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Sipert S, Cohim E, do Nascimento FRA. Identification and quantification of main anthropogenic stocks and flows of potassium in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32579-32593. [PMID: 32514912 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K), along with nitrogen and phosphorus, is an essential resource to ensure agricultural productivity and, therefore, food security around the world. However, diminishing physical reserves of potash salts and high-price volatility of potassium chloride, the main source of K to agricultural soils, has raised concerns about a K scarcity scenario, mainly in countries that depend on fertilizer imports to sustain its production. In this context, Brazil is one of the main agricultural producers in the world, having a major role in the global K flows, since the country sustains its production by a high consumption of imported K fertilizers. In order to seek opportunities to contribute to a more sustainable management of K resources, tools such as the material flow analysis (MFA) can be used to highlight the main K stocks and flows in a country scale, and identify options for reuse and recycle. This study proposed a MFA of K for Brazil, considering the base-year 2013. A total of forty-four flows and seven stocks were identified and quantified considering nine main processes related to human activity. According to the results, for the year of study, the main inputs of K in Brazil were in the form of fertilizers (4.1 × 103 Gg of K per year), and the main outputs were in the form of grain exports (9.1 × 102 Gg of K per year). Agricultural soils were the main stock for K in the country, and from the total flow of 7.3 × 103 Gg of K per year applied to soils, 67% came out as agricultural products, 13% was lost through erosion and leaching, and 20% remained in the soils. The flow of K actually consumed by the Brazilian population was 3.5 × 102 Gg of K per year, just 8.4% of the total food produced in the country. About 1.9 × 103 Gg of K per year has been lost to the environment in sewage streams and solid landfill waste. Prospects for more sustainable K management in the country are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sipert
- Department of Technology, State University of Feira de Santana, Transnordestina Avenue, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Cohim
- Department of Technology, State University of Feira de Santana, Transnordestina Avenue, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Ramon Alves do Nascimento
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Bahia, Professor Aristídes Novis Street, Federação, Salvador, BA, 40210-630, Brazil
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252
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Park DS, Willis CG, Xi Z, Kartesz JT, Davis CC, Worthington S. Machine learning predicts large scale declines in native plant phylogenetic diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1544-1556. [PMID: 32339295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Though substantial effort has gone into predicting how global climate change will impact biodiversity patterns, the scarcity of taxon-specific information has hampered the efficacy of these endeavors. Further, most studies analyzing spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity focus narrowly on species richness. We apply machine learning approaches to a comprehensive vascular plant database for the United States and generate predictive models of regional plant taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in response to a wide range of environmental variables. We demonstrate differences in predicted patterns and potential drivers of native vs nonnative biodiversity. In particular, native phylogenetic diversity is likely to decrease over the next half century despite increases in species richness. We also identify that patterns of taxonomic diversity can be incongruent with those of phylogenetic diversity. The combination of macro-environmental factors that determine diversity likely varies at continental scales; thus, as climate change alters the combinations of these factors across the landscape, the collective effect on regional diversity will also vary. Our study represents one of the most comprehensive examinations of plant diversity patterns to date and demonstrates that our ability to predict future diversity may benefit tremendously from the application of machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Park
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Charles G Willis
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - John T Kartesz
- Biota of North America Program, 9319 Bracken Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Steven Worthington
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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253
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Karimi A, Jones K. Assessing national human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation in Iran. AMBIO 2020; 49:1506-1518. [PMID: 31955400 PMCID: PMC7320097 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent global-scale studies have revealed intense levels of human activities within many protected areas worldwide. However, these analyses rely on coarse global-scale data, making their utility for informing local-scale conservation action limited. We developed a spatially explicit national human footprint index for Iran, a biologically diverse country in west Asia, based on the latest high-resolution datasets available for human pressures. We assessed the extent and intensity of human pressure within Iranian protected areas, and across the biomes and ecoregions of Iran. We found that almost one-quarter (22%) of officially protected land was under intense human pressure, mostly located in north-west and west of the country. Protected areas within temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands are most impacted, with two-third of their area under intense pressure. The findings provide valuable information for targeting management strategies to alleviate human pressures within protected areas, and also act as a comprehensive database to track the state of protected areas through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Karimi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974 Iran
| | - Kendall Jones
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA
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254
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McElroy ME, Dressler TL, Titcomb GC, Wilson EA, Deiner K, Dudley TL, Eliason EJ, Evans NT, Gaines SD, Lafferty KD, Lamberti GA, Li Y, Lodge DM, Love MS, Mahon AR, Pfrender ME, Renshaw MA, Selkoe KA, Jerde CL. Calibrating Environmental DNA Metabarcoding to Conventional Surveys for Measuring Fish Species Richness. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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255
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Monarchino MN, Behan ML, Johnson JS. Summer day-roost selection by eastern red bats varies between areas with different land-use histories. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237103. [PMID: 32833965 PMCID: PMC7444818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) is widely considered to be in decline, inspiring interest in identifying important habitats for conservation in the eastern United States. Unfortunately, knowledge of important day-roosting habitats is lacking for much of the species' range. We examined patterns of day-roost selection by male and female eastern red bats at two study sites in southeastern Ohio, U. S. A, to help fill this information gap. We radio-tagged 28 male and 25 female bats during the summers of 2016-2019 and located 53 male and 74 female roosts. Day-roost selection differed between sexes and study areas. In a mostly even-aged forest with significant historical disturbance, we found males and females roosting in trees located at higher elevations, with no clear selection based on tree or stand characteristics. Specifically, males selected trees with larger diameters located at lower, cooler elevations than females, which selected smaller diameter trees found at higher, warmer elevations. However, in a forest with less historical disturbance and more structural diversity, we found sexes differed in how they selected from available habitats. These data show that heterogeneity in environmental conditions can lead to different patterns in selection, even between sites located within a small geographic area. They also show that eastern red bats sexually segregate on the local landscape in the presence of diverse forest conditions but may not do so in the absence of such diversity. We recommend managing forests to maintain structural diversity across an elevational gradient to provide male and female eastern red bats with suitable day-roosting habitat in southeast Ohio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Monarchino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marnie L. Behan
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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256
