251
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Gehlsen U, Szaszák M, Gebert A, Koop N, Hüttmann G, Steven P. Non-Invasive Multi-Dimensional Two-Photon Microscopy enables optical fingerprinting (TPOF) of immune cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:466-479. [PMID: 25186637 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to pathogens and show high immunological activity. In a broad variety of ocular surface disorders inflammation is common, but underlying mechanisms are often not fully understood. However, the main clinical problem is that inflammatory processes are difficult to characterize and quantify due to the impossibility of repeated tissue probing of the delicate ocular surface. Therefore non-invasive optical methods are thought to have the potential for intravital investigation of ocular surface inflammation. This study demonstrates the general potential of two-photon microscopy to non-invasively detect and discriminate key players of inflammation in the ocular surface by using intrinsic fluorescence-based features without the necessity of tissue probing or the use of dyes. The use of wavelength dependent measurements of fluorescence lifetime, in addition to autofluorescence intensity enables a functional differentiation of isolated immune cells in vitro at excitation wavelengths between 710 to 830 nm. Mixed cell cultures and first in vivo results indicate the use of excitation wavelength of 710 to 750 nm for further experiments and future use in patients. Two photon based autofluorescence features of immune cells enables non-invasive differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Gehlsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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252
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Robey RB, Weisz J, Kuemmerle NB, Salzberg AC, Berg A, Brown DG, Kubik L, Palorini R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Colacci A, Mondello C, Raju J, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Amedei A, Hamid RA, Williams GP, Lowe L, Meyer J, Martin FL, Bisson WH, Chiaradonna F, Ryan EP. Metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated metabolism: cause, consequence and/or enabler of environmental carcinogenesis? Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S203-31. [PMID: 26106140 PMCID: PMC4565609 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contributions to cancer development are widely accepted, but only a fraction of all pertinent exposures have probably been identified. Traditional toxicological approaches to the problem have largely focused on the effects of individual agents at singular endpoints. As such, they have incompletely addressed both the pro-carcinogenic contributions of environmentally relevant low-dose chemical mixtures and the fact that exposures can influence multiple cancer-associated endpoints over varying timescales. Of these endpoints, dysregulated metabolism is one of the most common and recognizable features of cancer, but its specific roles in exposure-associated cancer development remain poorly understood. Most studies have focused on discrete aspects of cancer metabolism and have incompletely considered both its dynamic integrated nature and the complex controlling influences of substrate availability, external trophic signals and environmental conditions. Emerging high throughput approaches to environmental risk assessment also do not directly address the metabolic causes or consequences of changes in gene expression. As such, there is a compelling need to establish common or complementary frameworks for further exploration that experimentally and conceptually consider the gestalt of cancer metabolism and its causal relationships to both carcinogenesis and the development of other cancer hallmarks. A literature review to identify environmentally relevant exposures unambiguously linked to both cancer development and dysregulated metabolism suggests major gaps in our understanding of exposure-associated carcinogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Although limited evidence exists to support primary causal roles for metabolism in carcinogenesis, the universality of altered cancer metabolism underscores its fundamental biological importance, and multiple pleiomorphic, even dichotomous, roles for metabolism in promoting, antagonizing or otherwise enabling the development and selection of cancer are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brooks Robey
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Departments of Medicine and of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03756, USA,
| | - Judith Weisz
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy B Kuemmerle
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA, Departments of Medicine and of
| | - Anna C Salzberg
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Gynecology and Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Laura Kubik
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Roberta Palorini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy, SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Graeme P Williams
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK, Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada, and
| | - Joel Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy, SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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253
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Hossain F, Al-Khami AA, Wyczechowska D, Hernandez C, Zheng L, Reiss K, Valle LD, Trillo-Tinoco J, Maj T, Zou W, Rodriguez PC, Ochoa AC. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Modulates Immunosuppressive Functions of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Enhances Cancer Therapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1236-47. [PMID: 26025381 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) promote tumor growth by inhibiting T-cell immunity and promoting malignant cell proliferation and migration. The therapeutic potential of blocking MDSC in tumors has been limited by their heterogeneity, plasticity, and resistance to various chemotherapy agents. Recent studies have highlighted the role of energy metabolic pathways in the differentiation and function of immune cells; however, the metabolic characteristics regulating MDSC remain unclear. We aimed to determine the energy metabolic pathway(s) used by MDSC, establish its impact on their immunosuppressive function, and test whether its inhibition blocks MDSC and enhances antitumor therapies. Using several murine tumor models, we found that tumor-infiltrating MDSC (T-MDSC) increased fatty acid uptake and activated fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This was accompanied by an increased mitochondrial mass, upregulation of key FAO enzymes, and increased oxygen consumption rate. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAO blocked immune inhibitory pathways and functions in T-MDSC and decreased their production of inhibitory cytokines. FAO inhibition alone significantly delayed tumor growth in a T-cell-dependent manner and enhanced the antitumor effect of adoptive T-cell therapy. Furthermore, FAO inhibition combined with low-dose chemotherapy completely inhibited T-MDSC immunosuppressive effects and induced a significant antitumor effect. Interestingly, a similar increase in fatty acid uptake and expression of FAO-related enzymes was found in human MDSC in peripheral blood and tumors. These results support the possibility of testing FAO inhibition as a novel approach to block MDSC and enhance various cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokhrul Hossain
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dorota Wyczechowska
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Hernandez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Liqin Zheng
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Krzystoff Reiss
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jimena Trillo-Tinoco
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tomasz Maj
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Augusto C Ochoa
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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254
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Cordes T, Michelucci A, Hiller K. Itaconic Acid: The Surprising Role of an Industrial Compound as a Mammalian Antimicrobial Metabolite. Annu Rev Nutr 2015; 35:451-73. [PMID: 25974697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Itaconic acid is well known as a precursor for polymer synthesis and has been involved in industrial processes for decades. In a recent surprising discovery, itaconic acid was found to play a role as an immune-supportive metabolite in mammalian immune cells, where it is synthesized as an antimicrobial compound from the citric acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitic acid. Although the immune-responsive gene 1 protein (IRG1) has been associated to immune response without a mechanistic function, the critical link to itaconic acid production through an enzymatic function of this protein was only recently revealed. In this review, we highlight the history of itaconic acid as an industrial and antimicrobial compound, starting with its biotechnological synthesis and ending with its antimicrobial function in mammalian immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg; ,
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255
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Ajao C, Andersson MA, Teplova VV, Nagy S, Gahmberg CG, Andersson LC, Hautaniemi M, Kakasi B, Roivainen M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Mitochondrial toxicity of triclosan on mammalian cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:624-637. [PMID: 28962398 PMCID: PMC5598359 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of triclosan (5-chloro-2'-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) on mammalian cells were investigated using human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (PBMC), keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine pancreatic islets (MIN-6) and neuroblastoma cells (MNA) as targets. We show that triclosan (1-10 μg ml-1) depolarised the mitochondria, upshifted the rate of glucose consumption in PMBC, HaCaT, PK-15 and MNA, and subsequently induced metabolic acidosis. Triclosan induced a regression of insulin producing pancreatic islets into tiny pycnotic cells and necrotic death. Short exposure to low concentrations of triclosan (30 min, ≤1 μg/ml) paralyzed the high amplitude tail beating and progressive motility of spermatozoa, within 30 min exposure, depolarized the spermatozoan mitochondria and hyperpolarised the acrosome region of the sperm head and the flagellar fibrous sheath (distal part of the flagellum). Experiments with isolated rat liver mitochondria showed that triclosan impaired oxidative phosphorylation, downshifted ATP synthesis, uncoupled respiration and provoked excessive oxygen uptake. These exposure concentrations are 100-1000 fold lower that those permitted in consumer goods. The mitochondriotoxic mechanism of triclosan differs from that of valinomycin, cereulide and the enniatins by not involving potassium ionophoric activity.
