251
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Cleghorn WM, Bulus N, Kook S, Gurevich VV, Zent R, Gurevich EV. Non-visual arrestins regulate the focal adhesion formation via small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 independently of GPCRs. Cell Signal 2018; 42:259-269. [PMID: 29133163 PMCID: PMC5732042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins recruit a variety of signaling proteins to active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors in the plasma membrane and to the cytoskeleton. Loss of arrestins leads to decreased cell migration, altered cell shape, and an increase in focal adhesions. Small GTPases of the Rho family are molecular switches that regulate actin cytoskeleton and affect a variety of dynamic cellular functions including cell migration and cell morphology. Here we show that non-visual arrestins differentially regulate RhoA and Rac1 activity to promote cell spreading via actin reorganization, and focal adhesion formation via two distinct mechanisms. Arrestins regulate these small GTPases independently of G-protein-coupled receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Cleghorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Nada Bulus
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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252
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Yui S, Azzolin L, Maimets M, Pedersen MT, Fordham RP, Hansen SL, Larsen HL, Guiu J, Alves MRP, Rundsten CF, Johansen JV, Li Y, Madsen CD, Nakamura T, Watanabe M, Nielsen OH, Schweiger PJ, Piccolo S, Jensen KB. YAP/TAZ-Dependent Reprogramming of Colonic Epithelium Links ECM Remodeling to Tissue Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 22:35-49.e7. [PMID: 29249464 PMCID: PMC5766831 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration requires dynamic cellular adaptation to the wound environment. It is currently unclear how this is orchestrated at the cellular level and how cell fate is affected by severe tissue damage. Here we dissect cell fate transitions during colonic regeneration in a mouse dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model, and we demonstrate that the epithelium is transiently reprogrammed into a primitive state. This is characterized by de novo expression of fetal markers as well as suppression of markers for adult stem and differentiated cells. The fate change is orchestrated by remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM), increased FAK/Src signaling, and ultimately YAP/TAZ activation. In a defined cell culture system recapitulating the extracellular matrix remodeling observed in vivo, we show that a collagen 3D matrix supplemented with Wnt ligands is sufficient to sustain endogenous YAP/TAZ and induce conversion of cell fate. This provides a simple model for tissue regeneration, implicating cellular reprogramming as an essential element. The repairing epithelium can be isolated based on Sca1 expression Markers upregulated during tissue repair are expressed in the fetal intestine Mechano-transduction via FAK, Src, and YAP/TAZ facilitate efficient tissue repair YAP/TAZ activation is required and sufficient to induce cellular reprogramming
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Yui
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Luca Azzolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Martti Maimets
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Marianne Terndrup Pedersen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Robert P Fordham
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Stine L Hansen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hjalte L Larsen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jordi Guiu
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mariana R P Alves
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Carsten F Rundsten
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens V Johansen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Chris D Madsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Pawel J Schweiger
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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253
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Lagares D, Santos A, Grasberger PE, Liu F, Probst CK, Rahimi RA, Sakai N, Kuehl T, Ryan J, Bhola P, Montero J, Kapoor M, Baron M, Varelas X, Tschumperlin DJ, Letai A, Tager AM. Targeted apoptosis of myofibroblasts with the BH3 mimetic ABT-263 reverses established fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaal3765. [PMID: 29237758 PMCID: PMC8520471 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Persistent myofibroblast activation distinguishes pathological fibrosis from physiological wound healing, suggesting that therapies selectively inducing myofibroblast apoptosis could prevent progression and potentially reverse established fibrosis in diseases such as scleroderma, a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by multiorgan fibrosis. We demonstrate that fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation driven by matrix stiffness increases the mitochondrial priming (proximity to the apoptotic threshold) of these activated cells. Mitochondria in activated myofibroblasts, but not quiescent fibroblasts, are primed by death signals such as the proapoptotic BH3-only protein BIM, which creates a requirement for tonic expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-XL to sequester BIM and ensure myofibroblast survival. Myofibroblasts become particularly susceptible to apoptosis induced by "BH3 mimetic" drugs inhibiting BCL-XL such as ABT-263. ABT-263 displaces BCL-XL binding to BIM, allowing BIM to activate apoptosis on stiffness-primed myofibroblasts. Therapeutic blockade of BCL-XL with ABT-263 (navitoclax) effectively treats established fibrosis in a mouse model of scleroderma dermal fibrosis by inducing myofibroblast apoptosis. Using a BH3 profiling assay to assess mitochondrial priming in dermal fibroblasts derived from patients with scleroderma, we demonstrate that the extent of apoptosis induced by BH3 mimetic drugs correlates with the extent of their mitochondrial priming, indicating that BH3 profiling could predict apoptotic responses of fibroblasts to BH3 mimetic drugs in patients with scleroderma. Together, our findings elucidate the potential efficacy of targeting myofibroblast antiapoptotic proteins with BH3 mimetic drugs in scleroderma and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lagares
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Alba Santos
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paula E Grasberger
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clemens K Probst
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rod A Rahimi
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tobias Kuehl
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Bhola
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joan Montero
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray Baron
- Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Fibrosis Research Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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254
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Wang SP, Wang LH. Disease implication of hyper-Hippo signalling. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160119. [PMID: 27805903 PMCID: PMC5090056 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway regulates cellular proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, thus exerting profound effects on cellular homeostasis. Inhibition of Hippo signalling has been frequently implicated in human cancers, indicating a well-known tumour suppressor function of the Hippo pathway. However, it is less certain whether and how hyperactivation of the Hippo pathway affects biological outcome in living cells. This review describes current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway, mainly focusing on hyperactivation of the Hippo signalling nexus. The disease implications of hyperactivated Hippo signalling have also been discussed, including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, Sveinsson's chorioretinal atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and diabetes. By highlighting the significance of disease-relevant Hippo signalling activation, this review can offer exciting prospects to address the onset and potential reversal of Hippo-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lan-Hsin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
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255
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Abstract
In his classic book On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson discussed the necessity of a physical and mathematical approach to understanding the relationship between growth and form. The past century has seen extraordinary advances in our understanding of biological components and processes contributing to organismal morphogenesis, but the mathematical and physical principles involved have not received comparable attention. The most obvious entry of physics into morphogenesis is via tissue mechanics. In this Review, we discuss the fundamental role of mechanical interactions between cells induced by growth in shaping a tissue. Non-uniform growth can lead to accumulation of mechanical stress, which in the context of two-dimensional sheets of tissue can specify the shape it assumes in three dimensions. A special class of growth patterns - conformal growth - does not lead to the accumulation of stress and can generate a rich variety of planar tissue shapes. Conversely, mechanical stress can provide a regulatory feedback signal into the growth control circuit. Both theory and experiment support a key role for mechanical interactions in shaping tissues and, via mechanical feedback, controlling epithelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Boris I Shraiman
- Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
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256
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Byun MR, Hwang JH, Kim AR, Kim KM, Park JI, Oh HT, Hwang ES, Hong JH. SRC activates TAZ for intestinal tumorigenesis and regeneration. Cancer Lett 2017; 410:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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257