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Cao B, Bai C, Xue Y, Yang J, Gao P, Liang H, Zhang L, Che L, Wang J, Xu J, Duan C, Mao M, Li G. Wetlands rise and fall: Six endangered wetland species showed different patterns of habitat shift under future climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138518. [PMID: 32417470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation and loss of species' suitable habitats in response to global warming are well documented, which are assumed to be affected by increasing temperature. Conversely, habitat increase of species is little reported and is often considered anomalous and unrelated to climate change. In this study, we first revealed the climate-change-driven habitat shifts of six endangered wetland plants - Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Carex doniana, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Leersia hexandra, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Pedicularis longiflora. The current and future potential habitats of the six species in China were predicted using a maximum entropy model based on thirty-year occurrence records and climate monitoring (from 1960 to 1990). Furthermore, we observed the change of real habitats of the six species based on eight-year field observations (from 2011 to 2019). We found that the six species exhibited three different patterns of habitat shifts including decrease, unstable, and increase. The analysis on the main decisive environmental factors showed that these patterns of habitat shifts are counter to what would be expected global warming but are mostly determined by precipitation-related environmental factors rather than temperature. Collectively, our findings highlight the importance of combining multiple environmental factors including temperature and precipitation for understanding plant responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Chengke Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Pufan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Hui Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Le Che
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Chongyang Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Mingce Mao
- Climate Research Center, Meteorological Bureau of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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257
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Brittain S, Ibbett H, de Lange E, Dorward L, Hoyte S, Marino A, Milner-Gulland EJ, Newth J, Rakotonarivo S, Veríssimo D, Lewis J. Ethical considerations when conservation research involves people. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:925-933. [PMID: 31953971 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Social science is becoming increasingly important in conservation, with more studies involving methodologies that collect data from and about people. Conservation science is a normative and applied discipline designed to support and inform management and practice. Poor research practice risks harming participants and, researchers, and can leave negative legacies. Often, those at the forefront of field-based research are early-career researchers, many of whom enter their first research experience ill-prepared for the ethical conundrums they may face. We draw on our own experiences as early-career researchers to illuminate how ethical challenges arise during conservation research that involves human participants. Specifically, we considered ethical review procedures, conflicts of values, and power relations, and devised broad recommendations on how to navigate ethical challenges when they arise during research. In particular, we recommend researchers apply reflexivity (i.e., thinking that allows researchers to recognize the effect researchers have on the research) to help navigate ethical challenges and encourage greater engagement with ethical review processes and the development of ethical guidelines for conservation research that involves human participants. Such guidelines must be accompanied by the integration of rigorous ethical training into conservation education. We believe our experiences are not uncommon and can be avoided and hope to spark discussion to contribute to a more socially just conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brittain
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Cir, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
| | - Harriet Ibbett
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, U.K
| | - Emiel de Lange
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, U.K
| | - Leejiah Dorward
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, U.K
| | - Simon Hoyte
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Agnese Marino
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Outer Cir, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Julia Newth
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
- Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Slimbridge, Gloucester, GL2 7BT, U.K
| | - Sarobidy Rakotonarivo
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, U.K
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- San Diego Zoo Global, 2920 Zoo Dr., San Diego, CA, 92101, U.S.A
| | - Jerome Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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258
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Amprako L, Stenchly K, Wiehle M, Nyarko G, Buerkert A. Arthropod Communities in Urban Agricultural Production Systems under Different Irrigation Sources in the Northern Region of Ghana. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080488. [PMID: 32752151 PMCID: PMC7469155 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Urban and peri-urban agricultural (UPA) production systems in West African countries do not only mitigate food and financial insecurity, they may also foster biodiversity of arthropods and partly compensate for structural losses of natural environments. However, management practices in UPA systems like irrigation may also contribute to disturbances in arthropod ecology. To fill knowledge gaps in the relationships between UPA management and arthropod populations, we compared arthropods species across different irrigation sources in Tamale. During a 72-h sampling period, 14,226 arthropods were caught with pitfall traps and pan traps from 36 fields. These specimens comprised 13 orders, 103 families, 264 genera, and 329 taxa (243 identified species, 86 unidentified species) and categorized into five feeding guilds (carnivores, decomposers, herbivores, omnivores, and pollinators). Species richness, species accumulation curves, and diversity functions (richness, evenness, and dispersion) were calculated to characterize the arthropod community. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was applied to examine structural similarity of arthropod communities among sites. To account for the effects of soil-related data, we furthermore applied a redundancy analysis. Arthropods grouped according to the irrigation water source, whereby the dipterans were most dominant under wastewater conditions. Here, particularly the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio, a disease-causing vector for humans, accounted for the dipterans. The occurrence of three alien ant species suggested community shifts through invasive species, while the occurrence of seven ant species (at least one ant species occurred under each water source) that form mutualistic relationships with aphids highlighted future risks of aphid pest outbreak. Future studies on these taxa should specifically target their ecological and economic effects and potential countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Amprako
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Kathrin Stenchly
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
- Competence Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (CliMA), University of Kassel, Kurt-Schumacher-Straße 25, D-34117 Kassel, Germany
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources (GNR), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiehle
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
- Tropenzentrum-Centre for International Rural Development, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
- International Center for Development and Decent Work, University of Kassel, Kleine Rosenstrasse 1-3, D-34109 Kassel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - George Nyarko
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies (UDS), P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana;
| | - Andreas Buerkert
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
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259
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Ecosystem decay exacerbates biodiversity loss with habitat loss. Nature 2020; 584:238-243. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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260
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Abstract
The livestock sector, as a part of the traditional food system in Georgia, occupies a considerable portion of the national economy. Though smallholder farmers are the key suppliers at the primary stage in the food value chain, the empowerment of smallholder farmers in the dairy production system in Georgia is a questionable matter. This research study reports the results of changes in the dairy sector in Georgia (Caucasus) after becoming independent from the Soviet Union (literature survey) and how these changes are seen by experts in the dairy value chain. In addition, this study aimed to look in-depth at the dynamics of the value chain of dairy in Georgia and examine the current dairy production policies. Qualitative research was applied as the methodology for expert interviews in 2019. The findings showed the difficulties experienced by the local and national dairy market sectors in Georgia nowadays. Where these difficulties were analyzed by the parameters of the value chain, it states the impact of the current regulations and policies on the safety and the quality of dairy production in the country and the depth of social, economic, and ethical impacts on the marketing of dairy products for smallholders. Furthermore, the Sustainable Development Goals on the dairy value chain are described.