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Key Words
- Acidosis
- BCF, bioconcentration factor
- EC50, concentration that diminishes the respective vitality parameter by ≥50%
- Electric transmembrane potential
- Glycolysis
- HaCaT, a spontaneously immortalized (non-neoplastic) keratinocyte cell line
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration
- MIN-6, a murine pancreatic beta cell line
- MNA, a murine neuroblastoma cells
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- PBMC, monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PI, propidium iodide
- PK-15, a porcine kidney tubular epithelial cell line
- PN, pyridine nucleotides
- RLM, rat liver mitochondria
- Sperm motility
- TPP+, tetraphenylphosphonium
- Uncoupler
- ΔΨ, electric transmembrane potential
- ΔΨm, membrane potential of the mitochondrial membrane
- ΔΨp, membrane potential of the plasma membrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Ajao
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vera V. Teplova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Puschino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Szabolcs Nagy
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Husbandry, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Deak F. u.,16, H8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Carl G. Gahmberg
- Dept. of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Leif C. Andersson
- Dept. of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maria Hautaniemi
- Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA), Research and Laboratory Department, Veterinary Virology Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Balazs Kakasi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Merja Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Virology, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, POB 56, FI-00014, Finland
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256
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Hagan T, Nakaya HI, Subramaniam S, Pulendran B. Systems vaccinology: Enabling rational vaccine design with systems biological approaches. Vaccine 2015; 33:5294-301. [PMID: 25858860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have drastically reduced the mortality and morbidity of many diseases. However, vaccines have historically been developed empirically, and recent development of vaccines against current pandemics such as HIV and malaria has been met with difficulty. The advent of high-throughput technologies, coupled with systems biological methods of data analysis, has enabled researchers to interrogate the entire complement of a variety of molecular components within cells, and characterize the myriad interactions among them in order to model and understand the behavior of the system as a whole. In the context of vaccinology, these tools permit exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which vaccines induce protective immune responses. Here we review the recent advances, challenges, and potential of systems biological approaches in vaccinology. If the challenges facing this developing field can be overcome, systems vaccinology promises to empower the identification of early predictive signatures of vaccine response, as well as novel and robust correlates of protection from infection. Such discoveries, along with the improved understanding of immune responses to vaccination they impart, will play an instrumental role in development of the next generation of rationally designed vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hagan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Department of Pathology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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257
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Colgan SP, Curtis VF, Lanis JM, Glover LE. Metabolic regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier during inflammation. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e970936. [PMID: 25838978 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.970936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa has proven to be an interesting tissue for which to investigate disease-related metabolism. In this review, we outline some evidence that implicates metabolic signaling as important features of barrier in the healthy and disease. Studies from cultured cell systems, animal models and human patients have revealed that metabolites generated within the inflammatory microenvironment are central to barrier regulation. These studies have revealed a prominent role for hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) at key steps in adenine nucleotide metabolism and within the creatine kinase pathway. Results from animal models of intestinal inflammation have demonstrated an almost uniformly beneficial influence of HIF stabilization on disease outcomes and barrier function. Studies underway to elucidate the contribution of immune responses will provide additional insight into how metabolic changes contribute to the complexity of the gastrointestinal tract and how such information might be harnessed for therapeutic benefit.
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Key Words
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- CK, creatine kinase
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- Colitis
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- PHD, prolyl hydroxylase
- PMN, polymorphonuclear leukcoyte, neutrophil
- TJ, tight junction
- VASP, vasodilator-stimulated
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- creatine
- epithelium
- inflammation
- metabolism
- mucosa
- murine model
- neutrophil
- nucleoside
- nucleotidase
- nucleotide
- phosphocreatine
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Departments of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program; University of Colorado School of Medicine ; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Valerie F Curtis
- Departments of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program; University of Colorado School of Medicine ; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jordi M Lanis
- Departments of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program; University of Colorado School of Medicine ; Aurora, CO USA
| | - Louise E Glover
- Departments of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program; University of Colorado School of Medicine ; Aurora, CO USA
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258
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Hårdstedt M, Lindblom S, Hong J, Nilsson B, Korsgren O, Ronquist G. A novel model for studies of blood-mediated long-term responses to cellular transplants. Ups J Med Sci 2015; 120:28-39. [PMID: 25322825 PMCID: PMC4389005 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2014.965290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Interaction between blood and bio-surfaces is important in many medical fields. With the aim of studying blood-mediated reactions to cellular transplants, we developed a whole-blood model for incubation of small volumes for up to 48 h. METHODS Heparinized polyvinyl chloride tubing was cut in suitable lengths and sealed to create small bags. Multiple bags, with fresh venous blood, were incubated attached to a rotating wheel at 37°C. Physiological variables in blood were monitored: glucose, blood gases, mono- and divalent cations and chloride ions, osmolality, coagulation (platelet consumption, thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT)), and complement activation (C3a and SC5b-9), haemolysis, and leukocyte viability. RESULTS Basic glucose consumption was high. Glucose depletion resulted in successive elevation of extracellular potassium, while sodium and calcium ions decreased due to inhibition of energy-requiring ion pumps. Addition of glucose improved ion balance but led to metabolic acidosis. To maintain a balanced physiological environment beyond 6 h, glucose and sodium hydrogen carbonate were added regularly based on analyses of glucose, pH, ions, and osmotic pressure. With these additives haemolysis was prevented for up to 72 h and leukocyte viability better preserved. Despite using non-heparinized blood, coagulation and complement activation were lower during long-term incubations compared with addition of thromboplastin and collagen. CONCLUSION A novel whole-blood model for studies of blood-mediated responses to a cellular transplant is presented allowing extended observations for up to 48 h and highlights the importance of stringent evaluations and adjustment of physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hårdstedt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research Dalarna-Uppsala University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Susanne Lindblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaan Hong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Immunology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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259
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Campbell EL, Colgan SP. Neutrophils and inflammatory metabolism in antimicrobial functions of the mucosa. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:517-22. [PMID: 25714801 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1114-556r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, we will discuss recent findings that implicate neutrophil infiltration and function in establishing a metabolic environment to facilitate efficient pathogen clearance. For decades, neutrophils have been regarded as short lived, nonspecific granulocytes, equipped with toxic antimicrobial factors and a respiratory burst generating ROS. Recent findings demonstrate the importance of HIF signaling in leukocytes and surrounding tissues during inflammation. Here, we will review the potential mechanisms and outcomes of HIF stabilization within the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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260
