251
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Silwal P, Kim JK, Jeon SM, Lee JY, Kim YJ, Kim YS, Seo Y, Kim J, Kim SY, Lee MJ, Heo JY, Jung MJ, Kim HS, Hyun DW, Han JE, Whang J, Huh YH, Lee SH, Heo WD, Kim JM, Bae JW, Jo EK. Mitofusin-2 boosts innate immunity through the maintenance of aerobic glycolysis and activation of xenophagy in mice. Commun Biol 2021; 4:548. [PMID: 33972668 PMCID: PMC8110749 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and innate immunity are intimately linked; however, the mechanisms how mitochondrion-shaping proteins regulate innate host defense remains largely unknown. Herein we show that mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a mitochondrial fusion protein, promotes innate host defense through the maintenance of aerobic glycolysis and xenophagy via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α during intracellular bacterial infection. Myeloid-specific MFN2 deficiency in mice impaired the antimicrobial and inflammatory responses against mycobacterial and listerial infection. Mechanistically, MFN2 was required for the enhancement of inflammatory signaling through optimal induction of aerobic glycolysis via HIF-1α, which is activated by mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and reactive oxygen species, in macrophages. MFN2 did not impact mitophagy during infection; however, it promoted xenophagy activation through HIF-1α. In addition, MFN2 interacted with the late endosomal protein Rab7, to facilitate xenophagy during mycobacterial infection. Our findings reveal the mechanistic regulations by which MFN2 tailors the innate host defense through coordinated control of immunometabolism and xenophagy via HIF-1α during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Min Jeon
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - June-Young Lee
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yi Sak Kim
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Yeji Seo
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- grid.418980.c0000 0000 8749 5149Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min Joung Lee
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Young Heo
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi-Ja Jung
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Hyun
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Han
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC) & Basic Research Section, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis (KIT), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- grid.410885.00000 0000 9149 5707Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- grid.410885.00000 0000 9149 5707Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea ,grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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252
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Ghezzi P. Redox regulation of immunity and the role of small molecular weight thiols. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102001. [PMID: 33994345 PMCID: PMC8212150 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is thought that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be a causal component in many diseases, some of which have an inflammatory component. This led to an oversimplification whereby ROS are seen as inflammatory and antioxidants anti-inflammatory. This paper aims at reviewing some of the literature on thiols in host defense. The review will first summarize the mechanisms by which we survive infections by pathogens. Then we will consider how the redox field evolved from the concept of oxidative stress to that of redox regulation and how it intersects the field of innate immunity. A third section will analyze how an oversimplified oxidative stress theory of disease led to a hypothesis on the role of ROS and glutathione (GSH) in immunity, respectively as pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Finally, we will discuss some recent research and how to think out of the box of that oversimplification and link the role of thiols in redox regulation to the mechanisms by which we survive an infection outlined in the first section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Great Britain, BN1 9RY, UK.
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253
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Virga F, Cappellesso F, Stijlemans B, Henze AT, Trotta R, Van Audenaerde J, Mirchandani AS, Sanchez-Garcia MA, Vandewalle J, Orso F, Riera-Domingo C, Griffa A, Ivan C, Smits E, Laoui D, Martelli F, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G, Feron O, Ghesquière B, Prenen H, Libert C, Walmsley SR, Corbet C, Van Ginderachter JA, Ivan M, Taverna D, Mazzone M. Macrophage miR-210 induction and metabolic reprogramming in response to pathogen interaction boost life-threatening inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabf0466. [PMID: 33962944 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unbalanced immune responses to pathogens can be life-threatening although the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show a hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-dependent microRNA (miR)-210 up-regulation in monocytes and macrophages upon pathogen interaction. MiR-210 knockout in the hematopoietic lineage or in monocytes/macrophages mitigated the symptoms of endotoxemia, bacteremia, sepsis, and parasitosis, limiting the cytokine storm, organ damage/dysfunction, pathogen spreading, and lethality. Similarly, pharmacologic miR-210 inhibition improved the survival of septic mice. Mechanistically, miR-210 induction in activated macrophages supported a switch toward a proinflammatory state by lessening mitochondria respiration in favor of glycolysis, partly achieved by downmodulating the iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme ISCU. In humans, augmented miR-210 levels in circulating monocytes correlated with the incidence of sepsis, while serum levels of monocyte/macrophage-derived miR-210 were associated with sepsis mortality. Together, our data identify miR-210 as a fine-tuning regulator of macrophage metabolism and inflammatory responses, suggesting miR-210-based therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Virga
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cappellesso
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Theres Henze
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rosa Trotta
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ananda S Mirchandani
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel A Sanchez-Garcia
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Francesca Orso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Riera-Domingo
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Griffa
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Evelien Smits
- CORE, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- FATH, IREC, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- CORE, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah R Walmsley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cyril Corbet
- FATH, IREC, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniela Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, CCB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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254
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Moraes CA, Zaverucha-do-Valle C, Fleurance R, Sharshar T, Bozza FA, d’Avila JC. Neuroinflammation in Sepsis: Molecular Pathways of Microglia Activation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050416. [PMID: 34062710 PMCID: PMC8147235 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequently underestimated, encephalopathy or delirium are common neurological manifestations associated with sepsis. Brain dysfunction occurs in up to 80% of cases and is directly associated with increased mortality and long-term neurocognitive consequences. Although the central nervous system (CNS) has been classically viewed as an immune-privileged system, neuroinflammation is emerging as a central mechanism of brain dysfunction in sepsis. Microglial cells are major players in this setting. Here, we aimed to discuss the current knowledge on how the brain is affected by peripheral immune activation in sepsis and the role of microglia in these processes. This review focused on the molecular pathways of microglial activity in sepsis, its regulatory mechanisms, and their interaction with other CNS cells, especially with neuronal cells and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Araújo Moraes
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
| | - Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.Z.-d.-V.); (F.A.B.)
| | - Renaud Fleurance
- UCB Biopharma SRL, 1420 Braine L’Alleud, Belgium;
- Experimental Neuropathology, Infection, and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Université de Paris Sciences et Lettres, 75006 Paris Paris, France
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Experimental Neuropathology, Infection, and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Augusto Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (C.Z.-d.-V.); (F.A.B.)
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Joana Costa d’Avila
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil;
- School of Medicine, Universidade Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro 26260-045, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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255
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Xue G, Gao R, Liu Z, Xu N, Cao Y, Zhao B, Du J. Vitamin D/VDR signaling inhibits colitis by suppressing HIF-1α activation in colonic epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G837-G846. [PMID: 33759562 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00061.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling is reported to have a protective effect on the onset or progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) activation is demonstrated to be closely associated with chemical-induced colitis. However, the association between vitamin D/VDR signaling and HIF-1α on IBD development remains a mystery. Here, we showed that HIF-1α expression was largely increased in the colonic epithelial cells of diseased tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Consistently, HIF-1α activation was also improved in colonic epithelial cells upon TNFα treatment in a NF-κB pathway-dependent manner. HIF-1α inhibitors treatments ameliorated 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)- or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in animal models. In cell or colitis animal models, vitamin D/VDR signaling suppressed HIF-1α overexpression in colonic epithelial cells via regulating NF-κB pathway, resulting in the inhibition of IFNγ and IL-1β overproductions in these cells. Collectively, these data suggest that vitamin D/VDR signaling relieves colitis development in animal models, at least in part, by suppressing HIF-1α expression in colonic epithelial cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates vitamin D/VDR signaling inhibits colitis by suppressing HIF-1α activation in colonic epithelial cells. Since the effect of vitamin D/VDR signaling is only apparent on patients who seem to be vitamin D deficient, the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in patients who are not vitamin D deficient need to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Liu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Du
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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256
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Peiró CHF, Perez MM, de Aquino GSA, Encinas JFA, Sousa LVDA, da Veiga GL, Del Giglio A, Fonseca FLA, da Costa Aguiar Alves B. Diagnostic potential of hypoxia-induced genes in liquid biopsies of breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8724. [PMID: 33888756 PMCID: PMC8062492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In tumor cells, higher expression of glucose transporter proteins (GLUT) and carbonic anhydrases (CAIX) genes is influenced by hypoxia-induced factors (HIF).Thus, we aimed to study the expression profile of these markers in sequential peripheral blood collections performed in breast cancer patients in order to verify their predictive potential in liquid biopsies. Gene expressions were analyzed by qPCR in tumor and blood samples from 125 patients and 25 healthy women. Differential expression was determined by the 2(−ΔCq) method. Expression of HIF-1α and GLUT1 in the blood of breast cancer patients is significantly higher (90–91 and 160–161 fold increased expression, respectively; p < 0.0001) than that found in healthy women. Their diagnostic power was confirmed by ROC curve. CAIX is also more expressed in breast cancer women blood, but its expression was detected only in a few samples. But none of these genes could be considered predictive markers. Therefore, evaluation of the expression of HIF-1α and GLUT1 in blood may be a useful laboratory tool to complement the diagnosis of breast cancer, in addition to being useful for follow-up of patients and of women with a family history of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique F Peiró
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Matheus M Perez
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Glauco S A de Aquino
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Jéssica F A Encinas
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil
| | | | - Glaucia Luciano da Veiga
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil
| | - Auro Del Giglio
- Departamento de Oncologia e Hematologia do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC-Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando L A Fonseca
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade e Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000, Santo André, SP, CEP 09060-870, Brazil.