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261
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Macchi L, Decarre J, Goijman AP, Mastrangelo M, Blendinger PG, Gavier‐Pizarro GI, Murray F, Piquer‐Rodriguez M, Semper‐Pascual A, Kuemmerle T. Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Macchi
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
| | - Julieta Decarre
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB‐CIRN) Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Andrea P. Goijman
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB‐CIRN) Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Matías Mastrangelo
- Grupo de Estudios de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales (GEAP) CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Pedro G. Blendinger
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
| | - Gregorio I. Gavier‐Pizarro
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos (IRB‐CIRN) Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Francisco Murray
- Agencia de Extensión Rural San Luis Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) San Luis Argentina
| | - María Piquer‐Rodriguez
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) CONICET ‐ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina
| | | | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human‐Environment Systems (IRI‐THESys) Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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262
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Yu J, Li F, Wang Y, Lin Y, Peng Z, Cheng K. Spatiotemporal evolution of tropical forest degradation and its impact on ecological sensitivity: A case study in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138678. [PMID: 32498187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapid urbanization and a growing population, the tropical forest in southwestern China has experienced a dramatic shrinkage, which threatens its biodiversity and imposes limitations to sustainable development. Spatiotemporal change analysis and ecological sensitivity assessment are the important prerequisites for investigating the relationship between eco-environmental quality and human activities. In this study, the tropical forest and other land cover types in Jinghong, China were firstly classified by a machine learning classification algorithm (support vector machine, SVM) with 7 pairs of remote sensing (RS) data (from 1989 to 2018). Then the spatiotemporal change patterns were analyzed. The ecological sensitivity was evaluated based on an index system method (ISM) in which a weighted combination of eleven indicators were produced using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and GIS. Meanwhile four individual sensitivity indicators, including biodiversity sensitivity (BS), water resources sensitivity (WRS), geological hazard sensitivity (GHS) and soil erosion sensitivity (SES) were assessed respectively to create a multi-perspective understanding of the entire ecological sensitivity. The results suggest that the tropical forest experienced a continual decrease from 5631.78 km2 in 1999 to 4216.23 km2 in 2018 with an average change rate of -1.49%. The decreased area was mainly encroached on by human settlements and agriculture, particularly in the south of Jinghong. Furthermore, it could be seen that urbanization is the key driver for the changes to ecological sensitivity with both positive and negative impacts. In Jinghong, the region covered by a tropical forest has a relatively higher comprehensive ecological sensitivity (CES) than that of an urban area. This work shows RS and GIS to be powerful tools providing profound insights to researchers with regard to the spatiotemporal evolution of tropical forests and ecological sensitivity. The results are significant for improving policies in order to keep a sustainable balance in regional ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center of Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Technology, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Fengting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research Center of Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Technology, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kuan Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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263
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Naha D, Dash SK, Chettri A, Roy A, Sathyakumar S. Elephants in the neighborhood: patterns of crop-raiding by Asian elephants within a fragmented landscape of Eastern India. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9399. [PMID: 32676222 PMCID: PMC7335499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of forest cover, rise in human populations and fragmentation of habitats leads to decline in biodiversity and extinction of large mammals globally. Elephants, being the largest of terrestrial mammals, symbolize global conservation programs and co-occur with humans within multiple-use landscapes of Asia and Africa. Within such shared landscapes, poaching, habitat loss and extent of human-elephant conflicts (HEC) affect survival and conservation of elephants. HEC are severe in South Asia with increasing attacks on humans, crop depredation and property damage. Such incidents reduce societal tolerance towards elephants and increase the risk of retaliation by local communities. We analyzed a 2-year dataset on crop depredation by Asian elephants (N = 380) events in North Bengal (eastern India). We also explored the effect of landscape, anthropogenic factors (area of forest, agriculture, distance to protected area, area of human settlements, riverine patches and human density) on the spatial occurrence of such incidents.Crop depredation showed a distinct nocturnal pattern (22.00-06:00) and majority of the incidents were recorded in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Results of our spatial analysis suggest that crop depredation increased with an increase in the area of forest patches, agriculture, presence of riverine patches and human density. Probability of crop depredation further increased with decreasing distance from protected areas. Villages within 1.5 km of a forest patch were most affected. Crop raiding incidents suggest a deviation from the "high-risk high-gain male biased" foraging behavior and involved proportionately more mixed groups (57%) than lone bulls (43%). Demographic data suggest that mixed groups comprised an average of 23 individuals with adult and sub adult females, bulls and calves. Crop depredation and fatal elephant attacks on humans were spatially clustered with eastern, central and western parts of North Bengal identified as hotspots of HEC. Our results will help to prioritize mitigation measures such as prohibition of alcohol production within villages, improving condition of riverine patches, changing crop composition, fencing agriculture fields, implement early warning systems around protected areas and training local people on how to prevent conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Naha
- Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Dash
- Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhisek Chettri
- Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Akashdeep Roy
- Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sambandam Sathyakumar
- Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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264
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Lima DO, Banks‐Leite C, Lorini ML, Nicholson E, Vieira MV. Anthropogenic effects on the occurrence of medium‐sized mammals on the Brazilian Pampa biome. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. O. Lima
- Campus Cerro Largo Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul Cerro Largo RS Brazil
- Laboratório de Vertebrados Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - C. Banks‐Leite
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot, Berkshire UK
| | - M. L. Lorini
- Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - E. Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - M. V. Vieira
- Laboratório de Vertebrados Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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265
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Jones FAM, Dornelas M, Magurran AE. Recent increases in assemblage rarity are linked to increasing local immigration. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192045. [PMID: 32874609 PMCID: PMC7428220 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As pressures on biodiversity increase, a better understanding of how assemblages are responding is needed. Because rare species, defined here as those that have locally low abundances, make up a high proportion of assemblage species lists, understanding how the number of rare species within assemblages is changing will help elucidate patterns of recent biodiversity change. Here, we show that the number of rare species within assemblages is increasing, on average, across systems. This increase could arise in two ways: species already present in the assemblage decreasing in abundance but with no increase in extinctions, or additional species entering the assemblage in low numbers associated with an increase in immigration. The positive relationship between change in rarity and change in species richness provides evidence for the second explanation, i.e. higher net immigration than extinction among the rare species. These measurable changes in the structure of assemblages in the recent past underline the need to use multiple biodiversity metrics to understand biodiversity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A. M. Jones
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
- Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
- School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, UK
| | - Anne E. Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
- School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, UK
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266
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Ngoroyemoto N, Kulkarni MG, Stirk WA, Gupta S, Finnie JF, van Staden J. Interactions Between Microorganisms and a Seaweed-Derived Biostimulant on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of Amaranthus hybridus L. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20934228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural biostimulants such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and seaweed extracts are used in agriculture to improve crop yield in an environmentally friendly approach. However, interaction effects between different biostimulants are seldom investigated. This study aimed to determine the combined effect of PGPRs and Kelpak® (KEL), a seaweed-derived extract, on the growth and biochemical composition of Amaranthus hybridus, a traditional leafy vegetable of South Africa. A pot trial was conducted with 6 treatments—control (distilled water), Bacillus licheniformis (BL) inoculum, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) inoculum, 1% KEL, and combination treatments of KEL + BL and KEL + PF. These were applied 3 times to A. hybridus seedlings at 2 weekly intervals prior to harvesting after 6 weeks. Growth parameters and biochemical content were quantified in the harvested material. Kelpak® significantly improved growth (leaf number and area, shoot and root length, and fresh weight) and chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Treatments with 2 microorganisms had a significant negative effect on growth and pigment content. However, the combination treatments significantly improved growth and photosynthetic pigment content to similar levels as the KEL treatment. The mineral content was significantly increased for most minerals when treated with PF and decreased when treated with KEL and KEL + BL. Treatment with 2 bacterial strains and KEL caused a significant decrease in superoxidase dismutase activity with an additive effect when applied in combination. This suggests stress reduction in A. hybridus. Combined use of PGPR and seaweed extracts promises to be an eco-friendly strategy to improve the production and mineral content of traditional leafy vegetables such as A. hybridus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Ngoroyemoto