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Langfelder A, Okonji E, Deca D, Wei WC, Glitsch MD. Extracellular acidosis impairs P2Y receptor-mediated Ca(2+) signalling and migration of microglia. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:247-56. [PMID: 25623949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophage and immune cell of the brain and are critically involved in combating disease and assaults on the brain. Virtually all brain pathologies are accompanied by acidosis of the interstitial fluid, meaning that microglia are exposed to an acidic environment. However, little is known about how extracellular acidosis impacts on microglial function. The activity of microglia is tightly controlled by 'on' and 'off' signals, the presence or absence of which results in generation of distinct phenotypes in microglia. Activation of G protein coupled purinergic (P2Y) receptors triggers a number of distinct behaviours in microglia, including activation, migration, and phagocytosis. Using pharmacological tools and fluorescence imaging of the murine cerebellar microglia cell line C8B4, we show that extracellular acidosis interferes with P2Y receptor-mediated Ca(2+) signalling in these cells. Distinct P2Y receptors give rise to signature intracellular Ca(2+) signals, and Ca(2+) release from stores and Ca(2+) influx are differentially affected by acidotic conditions: Ca(2+) release is virtually unaffected, whereas Ca(2+) influx, mediated at least in part by store-operated Ca(2+) channels, is profoundly inhibited. Furthermore, P2Y1 and P2Y6-mediated stimulation of migration is inhibited under conditions of extracellular acidosis, whereas basal migration independent of P2Y receptor activation is not. Taken together, our results demonstrate that an acidic microenvironment impacts on P2Y receptor-mediated Ca(2+) signalling, thereby influencing microglial responses and responsiveness to extracellular signals. This may result in altered behaviour of microglia under pathological conditions compared with microglial responses in healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Langfelder
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Emeka Okonji
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Diana Deca
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Wei-Chun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Maike D Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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261
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Mandl JN, Ahmed R, Barreiro LB, Daszak P, Epstein JH, Virgin HW, Feinberg MB. Reservoir host immune responses to emerging zoonotic viruses. Cell 2014; 160:20-35. [PMID: 25533784 PMCID: PMC4390999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses, such as HIV, Ebola virus, coronaviruses, influenza A viruses, hantaviruses, or henipaviruses, can result in profound pathology in humans. In contrast, populations of the reservoir hosts of zoonotic pathogens often appear to tolerate these infections with little evidence of disease. Why are viruses more dangerous in one species than another? Immunological studies investigating quantitative and qualitative differences in the host-virus equilibrium in animal reservoirs will be key to answering this question, informing new approaches for treating and preventing zoonotic diseases. Integrating an understanding of host immune responses with epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary insights into viral emergence will shed light on mechanisms that minimize fitness costs associated with viral infection, facilitate transmission to other hosts, and underlie the association of specific reservoir hosts with multiple emerging viruses. Reservoir host studies provide a rich opportunity for elucidating fundamental immunological processes and their underlying genetic basis, in the context of distinct physiological and metabolic constraints that contribute to host resistance and disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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262
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Deng W, Ren Y, Feng X, Yao G, Chen W, Sun Y, Wang H, Gao X, Sun L. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha promotes mesangial cell proliferation in lupus nephritis. Am J Nephrol 2014; 40:507-15. [PMID: 25531641 DOI: 10.1159/000369564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has accumulated that hypoxia plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of both acute renal injury and chronic renal disease. However, little was known about the effects of hypoxia on lupus nephritis (LN). In the current study, we investigated the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in LN. METHODS Renal biopsies from 22 LN patients and 20 patients with renal carcinoma were obtained. In situ HIF-1α expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship between HIF-1α and clinical/pathological features was analyzed. HIF-1α expression in kidney from both MRL/lpr and C57BL/6 mice was detected by immunohistochemical technology. Dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG), an inhibitor of HIF-degrading prolylhydroxylases, was utilized to prevent HIF-1α degradation in mouse mesangial cells (MCs). After DMOG treatment, the proliferation and apoptosis rates of mouse MCs were determined. RESULTS LN patients showed larger amounts of HIF-1α in both glomerular and tubulointerstitial areas. The levels of intraglomerular HIF-1α were closely associated with renal pathology activity index and clinical manifestations in LN patients. In MRL/lpr mice, intraglomerular HIF-1α-positive cells were also significantly increased. Interestingly, the levels of HIF-1α positively correlated with cell density in glomerulus in both LN patients and MRL/lpr mice. Upon treatment with DMOG, the proliferation of MCs was upregulated, and apoptosis was downregulated. CONCLUSION HIF-1α is highly expressed in both glomerular and tubulointerstitial tissues in LN, especially in proliferative LN. HIF-1α may promote MCs growth through the induction of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis, and hence plays an important role in the pathogenesis of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Abstract
The immune system defends against pathogens and maintains tissue homeostasis for the life of the organism. These diverse functions are bioenergetically expensive, requiring precise control of cellular metabolic pathways. Although initial observations in this area were made almost a century ago, studies over the past decade have elucidated the molecular basis for how extracellular signals control the uptake and catabolism of nutrients in quiescent and activated immune cells. Collectively, these studies have revealed that the metabolic pathways of oxidative metabolism, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis preferentially fuel the cell fate decisions and effector functions of immune cells. Here, we discuss these findings and provide a general framework for understanding how metabolism fuels and regulates the maturation of immune responses. A better understanding of the metabolic checkpoints that control these transitions might provide new insights for modulating immunity in infection, cancer, or inflammatory disorders.
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264
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Eltzschig HK, Bratton DL, Colgan SP. Targeting hypoxia signalling for the treatment of ischaemic and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:852-69. [PMID: 25359381 PMCID: PMC4259899 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are stabilized during adverse inflammatory processes associated with disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, pathogen infection and acute lung injury, as well as during ischaemia-reperfusion injury. HIF stabilization and hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression have a profound impact on the inflamed tissue microenvironment and on disease outcomes. Although the mechanism that initiates HIF stabilization may vary, the final molecular steps that control HIF stabilization converge on a set of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) that mark HIFs for proteasomal degradation. PHDs are therefore promising therapeutic targets. In this Review, we discuss the emerging potential and associated challenges of targeting the PHD-HIF pathway for the treatment of inflammatory and ischaemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger K Eltzschig
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Donna L Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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265
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Curtis VF, Ehrentraut SF, Colgan SP. Actions of adenosine on cullin neddylation: implications for inflammatory responses. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 13:273-6. [PMID: 25973141 PMCID: PMC4423527 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is intense interest in understanding how the purine nucleoside adenosine functions in health and during disease. In this review, we outline some of the evidence that implicates adenosine signaling as an important metabolic signature to promote inflammatory resolution. Studies derived from cultured cell systems, animal models and human patients have revealed that nucleotide metabolism is significant component of the overall inflammatory microenvironment. These studies have revealed a prominent role for the transcription factors NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and that these molecules are post-translationally regulated through similar components, namely the neddylation of cullins within the E3 ligase that are controlled through adenosine receptor signaling. Studies defining differences and similarities between these responses have taught us a number of important lessons about the complexity of the inflammatory response. A clearer definition of these pathways has provided new insight into disease pathogenesis and importantly, the potential for new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F. Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Corresponding author at: University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Ave. MS B-146, Aurora, CO 80045, United States. Tel.: + 1 303 724 7235, fax: + 1 303 724 7243.