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257
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Michailidou Z, Gomez-Salazar M, Alexaki VI. Innate Immune Cells in the Adipose Tissue in Health and Metabolic Disease. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:4-30. [PMID: 33849008 DOI: 10.1159/000515117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During obesity, the adipose tissue undergoes immunometabolic and functional transformation. Adipose tissue inflammation is driven by innate and adaptive immune cells and instigates insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the role of innate immune cells, that is, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, in the adipose tissue in the healthy (lean) and diseased (obese) state and describe how their function is shaped by the obesogenic microenvironment, and humoral, paracrine, and cellular interactions. Moreover, we particularly outline the role of hypoxia as a central regulator in adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the long-lasting effects of adipose tissue inflammation and its potential reversibility through drugs, caloric restriction, or exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Michailidou
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Gomez-Salazar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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258
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Zhuang H, Lv Q, Zhong C, Cui Y, He L, Zhang C, Yu J. Tiliroside Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis by Restoring the M1/M2 Macrophage Balance via the HIF-1α/glycolysis Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649463. [PMID: 33868286 PMCID: PMC8044352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages polarized to different phenotypes critically contribute to colitis development by coordinating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. Herein, targeting the balance between the pro-inflammatory M1 and the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotypes can be a novel therapeutic approach for colitis. In the present study, we firstly demonstrated that tiliroside possessed the ability to alleviate the clinical symptoms of colitis as evidenced by decreased disease activity index (DAI) scores, longer colon length, reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and improvement of colonic pathological damage in vivo. Furthermore, we showed that tiliroside modulated the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages toward a more anti-inflammatory status in colonic lamina propria but has little effect on the T cell population and epithelial barrier function in colitis mice. The macrophage depletion study further showed the protective effect of tiliroside was macrophage dependent in vivo. Mechanistically, our study demonstrated that tiliroside regulated cellular metabolism by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis in LPS and IFNγ stimulated macrophages. At the molecular level, tiliroside facilitated the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α and downregulated mRNA expressions of HIF-1α dependent glycolytic enzymes in macrophages. Collectively, our data highlight the aberrant M1/M2 macrophage polarization in the initiation and development of ulcerative colitis and put forth the stage for considering tiliroside as a metabolic regulator in reprogramming macrophage polarization, which may serve as a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of inflammation-associated and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Zhuang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Stake Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yaru Cui
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Luling He
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ryu SY, Kleine CE, Hsiung JT, Park C, Rhee CM, Moradi H, Hanna R, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Streja E. Association of lactate dehydrogenase with mortality in incident hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:704-712. [PMID: 33367881 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays a role in the glucose metabolism of the human body. Higher LDH levels have been linked to mortality in various cancer types; however, the relationship between LDH and survival in incident hemodialysis (HD) patients has not yet been examined. We hypothesized that higher LDH level is associated with higher death risk in these patients. METHODS We examined the association of baseline and time-varying serum LDH with all-cause, cardiovascular and infection-related mortality among 109 632 adult incident HD patients receiving care from a large dialysis organization in the USA during January 2007 to December 2011. Baseline and time-varying survival models were adjusted for demographic variables and available clinical and laboratory surrogates of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome. RESULTS There was a linear association between baseline serum LDH levels and all-cause, cardiovascular and infection-related mortality in both baseline and time-varying models, except for time-varying infection-related mortality. Adjustment for markers of inflammation and malnutrition attenuated the association in all models. In fully adjusted models, baseline LDH levels ≥360 U/L were associated with the highest risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratios = 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.25). In time-varying models, LDH >280 U/L was associated with higher death risk in all three hierarchical models for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS Higher LDH level >280 U/L was incrementally associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in incident dialysis patients, whereas LDH <240 U/L was associated with better survival. These findings suggest that the assessment of metabolic functions and monitoring for comorbidities may confer survival benefit to dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Young Ryu
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Carola-Ellen Kleine
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jui-Ting Hsiung
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Christina Park
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Moradi
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Ramy Hanna
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA.,Nephrology Section, Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
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260
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Barber TM, Valsamakis G, Mastorakos G, Hanson P, Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Weickert MO. Dietary Influences on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073502. [PMID: 33800707 PMCID: PMC8038019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over unimaginable expanses of evolutionary time, our gut microbiota have co-evolved with us, creating a symbiotic relationship in which each is utterly dependent upon the other. Far from confined to the recesses of the alimentary tract, our gut microbiota engage in complex and bi-directional communication with their host, which have far-reaching implications for overall health, wellbeing and normal physiological functioning. Amongst such communication streams, the microbiota–gut–brain axis predominates. Numerous complex mechanisms involve direct effects of the microbiota, or indirect effects through the release and absorption of the metabolic by-products of the gut microbiota. Proposed mechanisms implicate mitochondrial function, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and autonomic, neuro-humeral, entero-endocrine and immunomodulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary composition influences the relative abundance of gut microbiota species. Recent human-based data reveal that dietary effects on the gut microbiota can occur rapidly, and that our gut microbiota reflect our diet at any given time, although much inter-individual variation pertains. Although most studies on the effects of dietary macronutrients on the gut microbiota report on associations with relative changes in the abundance of particular species of bacteria, in broad terms, our modern-day animal-based Westernized diets are relatively high in fats and proteins and impoverished in fibres. This creates a perfect storm within the gut in which dysbiosis promotes localized inflammation, enhanced gut wall permeability, increased production of lipopolysaccharides, chronic endotoxemia and a resultant low-grade systemic inflammatory milieu, a harbinger of metabolic dysfunction and many modern-day chronic illnesses. Research should further focus on the colony effects of the gut microbiota on health and wellbeing, and dysbiotic effects on pathogenic pathways. Finally, we should revise our view of the gut microbiota from that of a seething mass of microbes to one of organ-status, on which our health and wellbeing utterly depends. Future guidelines on lifestyle strategies for wellbeing should integrate advice on the optimal establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota through dietary and other means. Although we are what we eat, perhaps more importantly, we are what our gut microbiota thrive on and they thrive on what we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Barber
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology Department, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology Department, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Petra Hanson
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Correspondence:
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261
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Hutami IR, Izawa T, Khurel-Ochir T, Sakamaki T, Iwasa A, Tomita S, Tanaka E. HIF-1α controls palatal wound healing by regulating macrophage motility via S1P/S1P 1 signaling axis. Oral Dis 2021; 28:1157-1169. [PMID: 33759275 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) signaling, the expression profile of M1 and M2 macrophages, and the role of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor system in palatal wound healing of heterozygous HIF-1α-deficient (HIF-1α HET) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS HIF-1α HET and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent palatal tissue excision at the mid-hard palate. Histological analysis, immunostaining, real-time PCR, Western blotting (WB), and cellular migration assays were performed to analyze wound closure and macrophage infiltration. RESULTS DMOG pretreatment showed an acceleration of palatal wound closure in WT mice. In contrast, the delayed palatal wound closure was observed in HIF-1α HET mice with diminished production of Col1a1, MCP-1, and MIP-1α, compared with WT mice. Decreased infiltration of M1 macrophage (F4/80+ TNF-α+ , F4/80+ iNOS+ ) and M2 macrophage (F4/80+ Arginase-1+ , F4/80+ CD163+ ) was observed. The numbers of F4/80+ S1P1 + macrophages of HIF-1α HET wounded tissues were significantly lower compared with WT tissues. S1P treatment of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) significantly upregulated expression of S1P1 in WT mice compared with HIF-1α HET. Phosphorylation of MAPK rapidly decreased in BMMs of HIF-1α HET mice than in BMMs of WT mice by S1P stimulation. Moreover, S1P enhanced HIF-1α expression via S1P1 receptors to affect macrophage migration. CONCLUSIONS HIF-1α deficiency aggravates M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration and controls macrophage motility via S1P/S1P1 signaling. These results suggest that HIF-1α signaling may contribute to the regulation of palatal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islamy Rahma Hutami
