, Cima MJ, Graybiel AM. Cellular-scale probes enable stable chronic subsecond monitoring of dopamine neurochemicals in a rodent model. Commun Biol 2018; 1:144. [PMID: 30272020 PMCID: PMC6135761 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical signaling underlies both temporally phasic and extended activity in the brain. Phasic activity can be monitored by implanted sensors, but chronic recording of such chemical signals has been difficult because the capacity to measure them degrades over time. This degradation has been attributed to tissue damage progressively produced by the sensors and failure of the sensors themselves. We report methods that surmount these problems through the development of sensors having diameters as small as individual neuronal cell bodies (<10 µm). These micro-invasive probes (µIPs) markedly reduced expression of detectable markers of inflammation and tissue damage in a rodent test model. The chronically implanted µIPs provided stable operation in monitoring sub-second fluctuations in stimulation-evoked dopamine in anesthetized rats for over a year. These findings demonstrate that monitoring of chemical activity patterns in the brain over at least year-long periods, long a goal of both basic and clinical neuroscience, is achievable. Helen Schwerdt et al. report micro-invasive probes capable of monitoring chemical signaling in the rat brain for over a year. The probes have diameters as small as single neuronal cell bodies and can monitor sub-second fluctuations in chemical signaling without significant induction of inflammation or tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Schwerdt
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Min Jung Kim
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lauren Stanwicks
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Satoko Amemori
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Huseyin E Dagdeviren
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
284
|
Kozai TDY. The History and Horizons of Microscale Neural Interfaces. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E445. [PMID: 30424378 PMCID: PMC6187275 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscale neural technologies interface with the nervous system to record and stimulate brain tissue with high spatial and temporal resolution. These devices are being developed to understand the mechanisms that govern brain function, plasticity and cognitive learning, treat neurological diseases, or monitor and restore functions over the lifetime of the patient. Despite decades of use in basic research over days to months, and the growing prevalence of neuromodulation therapies, in many cases the lack of knowledge regarding the fundamental mechanisms driving activation has dramatically limited our ability to interpret data or fine-tune design parameters to improve long-term performance. While advances in materials, microfabrication techniques, packaging, and understanding of the nervous system has enabled tremendous innovation in the field of neural engineering, many challenges and opportunities remain at the frontiers of the neural interface in terms of both neurobiology and engineering. In this short-communication, we explore critical needs in the neural engineering field to overcome these challenges. Disentangling the complexities involved in the chronic neural interface problem requires simultaneous proficiency in multiple scientific and engineering disciplines. The critical component of advancing neural interface knowledge is to prepare the next wave of investigators who have simultaneous multi-disciplinary proficiencies with a diverse set of perspectives necessary to solve the chronic neural interface challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
285
|
Debnath S, Prins NW, Pohlmeyer E, Mylavarapu R, Geng S, Sanchez JC, Prasad A. Long-term stability of neural signals from microwire arrays implanted in common marmoset motor cortex and striatum. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018; 4:055025. [PMID: 31011432 PMCID: PMC6474681 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aada67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current neuroprosthetics rely on stable, high quality recordings from chronically implanted microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in neural tissue. While chronic electrophysiological recordings and electrode failure modes have been reported from rodent and larger non-human primate (NHP) models, chronic recordings from the marmoset model have not been previously described. The common marmoset is a New World primate that is easier to breed and handle compared to larger NHPs and has a similarly organized brain, making it a potentially useful smaller NHP model for neuroscience studies. This study reports recording stability and signal quality of MEAs chronically implanted in behaving marmosets. Six adult male marmosets, trained for reaching tasks, were implanted with either a 16-channel tungsten microwire array (five animals) or a Pt-Ir floating MEA (one animal) in the hand-arm region of the primary motor cortex (M1) and another MEA in the striatum targeting the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Signal stability and quality was quantified as a function of array yield (active electrodes that recorded action potentials), neuronal yield (isolated single units during a recording session), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Out of 11 implanted MEAs, nine provided functional recordings for at least three months, with two arrays functional for 10 months. In general, implants had high yield, which remained stable for up to several months. However, mechanical failure attributed to MEA connector was the most common failure mode. In the longest implants, signal degradation occurred, which was characterized by gradual decline in array yield, reduced number of isolated single units, and changes in waveform shape of action potentials. This work demonstrates the feasibility of longterm recordings from MEAs implanted in cortical and deep brain structures in the marmoset model. The ability to chronically record cortical signals for neural prosthetics applications in the common marmoset extends the potential of this model in neural interface research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Debnath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| | - Noeline W Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| | - Eric Pohlmeyer
- John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723
| | | | - Shijia Geng
- The Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| | | | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| |
Collapse
|
286
|
Chronically Implanted Intracranial Electrodes: Tissue Reaction and Electrical Changes. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9090430. [PMID: 30424363 PMCID: PMC6187588 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain-electrode interface is arguably one of the most important areas of study in neuroscience today. A stronger foundation in this topic will allow us to probe the architecture of the brain in unprecedented functional detail and augment our ability to intervene in disease states. Over many years, significant progress has been made in this field, but some obstacles have remained elusive—notably preventing glial encapsulation and electrode degradation. In this review, we discuss the tissue response to electrode implantation on acute and chronic timescales, the electrical changes that occur in electrode systems over time, and strategies that are being investigated in order to minimize the tissue response to implantation and maximize functional electrode longevity. We also highlight the current and future clinical applications and relevance of electrode technology.