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Belin S, Zuloaga KL, Poitelon Y. Influence of Mechanical Stimuli on Schwann Cell Biology. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:347. [PMID: 29209171 PMCID: PMC5701625 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They insulate axons by forming a specialized extension of plasma membrane called the myelin sheath. The formation of myelin is essential for the rapid saltatory propagation of action potentials and to maintain the integrity of axons. Although both axonal and extracellular matrix (ECM) signals are necessary for myelination to occur, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myelination continue to be elucidated. Schwann cells in peripheral nerves are physiologically exposed to mechanical stresses (i.e., tensile, compressive and shear strains), occurring during development, adulthood and injuries. In addition, there is a growing body of evidences that Schwann cells are sensitive to the stiffness of their environment. In this review, we detail the mechanical constraints of Schwann cells and peripheral nerves. We explore the regulation of Schwann cell signaling pathways in response to mechanical stimulation. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of the experimental studies addressing the mechanobiology of Schwann cells. Understanding which mechanical properties can interfere with the cellular and molecular biology of Schwann cell during development, myelination and following injuries opens new insights in the regulation of PNS development and treatment approaches in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Belin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Kristen L. Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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258
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Eibl G, Rozengurt E. KRAS, YAP, and obesity in pancreatic cancer: A signaling network with multiple loops. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 54:50-62. [PMID: 29079305 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be a lethal disease with no efficacious treatment modalities. The incidence of PDAC is expected to increase, at least partially because of the obesity epidemic. Increased efforts to prevent or intercept this disease are clearly needed. Mutations in KRAS are initiating events in pancreatic carcinogenesis supported by genetically engineered mouse models of the disease. However, oncogenic KRAS is not entirely sufficient for the development of fully invasive PDAC. Additional genetic mutations and/or environmental, nutritional, and metabolic stressors, e.g. inflammation and obesity, are required for efficient PDAC formation with activation of KRAS downstream effectors. Multiple factors "upstream" of KRAS associated with obesity, including insulin resistance, inflammation, changes in gut microbiota and GI peptides, can enhance/modulate downstream signals. Multiple signaling networks and feedback loops "downstream" of KRAS have been described that respond to obesogenic diets. We propose that KRAS mutations potentiate a signaling network that is promoted by environmental factors. Specifically, we envisage that KRAS mutations increase the intensity and duration of the growth-promoting signaling network. As the transcriptional activator YAP plays a critical role in the network, we conclude that the rationale for targeting the network (at different points), e.g. with FDA approved drugs such as statins and metformin, is therefore compelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Eibl
- Departments of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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259
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Mochizuki M, Lorenz V, Ivanek R, Della Verde G, Gaudiello E, Marsano A, Pfister O, Kuster GM. Polo-Like Kinase 2 is Dynamically Regulated to Coordinate Proliferation and Early Lineage Specification Downstream of Yes-Associated Protein 1 in Cardiac Progenitor Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005920. [PMID: 29066438 PMCID: PMC5721832 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that adult cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) can produce new cardiac cells. Such cell formation requires an intricate coordination of progenitor cell proliferation and commitment, but the molecular cues responsible for this regulation in CPCs are ill defined. METHODS AND RESULTS Extracellular matrix components are important instructors of cell fate. Using laminin and fibronectin, we induced two slightly distinct CPC phenotypes differing in proliferation rate and commitment status and analyzed the early transcriptomic response to CPC adhesion (<2 hours). Ninety-four genes were differentially regulated on laminin versus fibronectin, consisting of mostly downregulated genes that were enriched for Yes-associated protein (YAP) conserved signature and TEA domain family member 1 (TEAD1)-related genes. This early gene regulation was preceded by the rapid cytosolic sequestration and degradation of YAP on laminin. Among the most strongly regulated genes was polo-like kinase 2 (Plk2). Plk2 expression depended on YAP stability and was enhanced in CPCs transfected with a nuclear-targeted mutant YAP. Phenotypically, the early downregulation of Plk2 on laminin was succeeded by lower cell proliferation, enhanced lineage gene expression (24 hours), and facilitated differentiation (3 weeks) compared with fibronectin. Finally, overexpression of Plk2 enhanced CPC proliferation and knockdown of Plk2 induced the expression of lineage genes. CONCLUSIONS Plk2 acts as coordinator of cell proliferation and early lineage commitment in CPCs. The rapid downregulation of Plk2 on YAP inactivation marks a switch towards enhanced commitment and facilitated differentiation. These findings link early gene regulation to cell fate and provide novel insights into how CPC proliferation and differentiation are orchestrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michika Mochizuki
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Lorenz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Della Verde
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Gaudiello
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Marsano
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Otmar Pfister
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela M Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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260
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Hubaud A, Regev I, Mahadevan L, Pourquié O. Excitable Dynamics and Yap-Dependent Mechanical Cues Drive the Segmentation Clock. Cell 2017; 171:668-682.e11. [PMID: 28942924 PMCID: PMC5722254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The periodic segmentation of the vertebrate body axis into somites, and later vertebrae, relies on a genetic oscillator (the segmentation clock) driving the rhythmic activity of signaling pathways in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). To understand whether oscillations are an intrinsic property of individual cells or represent a population-level phenomenon, we established culture conditions for stable oscillations at the cellular level. This system was used to demonstrate that oscillations are a collective property of PSM cells that can be actively triggered in vitro by a dynamical quorum sensing signal involving Yap and Notch signaling. Manipulation of Yap-dependent mechanical cues is sufficient to predictably switch isolated PSM cells from a quiescent to an oscillatory state in vitro, a behavior reminiscent of excitability in other systems. Together, our work argues that the segmentation clock behaves as an excitable system, introducing a broader paradigm to study such dynamics in vertebrate morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hubaud
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ido Regev
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Departments of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and Kavli Institute for Nanobio Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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261
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Guo B, Yan H, Li L, Yin K, Ji F, Zhang S. Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) activates Integrin β3/FAK signaling and promotes metastasis in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:69. [PMID: 29021002 PMCID: PMC5637322 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), however the mechanisms that underline this process are poorly understood. Collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (CTHRC1) is a 28-kDa secreted protein reported to be involved in vascular remodeling, bone formation and morphogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the role of CTHRC1 in promoting the metastasis of EOC and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The biologic functions of CTHRC1 in metastasis were validated both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The phosphor-antibody microarray analysis and Co-immunoprecipitation were performed to detect and identify the integrin β3/FAK signaling pathway that mediated the function of CTHRC1. Seventy two EOC samples were analyzed for association between CTHRC1/integrin β3 expression and patient clinicopathological features. RESULTS We demonstrated that CTHRC1 enhances the biological behavior of EOC including cell migration, invasion, as well as its adhesion capability to cell-extracellular matrix in vitro. Additionally, CTHRC1 promoted metastatic spread of EOC cells in an i.p. ovarian xenograft model and this phenotype was primarily ascribed to the activation of integrin/FAK signaling. Mechanistically, we determined that FAK were phosphorylated on Tyr397, and were activated by integrin β3, which is important for the CTHRC1-mediated migratory and invasive ability of EOC cells in vitro and i.p. metastasis. In addition, we found that attenuated CTHRC1/integrin β3 expression predicted a poor prognostic phenotype and advanced clinical stage of EOC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CTHRC1, a newly identified regulator of i.p. metastasis through activation of integrin β3/FAK signaling in EOC, may represent a potential therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PuJian Road No.160, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Huan Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ji University, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Luying Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PuJian Road No.160, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Kemin Yin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PuJian Road No.160, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PuJian Road No.160, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecology Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PuJian Road No.160, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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262