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tsendsuren Khurel-Ochir
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuma Sakamaki
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iwasa
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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262
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Chin WY, He CY, Chow TW, Yu QY, Lai LC, Miaw SC. Adenylate Kinase 4 Promotes Inflammatory Gene Expression via Hif1α and AMPK in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630318. [PMID: 33790902 PMCID: PMC8005550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages comprise the front line of defense against various pathogens. Classically activated macrophages (M1), induced by IFN-γ and LPS, highly express inflammatory cytokines and contribute to inflammatory processes. By contrast, alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are induced by IL-4 and IL-13, produce IL-10, and display anti-inflammatory activity. Adenylate kinase 4 (Ak4), an enzyme that transfers phosphate group among ATP/GTP, AMP, and ADP, is a key modulator of ATP and maintains the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides which is essential for cell functions. However, its role in regulating the function of macrophages is not fully understood. Here we report that Ak4 expression is induced in M1 but not M2 macrophages. Suppressing the expression of Ak4 in M1 macrophages with shRNA or siRNA enhances ATP production and decreases ROS production, bactericidal ability and glycolysis in M1 cells. Moreover, Ak4 regulates the expression of inflammation genes, including Il1b, Il6, Tnfa, Nos2, Nox2, and Hif1a, in M1 macrophages. We further demonstrate that Ak4 inhibits the activation of AMPK and forms a positive feedback loop with Hif1α to promote the expression of inflammation-related genes in M1 cells. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis demonstrates that Ak4 also regulates other biological processes in addition to the expression of inflammation-related genes in M1 cells. Interestingly, Ak4 does not regulate M1/M2 polarization. Taken together, our study uncovers a potential mechanism linking energy consumption and inflammation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yao Chin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying He
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsun Wai Chow
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qi-You Yu
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Chuen Miaw
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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263
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Solute carriers as potential oncodrivers or suppressors: their key functions in malignant tumor formation. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1689-1701. [PMID: 33737072 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters are primarily known for their function in the transportation of various exogenous/endogenous substances via influx/efflux mechanisms. In addition to their diverse role in several tumor-modulating functions, such as proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epigenetic modification, chemoresistance, immunoregulation, and oncometabolism, influx/efflux-independent contributions of SLCs in the activation of various signaling network cascades that might drive metastatic tumor formation have also been uncovered. Disappointingly, even after two decades and the discovery of >450 SLCs, many of their members remain orphans in terms of cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the tumor-modulating functions, mechanisms, and complexity of SLCs, as well as their potential as targets for cancer therapy.
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264
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Cachexia as Evidence of the Mechanisms of Resistance and Tolerance during the Evolution of Cancer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062890. [PMID: 33809200 PMCID: PMC8001015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During its evolution, cancer induces changes in patients’ energy metabolism that strongly affect the overall clinical state and are responsible for cancer-related cachexia syndrome. To better understand the mechanisms underlying cachexia and its metabolic derangements, research efforts should focus on the events that are driven by the immune system activation during the evolution of neoplastic disease and on the phenomena of “resistance” and “tolerance” typically involved in the human body response against stress, pathogens, or cancer. Indeed, in the case where resistance is not able to eliminate the cancer, tolerance mechanisms can utilize the symptoms of cachexia (anemia, anorexia, and fatigue) to counteract unregulated cancer growth. These notions are also sustained by the evidence that cancer cachexia may be reversible if the resistance and tolerance phases are supported by appropriate antineoplastic treatments. Accordingly, there is no doubt that anticachectic therapies have an irreplaceable role in cases of reversible cancer cachexia where, if harmoniously associated with effective antineoplastic therapies, they can contribute to preserve the quality of life and improve prognosis. Such anticachectic treatments should be based on targeting the complex immunological, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways involved in the complex pathogenesis of cachexia. Meanwhile, the role of the anticachectic therapies is very different in the stage of irreversible cachexia when the available antineoplastic treatments are not able to control the disease and the resistance mechanisms fail with the prevalence of the tolerance phenomena. At this stage, they can be useful only to improve the quality of life, allowing the patient and their family to get a better awareness of the final phases of life, thereby opening to the best spiritual remodulation of the final event, death.
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265
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Ferraro E, Germanò M, Mollace R, Mollace V, Malara N. HIF-1, the Warburg Effect, and Macrophage/Microglia Polarization Potential Role in COVID-19 Pathogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8841911. [PMID: 33815663 PMCID: PMC7987467 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8841911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the international scientific community's commitment to improve clinical knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), knowledge regarding molecular details remains limited. In this review, we discuss hypoxia's potential role in the pathogenesis of the maladaptive immune reaction against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The state of infection, with serious respiratory dysfunction, causes tissues to become hypoxic due to a discrepancy between cellular O2 uptake and consumption similar to that seen within tumor tissue during the progression of numerous solid cancers. In this context, the heterogeneous clinical behavior and the multiorgan deterioration of COVID-19 are discussed as a function of the upregulated expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and of the metabolic reprogramming associated with HIF-1 and with a proinflammatory innate immune response activation, independent of the increase in the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Possible pharmacological strategies targeting O2 aimed to improve prognosis are suggested.
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266
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Guo C, Islam R, Zhang S, Fang J. Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages and its involvement in inflammatory diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:628-641. [PMID: 33883988 PMCID: PMC8056050 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical effector cells of the innate immune system. The presence of microbes or the stimulation by inflammatory factors triggers the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages or macrophage polarization into two phenotypes: the classically activated macrophages (M1) displaying a pro-inflammatory phenotype and the alternatively activated macrophages (M2) having anti-inflammatory functions. The imbalance between the two phenotypes has been linked with various pathological states, such as fibrosis, hepatitis, colitis, and tumor progression. An avenue of potential therapeutic strategies based on macrophage polarization has emerged. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of macrophage polarization. In this review, we focus on the macrophage polarization process and discuss the stimuli-dependent conversion into M1 and M2 phenotypes. We also present the metabolic patterns supporting their specific functions. The factors and signaling cascades involved in intra-class switching are also detailed. Finally, the role of macrophage polarization in disease progression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rayhanul Islam
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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267
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Pearce L, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Does remote ischaemic conditioning reduce inflammation? A focus on innate immunity and cytokine response. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:12. [PMID: 33629195 PMCID: PMC7904035 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) have been difficult to translate to humans, when considering traditional outcome measures, such as mortality and heart failure. This paper reviews the recent literature of the anti-inflammatory effects of RIC, with a particular focus on the innate immune response and cytokine inhibition. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, the inflammatory hypothesis of cardiac protection is an attractive target on which to re-purpose such novel therapies. A PubMed/MEDLINE™ search was performed on July 13th 2020, for the key terms RIC, cytokines, the innate immune system and inflammation. Data suggest that RIC attenuates inflammation in animals by immune conditioning, cytokine inhibition, cell survival and the release of anti-inflammatory exosomes. It is proposed that RIC inhibits cytokine release via a reduction in nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB)-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome production. In vivo, RIC attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine release in myocardial/cerebral infarction and LPS models of endotoxaemia. In the latter group, cytokine inhibition is associated with a profound survival benefit. Further clinical trials should establish whether the benefits of RIC in inflammation can be observed in humans. Moreover, we must consider whether uncomplicated MI and elective surgery are the most suitable clinical conditions in which to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pearce
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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268