Collapse
|
287
|
Mitrasinovic S, Brown AP, Schaefer AT, Chang SD, Appelboom G. Silicon Valley new focus on brain computer interface: hype or hope for new applications? F1000Res 2018; 7:1327. [PMID: 30705750 PMCID: PMC6343225 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15726.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last year there has been increasing interest and investment into developing devices to interact with the central nervous system, in particular developing a robust brain-computer interface (BCI). In this article, we review the most recent research advances and the current host of engineering and neurological challenges that must be overcome for clinical application. In particular, space limitations, isolation of targeted structures, replacement of probes following failure, delivery of nanomaterials and processing and understanding recorded data. Neural engineering has developed greatly over the past half-century, which has allowed for the development of better neural recording techniques and clinical translation of neural interfaces. Implementation of general purpose BCIs face a number of constraints arising from engineering, computational, ethical and neuroscientific factors that still have to be addressed. Electronics have become orders of magnitude smaller and computationally faster than neurons, however there is much work to be done in decoding the neural circuits. New interest and funding from the non-medical community may be a welcome catalyst for focused research and development; playing an important role in future advancements in the neuroscience community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas T. Schaefer
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven D. Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Brighton, USA
| | - Geoff Appelboom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Brighton, USA
- Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University School of Medicine, Brighton, USA
| |
Collapse
|
288
|
Gerboni G, John SE, Rind GS, Ronayne SM, May CN, Oxley TJ, Grayden DB, Opie NL, Wong YT. Visual evoked potentials determine chronic signal quality in a stent-electrode endovascular neural interface. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aad714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
289
|
Goss-Varley M, Shoffstall AJ, Dona KR, McMahon JA, Lindner SC, Ereifej ES, Capadona JR. Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex. J Vis Exp 2018:57829. [PMID: 30176008 PMCID: PMC6128113 DOI: 10.3791/57829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes demonstrate the ability to record action potentials from individual or small groups of neurons. Such recorded signals have successfully been used to allow patients to interface with or control computers, robotic limbs, and their own limbs. However, previous animal studies have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the brain not only damages the surrounding tissue but can also result in functional deficits. Here, we discuss a series of behavioral tests to quantify potential motor impairments following the implantation of intracortical microelectrodes into the motor cortex of a rat. The methods for open field grid, ladder crossing, and grip strength testing provide valuable information regarding the potential complications resulting from a microelectrode implantation. The results of the behavioral testing are correlated with endpoint histology, providing additional information on the pathological outcomes and impacts of this procedure on the adjacent tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Goss-Varley
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Keith R Dona
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Justin A McMahon
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Sydney C Lindner
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Evon S Ereifej
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University;
| |
Collapse
|
290
|
Eles JR, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY, Cui XT. In vivo imaging of neuronal calcium during electrode implantation: Spatial and temporal mapping of damage and recovery. Biomaterials 2018; 174:79-94. [PMID: 29783119 PMCID: PMC5987772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Implantable electrode devices enable long-term electrophysiological recordings for brain-machine interfaces and basic neuroscience research. Implantation of these devices, however, leads to neuronal damage and progressive neural degeneration that can lead to device failure. The present study uses in vivo two-photon microscopy to study the calcium activity and morphology of neurons before, during, and one month after electrode implantation to determine how implantation trauma injures neurons. We show that implantation leads to prolonged, elevated calcium levels in neurons within 150 μm of the electrode interface. These neurons show signs of mechanical distortion and mechanoporation after implantation, suggesting that calcium influx is related to mechanical trauma. Further, calcium-laden neurites develop signs of axonal injury at 1-3 h post-insert. Over the first month after implantation, physiological neuronal calcium activity increases, suggesting that neurons may be recovering. By defining the mechanisms of neuron damage after electrode implantation, our results suggest new directions for therapies to improve electrode longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Eles