| | - Stefan F. Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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266
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Chung HT, Joe Y. Antagonistic crosstalk between SIRT1, PARP-1, and -2 in the regulation of chronic inflammation associated with aging and metabolic diseases. Integr Med Res 2014; 3:198-203. [PMID: 28664098 PMCID: PMC5481777 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies have indicated the association of chronic sterile inflammation (inflammation in the absence of pathogens) with the pathogenesis of age-related and metabolic diseases. The inflammation is under the control of transcription factor NF-κB through an antagonistic crosstalk between SIRT1, PARP-1, and -2 signaling pathways. The transcriptional activity of NF-κB is increased in various tissues with aging and metabolic abnormalities and is related with various aging and metabolic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, NF-κB activation with chronic inflammation is connected with many known life span and metabolic regulators including DNA damage, obesity, SIRT, and PARP. Thus, the crossroads between PARP and SIRT signaling pathways represent efficient therapeutic targets for extending health span without metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Taeg Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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267
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Gourevitch D, Kossenkov AV, Zhang Y, Clark L, Chang C, Showe LC, Heber-Katz E. Inflammation and Its Correlates in Regenerative Wound Healing: An Alternate Perspective. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:592-603. [PMID: 25207202 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The wound healing response may be viewed as partially overlapping sets of two physiological processes, regeneration and wound repair with the former overrepresented in some lower species such as newts and the latter more typical of mammals. A robust and quantitative model of regenerative healing has been described in Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mice in which through-and-through ear hole wounds in the ear pinna leads to scarless healing and replacement of all tissue through blastema formation and including cartilage. Since these mice are naturally autoimmune and display many aspects of an enhanced inflammatory response, we chose to examine the inflammatory status during regenerative ear hole closure and observed that inflammation has a clear positive effect on regenerative healing. Approach: The inflammatory gene expression patterns (Illumina microarrays) of early healing ear tissue from regenerative MRL and nonregenerative C57BL/6 (B6) strains are presented along with a survey of innate inflammatory cells found in this tissue type pre and postinjury. The role of inflammation on healing is tested using a COX-2 inhibitor. Innovation and Conclusion: We conclude that (1) enhanced inflammation is consistent with, and probably necessary, for a full regenerative response and (2) the inflammatory gene expression and cell distribution patterns suggest a novel mast cell population with markers found in both immature and mature mast cells that may be a key component of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lise Clark
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Celia Chang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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268
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Cazalis MA, Lepape A, Venet F, Frager F, Mougin B, Vallin H, Paye M, Pachot A, Monneret G. Early and dynamic changes in gene expression in septic shock patients: a genome-wide approach. Intensive Care Med Exp 2014. [PMID: 26215705 PMCID: PMC4512996 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-014-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As early and appropriate care of severe septic patients is associated with better outcome, understanding of the very first events in the disease process is needed. Pan-genomic analyses offer an interesting opportunity to study global genomic response within the very first hours after sepsis. The objective of this study was to investigate the systemic genomic response in severe intensive care unit (ICU) patients and determine whether patterns of gene expression could be associated with clinical severity evaluated by the severity score. Methods Twenty-eight ICU patients were enrolled at the onset of septic shock. Blood samples were collected within 30 min and 24 and 48 h after shock and genomic response was evaluated using microarrays. The genome-wide expression pattern of blood leukocytes was sequentially compared to healthy volunteers and after stratification based on Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII) score to identify potential mechanisms of dysregulation. Results Septic shock induces a global reprogramming of the whole leukocyte transcriptome affecting multiple functions and pathways (>71% of the whole genome was modified). Most altered pathways were not significantly different between SAPSII-high and SAPSII-low groups of patients. However, the magnitude and the duration of these alterations were different between these two groups. Importantly, we observed that the more severe patients did not exhibit the strongest modulation. This indicates that some regulation mechanisms leading to recovery seem to take place at the early stage. Conclusions In conclusion, both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes, measured at the transcriptomic level, are induced within the very first hours after septic shock. Interestingly, the more severe patients did not exhibit the strongest modulation. This highlights that not only the responses mechanisms by themselves but mainly their early and appropriate regulation are crucial for patient recovery. This reinforces the idea that an immediate and tailored aggressive care of patients, aimed at restoring an appropriately regulated immune response, may have a beneficial impact on the outcome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-014-0020-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Angélique Cazalis
- Joint Unit "Sepsis" Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437, Lyon, France,
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269
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Rabinovitch M, Guignabert C, Humbert M, Nicolls MR. Inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ Res 2014; 115:165-75. [PMID: 24951765 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes an expanding body of knowledge indicating that failure to resolve inflammation and altered immune processes underlie the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The chemokines and cytokines implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension that could form a biomarker platform are discussed. Pre-clinical studies that provide the basis for dysregulated immunity in animal models of the disease are reviewed. In addition, we present therapies that target inflammatory/immune mechanisms that are currently enrolling patients, and discuss others in development. We show how genetic and metabolic abnormalities are inextricably linked to dysregulated immunity and adverse remodeling in the pulmonary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Rabinovitch
- From the Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.) and Department of Medicine (M.R.N.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson and Université Paris-Sud, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (C.G., M.H.); and AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France (M.H.).
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- From the Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.) and Department of Medicine (M.R.N.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson and Université Paris-Sud, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (C.G., M.H.); and AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- From the Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.) and Department of Medicine (M.R.N.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson and Université Paris-Sud, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (C.G., M.H.); and AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- From the Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Pediatrics (M.R.) and Department of Medicine (M.R.N.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA; INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson and Université Paris-Sud, School of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (C.G., M.H.); and AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
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270
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Bhandari T, Nizet V. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) as a Pharmacological Target for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Infect Dis Ther 2014; 3:159-74. [PMID: 25134687 PMCID: PMC4269623 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-014-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present era of ever-increasing antibiotic resistance and increasingly complex and immunosuppressed patient populations, physicians and scientists are seeking novel approaches to battle difficult infectious disease conditions. Development of a serious infection implies a failure of innate immune capabilities in the patient, and one may consider whether pharmacological strategies exist to correct and enhance innate immune cell function. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), the central regulator of the cellular response to hypoxic stress, has recently been recognized to control the activation state and key microbicidal functions of immune cells. HIF-1 boosting drugs are in clinical development for anemia and other indications, and could be repositioned as infectious disease therapeutics. With equal attention to opportunities and complexities, we review our current understanding of HIF-1 regulation of microbial host-pathogen interactions with an eye toward future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Bhandari
- Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, Department of Pediatrics and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, Department of Pediatrics and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
- Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, Medical Sciences Research 4113, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0760, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA.