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Askenase MH, Goods BA, Beatty HE, Steinschneider AF, Velazquez SE, Osherov A, Landreneau MJ, Carroll SL, Tran TB, Avram VS, Drake RS, Gatter GJ, Massey JA, Karuppagounder SS, Ratan RR, Matouk CC, Sheth KN, Ziai WC, Parry-Jones AR, Awad IA, Zuccarello M, Thompson RE, Dawson J, Hanley DF, Love JC, Shalek AK, Sansing LH. Longitudinal transcriptomics define the stages of myeloid activation in the living human brain after intracerebral hemorrhage. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/56/eabd6279. [PMID: 33891558 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opportunities to interrogate the immune responses in the injured tissue of living patients suffering from acute sterile injuries such as stroke and heart attack are limited. We leveraged a clinical trial of minimally invasive neurosurgery for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a severely disabling subtype of stroke, to investigate the dynamics of inflammation at the site of brain injury over time. Longitudinal transcriptional profiling of CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils from hematomas of patients with ICH revealed that the myeloid response to ICH within the hematoma is distinct from that in the blood and occurs in stages conserved across the patient cohort. Initially, hematoma myeloid cells expressed a robust anabolic proinflammatory profile characterized by activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and expression of genes encoding immune factors and glycolysis. Subsequently, inflammatory gene expression decreased over time, whereas anti-inflammatory circuits were maintained and phagocytic and antioxidative pathways up-regulated. During this transition to immune resolution, glycolysis gene expression and levels of the potent proresolution lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 remained elevated in the hematoma, and unexpectedly, these elevations correlated with positive patient outcomes. Ex vivo activation of human macrophages by ICH-associated stimuli highlighted an important role for HIFs in production of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, including PGE2, which, in turn, augmented VEGF production. Our findings define the time course of myeloid activation in the human brain after ICH, revealing a conserved progression of immune responses from proinflammatory to proresolution states in humans after brain injury and identifying transcriptional programs associated with neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Askenase
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah E Beatty
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arthur F Steinschneider
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sofia E Velazquez
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Artem Osherov
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margaret J Landreneau
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaina L Carroll
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tho B Tran
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Victor S Avram
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Riley S Drake
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G James Gatter
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan A Massey
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles C Matouk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wendy C Ziai
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian R Parry-Jones
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Zuccarello
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Thompson
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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269
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Bajgar A, Krejčová G, Doležal T. Polarization of Macrophages in Insects: Opening Gates for Immuno-Metabolic Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629238. [PMID: 33659253 PMCID: PMC7917182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and cachexia represent severe metabolic syndromes accompanying a variety of human pathological states, from life-threatening cancer and sepsis to chronic inflammatory states, such as obesity and autoimmune disorders. Although the origin of these metabolic syndromes has not been fully comprehended yet, a growing body of evidence indicates their possible interconnection with the acute and chronic activation of an innate immune response. Current progress in insect immuno-metabolic research reveals that the induction of insulin resistance might represent an adaptive mechanism during the acute phase of bacterial infection. In Drosophila, insulin resistance is induced by signaling factors released by bactericidal macrophages as a reflection of their metabolic polarization toward aerobic glycolysis. Such metabolic adaptation enables them to combat the invading pathogens efficiently but also makes them highly nutritionally demanding. Therefore, systemic metabolism has to be adjusted upon macrophage activation to provide them with nutrients and thus support the immune function. That anticipates the involvement of macrophage-derived systemic factors mediating the inter-organ signaling between macrophages and central energy-storing organs. Although it is crucial to coordinate the macrophage cellular metabolism with systemic metabolic changes during the acute phase of bacterial infection, the action of macrophage-derived factors may become maladaptive if chronic or in case of infection by an intracellular pathogen. We hypothesize that insulin resistance evoked by macrophage-derived signaling factors represents an adaptive mechanism for the mobilization of sources and their preferential delivery toward the activated immune system. We consider here the validity of the presented model for mammals and human medicine. The adoption of aerobic glycolysis by bactericidal macrophages as well as the induction of insulin resistance by macrophage-derived factors are conserved between insects and mammals. Chronic insulin resistance is at the base of many human metabolically conditioned diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cachexia. Therefore, revealing the original biological relevance of cytokine-induced insulin resistance may help to develop a suitable strategy for treating these frequent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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270
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Macciò A, Oppi S, Madeddu C. COVID-19 and cytokine storm syndrome: can what we know about interleukin-6 in ovarian cancer be applied? J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:28. [PMID: 33550983 PMCID: PMC7868172 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving early diagnosis along with timely and effective treatment of COVID-19 are urgently needed. However, at present, the mechanisms underlying disease spread and development, defined prognosis, and immune status of patients with COVID-19 remain to be determined. Patients with severe disease state exhibit a hyperinflammatory response associated with cytokine storm syndrome, hypercoagulability, and depressed cell-mediated immunity. These clinical manifestations, sharing similar pathogenesis, have been well-studied in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. The present review suggests treatment approaches for COVID-19 based on strategies used against ovarian cancer, which shares similar immunopathology and associated coagulation disorders.The chronicization of the hyperinflammatory cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19 highlights a defective resistance phase that leads to aspecific chronic inflammation, associated with oxidative stress, which impairs specific T-cell response, induces tissue and endothelial damage, and thrombosis associated with systemic effects that lead to severe multi-organ failure and death. These events are similar to those observed in advanced ovarian cancer which share similar pathogenesis mediated primarily by Interleukin-6, which is, as well demonstrated in ovarian cancer, the key cytokine driving the immunopathology, related systemic symptoms, and patient prognosis.Consistent with findings in other disease models with similar immunopathology, such as advanced ovarian cancer, treatment of severe COVID-19 infection should target inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation disorders, and immunodepression to improve patient outcome. Correctly identifying disease stages, based on available laboratory data, and developing a specific protocol for each phase is essential for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Businco Hospital, "Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione G. Brotzu", Via Jenner, 09100, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Sara Oppi
- Hematology and Transplant Center, Businco Hospital, "Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione G. Brotzu", Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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271
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Giam YH, Shoemark A, Chalmers JD. Neutrophil dysfunction in bronchiectasis: an emerging role for immunometabolism. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.03157-2020. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03157-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a heterogenous disease with multiple underlying causes. The pathophysiology is poorly understood but neutrophilic inflammation and dysfunctional killing of pathogens is believed to be key. There are, however, no licensed therapies for bronchiectasis that directly target neutrophilic inflammation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of neutrophil dysfunction and therapeutic targeting in bronchiectasis. Immunometabolic reprogramming, a process through which inflammation changes inflammatory cell behaviour by altering intracellular metabolic pathways, is increasingly recognised across multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here, we show evidence that much of the neutrophil dysfunction observed in bronchiectasis is consistent with immunometabolic reprogramming. Previous attempts at developing therapies targeting neutrophils have focused on reducing neutrophil numbers, resulting in increased frequency of infections. New approaches are needed and we propose that targeting metabolism could theoretically reverse neutrophil dysfunction and dysregulated inflammation. As an exemplar, 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation has already been shown to reverse phagocytic dysfunction and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in models of pulmonary disease. AMPK modulates multiple metabolic pathways, including glycolysis which is critical for energy generation in neutrophils. AMPK activators can reverse metabolic reprogramming and are already in clinical use and/or development. We propose the need for a new immunomodulatory approach, rather than an anti-inflammatory approach, to enhance bacterial clearance and reduce bronchiectasis disease severity.
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272
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Reprogramming of Central Carbon Metabolism in Myeloid Cells upon Innate Immune Receptor Stimulation. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism is a relatively new field of research that aims at understanding interconnections between the immune system and cellular metabolism. This is now well-documented for innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) when they engage their differentiation or activation programs. Several studies have shown that stimulation of DCs or macrophages by the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to increased glycolytic activity and rewiring of central carbon metabolism. These metabolic modulations are essential to support and settle immunological functions by providing energy and immunoregulatory metabolites. As the understanding of molecular mechanisms progressed, significant differences between cell types and species have also been discovered. Pathways leading to the regulation of central carbon metabolism in macrophages and DCs by PRR signaling and consequences on cellular functions are reviewed here.