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States; Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States; NeuroTech Center of the University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - X Tracy Cui
- Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
Kim Y, Meade SM, Chen K, Feng H, Rayyan J, Hess-Dunning A, Ereifej ES. Nano-Architectural Approaches for Improved Intracortical Interface Technologies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:456. [PMID: 30065623 PMCID: PMC6056633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes (IME) are neural devices that initially were designed to function as neuroscience tools to enable researchers to understand the nervous system. Over the years, technology that aids interfacing with the nervous system has allowed the ability to treat patients with a wide range of neurological injuries and diseases. Despite the substantial success that has been demonstrated using IME in neural interface applications, these implants eventually fail due to loss of quality recording signals. Recent strategies to improve interfacing with the nervous system have been inspired by methods that mimic the native tissue. This review focusses on one strategy in particular, nano-architecture, a term we introduce that encompasses the approach of roughening the surface of the implant. Various nano-architecture approaches have been hypothesized to improve the biocompatibility of IMEs, enhance the recording quality, and increase the longevity of the implant. This review will begin by introducing IME technology and discuss the challenges facing the clinical deployment of IME technology. The biological inspiration of nano-architecture approaches will be explained as well as leading fabrication methods used to create nano-architecture and their limitations. A review of the effects of nano-architecture surfaces on neural cells will be examined, depicting the various cellular responses to these modified surfaces in both in vitro and pre-clinical models. The proposed mechanism elucidating the ability of nano-architectures to influence cellular phenotype will be considered. Finally, the frontiers of next generation nano-architecture IMEs will be identified, with perspective given on the future impact of this interfacing approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
292
|
Parupudi T, Rahimi R, Ammirati M, Sundararajan R, Garner AL, Ziaie B. Fabrication and characterization of implantable flushable electrodes for electric field-mediated drug delivery in a brain tissue-mimic agarose gel. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2262-2269. [PMID: 29947027 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejasvi Parupudi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Mario Ammirati
- Department of Neurological Surgery; The Ohio State University; Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - Raji Sundararajan
- School of Engineering Technology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Allen L. Garner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
- School of Nuclear Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Babak Ziaie
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
293
|
Fiáth R, Hofer KT, Csikós V, Horváth D, Nánási T, Tóth K, Pothof F, Böhler C, Asplund M, Ruther P, Ulbert I. Long-term recording performance and biocompatibility of chronically implanted cylindrically-shaped, polymer-based neural interfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:301-315. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2017-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stereo-electroencephalography depth electrodes, regularly implanted into drug-resistant patients with focal epilepsy to localize the epileptic focus, have a low channel count (6–12 macro- or microelectrodes), limited spatial resolution (0.5–1 cm) and large contact area of the recording sites (~mm2). Thus, they are not suited for high-density local field potential and multiunit recordings. In this paper, we evaluated the long-term electrophysiological recording performance and histocompatibility of a neural interface consisting of 32 microelectrodes providing a physical shape similar to clinical devices. The cylindrically-shaped depth probes made of polyimide (PI) were chronically implanted for 13 weeks into the brain of rats, while cortical or thalamic activity (local field potentials, single-unit and multi-unit activity) was recorded regularly to monitor the temporal change of several features of the electrophysiological performance. To examine the tissue reaction around the probe, neuron-selective and astroglia-selective immunostaining methods were applied. Stable single-unit and multi-unit activity were recorded for several weeks with the implanted depth probes and a weak or moderate tissue reaction was found around the probe track. Our data on biocompatibility presented here and in vivo experiments in non-human primates provide a strong indication that this type of neural probe can be applied in stereo-electroencephalography recordings of up to 2 weeks in humans targeting the localization of epileptic foci providing an increased spatial resolution and the ability to monitor local field potentials and neuronal spiking activity.