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Manoj G. Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Stirk
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Shubhpriya Gupta
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey F. Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
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267
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Messina S, Edwards DP, AbdElgawad H, Beemster GTS, Tomassi S, Benedick S, Eens M, Costantini D. Impacts of selective logging on the oxidative status of tropical understorey birds. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2222-2234. [PMID: 32535926 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective logging is the dominant form of human disturbance in tropical forests, driving changes in the abundance of vertebrate and invertebrate populations relative to undisturbed old-growth forests. A key unresolved question is understanding which physiological mechanisms underlie different responses of species and functional groups to selective logging. Regulation of oxidative status is thought to be one major physiological mechanism underlying the capability of species to cope with environmental changes. Using a correlational cross-sectional approach, we compared a number of oxidative status markers among 15 understorey bird species in unlogged and selectively logged forest in Borneo in relation to their feeding guild. We then tested how variation of markers between forest types was associated with that in population abundance. Birds living in logged forests had a higher activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and a different regulation of the glutathione cycle compared to conspecific birds in unlogged forest. However, neither oxidative damage nor oxidized glutathione differed between forest types. We also found that omnivores and insectivores differed significantly in all markers related to the key cellular antioxidant glutathione irrespective of the forest type. Species with higher levels of certain antioxidant markers in a given type of forest were less abundant in that forest type compared to the other. Our results suggest that there was little long-term effect of logging (last logging rotation occurred ~15 years prior to the study) on the oxidative status of understorey bird species. However, it is unclear if this was owing to plasticity or evolutionary change. Our correlative results also point to a potential negative association between some antioxidants and population abundance irrespective of the forest type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Messina
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suzan Benedick
- School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
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268
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Messina S, Edwards DP, Marasco V, Canoine V, Cosset CCP, Tomassi S, Benedick S, Eens M, Costantini D. Glucocorticoids link forest type to local abundance in tropical birds. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Messina
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Valeria Marasco
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology (KLIVV) University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Virginie Canoine
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Wien Austria
| | - Cindy C. P. Cosset
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Suzan Benedick
- School of Sustainable Agriculture Universiti Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA) Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS Paris France
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269
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Liu X, Wu R, Lopes-Lima M, Xue T, Zhou Y, Li K, Xu Y, Qin J, Ouyang S, Wu X. Changes and drivers of freshwater mussel diversity patterns in the middle and lower Yangtze River Basin, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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270
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Ciaccia C, Armengot Martinez L, Testani E, Leteo F, Campanelli G, Trinchera A. Weed Functional Diversity as Affected by Agroecological Service Crops and No-Till in a Mediterranean Organic Vegetable System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E689. [PMID: 32481720 PMCID: PMC7356168 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the effect of agroecological service crops (ASCs), i.e., crops included in the crop rotation for their ecosystem services, terminated with an in-line tillage roller crimper (ILRC) on weed community composition and their functional traits in comparison to a tilled control without ASC. A two-year study was performed in a long-term experiment with vegetables under organic management. Four different cereal crops were introduced as ASCs. Weed abundance and richness and the functional traits were assessed at three different stages, i.e., before and after ASC termination and before harvest of the following crop, melon. All the ASCs showed strong weed suppression, with few differences between the cereals tested. Weed communities with ASCs had later flowering onset and wider flowering span compared to the control, which positively affects weed dispersal and attraction of beneficial insects. However, weed communities with ASCs had higher values for traits related to competition (specific leaf area, seed weight and more perennials). A trade-off between weed suppression and selection of more competitive weed communities by the introduction of ASCs managed with the ILRC should be evaluated in the long-run. The use of the ILRC alternating with other soil management practices seems the more effective strategy to benefit from the minimal soil tillage while avoiding the selection of disservice-related traits in the weed community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Ciaccia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella, 2, 00184 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Laura Armengot Martinez
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach 219, 5070 Frick, Switzerland;
| | - Elena Testani
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella, 2, 00184 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Leteo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Salaria 1, 63030 Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy; (F.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriele Campanelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Salaria 1, 63030 Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy; (F.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessandra Trinchera
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella, 2, 00184 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (A.T.)
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271
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Fanzo J, Hood A, Davis C. Eating our way through the Anthropocene. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112929. [PMID: 32416369 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the complex interactions between food systems, diets, and the environment. We discuss the challenges facing the food system as a result of environmental degradation and climate change. We review the state of current diets and their effects on human health outcomes. As we consider paths forward, we examine holistic solutions that align nutrition, health, and environmental goals. Finally, we identify ethical questions relevant to the changing global food system. We consider our moral obligations to other people - both now and in the future - and the planet, and we posit that eating is an ethical act requiring reflection at all scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fanzo
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amelia Hood
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claire Davis
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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272
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Understanding foraging flexibility in urban vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus, for the benefit of human-wildlife coexistence. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGeneralist wildlife species often thrive in urban environments because of increased anthropogenic resources. However, human-wildlife interactions, especially if negative, raise concerns for urban wildlife management. An enhanced understanding of wildlife behavioural flexibility has been suggested to be a key tool to provide educated and effective management strategies. We therefore investigated how availability of semi-naturally occurring food affected behavioural foraging patterns of urban vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), a generalist primate commonly found in urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Over one year, we conducted 20 min. focal animal observations recording foraging behaviour and food consumption. We used a combination of a generalised linear model and descriptive statistics to examine the relationship between anthropogenic food consumption and semi-natural food availability. Our analyses showed that anthropogenic food consumption decreased as semi-natural food availability increased. We also showed that increased aggression from humans towards vervet monkeys decreased time spent foraging on anthropogenic food. Our study highlights how vervet monkeys have adapted to their urban landscape, showing foraging flexibility in response to available food resources and the frequency of human interactions. We suggest how our results can be applied for management recommendations, particularly controlling anthropogenic food availability and decreasing negative human-wildlife interactions.
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273
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Virtual Reality Nature Experiences Involving Wolves on YouTube: Presence, Emotions, and Attitudes in Immersive and Nonimmersive Settings. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As some nature experiences, such as viewing wild animals, may be difficult to implement in science education, immersive virtual reality (VR) technologies have become a promising tool in education. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the effectiveness of nature experiences in VR. In this study, 50 German university students (M = 23.76 years, SD = 3.73 years) from diverse disciplines were randomly assigned to an immersive (head-mounted display; Oculus Quest) or a nonimmersive setting (external computer screen; desktop computer) and individually watched two 360° videos from the social media site YouTube about wolves in their natural habitat. Besides measuring participants’ attitudes towards wolves, we investigated their feeling of presence in the virtual environments with the Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES) and the retrospective emotions of interest, joy, and fear with the Differential Affect Scale (M-DAS). The immersive head-mounted display induced higher levels of presence and interest compared to the nonimmersive external computer screen. While higher interest in the screen setting was associated with more positive attitudes towards wolves, such a correlation could not be found in the head-mounted display setting. Thus, our study found that immersive technology could induce interest in a nature experience related to the tested socio-scientific issue, even among people who did not already hold positive attitudes toward the issue. Overall, our findings suggest that 360° videos using immersive technology provide nature experiences with positive affective learning outcomes, even though the study focused on nature experiences in VR and was not an educational experience per se. As we were unable to assess the role of novelty of VR experiences, the application of VR technologies and its effects in larger teaching and learning settings needs to be evaluated in further studies.