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273
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O’Carroll SM, O’Neill LAJ. Targeting immunometabolism to treat COVID-19. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab013. [PMID: 34240083 PMCID: PMC8195165 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has emphasised the need for antiviral therapies to combat current and future viral zoonoses. Recent studies have shown that immune cells such as macrophages are the main contributors to the inflammatory response seen in the later inflammatory phase of COVID-19. Immune cells in the context of a viral infection such as SARS-CoV-2 undergo metabolic reprogramming to elicit these pro-inflammatory effector functions. The evidence of metabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 offers opportunities for metabolites with immunomodulatory properties to be investigated as potential therapies to combat this hyper-inflammatory response. Recent research indicates that the metabolite itaconate, previously known to be broadly antibacterial, may have both antiviral and immunomodulatory potential. Furthermore, low itaconate levels have shown to correlate with COVID-19 disease severity, potentially implicating its importance in the disease. The antiviral potential of itaconate has encouraged researchers to synthesise itaconate derivatives for antiviral screening, with some encouraging results. This review summarises the antiviral and immunomodulatory potential of immunometabolic modulators including metformin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and TEPP-46 as well as itaconate, and its derivatives and their potential use as broad spectrum anti-viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M O’Carroll
- School of Biochemistry and immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O’Neill
- School of Biochemistry and immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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274
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Verwoolde MB, van den Biggelaar RHGA, de Vries Reilingh G, Arts JAJ, van Baal J, Lammers A, Jansen CA. Innate immune training and metabolic reprogramming in primary monocytes of broiler and laying hens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103811. [PMID: 32750399 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported trained innate immunity in laying chicken monocytes. In the present study, we further investigated trained innate immunity of monocytes in layers and broilers. Monocytes of both breeds isolated from blood were trained in vitro with β-glucan, rec-chicken IL-4 or a combination of both, and restimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which inflammation and metabolism-related responses were measured. Training of laying and broiler hen monocytes resulted in increased mRNA levels of IL-1β, iNOS and HIF-1α, but enhanced surface expression of CD40 and NO production was only observed in layers. Our in vitro study demonstrates that monocytes from different genetic backgrounds can be trained. However, the observed differences suggest a differential effect on immune functionality associated with innate training. Whether these differences in immune functions between layers and broilers have effect on disease resistance remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel B Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop A J Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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275
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van der Spek AH, Fliers E, Boelen A. Thyroid Hormone and Deiodination in Innate Immune Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6016930. [PMID: 33275661 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone has recently been recognized as an important determinant of innate immune cell function. Highly specialized cells of the innate immune system, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells, are capable of identifying pathogens and initiating an inflammatory response. They can either phagocytose and kill microbes, or recruit other innate or adaptive immune cells to the site of inflammation. Innate immune cells derive from the hematopoietic lineage and are generated in the bone marrow, from where they can be recruited into the blood and tissues in the case of infection. The link between the immune and endocrine systems is increasingly well established, and recent studies have shown that innate immune cells can be seen as important thyroid hormone target cells. Tight regulation of cellular thyroid hormone availability and action is performed by thyroid hormone transporters, receptors, and the deiodinase enzymes. Innate immune cells express all these molecular elements of intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism. Interestingly, there is recent evidence for a causal relationship between cellular thyroid hormone status and innate immune cell function. This review describes the effects of modulation of intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism on innate immune cell function, specifically neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, with a special focus on the deiodinase enzymes. Although there are insufficient data at this stage for conclusions on the clinical relevance of these findings, thyroid hormone metabolism may partially determine the innate immune response and, by inference, the clinical susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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276
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Zhang X, Zink F, Hezel F, Vogt J, Wachter U, Wepler M, Loconte M, Kranz C, Hellmann A, Mizaikoff B, Radermacher P, Hartmann C. Metabolic substrate utilization in stress-induced immune cells. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:28. [PMID: 33336295 PMCID: PMC7746792 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell activation leads to the acquisition of new functions, such as proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production. These functional changes require continuous metabolic adaption in order to sustain ATP homeostasis for sufficient host defense. The bioenergetic demands are usually met by the interconnected metabolic pathways glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Apart from glucose, other sources, such as fatty acids and glutamine, are able to fuel the TCA cycle.Rising evidence has shown that cellular metabolism has a direct effect on the regulation of immune cell functions. Thus, quiescent immune cells maintain a basal metabolic state, which shifts to an accelerated metabolic level upon immune cell activation in order to promote key effector functions.This review article summarizes distinct metabolic signatures of key immune cell subsets from quiescence to activation and demonstrates a methodical concept of how to assess cellular metabolic pathways. It further discusses why metabolic functions are of rising interest for translational research and how they can be affected by the underlying pathophysiological condition and/or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Hezel
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Josef Vogt
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wachter
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wepler
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maurizio Loconte
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncolocy and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hellmann
- Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Clair Hartmann
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Helmholzstraße 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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277
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Riquelme SA, Prince A. Airway immunometabolites fuel Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Respir Res 2020; 21:326. [PMID: 33302964 PMCID: PMC7731785 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections are associated with a brisk inflammatory reaction to bacterial surface components. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) trigger macrophage activation and release of mitochondrial metabolites that control the intensity of the immune response. Whereas succinate induces oxidative stress (ROS), HIF1α stabilization, glycolysis and IL-1β release, itaconate suppresses inflammation by inhibiting succinate oxidation, glycolytic flux and promoting anti-oxidant Nrf2-HO-1 functions. P. aeruginosa is a major pathogen associated with acute and chronic lung infection. Although both secreted toxins, LPS and proteases are key factors to establish acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia, lack of these components in chronic P. aeruginosa isolates suggest these organisms exploit other mechanisms to adapt and persist in the lung. Upon inhalation, P. aeruginosa strains trigger airway macrophage reprograming and bacterial variants obtained from acutely and chronically infected subjects exhibit metabolic adaptation consistent with succinate and itaconate assimilation; namely, high expression of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), reduced lptD-LPS function, increased glyoxylate shunt (GS) activity and substantial biofilm production. In this review we discuss recent findings illustrating how P. aeruginosa induces and adapts to macrophage metabolites in the human lung, and that catabolism of succinate and itaconate contribute to their formidable abilities to tolerate oxidative stress, phagocytosis and immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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278
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Han Y, Zhao Q, Tang C, Li Y, Zhang K, Li F, Zhang J. Butyrate Mitigates Weanling Piglets From Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Colitis by Regulating Microbiota and Energy Metabolism of the Gut-Liver Axis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588666. [PMID: 33363521 PMCID: PMC7752768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disorder is accompanied by the destruction of immunity homeostasis, gut microbiota perturbation, and chronic inflammatory liver diseases. Butyrate is known as a primary energy source for colonocytes and functional substances for mitigating pathological features of colitis. However, it is still unclear whether butyrate alleviates colitis progression by regulation of microbiota and metabolism in the gut-liver axis. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of microbiota and metabolism of the gut-liver axis in ameliorating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced colitis in piglets using protected butyrate administration. Eighteen crossbred male piglets were weaned at 30 days old and were randomly allocated to three treatments, with CON (basal diet), LPS (basal diet + LPS), and BT-LPS (basal diet + 3.0 g/kg protected butyrate + LPS). On days 19 and 21, piglets in the LPS and BT-LPS groups were intraperitoneally challenged with LPS at 100 μg/kg body weight. Butyrate administration significantly decreased LPS-induced rise in the clinical score of piglets and colonic histological scores and reduced the susceptibility to LPS-induced severe inflammatory response by decreasing proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) cytokines. Butyrate supplementation accelerated the prevalence of Faecalibacterium and Lactobacillus by enhancing the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of colonocytes. Dietary supplementation with protected butyrate significantly targeted increased concentrations of butyric acid in the colon and portal venous circulation, and enhanced the TCA cycle in the gut-liver axis by mobilizing amino acid and vitamin B group as a coenzyme. Meanwhile, during this progress, LPS increased fatty acid synthesis that was reversed by butyrate treatment, which was reflected by decreased acylcarnitines. Butyrate-reshaped colonic microbial community and metabolism in the gut-liver axis contributed to morphology integrity and immunity homeostasis by promoting anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines and suppressing inflammatory mediator hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and its downstream response elements cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results identified the pivotal role of colonic microbiota and metabolism in the gut-liver axis for alleviating inflammatory progression and possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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279
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Irizarry-Caro RA, McDaniel MM, Overcast GR, Jain VG, Troutman TD, Pasare C. TLR signaling adapter BCAP regulates inflammatory to reparatory macrophage transition by promoting histone lactylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30628-30638. [PMID: 33199625 PMCID: PMC7720107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009778117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages respond to microbial ligands and various noxious cues by initiating an inflammatory response aimed at eliminating the original pathogenic insult. Transition of macrophages from a proinflammatory state to a reparative state, however, is vital for resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. The molecular players governing this transition remain poorly defined. Here, we find that the reparative macrophage transition is dictated by B-cell adapter for PI3K (BCAP). Mice harboring a macrophage-specific deletion of BCAP fail to recover from and succumb to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis due to prolonged intestinal inflammation and impaired tissue repair. Following microbial stimulation, gene expression in WT macrophages switches from an early inflammatory signature to a late reparative signature, a process that is hampered in BCAP-deficient macrophages. We find that absence of BCAP hinders inactivation of FOXO1 and GSK3β, which contributes to their enhanced inflammatory state. BCAP deficiency also results in defective aerobic glycolysis and reduced lactate production. This translates into reduced histone lactylation and decreased expression of reparative macrophage genes. Thus, our results reveal BCAP to be a critical cell-intrinsic switch that regulates transition of inflammatory macrophages to reparative macrophages by imprinting epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Irizarry-Caro
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Margaret M McDaniel
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Garrett R Overcast
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Viral G Jain
- Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Ty Dale Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229;
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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280
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Wood EG, Macdougall CE, Blythe H, Clément M, Colas RA, Dalli J, Marelli-Berg F, Longhi MP. HIF1α activation in dendritic cells under sterile conditions promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype through accumulation of intracellular lipids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20825. [PMID: 33257753 PMCID: PMC7705732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is among the leading causes of elevated cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity. Adipose tissue dysfunction, insulin resistance and inflammation are recognized as important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disorders in obesity. Hypoxia appears to be a key factor in adipose tissue dysfunction affecting not only adipocytes but also immune cell function. Here we examined the effect of hypoxia-induced transcription factor HIF1α activation on classical dendritic cell (cDCs) function during obesity. We found that deletion of Hif1α on cDCs results in enhanced adipose-tissue inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in a mouse model of obesity. This effect is mediated by HIF1α-mediated increased lipid synthesis, accumulation of lipid droplets and alter synthesis of lipid mediators. Our findings demonstrate that HIF1α activation in cDCs is necessary to control vessel wall inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Wood
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claire E Macdougall
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hazel Blythe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marc Clément
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Romain A Colas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - M Paula Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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281
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Targeting a scavenger receptor on tumor-associated macrophages activates tumor cell killing by natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32005-32016. [PMID: 33229588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015343117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can have protumor properties, including suppressing immune responses, promoting vascularization and, consequently, augmenting tumor progression. To stop TAM-mediated immunosuppression, we use a novel treatment by injecting antibodies specific for scavenger receptor MARCO, which is expressed on a specific subpopulation of TAMs in the tumor. We now report the location of this TAM as well as the pleiotropic mechanism of action of anti-MARCO antibody treatment on tumor progression and further show that this is potentially relevant to humans. Using specific targeting, we observed decreased tumor vascularization, a switch in the metabolic program of MARCO-expressing macrophages, and activation of natural killer (NK) cell killing through TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). This latter activity reverses the effect of melanoma cell-conditioned macrophages in blocking NK activation and synergizes with T cell-directed immunotherapy, such as antibodies to PD-1 or PD-L1, to enhance tumor killing. Our study thus reveals an approach to targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with monoclonal antibodies to enhance NK cell activation and NK cell-mediated killing. This can complement existing T cell-directed immunotherapy, providing a promising approach to combinatorial immunotherapy for cancer.