Collapse
|
294
|
Ou Y, Wilson RE, Weber SG. Methods of Measuring Enzyme Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:509-533. [PMID: 29505726 PMCID: PMC6147230 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions in the body and, in conjunction with transporters and receptors, control virtually all physiological processes. There is great value in measuring enzyme activity ex vivo and in vivo. Spatial and temporal differences or changes in enzyme activity can be related to a variety of natural and pathological processes. Several analytical approaches have been developed to meet this need. They can be classified broadly as methods either based on artificial substrates, with the goal of creating images of diseased tissue, or based on natural substrates, with the goal of understanding natural processes. This review covers a selection of these methods, including optical, magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and physical sampling approaches, with a focus on creative chemistry and method development that make ex vivo and in vivo measurements of enzyme activity possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA;
| | - Stephen G Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
295
|
Chen N, Luo B, Yang IH, Thakor NV, Ramakrishna S. Biofunctionalized platforms towards long-term neural interface. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
296
|
Michelson NJ, Vazquez AL, Eles JR, Salatino JW, Purcell EK, Williams JJ, Cui XT, Kozai TDY. Multi-scale, multi-modal analysis uncovers complex relationship at the brain tissue-implant neural interface: new emphasis on the biological interface. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:033001. [PMID: 29182149 PMCID: PMC5967409 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa9dae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Implantable neural electrode devices are important tools for neuroscience research and have an increasing range of clinical applications. However, the intricacies of the biological response after implantation, and their ultimate impact on recording performance, remain challenging to elucidate. Establishing a relationship between the neurobiology and chronic recording performance is confounded by technical challenges related to traditional electrophysiological, material, and histological limitations. This can greatly impact the interpretations of results pertaining to device performance and tissue health surrounding the implant. APPROACH In this work, electrophysiological activity and immunohistological analysis are compared after controlling for motion artifacts, quiescent neuronal activity, and material failure of devices in order to better understand the relationship between histology and electrophysiological outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Even after carefully accounting for these factors, the presence of viable neurons and lack of glial scarring does not convey single unit recording performance. SIGNIFICANCE To better understand the biological factors influencing neural activity, detailed cellular and molecular tissue responses were examined. Decreases in neural activity and blood oxygenation in the tissue surrounding the implant, shift in expression levels of vesicular transporter proteins and ion channels, axon and myelin injury, and interrupted blood flow in nearby capillaries can impact neural activity around implanted neural interfaces. Combined, these tissue changes highlight the need for more comprehensive, basic science research to elucidate the relationship between biology and chronic electrophysiology performance in order to advance neural technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | - Erin K Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University
| | | | - X. Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Takashi DY Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
- NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute
| |
Collapse
|
297
|
Rand D, Jakešová M, Lubin G, Vėbraitė I, David-Pur M, Đerek V, Cramer T, Sariciftci NS, Hanein Y, Głowacki ED. Direct Electrical Neurostimulation with Organic Pigment Photocapacitors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707292. [PMID: 29717514 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient nanoscale semiconducting optoelectronic system is reported, which is optimized for neuronal stimulation: the organic electrolytic photocapacitor. The devices comprise a thin (80 nm) trilayer of metal and p-n semiconducting organic nanocrystals. When illuminated in physiological solution, these metal-semiconductor devices charge up, transducing light pulses into localized displacement currents that are strong enough to electrically stimulate neurons with safe light intensities. The devices are freestanding, requiring no wiring or external bias, and are stable in physiological conditions. The semiconductor layers are made using ubiquitous and nontoxic commercial pigments via simple and scalable deposition techniques. It is described how, in physiological media, photovoltage and charging behavior depend on device geometry. To test cell viability and capability of neural stimulation, photostimulation of primary neurons cultured for three weeks on photocapacitor films is shown. Finally, the efficacy of the device is demonstrated by achieving direct optoelectronic stimulation of light-insensitive retinas, proving the potential of this device platform for retinal implant technologies and for stimulation of electrogenic tissues in general. These results substantiate the conclusion that these devices are the first non-Si optoelectronic platform capable of sufficiently large photovoltages and displacement currents to enable true capacitive stimulation of excitable cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rand
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 55 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - Marie Jakešová
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköpings Universitet, Bredgatan 33, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Gur Lubin
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 55 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - Ieva Vėbraitė
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe David-Pur
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 55 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - Vedran Đerek
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköpings Universitet, Bredgatan 33, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenicˇka cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, I-40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Yael Hanein
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 55 Haim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköpings Universitet, Bredgatan 33, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
298
|
Luo Z, Weiss DE, Liu Q, Tian B. Biomimetic Approaches Toward Smart Bio-hybrid Systems. NANO RESEARCH 2018; 11:3009-3030. [PMID: 30906509 PMCID: PMC6430233 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-018-2004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bio-integrated materials and devices can blur the interfaces between living and artificial systems. Microfluidics, bioelectronics and engineered nanostructures, with close interactions with biology at the cellular or tissue levels, have already yielded a spectrum of new applications. Many new designs emerge, including those of organ-on-a-chip systems, biodegradable implants, electroceutical devices, minimally invasive neuro-prosthetic tools, and soft robotics. In this review, we highlight a few recent advances on the fabrication and application of the smart bio-hybrid systems, with a particular emphasis on the three-dimensional (3D) bio-integrated devices that mimick the 3D feature of tissue scaffolds. Moreover, neurons integrated with engineered nanostructures for wireless neuromodulation and dynamic neural output will be briefly discussed. We will also go over the progress in the construction of cell-enabled soft robotics, where a tight coupling of the synthetic and biological parts is crucial for efficient functions. Finally, we summarize the approaches for enhancing bio-integration with biomimetic micro- and nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Dara E. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
299
|
Johansson JD, Alonso F, Wårdell K. Modelling Details for Electric Field Simulations of Deep Brain Stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-9035-6_120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
|
300
|
Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|