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271
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Subramanian M, Kini R, Madasu M, Ohta A, Nowak M, Exley M, Sitkovsky M, Ohta A. Extracellular adenosine controls NKT-cell-dependent hepatitis induction. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1119-29. [PMID: 24448964 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine regulates inflammatory responses via the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR). A2AR deficiency results in much exaggerated acute hepatitis, indicating nonredundancy of adenosine-A2AR pathway in inhibiting immune activation. To identify a critical target of immunoregulatory effect of extracellular adenosine, we focused on NKT cells, which play an indispensable role in hepatitis. An A2AR agonist abolished NKT-cell-dependent induction of acute hepatitis by concanavalin A (Con A) or α-galactosylceramide in mice, corresponding to downregulation of activation markers and cytokines in NKT cells and of NK-cell co-activation. These results show that A2AR signaling can downregulate NKT-cell activation and suppress NKT-cell-triggered inflammatory responses. Next, we hypothesized that NKT cells might be under physiological control of the adenosine-A2AR pathway. Indeed, both Con A and α-galactosylceramide induced more severe hepatitis in A2AR-deficient mice than in WT controls. Transfer of A2AR-deficient NKT cells into A2AR-expressing recipients resulted in exaggeration of Con A-induced liver damage, suggesting that NKT-cell activation is controlled by endogenous adenosine via A2AR, and this physiological regulatory mechanism of NKT cells is critical in the control of tissue-damaging inflammation. The current study suggests the possibility to manipulate NKT-cell activity in inflammatory disorders through intervention to the adenosine-A2AR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Subramanian
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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272
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Schänzer A, Döring B, Ondrouschek M, Goos S, Garvalov BK, Geyer J, Acker T, Neubauer B, Hahn A. Stress-induced upregulation of SLC19A3 is impaired in biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:270-9. [PMID: 24372704 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a potentially treatable disorder caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 gene, encoding the human thiamine transporter 2. Manifestation of BTBGD as acute encephalopathy triggered by a febrile infection has been frequently reported, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We investigated a family with two brothers being compound heterozygous for the SLC19A3 mutations p.W94R and p.Q393*fs. Post-mortem analysis of the brain of one brother showed a mixture of acute, subacute and chronic changes with cystic and necrotic lesions and hemorrhage in the putamen, and hemorrhagic lesions in the caudate nucleus and cortical layers. SLC19A3 expression was substantially reduced in the cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum compared with an age-matched control. Importantly, exposure of fibroblasts to stress factors such as acidosis or hypoxia markedly upregulated SLC19A3 in control cells, but failed to elevate SLC19A3 expression in the patient's fibroblasts. These results demonstrate ubiquitously reduced thiamine transporter function in the cerebral gray matter, and neuropathological alterations similar to Wernicke's disease in BTBGD. They also suggest that episodes of encephalopathy are caused by a substantially reduced capacity of mutant neuronal cells to increase SLC19A3 expression, necessary to adapt to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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273
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Campbell EL, Bruyninckx WJ, Kelly CJ, Glover LE, McNamee EN, Bowers BE, Bayless AJ, Scully M, Saeedi BJ, Golden-Mason L, Ehrentraut SF, Curtis VF, Burgess A, Garvey JF, Sorensen A, Nemenoff R, Jedlicka P, Taylor CT, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Transmigrating neutrophils shape the mucosal microenvironment through localized oxygen depletion to influence resolution of inflammation. Immunity 2014; 40:66-77. [PMID: 24412613 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute intestinal inflammation involves early accumulation of neutrophils (PMNs) followed by either resolution or progression to chronic inflammation. Based on recent evidence that mucosal metabolism influences disease outcomes, we hypothesized that transmigrating PMNs influence the transcriptional profile of the surrounding mucosa. Microarray studies revealed a cohort of hypoxia-responsive genes regulated by PMN-epithelial crosstalk. Transmigrating PMNs rapidly depleted microenvironmental O2 sufficiently to stabilize intestinal epithelial cell hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). By utilizing HIF reporter mice in an acute colitis model, we investigated the relative contribution of PMNs and the respiratory burst to "inflammatory hypoxia" in vivo. CGD mice, lacking a respiratory burst, developed accentuated colitis compared to control, with exaggerated PMN infiltration and diminished inflammatory hypoxia. Finally, pharmacological HIF stabilization within the mucosa protected CGD mice from severe colitis. In conclusion, transcriptional imprinting by infiltrating neutrophils modulates the host response to inflammation, via localized O2 depletion, resulting in microenvironmental hypoxia and effective inflammatory resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Campbell
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | | | - Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Louise E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eóin N McNamee
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brittelle E Bowers
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Amanda J Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Melanie Scully
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bejan J Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan F Ehrentraut
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Valerie F Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Adrianne Burgess
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Amber Sorensen
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Raphael Nemenoff
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Douglas J Kominsky
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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274
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Stock C, Ludwig FT, Hanley PJ, Schwab A. Roles of ion transport in control of cell motility. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:59-119. [PMID: 23720281 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility is an essential feature of life. It is essential for reproduction, propagation, embryonic development, and healing processes such as wound closure and a successful immune defense. If out of control, cell motility can become life-threatening as, for example, in metastasis or autoimmune diseases. Regardless of whether ciliary/flagellar or amoeboid movement, controlled motility always requires a concerted action of ion channels and transporters, cytoskeletal elements, and signaling cascades. Ion transport across the plasma membrane contributes to cell motility by affecting the membrane potential and voltage-sensitive ion channels, by inducing local volume changes with the help of aquaporins and by modulating cytosolic Ca(2+) and H(+) concentrations. Voltage-sensitive ion channels serve as voltage detectors in electric fields thus enabling galvanotaxis; local swelling facilitates the outgrowth of protrusions at the leading edge while local shrinkage accompanies the retraction of the cell rear; the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration exerts its main effect on cytoskeletal dynamics via motor proteins such as myosin or dynein; and both, the intracellular and the extracellular H(+) concentration modulate cell migration and adhesion by tuning the activity of enzymes and signaling molecules in the cytosol as well as the activation state of adhesion molecules at the cell surface. In addition to the actual process of ion transport, both, channels and transporters contribute to cell migration by being part of focal adhesion complexes and/or physically interacting with components of the cytoskeleton. The present article provides an overview of how the numerous ion-transport mechanisms contribute to the various modes of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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275
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Ohta A, Madasu M, Subramanian M, Kini R, Jones G, Choukèr A, Ohta A, Sitkovsky M. Hypoxia-induced and A2A adenosine receptor-independent T-cell suppression is short lived and easily reversible. Int Immunol 2013; 26:83-91. [PMID: 24150242 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia plays a key role in establishing an immunosuppressive environment in vivo by, among other effects, increasing the level of extracellular adenosine, which then signals through A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) to elicit its immunosuppressive effect. Although the important role of the adenosine--A2AR interaction in limiting inflammation has been established, the current study revisited this issue by asking whether hypoxia can also exert its T-cell inhibitory effects even without A2AR. A similar degree of hypoxia-triggered inhibition was observed in wild-type and A2AR-deficient T cells both in vitro and, after exposure of mice to a hypoxic atmosphere, in vivo. This A2AR-independent hypoxic T-cell suppression was qualitatively and mechanistically different from immunosuppression by A2AR stimulation. The A2AR-independent hypoxic immunosuppression strongly reduced T-cell proliferation, while IFN-γ-producing activity was more susceptible to the A2AR-dependent inhibition. In contrast to the sustained functional impairment after A2AR-mediated T-cell inhibition, the A2AR-independent inhibition under hypoxia was short lived, as evidenced by the quick recovery of IFN-γ-producing activity upon re-stimulation. These data support the view that T-cell inhibition by hypoxia can be mediated by multiple mechanisms and that both A2AR and key molecules in the A2AR-independent T-cell inhibition should be targeted to overcome the hypoxia-related immunosuppression in infected tissues and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ohta
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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276