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Sabra H, Brunner M, Mandati V, Wehrle-Haller B, Lallemand D, Ribba AS, Chevalier G, Guardiola P, Block MR, Bouvard D. β1 integrin-dependent Rac/group I PAK signaling mediates YAP activation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) via NF2/merlin. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19179-19197. [PMID: 28972170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix or to surrounding cells plays a key role in cell proliferation and differentiation and is critical for proper tissue homeostasis. An important pathway in adhesion-dependent cell proliferation is the Hippo signaling cascade, which is coregulated by the transcription factors Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). However, how cells integrate extracellular information at the molecular level to regulate YAP1's nuclear localization is still puzzling. Herein, we investigated the role of β1 integrins in regulating this process. We found that β1 integrin-dependent cell adhesion is critical for supporting cell proliferation in mesenchymal cells both in vivo and in vitro β1 integrin-dependent cell adhesion relied on the relocation of YAP1 to the nucleus after the down-regulation of its phosphorylated state mediated by large tumor suppressor gene 1 and 2 (LATS1/2). We also found that this phenotype relies on β1 integrin-dependent local activation of the small GTPase RAC1 at the plasma membrane to control the activity of P21 (RAC1)-activated kinase (PAK) of group 1. We further report that the regulatory protein merlin (neurofibromin 2, NF2) interacts with both YAP1 and LATS1/2 via its C-terminal moiety and FERM domain, respectively. PAK1-mediated merlin phosphorylation on Ser-518 reduced merlin's interactions with both LATS1/2 and YAP1, resulting in YAP1 dephosphorylation and nuclear shuttling. Our results highlight RAC/PAK1 as major players in YAP1 regulation triggered by cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Sabra
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Molly Brunner
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Vinay Mandati
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lallemand
- the Ecole Polytechnique, Department of Biochemistry, CNRS 7654, F-91128 Palaiseau, France, and
| | - Anne-Sophie Ribba
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Genevieve Chevalier
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Guardiola
- the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and Université d'Angers, Plateform, Institute for Biological Health, Transcriptome and Epigenomic, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Marc R Block
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Bouvard
- From the Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM 1209, CNRS 5309, F-38042 Grenoble, France,
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263
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Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 promotes cell proliferation through YAP/TAZ activation in cancer. Oncogene 2017; 37:263-270. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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264
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Hicks-Berthet J, Varelas X. Integrin-FAK-CDC42-PP1A signaling gnaws at YAP/TAZ activity to control incisor stem cells. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28891248 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
How epithelial tissues are able to self-renew to maintain homeostasis and regenerate in response to injury remains a persistent question. The transcriptional effectors YAP and TAZ are increasingly being recognized as central mediators of epithelial stem cell biology, and a wealth of recent studies have been directed at understanding the control and activity of these factors. Recent work by Hu et al. has added to this knowledge, as they identify an Integrin-FAK-CDC42-PP1A signaling cascade that directs nuclear YAP/TAZ activity in stem cell populations of the mouse incisor, and define convergence on mTORC1 signaling as an important mediator of the proliferation of these cells. Here, we review recent studies on YAP/TAZ function and regulation in epithelial tissue-specific stem cells, merging the Hu et al. study together with our current knowledge of YAP/TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hicks-Berthet
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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265
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Lo Sardo F, Muti P, Blandino G, Strano S. Melatonin and Hippo Pathway: Is There Existing Cross-Talk? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091913. [PMID: 28878191 PMCID: PMC5618562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an indolic hormone that regulates a plethora of functions ranging from the regulation of circadian rhythms and antioxidant properties to the induction and maintenance of tumor suppressor pathways. It binds to specific receptors as well as to some cytosolic proteins, leading to several cellular signaling cascades. Recently, the involvement of melatonin in cancer insurgence and progression has clearly been demonstrated. In this review, we will first describe the structure and functions of melatonin and its receptors, and then discuss both molecular and epidemiological evidence on melatonin anticancer effects. Finally, we will shed light on potential cross-talk between melatonin signaling and the Hippo signaling pathway, along with the possible implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lo Sardo
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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266
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Toyama T, Looney AP, Baker BM, Stawski L, Haines P, Simms R, Szymaniak AD, Varelas X, Trojanowska M. Therapeutic Targeting of TAZ and YAP by Dimethyl Fumarate in Systemic Sclerosis Fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:78-88. [PMID: 28870693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is a devastating fibrotic disease with few treatment options. Fumaric acid esters, including dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera; Biogen, Cambridge, MA), have shown therapeutic effects in several disease models, prompting us to determine whether DMF is effective as a treatment for SSc dermal fibrosis. We found that DMF blocks the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) in SSc skin fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we found that DMF treatment reduced nuclear localization of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) and Yes-associated protein (YAP) proteins via inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. In addition, DMF abrogated TGFβ/Akt1 mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen kinase 3β (GSK3β) and a subsequent β-transducin repeat-containing proteins (βTRCP) mediated proteasomal degradation of TAZ, as well as a corresponding decrease of TAZ/YAP transcriptional targets. Depletion of TAZ/YAP recapitulated the antifibrotic effects of DMF. We also confirmed the increase of TAZ/YAP in skin biopsies from patients with diffuse SSc. We further showed that DMF significantly diminished nuclear TAZ/YAP localization in fibroblasts cultured on a stiff surface. Importantly, DMF prevented bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis in mice. Together, our work demonstrates a mechanism of the antifibrotic effect of DMF via inhibition of Akt1/GSK3β/TAZ/YAP signaling and confirms a critical role of TAZ/YAP in mediating the profibrotic responses in dermal fibroblasts. This study supports the use of DMF as a treatment for SSc dermal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Toyama
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnieszka P Looney
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lukasz Stawski
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Haines
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Simms
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksander D Szymaniak
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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267
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Fisher ML, Ciavattone N, Grun D, Adhikary G, Eckert RL. Sulforaphane reduces YAP/∆Np63α signaling to reduce cancer stem cell survival and tumor formation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73407-73418. [PMID: 29088716 PMCID: PMC5650271 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is among the most common cancers. SCC can be treated by surgical excision, but recurrence of therapy-resistant disease is a major problem. We recently showed that YAP1, the Hippo signaling transcription adaptor protein, and ∆Np63α, a key epidermal stem cell survival protein, form a complex to drive epidermal cancer stem cell survival. In the present study, we demonstrate that YAP1 and ∆Np63α are important sulforaphane cancer prevention targets. We show that sulforaphane treatment increases YAP1 phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation. The loss of YAP1 is associated with a reduction in ∆Np63α level and a reduction in ECS cell survival, spheroid formation, invasion and migration. Loss of YAP1 and ∆Np63α is mediated by the proteasome and can be inhibited by lactacystin treatment. YAP1 or ∆Np63α knockdown replicates the responses to sulforaphane, and restoration of YAP1 or ∆Np63α antagonizes sulforaphane action. Sulforaphane suppresses ECS cell tumor formation and this is associated with reduced levels of YAP1 and ∆Np63α. These studies suggest that YAP1 and ∆Np63α may be important sulforaphane cancer preventive targets in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Ciavattone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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268
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Jasplakinolide induces primary cilium formation through cell rounding and YAP inactivation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183030. [PMID: 28797107 PMCID: PMC5552318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile cilia that serve as cellular antennae for sensing and transducing extracellular signals. In general, primary cilia are generated by cell quiescence signals. Recent studies have shown that manipulations to increase actin assembly suppress quiescence-induced ciliogenesis. To further examine the role of actin dynamics in ciliogenesis, we analyzed the effect of jasplakinolide (Jasp), a potent inducer of actin polymerization, on ciliogenesis. Unexpectedly, Jasp treatment induced ciliogenesis in serum-fed cells cultured at low density. In contrast, Jasp had no apparent effect on ciliogenesis in cells cultured at higher densities. Jasp-induced ciliogenesis was correlated with a change in cell morphology from a flat and adherent shape to a round and weakly adherent one. Jasp treatment also induced the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization of the YAP transcriptional co-activator and suppressed cell proliferation in low density-cultured cells. Overexpression of an active form of YAP suppressed Jasp-induced ciliogenesis. These results suggest that Jasp induces ciliogenesis through cell rounding and cytoplasmic localization and inactivation of YAP. Knockdown of LATS1/2 only faintly suppressed Jasp-induced YAP phosphorylation, indicating that LATS1/2 are not primarily responsible for Jasp-induced YAP phosphorylation. Furthermore, overexpression of active Src kinase suppressed Jasp-induced cytoplasmic localization of YAP and ciliogenesis, suggesting that down-regulation of Src activity is involved in Jasp-induced YAP inactivation and ciliogenesis. Our data suggest that actin polymerization does not suppress ciliogenesis per se but rather that cell rounding and reduced cell adhesion are more crucially involved in Jasp-induced ciliogenesis.