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282
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Forrester JV, Kuffova L, Delibegovic M. The Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583687. [PMID: 33240272 PMCID: PMC7677305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is central to pathogenic processes in diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome and particularly implicates innate immunity in the development of complications. Inflammation is a primary event in Type 1 diabetes where infectious (viral) and/or autoimmune processes initiate disease; in contrast, chronic inflammation is typical in Type 2 diabetes and is considered a sequel to increasing insulin resistance and disturbed glucose metabolism. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is perceived as a vascular and neurodegenerative disease which occurs after some years of poorly controlled diabetes. However, many of the clinical features of DR are late events and reflect the nature of the retinal architecture and its cellular composition. Retinal microvascular disease is, in fact, an early event pathogenetically, induced by low grade, persistent leukocyte activation which causes repeated episodes of capillary occlusion and, progressive, attritional retinal ischemia. The later, overt clinical signs of DR are a consequence of the retinal ischemia. Metabolic dysregulation involving both lipid and glucose metabolism may lead to leukocyte activation. On a molecular level, we have shown that macrophage-restricted protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key regulator of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome involving insulin resistance and it is possible that PTP1B dysregulation may underlie retinal microvascular disease. We have also shown that adherent CCR5+CD11b+ monocyte macrophages appear to be selectively involved in retinal microvascular occlusion. In this review, we discuss the relationship between early leukocyte activation and the later features of DR, common pathogenetic processes between diabetic microvascular disease and other vascular retinopathies, the mechanisms whereby leukocyte activation is induced in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, the signaling mechanisms involved in diabetic microvascular disease, and possible interventions which may prevent these retinopathies. We also address a possible role for adaptive immunity in DR. Although significant improvements in treatment of DR have been made with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, a sizeable proportion of patients, particularly with sight-threatening macular edema, fail to respond. Alternative therapies targeting inflammatory processes may offer an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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283
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Transcriptional and Metabolic Dissection of ATRA-Induced Granulocytic Differentiation in NB4 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112423. [PMID: 33167477 PMCID: PMC7716236 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a hematological disease characterized by a balanced reciprocal translocation that leads to the synthesis of the oncogenic fusion protein PML-RARα. APL is mainly managed by a differentiation therapy based on the administration of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). However, therapy resistance, differentiation syndrome, and relapses require the development of new low-toxicity therapies based on the induction of blasts differentiation. In keeping with this, we reasoned that a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms pivotal for ATRA-driven differentiation could definitely bolster the identification of new therapeutic strategies in APL patients. We thus performed an in-depth high-throughput transcriptional profile analysis and metabolic characterization of a well-established APL experimental model based on NB4 cells that represent an unevaluable tool to dissect the complex mechanism associated with ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation. Pathway-reconstruction analysis using genome-wide transcriptional data has allowed us to identify the activation/inhibition of several cancer signaling pathways (e.g., inflammation, immune cell response, DNA repair, and cell proliferation) and master regulators (e.g., transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and ligand-dependent nuclear receptors). Furthermore, we provide evidence of the regulation of a considerable set of metabolic genes involved in cancer metabolic reprogramming. Consistently, we found that ATRA treatment of NB4 cells drives the activation of aerobic glycolysis pathway and the reduction of OXPHOS-dependent ATP production. Overall, this study represents an important resource in understanding the molecular “portfolio” pivotal for APL differentiation, which can be explored for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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284
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Macciò A, Madeddu C, Caocci G, Oppi S, La Nasa G. Defibrotide in the COVID-19 coagulopathy: What is the timing? J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3113-3115. [PMID: 32945111 PMCID: PMC7537223 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Businco Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caocci
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Hematology and Transplant Center, Businco Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Oppi
- Hematology and Transplant Center, Businco Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Hematology and Transplant Center, Businco Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
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285
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Kent-Dennis C, Penner GB. Effects of a proinflammatory response on metabolic function of cultured, primary ruminal epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1002-1017. [PMID: 33131809 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of ruminal epithelium may occur during ruminal acidosis as a result of translocation and interaction of ruminal epithelial cells (REC) with molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Such inflammation has been reported to alter cellular processes such as nutrient absorption, metabolic regulation, and energy substrate utilization in other cell types but has not been investigated for REC. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of LPS on metabolism of short-chain fatty acids by primary REC, as well as investigating the effects of media containing short-chain fatty acids on the proinflammatory response. Ruminal papillae from 9 yearling Speckle Park beef heifers were used to isolate and culture primary REC. Cells were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM) for 12 d before use and then reseeded in 24-well culture plates. The study was conducted as a 2 × 2 factorial, where cells were grown in unaltered MEM (REG) or medium containing 2 mM butyrate and 5 mM propionate (SCFA) with (50,000 EU/mL; +LPS) or without LPS (-LPS) for 24 h. Supernatant samples were collected for analysis of glucose and SCFA consumption. Cells were collected to determine the expression of mRNA for genes associated with inflammation (TNF, IL1B, CXCL2, CXCL8, PTGS2, and TLR4), purinergic signaling (P2RX7, ADORAB2, and CD73), nutrient transport [SLC16A1 (MCT1), SLC16A3 (MCT4), SLC5A8, and MCU], and cell metabolism [ACAT1, SLC2A1 (GLUT1), IGFBP3, and IGFBP5]. Protein expression of TLR4 and ketogenic enzymes (BDH1 and HMGCS1) were also analyzed using flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was conducted with the MIXED model of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with medium, LPS exposure, and medium × LPS interaction as fixed effects and animal within plate as a random effect. Cells tended to consume more glucose when exposed to LPS as opposed to no LPS exposure (31.8 vs. 28.7 ± 2.7), but consumption of propionate and butyrate was not influenced by LPS. Expression of TNF and IL1B was upregulated when exposed to LPS, and expression of CXCL2 and CXCL8 increased following LPS exposure with SCFA (medium × LPS). For cells exposed to LPS, we found a downregulation of ACAT1 and IGFBP5 and an upregulation of SLC2A1, SLC16A3, MCU, and IGFBP3. Medium with SCFA led to greater expression of MCU. SLC16A1 was upregulated in cells incubated with SCFA and without LPS compared with the other groups. Protein expression of ketogenic enzymes was not affected; however, BDH1 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) expression tended to be less in cells exposed to LPS. These data are interpreted to indicate that when REC are exposed to LPS, they may increase glucose metabolism. Moreover, transport of solutes was affected by SCFA in the medium and by exposure to LPS. Overall, the results suggest that metabolic function of REC in vitro is altered by a proinflammatory response, which may lead to a greater glucose requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kent-Dennis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
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286
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Mechanisms controlling bacterial infection in myeloid cells under hypoxic conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1887-1907. [PMID: 33125509 PMCID: PMC7966188 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various factors of the tissue microenvironment such as the oxygen concentration influence the host-pathogen interaction. During the past decade, hypoxia-driven signaling via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) has emerged as an important factor that affects both the pathogen and the host. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of this complex interplay, with a particular emphasis given to the impact of hypoxia and HIF on the inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of myeloid cells, the bacterial responses to hypoxia and the containment of bacterial infections under oxygen-limited conditions. We will also summarize how low oxygen concentrations influence the metabolism of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Finally, we will discuss the consequences of hypoxia and HIFα activation for the invading pathogen, with a focus on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. This includes a description of the mechanisms and microbial factors, which the pathogens use to sense and react to hypoxic conditions.