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274
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Gooden J, ‘t Sas-Rolfes M. A review of critical perspectives on private land conservation in academic literature. AMBIO 2020; 49:1019-1034. [PMID: 31606881 PMCID: PMC7067726 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, private land conservation has increased in profile among policymakers and academics. Conservation initiatives on privately owned land help to mitigate global biodiversity loss and introduce new actors to conservation. However, they have also been the subject of numerous critical accounts. This review catalogs issues that emerge in critical literature, identifying 25 themes, classified into three groups: Implementation Effectiveness, Value Conflict, and Economic Inefficiency. Gaps in the literature include the need for broader geographic coverage; assessment of the issues' specificity to private land conservation; and evaluation of the extent to which issues in the literature reflect broader societal values. The literature's strong emphasis on value conflict suggests that greater attention to governance effectiveness may steer private land conservation toward practices that are more just, equitable, and representative and lead to increased societal support. We recommend further research to address identified gaps, with a greater orientation toward inclusive governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gooden
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
| | - Michael ‘t Sas-Rolfes
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, Oxford University School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
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275
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Buderman FE, Devries JH, Koons DN. Changes in climate and land use interact to create an ecological trap in a migratory species. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1961-1977. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances E. Buderman
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Jim H. Devries
- Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl ResearchDucks Unlimited Canada Stonewall Manitoba Canada
| | - David N. Koons
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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276
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Abstract
Endangered species face a huge array of challenges, including the negative consequences of individuals having to breed with close genetic relatives. But just how costly is inbreeding in small populations? New research from an endangered bird species suggests that considering inbreeding could be crucial for conservation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Matthew J G Gage
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, UK
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277
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Douglas MR, Anthonysamy WJB, Mussmann SM, Davis MA, Louis W, Douglas ME. Multi-targeted management of upland game birds at the agroecosystem interface in midwestern North America. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230735. [PMID: 32339176 PMCID: PMC7185590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its imperative, biodiversity conservation is chronically underfunded, a deficiency that often forces management agencies to prioritize. Single-species recovery thus becomes a focus (often with socio-political implications), whereas a more economical approach would be the transition to multi-targeted management (= MTM). This challenge is best represented in Midwestern North America where biodiversity has been impacted by 300+ years of chronic anthropogenic disturbance such that native tall-grass prairie is now supplanted by an agroecosystem. Here, we develop an MTM with a population genetic metric to collaboratively manage three Illinois upland gamebirds: common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus; pheasant), northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus; quail), and threatened-endangered (T&E) greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus; prairie chicken). We first genotyped our study pheasant at 19 microsatellite DNA loci and identified three captive breeding stocks (N = 143; IL Department of Natural Resources) as being significantly bottlenecked, with relatedness >1st-cousin (μR = 0.158). 'Wild' (non-stocked) pheasant [N = 543; 14 Pheasant-Habitat-Areas (PHAs)] were also bottlenecked, significantly interrelated (μR = 0.150) and differentiated (μFST = 0.047), yet distinct from propagation stock. PHAs that encompassed significantly with larger areas also reflected greater effective population sizes (μNE = 43; P<0.007). We juxtaposed these data against previously published results for prairie chicken and quail, and found population genetic structure driven by drift, habitat/climate impacts, and gender-biased selection via hunter-harvest. Each species (hunter-harvested or T&E) is independently managed, yet their composite population genetic baseline provides the quantitative criteria needed for an upland game bird MTM. Its implementation would require agricultural plots to be rehabilitated/reclaimed using a land-sharing/sparing portfolio that differs markedly from the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), where sequestered land decreases as agricultural prices escalate. Cost-savings for an MTM would accrue by synchronizing single-species management with a dwindling hunter-harvest program, and by eliminating propagation/stocking programs. This would sustain not only native grasslands and their resident species, but also accelerate conservation at the wildlife-agroecosystem interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlis R. Douglas
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | | | - Steven M. Mussmann
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Davis
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wade Louis
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Gibson City, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Douglas
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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278
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Home range and core area utilisation of three co-existing mongoose species: large grey, water and white-tailed in the fragmented landscape of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa. Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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279
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Assessing the Benefits of Forested Riparian Zones: A Qualitative Index of Riparian Integrity Is Positively Associated with Ecological Status in European Streams. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing a general, predictive understanding of ecological systems requires knowing how much structural and functional relationships can cross scales and contexts. Here, we introduce the CROSSLINK project that investigates the role of forested riparian buffers in modified European landscapes by measuring a wide range of ecosystem attributes in stream-riparian networks. CROSSLINK involves replicated field measurements in four case-study basins with varying levels of human development: Norway (Oslo Fjord), Sweden (Lake Mälaren), Belgium (Zwalm River), and Romania (Argeş River). Nested within these case-study basins include multiple, independent stream-site pairs with a forested riparian buffer and unbuffered section located upstream, as well as headwater and downstream sites to show cumulative land-use impacts. CROSSLINK applies existing and bespoke methods to describe habitat conditions, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Here, we summarize the approaches used, detail protocols in supplementary materials, and explain how data is applied in an optimization framework to better manage tradeoffs in multifunctional landscapes. We then present results demonstrating the range of riparian conditions present in our case-study basins and how these environmental states influence stream ecological integrity with the commonly used macroinvertebrate Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) index. We demonstrate that a qualitative index of riparian integrity can be positively associated with stream ecological status. This introduction to the CROSSLINK project shows the potential for our replicated study with its panoply of ecosystem attributes to help guide management decisions regarding the use of forested riparian buffers in human-impacted landscapes. This knowledge is highly relevant in a time of rapid environmental change where freshwater biodiversity is increasingly under pressure from a range of human impacts that include habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.