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269
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Smoot RL, Werneburg NW, Sugihara T, Hernandez MC, Yang L, Mehner C, Graham RP, Bronk SF, Truty MJ, Gores GJ. Platelet-derived growth factor regulates YAP transcriptional activity via Src family kinase dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:824-836. [PMID: 28661054 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway effector YAP is implicated in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The Hippo pathway relies on signaling cross talk for its regulation. Given the importance of platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling in CCA biology, our aim was to examine potential YAP regulation by PDGFR. We employed human and mouse CCA specimens and cell lines for these studies. Initially, we confirmed upregulation of PDGFRβ and PDGFR ligands in human and mouse CCA specimens and cell lines. YAP, a transcriptional co-activator, was localized to the nucleus in human CCA specimens and a cell line, as well as patient derived xenografts (PDX). PDGFR pharmacologic inhibition led to a redistribution of YAP from the nucleus to cytosol and downregulation of YAP target genes in a human CCA cell line. siRNA silencing of PDGFR-β similarly downregulated YAP target genes. YAP activation (nuclear localization and target gene expression) was regulated by Src family kinases (SFKs) downstream of PDGFR. SFK activity resulted in phosphorylation of YAP on tyrosine357 (YAPY357 ). The importance of YAPY357 phosphorylation in regulating YAP activation was confirmed utilizing the SB-1 cell line, a mouse cell line expressing YAP S127A precluding canonical serine phosphorylation. PDGFR inhibition decreased cellular abundance of the survival protein Mcl-1, a known YAP target gene, and accordingly increased cell death in CCA cells in vitro and in vivo. These preclinical data demonstrate that a PDGFR-SFK cascade regulates YAP activation via tyrosine phosphorylation in CCA. Inhibiting this cascade may provide a viable therapeutic strategy for this human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Werneburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Takaaki Sugihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew C Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christine Mehner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark J Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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270
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Lin KC, Moroishi T, Meng Z, Jeong HS, Plouffe SW, Sekido Y, Han J, Park HW, Guan KL. Regulation of Hippo pathway transcription factor TEAD by p38 MAPK-induced cytoplasmic translocation. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:996-1002. [PMID: 28752853 PMCID: PMC5541894 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway controls organ size and tissue homeostasis, with deregulation leading to cancer. The core Hippo components in mammals are composed of the upstream serine/threonine kinases Mst1/2, MAPK4Ks and Lats1/2. Inactivation of these upstream kinases leads to dephosphorylation, stabilization, nuclear translocation and thus activation of the major functional transducers of the Hippo pathway, YAP and its paralogue TAZ. YAP/TAZ are transcription co-activators that regulate gene expression primarily through interaction with the TEA domain DNA-binding family of transcription factors (TEAD). The current paradigm for regulation of this pathway centres on phosphorylation-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of YAP/TAZ through a complex network of upstream components. However, unlike other transcription factors, such as SMAD, NF-κB, NFAT and STAT, the regulation of TEAD nucleocytoplasmic shuttling has been largely overlooked. In the present study, we show that environmental stress promotes TEAD cytoplasmic translocation via p38 MAPK in a Hippo-independent manner. Importantly, stress-induced TEAD inhibition predominates YAP-activating signals and selectively suppresses YAP-driven cancer cell growth. Our data reveal a mechanism governing TEAD nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and show that TEAD localization is a critical determinant of Hippo signalling output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C. Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven W. Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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271
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Si Y, Ji X, Cao X, Dai X, Xu L, Zhao H, Guo X, Yan H, Zhang H, Zhu C, Zhou Q, Tang M, Xia Z, Li L, Cong YS, Ye S, Liang T, Feng XH, Zhao B. Src Inhibits the Hippo Tumor Suppressor Pathway through Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Lats1. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4868-4880. [PMID: 28754671 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and stem cell self-renewal, and its inactivation in animal models causes organ enlargement followed by tumorigenesis. Hippo pathway deregulation occurs in many human cancers, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report tyrosine phosphorylation of the Hippo pathway tumor suppressor LATS1 as a mechanism underlying its regulation by cell adhesion. A tyrosine kinase library screen identified Src as the kinase to directly phosphorylate LATS1 on multiple residues, causing attenuated Mob kinase activator binding and structural alteration of the substrate-binding pocket in the kinase domain. Cell matrix adhesion activated the Hippo pathway effector transcription coactivator YAP partially through Src-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of LATS1. Aberrant Src activation abolished the tumor suppressor activity of LATS1 and induced tumorigenesis in a YAP-dependent manner. Protein levels of Src in human breast cancer tissues correlated with accumulation of active YAP dephosphorylated on the LATS1 target site. These findings reveal tyrosine phosphorylation of LATS1 by Src as a novel mechanism of Hippo pathway regulation by cell adhesion and suggest Src activation as an underlying reason for YAP deregulation in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4868-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Si
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyan Ji
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolei Cao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Dai
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyi Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocan Guo
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huan Yan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chu Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei Tang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Cong
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and the Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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272
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Sun M, Spill F, Zaman MH. A Computational Model of YAP/TAZ Mechanosensing. Biophys J 2017; 110:2540-2550. [PMID: 27276271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cell proliferation, stem cell differentiation, chemoresistance, and tissue organization, the ubiquitous role of YAP/TAZ continues to impact our fundamental understanding in numerous physiological and disease systems. YAP/TAZ is an important signaling nexus integrating diverse mechanical and biochemical signals, such as ECM stiffness, adhesion ligand density, or cell-cell contacts, and thus strongly influences cell fate. Recent studies show that YAP/TAZ mechanical sensing is dependent on RhoA-regulated stress fibers. However, current understanding of YAP/TAZ remains limited due to the unknown interaction between the canonical Hippo pathway and cell tension. Furthermore, the multiscale relationship connecting adhesion signaling to YAP/TAZ activity through cytoskeleton dynamics remains poorly understood. To identify the roles of key signaling molecules in mechanical signal sensing and transduction, we present a, to our knowledge, novel computational model of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. This model converts extracellular-matrix mechanical properties to biochemical signals via adhesion, and integrates intracellular signaling cascades associated with cytoskeleton dynamics. We perform perturbations of molecular levels and sensitivity analyses to predict how various signaling molecules affect YAP/TAZ activity. Adhesion molecules, such as FAK, are predicted to rescue YAP/TAZ activity in soft environments via the RhoA pathway. We also found that changes of molecule concentrations result in different patterns of YAP/TAZ stiffness response. We also investigate the sensitivity of YAP/TAZ activity to ECM stiffness, and compare with that of SRF/MAL, which is another important regulator of differentiation. In addition, the model shows that the unresolved synergistic effect of YAP/TAZ activity between the mechanosensing and the Hippo pathways can be explained by the interaction of LIM-kinase and LATS. Overall, our model provides a, to our knowledge, novel platform for studying YAP/TAZ activity in the context of integrating different signaling pathways. This platform can be used to gain, to our knowledge, new fundamental insights into roles of key molecular and mechanical regulators on development, tissue engineering, or tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fabian Spill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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273
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YAP regulates cell mechanics by controlling focal adhesion assembly. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15321. [PMID: 28504269 PMCID: PMC5440673 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ act as on–off mechanosensing switches by sensing modifications in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and mechanics. The regulation of their activity has been described by a hierarchical model in which elements of Hippo pathway are under the control of focal adhesions (FAs). Here we unveil the molecular mechanism by which cell spreading and RhoA GTPase activity control FA formation through YAP to stabilize the anchorage of the actin cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. This mechanism requires YAP co-transcriptional function and involves the activation of genes encoding for integrins and FA docking proteins. Tuning YAP transcriptional activity leads to the modification of cell mechanics, force development and adhesion strength, and determines cell shape, migration and differentiation. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of YAP mechanosensing activity and qualify this Hippo effector as the key determinant of cell mechanics in response to ECM cues. The transcriptional co-activator YAP is known to operate downstream of mechanical signals arising from the cell niche. Here the authors demonstrate that YAP controls cell mechanics, force development and adhesion strength by promoting the transcription of genes related to focal adhesions.