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Antagonistic crosstalk between NF-κB and SIRT1 in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic disorders. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1939-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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277
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Weissmüller T, Glover LE, Fennimore B, Curtis VF, MacManus CF, Ehrentraut SF, Campbell EL, Scully M, Grove BD, Colgan SP. HIF-dependent regulation of AKAP12 (gravin) in the control of human vascular endothelial function. FASEB J 2013; 28:256-64. [PMID: 24029533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been widely implicated in many pathological conditions, including those associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. A number of recent studies have implicated hypoxia in the control of vasculogenesis and permeability, the basis for which is not fully understood. Here we examine the transcriptional regulation of angiogenesis and permeability by hypoxia in endothelial cells. Guided by a global profiling approach in cultured endothelial cells, these studies revealed the selective induction of human gravin (protein kinase A anchoring protein 12) by hypoxia. Analysis of the cloned gravin promoter identified a functional hypoxia-responsive region including 2 binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Site-directed mutagenesis identified the most distal HIF-binding site as essential for the induction of gravin by hypoxia. Further studies examining gravin gain and loss of function confirmed strong dependence of gravin in control of microvascular endothelial tube formation, wherein gravin functions as a "braking" system for angiogenesis. Additional studies in confluent endothelia revealed that gravin functionally couples to control endothelial barrier function in response to protein kinase A (PKA) agonists. Taken together, these results demonstrate transcriptional coordination of gravin by HIF-1α and amplified PKA-dependent endothelial responses. These findings provide an important link between hypoxia and metabolic conditions associated with inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weissmüller
- 1Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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278
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Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolic pathways in immune cell activation and quiescence. Immunity 2013; 38:633-43. [PMID: 23601682 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1122] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of immune system metabolism ("immunometabolism") segregate along two paths. The first investigates the effects of immune cells on organs that regulate whole-body metabolism, such as adipose tissue and liver. The second explores the role of metabolic pathways within immune cells and how this regulates immune response outcome. Distinct metabolic pathways diverge and converge at many levels, and, therefore, cells face choices as to how to achieve their metabolic goals. There is interest in fully understanding how and why immune cells commit to particular metabolic fates and in elucidating the immunologic consequences of reaching a metabolic endpoint by one pathway versus another. This is particularly intriguing, given that metabolic commitment is influenced not only by substrate availability but also by signaling pathways elicited by metabolites. Thus, metabolic choices in cells enforce fate and function, and this area will be the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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279
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Colgan SP, Ehrentraut SF, Glover LE, Kominsky DJ, Campbell EL. Contributions of neutrophils to resolution of mucosal inflammation. Immunol Res 2013; 55:75-82. [PMID: 22968707 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMN) recruitment from the blood stream into surrounding tissues involves a regulated series of events central to acute responses in host defense. Accumulation of PMN within mucosal tissues has historically been considered pathognomonic features of both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Historically, PMNs have been deemed necessary but detrimental when recruited, given the potential for tissue damage that results from a variety of mechanisms. Recent work, however, has altered our preconceived notions of PMN contributions to inflammatory processes. In particular, significant evidence implicates a central role for the PMN in triggering inflammatory resolution. Such mechanisms involve both metabolic and biochemical crosstalk pathways during the intimate interactions of PMN with other cell types at inflammatory sites. Here, we highlight several recent examples of how PMN coordinate the resolution of ongoing inflammation, with a particular focus on the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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280
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Ryall JG. Metabolic reprogramming as a novel regulator of skeletal muscle development and regeneration. FEBS J 2013; 280:4004-13. [PMID: 23402377 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle contains a resident population of stem cells, termed satellite cells, that exist in a quiescent state. In response to an activating signal (such as physical trauma), satellite cells enter the cell cycle and undergo multiple rounds of proliferation, followed by differentiation, fusion, and maturation. Over the last 10-15 years, our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this stem cell population has greatly expanded, but there remains a dearth of knowledge with regard to the initiating signal leading to these changes in transcription. The recent renewed interest in the metabolic regulation of both cancer and stem cells, combined with previous findings indicating that satellite cells preferentially colocalize with blood vessels, suggests that satellite cell function may be regulated by changes in cellular metabolism. This review aims to describe what is currently known about satellite cell metabolism during changes in cell fate, as well as to describe some of the exciting findings in other cell types and how these might relate to satellite cells.
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281
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Delmastro-Greenwood MM, Piganelli JD. Changing the energy of an immune response. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 2:30-54. [PMID: 23885324 PMCID: PMC3714201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The breakdown of nutrients into the critical energy source ATP is the general purpose of cellular metabolism and is essential for sustaining life. Similarly, the immune system is composed of different cell subsets that are indispensable for defending the host against pathogens and disease. The interplay between metabolic pathways and immune cells leads to a plethora of different signaling pathways as well as cellular activities. The activation of T cells via glycolysis-mediated upregulation of surface markers, for example, is necessary for an appropriate effector response against an infection. However, tight regulation of immune cell metabolism is required for protecting the host and resuming homeostasis. An imbalance of immunological metabolic function and/or metabolic byproducts (reactive oxygen species) can oftentimes lead to diseases. In the case of cancer, overactive glucose metabolism can lead to hyperproliferation of cells and subsequent decreases in cytotoxic T cell activity, which attack and destroy the tumor. For this reason and many more, targeting metabolism in immune cells may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of disease. The metabolic pathways of immune cells and the possibilities of immunometabolic therapies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Delmastro-Greenwood
- Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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282
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New tricks from an old dog: mitochondrial redox signaling in cellular inflammation. Semin Immunol 2013; 24:384-92. [PMID: 23391428 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) have long been implicated as pro-inflammatory, yet the sources of ROS and the molecular mechanisms by which they enhance inflammation have been less clear. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of inflammation mediated by the innate immune system have allowed these issues to be revisited. Although the Nox2 NADPH oxidases generate the bulk of ROS for antimicrobial host defense, recent studies have found that NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production can actually dampen macrophage inflammatory responses to sterile pro-inflammatory stimuli. Instead, production of mitochondrial ROS has emerged as an important factor in both host defense and sterile inflammation. Excess mitochondrial ROS can be generated by either damage to the respiratory chain or by alterations of mitochondrial function such as those that increase membrane potential and reduce respiratory electron carriers. In autoinflammatory diseases, where key components of innate immune responses are activated by genetic mutations or environmental stimuli, inflammation has been found to be particularly sensitive to inhibition of mitochondrial ROS production. These findings have highlighted mitochondrial ROS as a novel generator of pro-inflammatory ROS and a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases.
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283
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Schwab A, Fabian A, Hanley PJ, Stock C. Role of ion channels and transporters in cell migration. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1865-913. [PMID: 23073633 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is central to tissue homeostasis in health and disease, and there is hardly any cell in the body that is not motile at a given point in its life cycle. Important physiological processes intimately related to the ability of the respective cells to migrate include embryogenesis, immune defense, angiogenesis, and wound healing. On the other side, migration is associated with life-threatening pathologies such as tumor metastases and atherosclerosis. Research from the last ≈ 15 years revealed that ion channels and transporters are indispensable components of the cellular migration apparatus. After presenting general principles by which transport proteins affect cell migration, we will discuss systematically the role of channels and transporters involved in cell migration.