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287
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Jiang H, Zou Y, Zhao J, Li X, Yang S, Zhou X, Mou D, Zhong W, Cai Y. Pyruvate Kinase M2 Mediates Glycolysis in the Lymphatic Endothelial Cells and Promotes the Progression of Lymphatic Malformations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:204-215. [PMID: 33130045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism plays a pivotal role in the formation of the lymphatic vasculature. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is typically a metabolic marker of proliferating cells and maintains the growth of vascular endothelial cells. In this study, the potential status of PKM2 in lymphatic endothelial cells and the pathogenesis of lymphatic malformations (LMs) was investigated. The glycolysis index, including glucose uptake, ATP, and lactate production, stayed at a relatively high level in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) compared with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, whereas the inhibition of PKM2 by shikonin or PKM2 knockdown significantly suppressed glycolysis, migration, tubular formation, and invasion of HDLECs. Moreover, compared with lymphatic vessels in healthy skin, lymphatic vessels of LMs expressed PKM2 highly, and this expression correlated with infection of LMs. Meanwhile, the overexpression of PKM2 in HDLECs strengthened the proliferation, migration, tubular formation, and invasion of HDLECs. The findings from further experiments in a rat LM model support that targeting PKM2 by shikonin significantly impedes the progression of LMs, even in an infected LM rat model. Taken together, these results indicate that PKM2 plays a pivotal role in the activation of LECs and promotes the progression of LMs, whereas the inhibition of PKM2 can effectively suppress the pathogenesis of LM lesions in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HUbei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Zou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HUbei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HUbei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuecong Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HUbei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaodong Yang
- Department of Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Wenqun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HUbei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HUbei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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288
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Exaggerated Autophagy in Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection: A Transcriptome Pilot Analysis of Human Ascending Aortic Tissues. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101187. [PMID: 33066131 PMCID: PMC7650806 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD) is one of the most dangerous diseases of acute aortic syndrome. Molecular pathological studies on TAAD can aid in understanding the disease comprehensively and can provide insights into new diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. In this study, we defined the molecular pathology of TAAD by performing transcriptome sequencing of human ascending aortic tissues. Pathway analysis revealed that activated inflammation, cell death and smooth muscle cell degeneration are the main pathological changes in aortic dissection. However, autophagy is considered to be one of the most important biological processes, regulating inflammatory reactions and degenerative changes. Therefore, we focused on the pathological role of autophagy in aortic dissection and identified 10 autophagy-regulated hub genes, which are all upregulated in TAAD. These results indicate that exaggerated autophagy participates in the pathological process of aortic dissection and may provide new insight for further basic research on TAAD.
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289
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McElvaney OJ, Hobbs BD, Qiao D, McElvaney OF, Moll M, McEvoy NL, Clarke J, O'Connor E, Walsh S, Cho MH, Curley GF, McElvaney NG. A linear prognostic score based on the ratio of interleukin-6 to interleukin-10 predicts outcomes in COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2020; 61:103026. [PMID: 33039714 PMCID: PMC7543971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic tools are required to guide clinical decision-making in COVID-19. METHODS We studied the relationship between the ratio of interleukin (IL)-6 to IL-10 and clinical outcome in 80 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, and created a simple 5-point linear score predictor of clinical outcome, the Dublin-Boston score. Clinical outcome was analysed as a three-level ordinal variable ("Improved", "Unchanged", or "Declined"). For both IL-6:IL-10 ratio and IL-6 alone, we associated clinical outcome with a) baseline biomarker levels, b) change in biomarker level from day 0 to day 2, c) change in biomarker from day 0 to day 4, and d) slope of biomarker change throughout the study. The associations between ordinal clinical outcome and each of the different predictors were performed with proportional odds logistic regression. Associations were run both "unadjusted" and adjusted for age and sex. Nested cross-validation was used to identify the model for incorporation into the Dublin-Boston score. FINDINGS The 4-day change in IL-6:IL-10 ratio was chosen to derive the Dublin-Boston score. Each 1 point increase in the score was associated with a 5.6 times increased odds for a more severe outcome (OR 5.62, 95% CI -3.22-9.81, P = 1.2 × 10-9). Both the Dublin-Boston score and the 4-day change in IL-6:IL-10 significantly outperformed IL-6 alone in predicting clinical outcome at day 7. INTERPRETATION The Dublin-Boston score is easily calculated and can be applied to a spectrum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. More informed prognosis could help determine when to escalate care, institute or remove mechanical ventilation, or drive considerations for therapies. FUNDING Funding was received from the Elaine Galwey Research Fellowship, American Thoracic Society, National Institutes of Health and the Parker B Francis Research Opportunity Award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J McElvaney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Brian D Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dandi Qiao
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Oisín F McElvaney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Moll
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Natalie L McEvoy
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Clarke
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gerard F Curley
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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290
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The Role of HIF in Immunity and Inflammation. Cell Metab 2020; 32:524-536. [PMID: 32853548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HIF is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in the cellular response to low oxygen, orchestrating a metabolic switch that allows cells to survive in this environment. In immunity, infected and inflamed tissues are often hypoxic, and HIF helps immune cells adapt. HIF-α stabilization can also occur under normoxia during immunity and inflammation, where it regulates metabolism but in addition can directly regulate expression of immune genes. Here we review the role of HIF in immunity, including its role in macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells. Its role in immunity is as essential for cellular responses as it is in its original role in hypoxia, with HIF being implicated in multiple inflammatory diseases and in immunosuppression in tumors.
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291
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Molecular Chaperones: Molecular Assembly Line Brings Metabolism and Immunity in Shape. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100394. [PMID: 33023034 PMCID: PMC7600384 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a set of conserved proteins that have evolved to assist the folding of many newly synthesized proteins by preventing their misfolding under conditions such as elevated temperatures, hypoxia, acidosis and nutrient deprivation. Molecular chaperones belong to the heat shock protein (HSP) family. They have been identified as important participants in immune functions including antigen presentation, immunostimulation and immunomodulation, and play crucial roles in metabolic rewiring and epigenetic circuits. Growing evidence has accumulated to indicate that metabolic pathways and their metabolites influence the function of immune cells and can alter transcriptional activity through epigenetic modification of (de)methylation and (de)acetylation. However, whether molecular chaperones can regulate metabolic programs to influence immune activity is still largely unclear. In this review, we discuss the available data on the biological function of molecular chaperones to immune responses during inflammation, with a specific focus on the interplay between molecular chaperones and metabolic pathways that drive immune cell fate and function.