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274
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Nakatani K, Maehama T, Nishio M, Goto H, Kato W, Omori H, Miyachi Y, Togashi H, Shimono Y, Suzuki A. Targeting the Hippo signalling pathway for cancer treatment. J Biochem 2017; 161:237-244. [PMID: 28003431 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway monitors cell-cell contact and external factors that shape tissue structure. In mice, tumourigenesis and developmental abnormalities are common consequences of dysregulated Hippo signalling. Expression of Hippo pathway components is also frequently altered in human tumours and correlates with poor prognosis and reduced patient survival. Thus, the Hippo pathway is an attractive anti-cancer target. Here, we provide an overview of the function and regulation of Hippo signalling components and summarize progress to date on the development of agents able to regulate Hippo signalling for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nakatani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakako Kato
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Omori
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyachi
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideru Togashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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275
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He J, Bao Q, Yan M, Liang J, Zhu Y, Wang C, Ai D. The role of Hippo/yes-associated protein signalling in vascular remodelling associated with cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1354-1361. [PMID: 28369744 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodelling is a vital process of a wide range of cardiovascular diseases and represents the altered structure and arrangement of blood vessels. The Hippo pathway controls organ size by regulating cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcription coactivator, is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway. There is growing evidence for the importance of the Hippo/YAP pathway in vascular-remodelling and related cardiovascular diseases. The Hippo/YAP pathway alters extracellular matrix production or degradation and the growth, death and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, which contributes to vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, atherosclerosis, restenosis, aortic aneurysms and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent findings about the roles and mechanisms of Hippo/YAP signalling in vascular remodelling and related conditions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qiankun Bao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Meng Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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276
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Guo X, Li W, Ma M, Lu X, Zhang H. Endothelial cell-derived matrix promotes the metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte via integrin-Src signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2809-2822. [PMID: 28470937 PMCID: PMC5661128 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is involved in the regulation of hepatocyte phenotype and function. Recently, the cell‐derived extracellular matrix has been proposed to represent the bioactive and biocompatible materials of the native ECM. Here, we show that the endothelial cell‐derived matrix (EC matrix) promotes the metabolic maturation of human adipose stem cell‐derived hepatocyte‐like cells (hASC‐HLCs) through the activation of the transcription factor forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) and the nuclear receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and pregnane X receptor (PXR). Reducing the fibronectin content in the EC matrix or silencing the expression of α5 integrin in the hASC‐HLCs inhibited the effect of the EC matrix on Src phosphorylation and hepatocyte maturation. The inhibition of Src phosphorylation using the inhibitor PP2 or silencing the expression of Src in hASC‐HLCs also attenuated the up‐regulation of the metabolic function of hASC‐HLCs in a nuclear receptor‐dependent manner. These data elucidate integrin‐Src signalling linking the extrinsic EC matrix signals and metabolic functional maturation of hepatocyte. This study provides a model for studying the interaction between hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cell‐derived matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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277
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Moleirinho S, Hoxha S, Mandati V, Curtale G, Troutman S, Ehmer U, Kissil JL. Regulation of localization and function of the transcriptional co-activator YAP by angiomotin. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28464980 PMCID: PMC5415356 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP pathway is a central regulator of cell contact inhibition, proliferation and death. There are conflicting reports regarding the role of Angiomotin (Amot) in regulating this pathway. While some studies suggest a YAP-inhibitory function other studies indicate Amot is required for YAP activity. Here, we describe an Amot-dependent complex comprised of Amot, YAP and Merlin. The phosphorylation of Amot at Serine 176 shifts localization of this complex to the plasma membrane, where it associates with the tight-junction proteins Pals1/PATJ and E-cadherin. Conversely, hypophosphorylated Amot shifts localization of the complex to the nucleus, where it facilitates the association of YAP and TEAD, induces transcriptional activation of YAP target genes and promotes YAP-dependent cell proliferation. We propose that phosphorylation of AmotS176 is a critical post-translational modification that suppresses YAP’s ability to promote cell proliferation and tumorigenesis by altering the subcellular localization of an essential YAP co-factor. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23966.001 Cells in animals and other multi-cellular organisms need to know when and where they should grow and divide. Individual cells communicate with their surrounding environment and each other via signaling pathways such as the Hippo-YAP pathway, which stimulates cells to grow and therefore influences the size of organs. When the Hippo part of the pathway is active it causes a protein known as YAP to move out of a compartment in the cell called the nucleus. Inside the nucleus, YAP helps to activate genes that promote cell growth. If the Hippo pathway can no longer respond to cues from the environment, YAP becomes over-active and can contribute to the development of various cancers. Therefore researchers are trying to better understand how it is regulated. Many signals both from inside and outside the cell influence YAP activity. For example, some signals block YAP from entering the nucleus, whereas others cause YAP to be broken down entirely. Several studies have recently identified a signal protein called angiomotin as a regulator of YAP. However, the studies provide conflicting reports as to whether angiomotin promotes or inhibits cell growth. Like many other proteins, angiomotin can be tagged with a small molecule called a phosphate group that can alter its activity. Moleirinho, Hoxha et al. studied human cells containing versions of angiomotin that mimic different forms of the protein with or without the phosphate. The experiments indicate that when a phosphate is attached at a particular position (known as serine 176), angiomotin predominantly interacts with YAP and another protein called Merlin at the cell surface. On the other hand, when angiomotin does not have a phosphate attached to it, all three proteins can move into the nucleus, where YAP is able to activate genes and promote cell growth. Overall, these findings indicate that adding a phosphate group to angiomotin can act as a switch to regulate where in the cell it and YAP are found and thus, whether YAP is active. Future experiments will investigate which enzymes add the phosphate group to serine 176, and when they are able to do so. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23966.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Moleirinho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Sany Hoxha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Vinay Mandati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Graziella Curtale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Scott Troutman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Ursula Ehmer
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph L Kissil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
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278
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Russell LJ, Jones L, Enshaei A, Tonin S, Ryan SL, Eswaran J, Nakjang S, Papaemmanuil E, Tubio JMC, Fielding AK, Vora A, Campbell PJ, Moorman AV, Harrison CJ. Characterisation of the genomic landscape of CRLF2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:363-372. [PMID: 28033648 PMCID: PMC5396319 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of the type I cytokine receptor, CRLF2, is observed in 5-15% of precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). We aimed to determine the clinical and genetic landscape of those with IGH-CRLF2 or P2RY8-CRLF2 (CRLF2-r) using multiple genomic approaches. Clinical and demographic features of CRLF2-r patients were characteristic of B-ALL. Patients with IGH-CRLF2 were older (14 y vs. 4 y, P < .001), while the incidence of CRLF2-r among Down syndrome patients was high (50/161, 31%). CRLF2-r co-occurred with primary chromosomal rearrangements but the majority (111/161, 69%) had B-other ALL. Copy number alteration (CNA) profiles were similar to B-other ALL, although CRLF2-r patients harbored higher frequencies of IKZF1 (60/138, 43% vs. 77/1351, 24%) and BTG1 deletions (20/138, 15% vs. 3/1351, 1%). There were significant differences in CNA profiles between IGH-CRLF2 and P2RY8-CRLF2 patients: IKZF1 (25/35, 71% vs. 36/108, 33%, P < .001), BTG1 (11/35, 31% vs. 10/108, 9%, P =.004), and ADD3 deletions (9/19, 47% vs. 5/38, 13%, P =.008). A novel gene fusion, USP9X-DDX3X, was discovered in 10/54 (19%) of patients. Pathway analysis of the mutational profile revealed novel involvement for focal adhesion. Although the functional relevance of many of these abnormalities are unknown, they likely activate additional pathways, which may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Russell
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Lisa Jones
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Amir Enshaei
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Stefano Tonin
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Sarra L. Ryan
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Jeyanthy Eswaran
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Sirintra Nakjang
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Elli Papaemmanuil
- Department of Epidemiology‐BiostatisticsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterUSA
- Cancer Genome ProjectWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
| | | | | | - Ajay Vora
- Department of HaematologySheffield Children's HospitalSheffieldUK
| | | | - Anthony V. Moorman
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Christine J. Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
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279
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Nakayama Y, Soeda S, Ikeuchi M, Kakae K, Yamaguchi N. Cytokinesis Failure Leading to Chromosome Instability in v-Src-Induced Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040811. [PMID: 28417908 PMCID: PMC5412395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
v-Src, an oncogene found in Rous sarcoma virus, is a constitutively active variant of c-Src. Activation of Src is observed frequently in colorectal and breast cancers, and is critical in tumor progression through multiple processes. However, in some experimental conditions, v-Src causes growth suppression and apoptosis. In this review, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of cytokinesis failure and the attenuation of the tetraploidy checkpoint in v-Src-expressing cells. v-Src induces cell cycle changes—such as the accumulation of the 4N cell population—and increases the number of binucleated cells, which is accompanied by an excess number of centrosomes. Time-lapse analysis of v-Src-expressing cells showed that cytokinesis failure is caused by cleavage furrow regression. Microscopic analysis revealed that v-Src induces delocalization of cytokinesis regulators including Aurora B and Mklp1. Tetraploid cell formation is one of the causes of chromosome instability; however, tetraploid cells can be eliminated at the tetraploidy checkpoint. Interestingly, v-Src weakens the tetraploidy checkpoint by inhibiting the nuclear exclusion of the transcription coactivator YAP, which is downstream of the Hippo pathway and its nuclear exclusion is critical in the tetraploidy checkpoint. We also discuss the relationship between v-Src-induced chromosome instability and growth suppression in v-Src-induced oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Soeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kakae
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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280
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Hao F, Xu Q, Zhao Y, Stevens JV, Young SH, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E. Insulin Receptor and GPCR Crosstalk Stimulates YAP via PI3K and PKD in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:929-941. [PMID: 28360038 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the impact of crosstalk between the insulin receptor and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways on the regulation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) localization, phosphorylation, and transcriptional activity in the context of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Stimulation of PANC-1 or MiaPaCa-2 cells with insulin and neurotensin, a potent mitogenic combination of agonists for these cells, promoted striking YAP nuclear localization and decreased YAP phosphorylation at Ser127 and Ser397 Challenging PDAC cells with either insulin or neurotensin alone modestly induced the expression of YAP/TEAD-regulated genes, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), and CXCL5, whereas the combination of neurotensin and insulin induced a marked increase in the level of expression of these genes. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of YAP/TAZ prevented the increase in the expression of these genes. A small-molecule inhibitor (A66), selective for the p110α subunit of PI3K, abrogated the increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production and the expression of CTGF, CYR61, and CXCL5 induced by neurotensin and insulin. Furthermore, treatment of PDAC cells with protein kinase D (PKD) family inhibitors (CRT0066101 or kb NB 142-70) or with siRNAs targeting the PKD family prevented the increase of CTGF, CYR61, and CXCL5 mRNA levels in response to insulin and neurotensin stimulation. Thus, PI3K and PKD mediate YAP activation in response to insulin and neurotensin in pancreatic cancer cells.Implications: Inhibitors of PI3K or PKD disrupt crosstalk between insulin receptor and GPCR signaling systems by blocking YAP/TEAD-regulated gene expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res; 15(7); 929-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jan V Stevens