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284
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Di Gialleonardo V, de Vries EFJ, Di Girolamo M, Quintero AM, Dierckx RAJO, Signore A. Imaging of β-cell mass and insulitis in insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:892-919. [PMID: 22889646 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with a complex multifactorial etiology and a poorly understood pathogenesis. Genetic and environmental factors cause an autoimmune reaction against pancreatic β-cells, called insulitis, confirmed in pancreatic samples obtained at autopsy. The possibility to noninvasively quantify β-cell mass in vivo would provide important biological insights and facilitate aspects of diagnosis and therapy, including follow-up of islet cell transplantation. Moreover, the availability of a noninvasive tool to quantify the extent and severity of pancreatic insulitis could be useful for understanding the natural history of human insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus, to early diagnose children at risk to develop overt diabetes, and to select patients to be treated with immunotherapies aimed at blocking the insulitis and monitoring the efficacy of these therapies. In this review, we outline the imaging techniques currently available for in vivo, noninvasive detection of β-cell mass and insulitis. These imaging techniques include magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography, bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging, and the nuclear medicine techniques positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Several approaches and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging β-cells and lymphocytic insulitis are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Gialleonardo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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285
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Philip AM, Daniel Kim S, Vijayan MM. Cortisol modulates the expression of cytokines and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in rainbow trout hepatocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:360-7. [PMID: 22878426 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although liver is a key target for corticosteroid action, its role in immune function is largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that stress levels of cortisol down regulate immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Hepatocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24h either in the presence or absence of cortisol. LPS stimulated heat shock protein 70 expression, enhanced glycolytic capacity, and reduced glucose output. LPS stimulated mRNA abundance of cytokines and serum amyloid protein A (SAA), while suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 was reduced. Cortisol increased mRNA abundances of IL-1β, SOCS-1 and SOCS-2, while inhibiting either basal or LPS-stimulated IL-8, TNF α2 and SAA. These cortisol-mediated effects were rescued by Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. Altogether, cortisol modulates the molecular immune response in trout hepatocytes. The upregulation of SOCS-1 and SOCS-2 by cortisol may be playing a key role in suppressing cytokine signaling and the associated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju M Philip
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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286
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Mathews EH, Liebenberg L. A practical quantification of blood glucose production due to high-level chronic stress. Stress Health 2012; 28:327-32. [PMID: 22223631 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose (BG) is the primary metabolic fuel for, among others, cancer cell progression, cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Stress is an important contributor to the amount of BG produced especially by the liver. In this paper, we attempt to quantify the BG production due to chronic (in the order of weeks) high-level psychological stress in a manner that a lay person will understand. Three independent approaches were used. The first approach was based on a literature survey of stress hormone data from healthy individuals and its subsequent mathematical manipulation. The next approach was a deductive process where BG levels could be deduced from published stress data of large cardiovascular clinical trials. The third approach used empirical BG data and a BG simulation model. The three different methods produced an average BG increase of 2.2-fold above basal for high levels of stress over a period of more than a day. The standard deviation normalized to the average value was 4.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Henry Mathews
- Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa
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287
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Lu K, Knutson CG, Wishnok JS, Fox JG, Tannenbaum SR. Serum metabolomics in a Helicobacter hepaticus mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease reveal important changes in the microbiome, serum peptides, and intermediary metabolism. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4916-26. [PMID: 22957933 DOI: 10.1021/pr300429x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the bowel. The etiology remains unknown, but IBD is immune-driven and multiple factors including genetic, environmental, and microbiological components play a role. Recombinase-activating gene-2-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus) have been developed as an animal model to imitate naturally occurring inflammatory events and associated key features of chronic inflammatory responses in humans. In this study, we have combined mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and peptidomics to analyze serum samples of Rag2(-/-) mice infected with H. hepaticus. Metabolomics profiling revealed that H. hepaticus infection dramatically changed numerous metabolite pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, glycerophospholipids, methionine-homocysteine cycle, citrate cycle, fatty acid metabolism and purine metabolism, with the majority of metabolites being down-regulated. In particular, there were notable effects of gut microflora on the blood metabolites in infected animals. In addition, the peptidomics approach identified a number of peptides, originating from proteins, including fibrinogen, complement C4, and alpha-2-macroglobulin, with diverse biological functions with potentially important implications for the progress of IBD. In summary, the strategy of integrating a relevant animal model and sensitive mass spectrometry-based profiling may offer a new perspective to explore biomarkers and provide mechanistic insights into IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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288
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha-dependent induction of FoxP3 drives regulatory T-cell abundance and function during inflammatory hypoxia of the mucosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2784-93. [PMID: 22988108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202366109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated dramatic shifts in metabolic supply-and-demand ratios during inflammation, a process resulting in localized tissue hypoxia within inflammatory lesions ("inflammatory hypoxia"). As part of the adaptive immune response, T cells are recruited to sites of inflammatory hypoxia. Given the profound effects of hypoxia on gene regulation, we hypothesized that T-cell differentiation is controlled by hypoxia. To pursue this hypothesis, we analyzed the transcriptional consequences of ambient hypoxia (1% oxygen) on a broad panel of T-cell differentiation factors. Surprisingly, these studies revealed selective, robust induction of FoxP3, a key transcriptional regulator for regulatory T cells (Tregs). Studies of promoter binding or loss- and gain-of-function implicated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in inducing FoxP3. Similarly, hypoxia enhanced Treg abundance in vitro and in vivo. Finally, Treg-intrinsic HIF-1α was required for optimal Treg function and Hif1a-deficient Tregs failed to control T-cell-mediated colitis. These studies demonstrate that hypoxia is an intrinsic molecular cue that promotes FoxP3 expression, in turn eliciting potent anti-inflammatory mechanisms to limit tissue damage in conditions of reduced oxygen availability.