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280
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Williams DR, Balmford A, Wilcove DS. The past and future role of conservation science in saving biodiversity. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
- Bren School of Environmental Science and ManagementUniversity of California Santa Barbara California
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - David S Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey
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281
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Analysis of the Habitat Fragmentation of Ecosystems in Belize Using Landscape Metrics. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12073024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Landscape metrics have been of game changing importance in the analysis of ecosystems’ composition and landscape cohesion. With the increasing urban and agricultural expansion, the natural flora and fauna of many highly diverse areas have been degraded. Fragmentation of ecosystems and habitats have stressed the biodiversity of Belize. To understand the dynamics of this change, a study was conducted using three moderately separate years of ecosystem landscape data. The metrics used for the analysis were area-weighted mean shape index (AWMSI), mean shape index (MSI), edge density (ED), mean patch size (MPS), number of patches (NUMP), and class area (CA). These metrics were produced for the years 2001, 2011, and 2017. The classes of agricultural use, lowland savannas, mangroves and littoral forests, urban, and wetlands were the subjects for analysis. Using the GIS extension Patch Analyst, parametric runs were performed. From these results, a one-way ANOVA test of the NUMP, Tukey HSD test, and Scheffé Multiple Comparison test were performed. The results indicate that there has been significant habitat fragmentation, especially from the years 2001 to 2011. Agricultural areas increased by 19.37% in just 10 years, with the NUMP of some habitats increasing by 284%. The results also show fluctuation in ED and a decrease in overall MPS, all indicating high fragmentation. These changes have been mostly induced due to the expansion of agricultural activities and urbanization, especially in the northern parts of Belize. It is imperative that additional policies be implemented to deter the effects of habitat fragmentation upon the existing ecosystems of Belize and elsewhere.
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282
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Yeager J, Baquero R LE, Zarling A. Mediating ethical considerations in the conservation and sustainable biocommerce of the jewels of the rainforest. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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283
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Wei W, Swaisgood RR, Pilfold NW, Owen MA, Dai Q, Wei F, Han H, Yang Z, Yang X, Gu X, Zhang J, Yuan S, Hong M, Tang J, Zhou H, He K, Zhang Z. Assessing the Effectiveness of China's Panda Protection System. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1280-1286.e2. [PMID: 32197077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protected areas form the backbone of biodiversity conservation, yet their effectiveness is often not known nor even evaluated [1-3]. China-best known for its record of ecological degradation in the face of rapidly increasing gross domestic product and resource consumption [4]-has in recent years enacted a series of policies and programs to conserve its natural resources. Chief among them is an ambitious protected area system covering 17% of its terrestrial land mass [4, 5]. An important early impetus for the establishment of this reserve system was the protection of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) [5-8]. Using data from two previous large-scale surveys [9, 10] separated by a decade, and including over 50,000 habitat plots, we examined the panda population and habitat trends inside and outside reserves. Despite ambitious ecocompensation programs in panda habitat outside reserves [11-13], the protection provided by reserves reduced most classes of human disturbance compared to outside reserves, and most disturbances decreased through time more strongly inside than outside reserves. Reserves also contained more and increasing suitable panda than found outside reserves [14, 15]. Comparing reserve performance, reserves with increasing older forests and bamboo correlated with increasing panda populations. Together these findings indicate that China's panda reserves have been effective and that they are functioning better over time, conserving more and better habitats and containing more pandas. While China's protected area system still has much room for improvement [4, 5], including to support pandas [16], these findings underscore the progress made in China's nascent environmental movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Ronald R Swaisgood
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92027-7000, USA
| | - Nicholas W Pilfold
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92027-7000, USA
| | - Megan A Owen
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92027-7000, USA
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Han Han
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Sichuan Station of Wild life survey and Management, Chengdu 610082, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Sichuan Station of Wild life survey and Management, Chengdu 610082, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Shibin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Mingsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Junfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Ke He
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China.
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284
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The Post-Anthropocene Diet: Navigating Future Diets for Sustainable Food Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article examines how future diets could reduce the environmental impacts of food systems, and thus, enable movement into the post-Anthropocene. Such non-anthropocentric diets are proposed to address global food systems challenges inherent in the current geological epoch known as the Anthropocene—a period when human activity is the dominant cause of environmental change. Using non-anthropocentric indigenous worldviews and object-oriented ecosophy, the article discusses changes in ontologies around diets to consider choices made in the present for sustainable future food systems. This article conceptually addresses, how can pre-Anthropocene ontologies guide an exit of current approaches to diets? Considering temporality, what post-Anthropocene ontologies are possible in future diets for sustainable food systems? Through the ontological positions defining three distinct temporalities, considerations for guiding future diets in(to) the post-Anthropocene are proposed. Indigenous ontologies are presented as pre-Anthropocene examples that depict humans and non-humans in relational diets. Underlying Anthropocene ontologies define current unsustainable diets. These ontologies are described to present the context for the food systems challenges this article aims to address. A post-Anthropocene illustration then employs object-oriented ecosophy along with indigenous ontologies as theoretical foundations for shifting from the dominant neoliberal paradigm in current ontologies. Ontologically-based dietary guidelines for the post-Anthropocene diet present the ontological turns, consideration of temporality, and outline technological orientations proposed for sustainable future food systems. This is a novel attempt to integrate non-anthropocentric theories to suggest possible futures for human diets in order to exit the Anthropocene epoch. These non-anthropocentric ontologies demonstrate how temporal considerations and relational worldviews can be guidelines for transforming diets to address public health concerns, the environmental crisis, and socioeconomic challenges.
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285
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Mehrabi Z, Gill M, Wijk MV, Herrero M, Ramankutty N. Livestock policy for sustainable development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-0042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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286
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Cayuela H, Besnard A, Cote J, Laporte M, Bonnaire E, Pichenot J, Schtickzelle N, Bellec A, Joly P, Léna J. Anthropogenic disturbance drives dispersal syndromes, demography, and gene flow in amphibian populations. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cayuela
- Univ. Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA F‐69622 Villeurbanne France
- EPHE, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA, UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS PSL Research University Montpellier F‐34293 France
| | - Aurélien Besnard
- EPHE, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA, UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS PSL Research University Montpellier F‐34293 France
| | - Julien Cote
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ENFA UMR5174EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique) 118 route de Narbonne F‐31062 Toulouse France
| | - Martin Laporte
- EPHE, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA, UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS PSL Research University Montpellier F‐34293 France
| | - Eric Bonnaire
- Office National des Forêts Agence de Verdun 55100 Verdun France
| | - Julian Pichenot
- Centre de Recherche et Formation en Eco‐éthologie (CERFE) CERFE 08240 Boult‐aux‐Bois France
| | - Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Earth and Life Institute Biodiversity Research Centre Université Catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Arnaud Bellec
- Univ. Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA F‐69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pierre Joly
- Univ. Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA F‐69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean‐Paul Léna
- Univ. Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA F‐69622 Villeurbanne France
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287
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Partridge DR, Parkins KL, Elbin SB, Clark JA. Bat Activity Correlates with Moth Abundance on an Urban Green Roof. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2020. [DOI: 10.1656/045.027.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R. Partridge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458
| | | | - Susan B. Elbin
- New York City Audubon Society, 71 West 23rd St. New York, NY 10010
| | - J. Alan Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY 10458
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288