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven H Young
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Sinnett-Smith
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. .,CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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281
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Li CL, Yang D, Cao X, Wang F, Hong DY, Wang J, Shen XC, Chen Y. Fibronectin induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells via activation of calpain. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3889-3895. [PMID: 28521486 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a primary component of the mammary mesenchymal compartment and undergoes dramatic changes during breast cancer development. Increased FN expression is associated with an invasive and metastatic breast cancer phenotype. The present study demonstrated that FN causes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like morphological change in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. FN stimulation caused the downregulation of epithelial markers E-cadherin and tight junction protein ZO-1, and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. Additionally, FN promoted cell migration and invasion in MCF-7 cells, with increased expression of calpain-2 and proteolysis of focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK), indicating calpain activation. Notably, the FN induced changes in morphology and EMT markers were reversed with the treatment of calpain-specific inhibitors, calpain inhibitor I (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucinal), calpeptin and calpain inhibitor IV. Meanwhile, the effects of FN on cell migration and invasion, as well as FAK proteolysis were markedly suppressed by calpain inhibitors. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that calpain plays an essential role in FN-induced EMT response, and that targeting calpain signaling may be a potential strategy to reduce breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for The Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for The Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for The Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for The Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Duan-Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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282
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Andl T, Zhou L, Yang K, Kadekaro AL, Zhang Y. YAP and WWTR1: New targets for skin cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2017; 396:30-41. [PMID: 28279717 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The core components of the Hippo signaling pathway are a cascade of kinases that govern the phosphorylation of downstream transcriptional co-activators, namely, YES-associated protein (YAP) and WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (WWTR1, also known as TAZ). The Hippo signaling pathway is considered an important tumor-suppressor pathway, and its dysregulation has been noted in a variety of human cancers, in which YAP/WWTR1 enable cancerous cells to overcome contact inhibition, and to grow and spread uncontrollably. Interestingly, however, recent studies have told a somewhat different but perhaps more intriguing YAP/WWTR1 story, as these studies found that YAP/WWTR1 function as a central hub that integrates signals from multiple upstream signaling pathways, cell-cell interactions and mechanical forces and then bind to and activate different downstream transcriptional factors to direct cell social behavior and cell-cell interactions. In this review, we present the latest findings on the role of YAP/WWTR1 in skin physiology, pathology and tumorigenesis and discuss the statuses of newly developed therapeutic interventions that target YAP/WWTR1 in human cancers, as well as their prospects for use as skin cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Linli Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Kadekaro
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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283
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Chakraborty S, Njah K, Pobbati AV, Lim YB, Raju A, Lakshmanan M, Tergaonkar V, Lim CT, Hong W. Agrin as a Mechanotransduction Signal Regulating YAP through the Hippo Pathway. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2464-2479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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284
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Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. Focal adhesion kinase signaling in unexpected places. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:24-30. [PMID: 28213315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase first identified at extracellular matrix and integrin receptor cell adhesion sites and is a key regulator of cell movement. FAK is activated by a variety of stimuli. Herein, we discuss advances in conformational-associated FAK activation and dimerization mechanisms. Additionally, new roles have emerged for FAK signaling at cell adhesions, adherens junctions, endosomes, and the nucleus. In light of these new findings, we review how FAK activation at these sites is connected to the regulation of integrin recycling-activation, vascular permeability, cell survival, and transcriptional regulation, respectively. Studies uncovering FAK signaling connections in unexpected places within cells have yielded important new regulatory insights in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Kleinschmidt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States.
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285
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Escoll M, Gargini R, Cuadrado A, Anton IM, Wandosell F. Mutant p53 oncogenic functions in cancer stem cells are regulated by WIP through YAP/TAZ. Oncogene 2017; 36:3515-3527. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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286
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Sero JE, Bakal C. Multiparametric Analysis of Cell Shape Demonstrates that β-PIX Directly Couples YAP Activation to Extracellular Matrix Adhesion. Cell Syst 2017; 4:84-96.e6. [PMID: 28065575 PMCID: PMC5289939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular geometry regulate the nuclear translocation of transcriptional regulators such as Yes-associated protein (YAP). Elucidating how physical signals control the activity of mechanosensitive proteins poses a technical challenge, because perturbations that affect cell shape may also affect protein localization indirectly. Here, we present an approach that mitigates confounding effects of cell-shape changes, allowing us to identify direct regulators of YAP localization. This method uses single-cell image analysis and statistical models that exploit the naturally occurring heterogeneity of cellular populations. Through systematic depletion of all human kinases, Rho family GTPases, GEFs, and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), together with targeted chemical perturbations, we found that β-PIX, a Rac1/Ccd42 GEF, and PAK2, a Rac1/Cdc42 effector, drive both YAP activation and cell-ECM adhesion turnover during cell spreading. Our observations suggest that coupling YAP to adhesion dynamics acts as a mechano-timer, allowing cells to rapidly tune gene expression in response to physical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Sero
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Chris Bakal
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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287
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Pfleger CM. The Hippo Pathway: A Master Regulatory Network Important in Development and Dysregulated in Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 123:181-228. [PMID: 28236967 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo Pathway is a master regulatory network that regulates proliferation, cell growth, stemness, differentiation, and cell death. Coordination of these processes by the Hippo Pathway throughout development and in mature organisms in response to diverse external and internal cues plays a role in morphogenesis, in controlling organ size, and in maintaining organ homeostasis. Given the importance of these processes, the Hippo Pathway also plays an important role in organismal health and has been implicated in a variety of diseases including eye disease, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. This review will focus on Drosophila reports that identified the core components of the Hippo Pathway revealing specific downstream biological outputs of this complicated network. A brief description of mammalian reports will complement review of the Drosophila studies. This review will also survey upstream regulation of the core components with a focus on feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie M Pfleger
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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288
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Sorrentino G, Ruggeri N, Zannini A, Ingallina E, Bertolio R, Marotta C, Neri C, Cappuzzello E, Forcato M, Rosato A, Mano M, Bicciato S, Del Sal G. Glucocorticoid receptor signalling activates YAP in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14073. [PMID: 28102225 PMCID: PMC5253666 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an oncosuppressor signalling cascade that plays a major role in the control of cell growth, tissue homoeostasis and organ size. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway leads to aberrant activation of the transcription co-activator YAP (Yes-associated protein) that contributes to tumorigenesis in several tissues. Here we identify glucocorticoids (GCs) as hormonal activators of YAP. Stimulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) leads to increase of YAP protein levels, nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we find that GCs increase expression and deposition of fibronectin leading to the focal adhesion-Src pathway stimulation, cytoskeleton-dependent YAP activation and expansion of chemoresistant cancer stem cells. GR activation correlates with YAP activity in human breast cancer and predicts bad prognosis in the basal-like subtype. Our results unveil a novel mechanism of YAP activation in cancer and open the possibility to target GR to prevent cancer stem cells self-renewal and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sorrentino
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Naomi Ruggeri
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zannini
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ingallina
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Rebecca Bertolio
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Carolina Marotta
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Carmelo Neri
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova 35124, Italy
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova 35124, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Miguel Mano
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3060-197, Portugal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
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289
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Functions and Epigenetic Regulation of Wwox in Bone Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: Comparison with Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010075. [PMID: 28045433 PMCID: PMC5297710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms influence molecular patterns important for the bone-metastatic process, and here we highlight the role of WW-domain containing oxidoreductase (Wwox). The tumor-suppressor Wwox lacks in almost all cancer types; the variable expression in osteosarcomas is related to lung-metastasis formation, and exogenous Wwox destabilizes HIF-1α (subunit of Hypoxia inducible Factor-1, HIF-1) affecting aerobic glycolysis. Our recent studies show critical functions of Wwox present in 1833-osteotropic clone, in the corresponding xenograft model, and in human bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. In hypoxic-bone metastatic cells, Wwox enhances HIF-1α stabilization, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Consistently, in bone-metastasis specimens Wwox localizes in cytosolic/perinuclear area, while TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and HIF-1α co-localize in nuclei, playing specific regulatory mechanisms: TAZ is a co-factor of HIF-1, and Wwox regulates HIF-1 activity by controlling HIF-1α. In vitro, DNA methylation affects Wwox-protein synthesis; hypoxia decreases Wwox-protein level; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) phosphorylates Wwox driving its nuclear shuttle, and counteracting a Twist program important for the epithelial phenotype and metastasis colonization. In agreement, in 1833-xenograft mice under DNA-methyltransferase blockade with decitabine, Wwox increases in nuclei/cytosol counteracting bone metastasis with prolongation of the survival. However, Wwox seems relevant for the autophagic process which sustains metastasis, enhancing more Beclin-1 than p62 protein levels, and p62 accumulates under decitabine consistent with adaptability of metastasis to therapy. In conclusion, Wwox methylation as a bone-metastasis therapeutic target would depend on autophagy conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Wwox may influence the phenotype of bone metastasis.