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292
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Mouton AJ, Hall JE. Novel roles of immunometabolism and nonmyocyte metabolism in cardiac remodeling and injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R476-R484. [PMID: 32877243 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00188.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cardiomyocyte metabolism have been heavily implicated in cardiac injury and heart failure (HF). However, there is emerging evidence that metabolism in nonmyocyte populations, including cardiac fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells, plays an important role in cardiac remodeling and adaptation to injury. Here, we discuss recent advances and insights into nonmyocyte metabolism in the healthy and injured heart. Metabolic switching from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is critical for immune cell (macrophage and T lymphocyte) and fibroblast phenotypic switching in the inflamed and fibrotic heart. On the other hand, cardiac endothelial cells are heavily reliant on glycolytic metabolism, and thus impairments in glycolytic metabolism underlie endothelial cell dysfunction. Finally, we review current and ongoing metabolic therapies for HF and the potential implications for nonmyocyte metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Mouton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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293
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Guak H, Krawczyk CM. Implications of cellular metabolism for immune cell migration. Immunology 2020; 161:200-208. [PMID: 32920838 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential, energetically demanding process in immunity. Immune cells navigate the body via chemokines and other immune mediators, which are altered under inflammatory conditions of injury or infection. Several factors determine the migratory abilities of different types of immune cells in diverse contexts, including the precise co-ordination of cytoskeletal remodelling, the expression of specific chemokine receptors and integrins, and environmental conditions. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the relationship of each of these factors with cellular metabolism, with a focus on the spatial organization of glycolysis and mitochondria, reciprocal regulation of chemokine receptors and the influence of environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Guak
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Metabolic and Nutritional Programming Group, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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294
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Quäschling T, Friedrich D, Deepe GS, Rupp J. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Antifungal Immunity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102150. [PMID: 32977563 PMCID: PMC7598272 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine is challenged by several potentially severe fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, or Histoplasma capsulatum. Though not all fungal pathogens have evolved as primary pathogens, opportunistic pathogens can still cause fatal infections in immuno-compromised patients. After infection with these fungi, the ingestion and clearance by innate immune cells is an important part of the host immune response. Innate immune cells utilize two different autophagic pathways, the canonical pathway and the non-canonical pathway, also called microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) -associated pathway (LAP), to clear fungal pathogens from the intracellular environment. The outcome of autophagy-related host immune responses depends on the pathogen and cell type. Therefore, the understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy is crucial for the development and improvement of antifungal therapies. One of those molecular mechanisms is the interaction of the transcription-factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) with the autophagic immune response. During this review, we will focus on a comprehensive overview of the role of autophagy and HIF-1α on the outcome of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Quäschling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
| | - Dirk Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (T.Q.); (D.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-45300
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295
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Medina MÁ. Metabolic Reprogramming is a Hallmark of Metabolism Itself. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000058. [PMID: 32939776 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming of metabolism has been identified as one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is becoming more and more frequent to connect other diseases with metabolic reprogramming. This article aims to argue that metabolic reprogramming is not driven by disease but instead is the main hallmark of metabolism, based on its dynamic behavior that allows it to continuously adapt to changes in the internal and external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Medina
- Andalucía Tech, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, E-29071, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Málaga, E-29071, Spain
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296
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McElvaney OJ, McEvoy NL, McElvaney OF, Carroll TP, Murphy MP, Dunlea DM, Ní Choileáin O, Clarke J, O'Connor E, Hogan G, Ryan D, Sulaiman I, Gunaratnam C, Branagan P, O'Brien ME, Morgan RK, Costello RW, Hurley K, Walsh S, de Barra E, McNally C, McConkey S, Boland F, Galvin S, Kiernan F, O'Rourke J, Dwyer R, Power M, Geoghegan P, Larkin C, O'Leary RA, Freeman J, Gaffney A, Marsh B, Curley GF, McElvaney NG. Characterization of the Inflammatory Response to Severe COVID-19 Illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:812-821. [PMID: 32584597 PMCID: PMC7491404 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-1583oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global threat to health. Its inflammatory characteristics are incompletely understood.Objectives: To define the cytokine profile of COVID-19 and to identify evidence of immunometabolic alterations in those with severe illness.Methods: Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and sTNFR1 (soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) were assessed in plasma from healthy volunteers, hospitalized but stable patients with COVID-19 (COVIDstable patients), patients with COVID-19 requiring ICU admission (COVIDICU patients), and patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia requiring ICU support (CAPICU patients). Immunometabolic markers were measured in circulating neutrophils from patients with severe COVID-19. The acute phase response of AAT (alpha-1 antitrypsin) to COVID-19 was also evaluated.Measurements and Main Results: IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and sTNFR1 were all increased in patients with COVID-19. COVIDICU patients could be clearly differentiated from COVIDstable patients, and demonstrated higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and sTNFR1 but lower IL-10 than CAPICU patients. COVID-19 neutrophils displayed altered immunometabolism, with increased cytosolic PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2), phosphorylated PKM2, HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α), and lactate. The production and sialylation of AAT increased in COVID-19, but this antiinflammatory response was overwhelmed in severe illness, with the IL-6:AAT ratio markedly higher in patients requiring ICU admission (P < 0.0001). In critically unwell patients with COVID-19, increases in IL-6:AAT predicted prolonged ICU stay and mortality, whereas improvement in IL-6:AAT was associated with clinical resolution (P < 0.0001).Conclusions: The COVID-19 cytokinemia is distinct from that of other types of pneumonia, leading to organ failure and ICU need. Neutrophils undergo immunometabolic reprogramming in severe COVID-19 illness. Cytokine ratios may predict outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Clarke
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eoghan de Barra
- Department of International Health and Tropical Medicine, and
| | | | - Samuel McConkey
- Department of International Health and Tropical Medicine, and
| | - Fiona Boland
- Data Science Centre, Division of Biostatistics and Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Marsh
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard F Curley
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care
- Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
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297
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Metabolic Constrains Rule Metastasis Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092081. [PMID: 32932943 PMCID: PMC7563739 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis formation accounts for the majority of tumor-associated deaths and consists of different steps, each of them being characterized by a distinctive adaptive phenotype of the cancer cells. Metabolic reprogramming represents one of the main adaptive phenotypes exploited by cancer cells during all the main steps of tumor and metastatic progression. In particular, the metabolism of cancer cells evolves profoundly through all the main phases of metastasis formation, namely the metastatic dissemination, the metastatic colonization of distant organs, the metastatic dormancy, and ultimately the outgrowth into macroscopic lesions. However, the metabolic reprogramming of metastasizing cancer cells has only recently become the subject of intense study. From a clinical point of view, the latter steps of the metastatic process are very important, because patients often undergo surgical removal of the primary tumor when cancer cells have already left the primary tumor site, even though distant metastases are not clinically detectable yet. In this scenario, to precisely elucidate if and how metabolic reprogramming drives acquisition of cancer-specific adaptive phenotypes might pave the way to new therapeutic strategies by combining chemotherapy with metabolic drugs for better cancer eradication. In this review we discuss the latest evidence that claim the importance of metabolic adaptation for cancer progression.
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298
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Han X, Ma W, Zhu Y, Sun X, Liu N. Advanced glycation end products enhance macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype via the HIF-1α/PDK4 pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 514:110878. [PMID: 32464167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture followed by luminal thrombosis is recognized as the main cause of acute cardiovascular events, especially in patients with diabetes. Although previous studies identified stimulation of macrophages polarization with advanced glycation end products (AGEs) results in the rapid progression of atherosclerosis, the underlying mechanisms are not understood fully. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), critical proteins for regulating glucose metabolism, on macrophages polarization in diabetic atherosclerosis, and relevant mechanisms involved. We found that there is an increased number of M1 macrophages in carotid atherosclerotic tissues of diabetic mice and in AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-treated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, we observed that HIF-1α was upregulated in AGE-BSA-induced M1 polarization and that the HIF-1α knockdown reduced macrophage polarization to M1 phenotype caused by AGE-BSA via regulation of PDK4. Thus, our study identified the critical role of HIF-1α/PDK4 axis in AGE-BSA-induced M1 polarization, which reflected the potential association between energy metabolism and inflammation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wenqi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xuejiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Naifeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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299
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Osei-Bordom D, Bozward AG, Oo YH. The hepatic microenvironment and regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2020; 357:104195. [PMID: 32861844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human liver is regarded as a lymphoid organ that contributes to both local and systemic immune response. Intrahepatic immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) reside in the hepatic microenvironment which is enriched with proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and metabolites. In addition, the hepatic microenvironment has the unique ability to establish and maintain immune tolerance despite the continuous influx of the gut derived microbial products via the portal vein. Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in maintaining the hepatic tolerogenic state; however, the phenotypic stability, function and survival of Tregs in the inflamed liver microenvironment is still poorly understood. Despite this, Tregs immunotherapy remains as an appealing therapeutic option in autoimmune and immune mediated liver diseases. In order to advance cell therapy, it is important for us to further our understanding of the hepatic microenvironment, with the aim of developing ways to modify the hostile, inflamed environment to one which is more favourable. By doing so, T cell stability and function would be enhanced, resulting in improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Osei-Bordom
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRC, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; European Reference Network Centre: Rare Liver, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Amber G Bozward
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRC, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; European Reference Network Centre: Rare Liver, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and NIHR BRC, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; European Reference Network Centre: Rare Liver, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
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300
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Metabolic reprogramming as a key regulator in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1087-1101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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