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289
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Western D, Tyrrell P, Brehony P, Russell S, Western G, Kamanga J. Conservation from the inside‐out: Winning space and a place for wildlife in working landscapes. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Tyrrell
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- South Rift Association of Landowners Nairobi Kenya
| | - Peadar Brehony
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Guy Western
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- South Rift Association of Landowners Nairobi Kenya
| | - John Kamanga
- South Rift Association of Landowners Nairobi Kenya
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290
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Howard C, Flather CH, Stephens PA. A global assessment of the drivers of threatened terrestrial species richness. Nat Commun 2020; 11:993. [PMID: 32080191 PMCID: PMC7033199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
High numbers of threatened species might be expected to occur where overall species richness is also high; however, this explains only a proportion of the global variation in threatened species richness. Understanding why many areas have more or fewer threatened species than would be expected given their species richness, and whether that is consistent across taxa, is essential for identifying global conservation priorities. Here, we show that, after controlling for species richness, environmental factors, such as temperature and insularity, are typically more important than human impacts for explaining spatial variation in global threatened species richness. Human impacts, nevertheless, have an important role, with relationships varying between vertebrate groups and zoogeographic regions. Understanding this variation provides a framework for establishing global conservation priorities, identifying those regions where species are inherently more vulnerable to the effects of threatening human processes, and forecasting how threatened species might be distributed in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Howard
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Curtis H Flather
- US Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Philip A Stephens
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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291
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Bruckerhoff LA, Connell RK, Guinnip JP, Adhikari E, Godar A, Gido KB, Boyle AW, Hope AG, Joern A, Welti E. Harmony on the prairie? Grassland plant and animal community responses to variation in climate across land-use gradients. Ecology 2020; 101:e02986. [PMID: 31961449 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human induced climate and land-use change are severely impacting global biodiversity, but how community composition and richness of multiple taxonomic groups change in response to local drivers and whether these responses are synchronous remains unclear. We used long-term community-level data from an experimentally manipulated grassland to assess the relative influence of climate and land use as drivers of community structure of four taxonomic groups: birds, mammals, grasshoppers, and plants. We also quantified the synchrony of responses among taxonomic groups across land-use gradients and compared climatic drivers of community structure across groups. All four taxonomic groups responded strongly to land use (fire frequency and grazing), while responses to climate variability were more pronounced in grasshoppers and small mammals. Animal groups exhibited asynchronous responses across all land-use treatments, but plant and animal groups, especially birds, exhibited synchronous responses in composition. Asynchrony was attributed to taxonomic groups responding to different components of climate variability, including both current climate conditions and lagged effects from the previous year. Data-driven land management strategies are crucial for sustaining native biodiversity in grassland systems, but asynchronous responses of taxonomic groups to climate variability across land-use gradients highlight a need to incorporate response heterogeneity into management planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Bruckerhoff
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - R Kent Connell
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - James P Guinnip
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Elina Adhikari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 4024 Throckmorton PSC, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Alixandra Godar
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Keith B Gido
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Alice W Boyle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Andrew G Hope
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Anthony Joern
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Ellen Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.,Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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292
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Eppley TM, Santini L, Tinsman JC, Donati G. Do functional traits offset the effects of fragmentation? The case of large-bodied diurnal lemur species. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23104. [PMID: 32011761 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primates worldwide are faced with increasing threats making them more vulnerable to extinction. Anthropogenic disturbances, such as habitat degradation and fragmentation, are among the main concerns, and in Madagascar, these issues have become widespread. As this situation continues to worsen, we sought to understand how fragmentation affects primate distribution throughout the island. Further, because species may exhibit different sensitivity to fragmentation, we also aimed to estimate the role of functional traits in mitigating their response. We collated data from 32 large-bodied lemur species ranges, consisting of species from the families Lemuridae (five genera) and Indriidae (two genera). We fitted Generalized Linear Models to determine the role of habitat fragmentation characteristics, for example, forest cover, patch size, edge density, and landscape configuration, as well as the protected area (PA) network, on the species relative probability of presence. We then assessed how the influence of functional traits (dietary guild, home range size) mitigate the response of species to these habitat metrics. Habitat area had a strong positive effect for many species, and there were significantly negative effects of fragmentation on the distribution of many lemur species. In addition, there was a positive influence of PAs on many lemur species' distribution. Functional trait classifications showed that lemurs of all dietary guilds are negatively affected by fragmentation; however, folivore-frugivores show greater flexibility/variability in terms of habitat area and landscape complexity compared to nearly exclusive folivores and frugivores. Furthermore, species of all home range sizes showed a negative response to fragmentation, while habitat area had an increasingly positive effect as home range increased in size. Overall, the general trends for the majority of lemur species are dire and point to the need for immediate actions on a multitude of fronts, most importantly landscape-level reforestation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Eppley
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, California.,Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Luca Santini
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Montelibretti, Italy.,Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jen C Tinsman
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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293
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Tekete C, Cunnac S, Doucouré H, Dembele M, Keita I, Sarra S, Dagno K, Koita O, Verdier V. Characterization of New Races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Mali Informs Resistance Gene Deployment. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:267-277. [PMID: 31464159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae represents a severe threat to rice cultivation in Mali. Characterizing the pathotypic diversity of bacterial populations is key to the management of pathogen-resistant varieties. Forty-one X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates were collected between 2010 and 2013 in the major rice growing regions in Mali. All isolates were virulent on the susceptible rice variety Azucena; evaluation of the isolates on 12 near isogenic rice lines, each carrying a single resistance gene, identified six new races (A4 to A9) and confirmed race A3 that was previously reported in Mali. Races A5 and A6, isolated in Office du Niger and Sélingué, were the most prevalent races in Mali. Race A9 was the most virulent, circumventing all of the resistance genes tested. Xa3 controlled six of seven races (i.e., 89% of the isolates tested). The expansion of race A9 represents a major risk to rice cultivation and highlights the urgent need to identify a local source of resistance. We selected 14 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae representative of the most prevalent races to evaluate 29 rice varieties grown by farmers in Mali. Six isolates showed a high level of resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae and were then screened with a larger collection of isolates. Based on the interactions among the six varieties and the X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates, we characterized eight different pathotypes (P1 to P8). Two rice varieties, SK20-28 and Gigante, effectively controlled all of the isolates tested. The low association observed among races and pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae suggests that the resistance observed in the local rice varieties does not simply rely on single known Xa genes. X. oryzae pv. oryzae is pathogenically and geographically diverse. Both the races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae characterized in this study and the identification of sources of resistance in local rice varieties provide useful information to inform the design of effective breeding programs for resistance to bacterial leaf blight in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tekete
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Cunnac
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
| | - H Doucouré
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Dembele
- Institute of Rural Economy, Regional Center for Agronomic Research, Niono and Bamako, Mali
| | - I Keita
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - S Sarra
- Institute of Rural Economy, Regional Center for Agronomic Research, Niono and Bamako, Mali
| | - K Dagno
- Institute of Rural Economy, Regional Center for Agronomic Research, Niono and Bamako, Mali