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290
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Fisher ML, Kerr C, Adhikary G, Grun D, Xu W, Keillor JW, Eckert RL. Transglutaminase Interaction with α6/β4-Integrin Stimulates YAP1-Dependent ΔNp63α Stabilization and Leads to Enhanced Cancer Stem Cell Survival and Tumor Formation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:7265-7276. [PMID: 27780825 PMCID: PMC5161627 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression is required for epidermal squamous cell carcinoma cancer stem cell survival. However, the molecular signaling mechanisms triggered by TG2 that mediate this survival action are not well understood. Here we show that TG2 is constitutively expressed in ECS cells, where it interacts with α6/β4 integrin to stimulate FAK and Src signaling, leading to PI3K activation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). PDK1 inhibits Hippo signaling, leading to enhanced nuclear accumulation of YAP1, which interacted with and stabilized ΔNp63α to enhance epidermal squamous cell carcinoma spheroid formation, invasion, and migration. Overall, these findings suggest that constitutive TG2 expression results in stabilization of ΔNp63α, leading to maintenance of cancer stem cell properties and enhanced tumor formation. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7265-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dan Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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291
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Zhubanchaliyev A, Temirbekuly A, Kongrtay K, Wanshura LC, Kunz J. Targeting Mechanotransduction at the Transcriptional Level: YAP and BRD4 Are Novel Therapeutic Targets for the Reversal of Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:462. [PMID: 27990121 PMCID: PMC5131002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the result of a deregulated wound healing process characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are activated in response to liver injury, are the major source of extracellular matrix and drive the wound healing process. However, chronic liver damage leads to perpetual HSC activation, progressive formation of pathological scar tissue and ultimately, cirrhosis and organ failure. HSC activation is triggered largely in response to mechanosignaling from the microenvironment, which induces a profibrotic nuclear transcription program that promotes HSC proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion thereby setting up a positive feedback loop leading to matrix stiffening and self-sustained, pathological, HSC activation. Despite the significant progress in our understanding of liver fibrosis, the molecular mechanisms through which the extracellular matrix promotes HSC activation are not well understood and no effective therapies have been approved to date that can target this early, reversible, stage in liver fibrosis. Several new lines of investigation now provide important insight into this area of study and identify two nuclear targets whose inhibition has the potential of reversing liver fibrosis by interfering with HSC activation: Yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional co-activator and effector of the mechanosensitive Hippo pathway, and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), an epigenetic regulator of gene expression. YAP and BRD4 activity is induced in response to mechanical stimulation of HSCs and each protein independently controls waves of early gene expression necessary for HSC activation. Significantly, inhibition of either protein can revert the chronic activation of HSCs and impede pathological progression of liver fibrosis in clinically relevant model systems. In this review we will discuss the roles of these nuclear co-activators in HSC activation, their mechanism of action in the fibrotic process in the liver and other organs, and the potential of targeting their activity with small molecule drugs for fibrosis reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altynbek Zhubanchaliyev
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev UniversityAstana, Kazakhstan; Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National UniversityAstana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aibar Temirbekuly
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuralay Kongrtay
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Jeannette Kunz
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University Astana, Kazakhstan
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292
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Kakae K, Ikeuchi M, Kuga T, Saito Y, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama Y. v-Src-induced nuclear localization of YAP is involved in multipolar spindle formation in tetraploid cells. Cell Signal 2016; 30:19-29. [PMID: 27871934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine kinase, c-Src, is involved in a variety of signaling events, including cell division. We have reported that v-Src, which is a mutant variant of the cellular proto-oncogene, c-Src, causes delocalization of Aurora B kinase, resulting in a furrow regression in cytokinesis and the generation of multinucleated cells. However, the effect of v-Src on mitotic spindle formation is unknown. Here we show that v-Src-expressing HCT116 and NIH3T3 cells undergo abnormal cell division, in which cells separate into more than two cells. Upon v-Src expression, the proportion of multinucleated cells is increased in a time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that v-Src increases the number of cells having a ≥4N DNA content. Microscopic analysis showed that v-Src induces the formation of multipolar spindles with excess centrosomes. These results suggest that v-Src induces multipolar spindle formation by generating multinucleated cells. Tetraploidy activates the tetraploidy checkpoint, leading to a cell cycle arrest of tetraploid cells at the G1 phase, in which the nuclear exclusion of the transcription co-activator YAP plays a critical role. In multinucleated cells that are induced by cytochalasin B and the Plk1 inhibitor, YAP is excluded from the nucleus. However, v-Src prevents this nuclear exclusion of YAP through a decrease in the phosphorylation of YAP at Ser127 in multinucleated cells. Furthermore, v-Src decreases the expression level of p53, which also plays a critical role in the cell cycle arrest of tetraploid cells. These results suggest that v-Src promotes abnormal spindle formation in at least two ways: generation of multinucleated cells and a weakening of the tetraploidy checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kakae
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Youhei Saito
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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293
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Sun Z, Guo SS, Fässler R. Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:445-456. [PMID: 27872252 PMCID: PMC5119943 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sun, Guo, and Fässler review the function and regulation of integrin-mediated mechanotransduction and discuss how its dysregulation impacts cancer progession. Cells can detect and react to the biophysical properties of the extracellular environment through integrin-based adhesion sites and adapt to the extracellular milieu in a process called mechanotransduction. At these adhesion sites, integrins connect the extracellular matrix (ECM) with the F-actin cytoskeleton and transduce mechanical forces generated by the actin retrograde flow and myosin II to the ECM through mechanosensitive focal adhesion proteins that are collectively termed the “molecular clutch.” The transmission of forces across integrin-based adhesions establishes a mechanical reciprocity between the viscoelasticity of the ECM and the cellular tension. During mechanotransduction, force allosterically alters the functions of mechanosensitive proteins within adhesions to elicit biochemical signals that regulate both rapid responses in cellular mechanics and long-term changes in gene expression. Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction plays important roles in development and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation is often associated with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shengzhen S Guo
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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294
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Li H, Gumbiner BM. Deregulation of the Hippo pathway in mouse mammary stem cells promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:556-564. [PMID: 27601049 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP pathway mediates organ size control, contact inhibition, and tumorigenesis. It is a kinase cascade that inhibits the nuclear localization and transcriptional activities of YAP and TAZ. E-cadherin, cell junctions, polarity proteins, and the merlin/NF2 tumor suppressor activate the pathway to inhibit YAP/TAZ activity, while growth factor signaling inhibits the pathway to activate YAP/TAZ in the nucleus. We examined its role in the development of mouse mammary glands and tumor formation using gland reconstitution by transplantation of genetically modified mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Knockdown of YAP and TAZ with shRNA in MaSCs did not inhibit gland reconstitution. In contrast, knockdown of β-catenin blocked gland reconstitution, consistent with the known role of Wnt signaling in mammary gland development. However, we find that Hippo signaling is involved in mammary tumor formation. Expression of a constitutively active form of YAP caused rapid formation of large tumors. Moreover, knockdown of YAP/TAZ slowed the development of tumors in polyoma middle T transgenic mice, a well-studied mammary tumor model involving activation of several signaling pathways. YAP accumulated in nuclei of mammary glands in ErbB2/EGFR-transgenic mice, suggesting that EGFR signaling affects YAP in vivo similar to cell culture. ErbB2/EGFR-transgenic mice develop mammary tumors in 7-8 months, but surprisingly, MaSCs from these mice did not form tumors when transplanted into host mice. Nonetheless, expression of dominant-negative Lats, which inhibits Hippo signaling, leads to tumor formation in ErbB2-transgenic mice, suggesting that Hippo signaling is involved in EGFR-induced mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1900 9th Ave. Mailstop JMB-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
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295
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Attieh Y, Vignjevic DM. The hallmarks of CAFs in cancer invasion. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:493-502. [PMID: 27575401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to move out of the primary tumor and disseminate through the circulation to form metastases is one of the main contributors to poor patient outcome. The tumor microenvironment provides a niche that supports cancer cell invasion and proliferation. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a highly enriched cell population in the tumor microenvironment that plays an important role in cancer invasion. However, it remains unclear whether CAFs directly stimulate cancer cell invasion or they remodel the extracellular matrix to make it more permissive for invasion. Here we discuss paracrine communication between cancer cells and CAFs that promotes tumor invasion but also stimulates CAFs to remodel the matrix increasing cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex05, France.
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296
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Kaukonen R, Mai A, Georgiadou M, Saari M, De Franceschi N, Betz T, Sihto H, Ventelä S, Elo L, Jokitalo E, Westermarck J, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Joensuu H, Grenman R, Ivaska J. Normal stroma suppresses cancer cell proliferation via mechanosensitive regulation of JMJD1a-mediated transcription. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12237. [PMID: 27488962 PMCID: PMC4976218 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is dependent on the controlled localization of specific cell types and the correct composition of the extracellular stroma. While the role of the cancer stroma in tumour progression has been well characterized, the specific contribution of the matrix itself is unknown. Furthermore, the mechanisms enabling normal-not cancer-stroma to provide tumour-suppressive signals and act as an antitumorigenic barrier are poorly understood. Here we show that extracellular matrix (ECM) generated by normal fibroblasts (NFs) is softer than the CAF matrix, and its physical and structural features regulate cancer cell proliferation. We find that normal ECM triggers downregulation and nuclear exit of the histone demethylase JMJD1a resulting in the epigenetic growth restriction of carcinoma cells. Interestingly, JMJD1a positively regulates transcription of many target genes, including YAP/TAZ (WWTR1), and therefore gene expression in a stiffness-dependent manner. Thus, normal stromal restricts cancer cell proliferation through JMJD1a-dependent modulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Kaukonen
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anja Mai
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Saari
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Timo Betz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Harri Sihto
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Elo
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Unit University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Heikki Joensuu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reidar Grenman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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297
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Sun S, Irvine KD. Cellular Organization and Cytoskeletal Regulation of the Hippo Signaling Network. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:694-704. [PMID: 27268910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling network integrates diverse upstream signals to control cell fate decisions and regulate organ growth. Recent studies have provided new insights into the cellular organization of Hippo signaling, its relationship to cell-cell junctions, and how the cytoskeleton modulates Hippo signaling. Cell-cell junctions serve as platforms for Hippo signaling by localizing scaffolding proteins that interact with core components of the pathway. Interactions of Hippo pathway components with cell-cell junctions and the cytoskeleton also suggest potential mechanisms for the regulation of the pathway by cell contact and cell polarity. As our understanding of the complexity of Hippo signaling increases, a future challenge will be to understand how the diverse inputs into the pathway are integrated and to define their respective contributions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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298
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Elbediwy A, Vincent-Mistiaen ZI, Spencer-Dene B, Stone RK, Boeing S, Wculek SK, Cordero J, Tan EH, Ridgway R, Brunton VG, Sahai E, Gerhardt H, Behrens A, Malanchi I, Sansom OJ, Thompson BJ. Integrin signalling regulates YAP and TAZ to control skin homeostasis. Development 2016; 143:1674-87. [PMID: 26989177 PMCID: PMC4874484 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a squamous epithelium that is continuously renewed by a population of basal layer stem/progenitor cells and can heal wounds. Here, we show that the transcription regulators YAP and TAZ localise to the nucleus in the basal layer of skin and are elevated upon wound healing. Skin-specific deletion of both YAP and TAZ in adult mice slows proliferation of basal layer cells, leads to hair loss and impairs regeneration after wounding. Contact with the basal extracellular matrix and consequent integrin-Src signalling is a key determinant of the nuclear localisation of YAP/TAZ in basal layer cells and in skin tumours. Contact with the basement membrane is lost in differentiating daughter cells, where YAP and TAZ become mostly cytoplasmic. In other types of squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas, a similar control mechanism is present. By contrast, columnar epithelia differentiate an apical domain that recruits CRB3, Merlin (also known as NF2), KIBRA (also known as WWC1) and SAV1 to induce Hippo signalling and retain YAP/TAZ in the cytoplasm despite contact with the basal layer extracellular matrix. When columnar epithelial tumours lose their apical domain and become invasive, YAP/TAZ becomes nuclear and tumour growth becomes sensitive to the Src inhibitor Dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | | | - Richard K Stone
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Stefanie K Wculek
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julia Cordero
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ee H Tan
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Val G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute, Switchback Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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299
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Elbediwy A, Vincent-Mistiaen ZI, Thompson BJ. YAP and TAZ in epithelial stem cells: A sensor for cell polarity, mechanical forces and tissue damage. Bioessays 2016; 38:644-53. [PMID: 27173018 PMCID: PMC5031209 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The YAP/TAZ family of transcriptional co‐activators drives cell proliferation in epithelial tissues and cancers. Yet, how YAP and TAZ are physiologically regulated remains unclear. Here we review recent reports that YAP and TAZ act primarily as sensors of epithelial cell polarity, being inhibited when cells differentiate an apical membrane domain, and being activated when cells contact the extracellular matrix via their basal membrane domain. Apical signalling occurs via the canonical Crumbs/CRB‐Hippo/MST‐Warts/LATS kinase cascade to phosphorylate and inhibit YAP/TAZ. Basal signalling occurs via Integrins and Src family kinases to phosphorylate and activate YAP/TAZ. Thus, YAP/TAZ is localised to the nucleus in basal stem/progenitor cells and cytoplasm in differentiated squamous cells or columnar cells. In addition, other signals such as mechanical forces, tissue damage and possibly receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) can influence MST‐LATS or Src family kinase activity to modulate YAP/TAZ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbediwy
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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300
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Abstract
In this review, Meng et al. focus on recent developments in our understanding of the molecular actions of the core Hippo kinase cascade and discuss key open questions in Hippo pathway regulation and function. The Hippo pathway was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster screens for tissue growth two decades ago and has been a subject extensively studied in both Drosophila and mammals in the last several years. The core of the Hippo pathway consists of a kinase cascade, transcription coactivators, and DNA-binding partners. Recent studies have expanded the Hippo pathway as a complex signaling network with >30 components. This pathway is regulated by intrinsic cell machineries, such as cell–cell contact, cell polarity, and actin cytoskeleton, as well as a wide range of signals, including cellular energy status, mechanical cues, and hormonal signals that act through G-protein-coupled receptors. The major functions of the Hippo pathway have been defined to restrict tissue growth in adults and modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration in developing organs. Furthermore, dysregulation of the Hippo pathway leads to aberrant cell growth and neoplasia. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the molecular actions of the core Hippo kinase cascade and discuss key open questions in the regulation and function of the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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