| | - O Koita
- Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - V Verdier
- IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
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294
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Schipper AM, Hilbers JP, Meijer JR, Antão LH, Benítez‐López A, de Jonge MMJ, Leemans LH, Scheper E, Alkemade R, Doelman JC, Mylius S, Stehfest E, van Vuuren DP, van Zeist W, Huijbregts MAJ. Projecting terrestrial biodiversity intactness with GLOBIO 4. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:760-771. [PMID: 31680366 PMCID: PMC7028079 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Scenario-based biodiversity modelling is a powerful approach to evaluate how possible future socio-economic developments may affect biodiversity. Here, we evaluated the changes in terrestrial biodiversity intactness, expressed by the mean species abundance (MSA) metric, resulting from three of the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) combined with different levels of climate change (according to representative concentration pathways [RCPs]): a future oriented towards sustainability (SSP1xRCP2.6), a future determined by a politically divided world (SSP3xRCP6.0) and a future with continued global dependency on fossil fuels (SSP5xRCP8.5). To this end, we first updated the GLOBIO model, which now runs at a spatial resolution of 10 arc-seconds (~300 m), contains new modules for downscaling land use and for quantifying impacts of hunting in the tropics, and updated modules to quantify impacts of climate change, land use, habitat fragmentation and nitrogen pollution. We then used the updated model to project terrestrial biodiversity intactness from 2015 to 2050 as a function of land use and climate changes corresponding with the selected scenarios. We estimated a global area-weighted mean MSA of 0.56 for 2015. Biodiversity intactness declined in all three scenarios, yet the decline was smaller in the sustainability scenario (-0.02) than the regional rivalry and fossil-fuelled development scenarios (-0.06 and -0.05 respectively). We further found considerable variation in projected biodiversity change among different world regions, with large future losses particularly for sub-Saharan Africa. In some scenario-region combinations, we projected future biodiversity recovery due to reduced demands for agricultural land, yet this recovery was counteracted by increased impacts of other pressures (notably climate change and road disturbance). Effective measures to halt or reverse the decline of terrestrial biodiversity should not only reduce land demand (e.g. by increasing agricultural productivity and dietary changes) but also focus on reducing or mitigating the impacts of other pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke M. Schipper
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jelle P. Hilbers
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Johan R. Meijer
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Antão
- Centre for Biological DiversityUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
- Research Centre for Ecological ChangeOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ana Benítez‐López
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Integrative Ecology GroupEstación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - Melinda M. J. de Jonge
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Luuk H. Leemans
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Alkemade
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
- Environmental Systems Analyses GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sido Mylius
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Detlef P. van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
- Faculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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295
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Anderson E, Mammides C. The role of protected areas in mitigating human impact in the world's last wilderness areas. AMBIO 2020; 49:434-441. [PMID: 31214981 PMCID: PMC6965524 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Human impact on the environment is evident across the planet, including its most biodiverse areas. Of particular interest is the impact on the world's last wilderness areas, in which the largest patches of land relatively free from human influence remain. Here, we use the human footprint index to measure the extent to which the world's last wilderness areas have been impacted by human activities-between the years 1993 and 2009-and whether protected areas have been effective in reducing human impact. We found that overall the increase in human footprint was higher in tropical than temperate regions. Moreover, although on average the increase was lower inside protected areas than outside, in half of the fourteen biomes examined the differences were insignificant. Although reasons varied, protected areas alone are unlikely to be ubiquitously successful in protecting wilderness areas. To achieve protection, it is important to address loss and improve environmental governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Anderson
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
- Mcbee, USA
| | - Christos Mammides
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
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296
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Currie J, Marconi V. An analysis of threats and factors that predict trends in Canadian vertebrates designated as at-risk. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of factors that predict trends in population abundance is critical to formulate successful conservation strategies. Here, we explore population trends of Canadian vertebrates assessed as “at-risk” by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada and the threats affecting these trends using data from the Canadian Living Planet Index. We investigate how threat profiles—the combination of threats for a given species—vary among species and taxonomic groups. We then investigate threat profile as a predictor of temporal trends—both exclusively and in combination with additional biotic and abiotic factors. Species had 5.06 (±2.77) threats listed on average, and biological resource use (BRU) was the most frequently cited. Our analysis also revealed an association between taxonomic group and population trends, as measured by the proportion of annual increases (years with a positive interannual change). By contrast, the predictive power of threat profile was poor. This analysis yielded some useful insight for conservation action, particularly the prioritization of abating BRU. However, the predictive models were not as meaningful as originally anticipated. We provide recommendations on methodological improvements to advance the understanding of factors that predict trends in population abundance for prioritizing conservation action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Currie
- World Wildlife Fund Canada, 410 Adelaide Street West, Toronto, ON M5V 1S8, Canada
| | - Valentina Marconi
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY1S8, UK
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297
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Chowdhury S, Brown J, Swedell L. Anthropogenic effects on the physiology and behaviour of chacma baboons in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa066. [PMID: 34336216 PMCID: PMC7428446 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As animals increasingly occupy habitats in proximity to humans, with home ranges a mosaic of natural and anthropogenic landscapes, it becomes imperative from a conservation perspective to understand the impacts of human activities on wildlife. Many non-human primates share habitats with humans, an ability stemming largely from shared ecological needs due to our close evolutionary relationship. Such proximity, however, is often accompanied by direct conflict between humans and wildlife, leading to higher stress levels, injuries, mortality and behavioural changes, with detrimental effects on long-term health and fitness. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones, which are released in response to ecological and social challenges, are increasingly employed to understand responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Here we investigate physiological and behavioural responses of female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) to variation in spatial overlap and conflict with humans in their natural home range. The baboons resided in the Tokai Section of Table Mountain National Park in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa, where their home range included four types of habitats: protected, suburban, agricultural and mosaic areas. We studied the largest group of baboons in Tokai (70 individuals) and examined the effects of ranging in these different habitats on the faecal GCs and behaviour of all adult females in the troop (N = 16). We found time spent ranging in more anthropogenic habitats to be associated with higher levels of GCs, more aggression, less time socializing and shorter grooming bouts. Self-directed behaviour, however, varied and did not necessarily reflect physiological measures of stress. Taken together, the results of this study highlight the risks associated with ranging in anthropogenic environments and point to the need for a multifaceted approach to studying the negative impacts of human activities on animals so as to better inform conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrina Chowdhury
- Department of Anthropology, Brooklyn College, CUNY, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Anthropology Program, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Anthropology, Brooklyn College—CUNY, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA. Tel: 1-718-951-5000 x.2136.
| | - Janine Brown
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Larissa Swedell
- Anthropology Program, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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298
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Integrating biodiversity conservation in wider landscape management: Necessity, implementation and evaluation. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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299
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Vaugeois M, Venturelli PA, Hummel SL, Accolla C, Forbes VE. Population context matters: Predicting the effects of metabolic stress mediated by food availability and predation with an agent- and energy budget-based model. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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300
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Ninety-Ninth Annual Meeting American Society of Mammalogists Hyatt Regency Washington on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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