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289
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Conway KL, Goel G, Sokol H, Manocha M, Mizoguchi E, Terhorst C, Bhan AK, Gardet A, Xavier RJ. p40phox expression regulates neutrophil recruitment and function during the resolution phase of intestinal inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3631-40. [PMID: 22914050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a multisubunit complex that assembles during phagocytosis to generate reactive oxygen species. Several components of this complex have been implicated in chronic granulomatous disease and Crohn's disease, highlighting the importance of reactive oxygen species in regulating host immune response. In this study, we use genetically deficient mice to elucidate how p40(phox), one subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, functions during intestinal inflammation. We show that p40(phox) deficiency enhances inflammation in both dextran sulfate sodium-induced and innate immune-mediated murine colitis models. This inflammation is characterized by severe colonic tissue injury, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and increased neutrophil recruitment. We demonstrate that neutrophils are essential during the recovery phase of intestinal inflammation and that p40(phox) expression is necessary for this restitution. Lastly, using an integrative bioinformatic approach, we show that p40(phox) deficiency leads to upregulation of chemokine receptor 1 and downregulation of enzymes involved in glycan modifications, including fucosyltransferases and sialyltransferases, during inflammation. We propose that p40(phox) deficiency enhances intestinal inflammation through the dysregulation of these two pathways in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Conway
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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290
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Bordbar A, Mo ML, Nakayasu ES, Schrimpe-Rutledge AC, Kim YM, Metz TO, Jones MB, Frank BC, Smith RD, Peterson SN, Hyduke DR, Adkins JN, Palsson BO. Model-driven multi-omic data analysis elucidates metabolic immunomodulators of macrophage activation. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:558. [PMID: 22735334 PMCID: PMC3397418 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central players in immune response, manifesting divergent phenotypes to control inflammation and innate immunity through release of cytokines and other signaling factors. Recently, the focus on metabolism has been reemphasized as critical signaling and regulatory pathways of human pathophysiology, ranging from cancer to aging, often converge on metabolic responses. Here, we used genome-scale modeling and multi-omics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) analysis to assess metabolic features that are critical for macrophage activation. We constructed a genome-scale metabolic network for the RAW 264.7 cell line to determine metabolic modulators of activation. Metabolites well-known to be associated with immunoactivation (glucose and arginine) and immunosuppression (tryptophan and vitamin D3) were among the most critical effectors. Intracellular metabolic mechanisms were assessed, identifying a suppressive role for de-novo nucleotide synthesis. Finally, underlying metabolic mechanisms of macrophage activation are identified by analyzing multi-omic data obtained from LPS-stimulated RAW cells in the context of our flux-based predictions. Our study demonstrates metabolism's role in regulating activation may be greater than previously anticipated and elucidates underlying connections between activation and metabolic effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarash Bordbar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica L Mo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Young-Mo Kim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Bryan C Frank
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel R Hyduke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernhard O Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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291
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Kelly CJ, Colgan SP. Targeting Hypoxia to Augment Mucosal Barrier Function. JOURNAL OF EPITHELIAL BIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 5:67-76. [PMID: 28824735 PMCID: PMC5560425 DOI: 10.2174/1875044301205010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sites of inflammation are associated with profound changes in tissue metabolism. Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) serves as an adaptive pathway for the resolution of inflammation associated with various murine disease models. The resolution of disease occurs, at least in part, through transcriptional regulation of non-classical epithelial barrier genes. There is significant recent interest in harnessing hypoxia-inducible pathways, including targeting the HIF and the proyl-hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes that stabilize HIF, to promote mucosal healing. Here, we review the signaling pathways involved and define how hypoxia-associated signaling provides mechanistic insight into augmenting barrier function in mucosal inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Kelly
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO USA
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292
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Richter S, Richter JP, Mehta SY, Gribble AM, Sutherland-Smith AJ, Stowell KM, Print CG, Ronimus RS, Wilson WR. Expression and role in glycolysis of human ADP-dependent glucokinase. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 364:131-45. [PMID: 22219026 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel murine enzyme, ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK), has been shown to catalyse glucose phosphorylation using ADP as phosphoryl donor. The ancestral ADPGK gene appears to have been laterally transferred from Archaea early in metazoan evolution, but its biological role has not been established. Here, we undertake an initial investigation of the functional properties of human ADPGK in human tumour cell lines and specifically test the hypothesis that ADPGK might prime glycolysis using ADP under stress conditions such as hypoxia. Recombinant human ADPGK was confirmed to catalyse ADP-dependent glucose phosphorylation in vitro, with an apparent K (M) for glucose of 0.29 mM. Expression databases and western blotting of surgical samples demonstrated high expression in many human tissues, including tumours. Unlike hexokinase-2 (HK2), RNAi studies with exon arrays showed that ADPGK is not a transcriptional target of hypoxia inducible factor-1. Consistent with this, ADPGK protein was not upregulated by hypoxia or anoxia. Surprisingly, stable fivefold overexpression of ADPGK in H460 or HCT116 cells had no apparent effect on proliferation or glycolysis, and did not rescue clonogenicity or glycolysis when HK2 was suppressed by siRNA. Furthermore, suppression of ADPGK by siRNA did not cause detectable inhibition of glycolysis or cell killing by anoxia, although it did induce a statistically significant decrease in plating efficiency of H460 cells under aerobic conditions. Thus, human ADPGK catalyses ADP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose in vitro, but despite its high expression in human tumour cell lines it appears not to make a quantifiable contribution to glycolysis under the conditions evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
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293
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Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Adenosine and hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in intestinal injury and recovery. Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 74:153-75. [PMID: 21942704 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa has proven to be an interesting tissue in which to investigate disease-related metabolism. In this review, we outline some of the evidence that implicates hypoxia-mediated adenosine signaling as an important signature within both healthy and diseased mucosa. Studies derived from cultured cell systems, animal models, and human patients have revealed that hypoxia is a significant component of the inflammatory microenvironment. These studies have revealed a prominent role for hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) and hypoxia signaling at several steps along the adenine nucleotide metabolism and adenosine receptor signaling pathways. Likewise, studies to date in animal models of intestinal inflammation have demonstrated an almost uniformly beneficial influence of HIF stabilization on disease outcomes. Ongoing studies to define potential similarities with and differences between innate and adaptive immune responses will continue to teach us important lessons about the complexity of the gastrointestinal tract. Such information has provided new insights into disease pathogenesis and, importantly, will provide insights into new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colgan
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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294
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Weng M, Baron DM, Bloch KD, Luster AD, Lee JJ, Medoff BD. Eosinophils are necessary for pulmonary arterial remodeling in a mouse model of eosinophilic inflammation-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L927-36. [PMID: 21908591 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00049.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of some forms of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We recently demonstrated that deficiency of adiponectin (APN) in a mouse model of PH induced by eosinophilic inflammation increases pulmonary arterial remodeling, pulmonary pressures, and the accumulation of eosinophils in the lung. Based on these data, we hypothesized that APN deficiency exacerbates PH indirectly by increasing eosinophil recruitment. Herein, we examined the role of eosinophils in the development of inflammation-induced PH. Elimination of eosinophils in APN-deficient mice by treatment with anti-interleukin-5 antibody attenuated pulmonary arterial muscularization and PH. In addition, we observed that transgenic mice that are devoid of eosinophils also do not develop pulmonary arterial muscularization in eosinophilic inflammation-induced PH. To investigate the mechanism by which APN deficiency increased eosinophil accumulation in response to an allergic inflammatory stimulus, we measured expression levels of the eosinophil-specific chemokines in alveolar macrophages isolated from the lungs of mice with eosinophilic inflammation-induced PH. In these experiments, the levels of CCL11 and CCL24 were higher in macrophages isolated from APN-deficient mice than in macrophages from wild-type mice. Finally, we demonstrate that the extracts of eosinophil granules promoted the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro. These data suggest that APN deficiency may exacerbate PH, in part, by increasing eosinophil recruitment into the lung and that eosinophils could play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation-induced PH. These results may have implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of PH caused by vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weng
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
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295
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Silanikove N, Rauch-Cohen A, Shapiro F, Blum S, Arieli A, Leitner G. Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in bovine induced a transient glandular shift to anaerobic metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4468-75. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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296
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Júnior WB, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Alves MA, Perez-Rebolledo A, Parrilha GL, Castellano EE, Piro OE, Barreiro EJ, Lima LM, Beraldo H. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of salicylaldehyde 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-466), salicylaldehyde 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-1064) and their zinc(II) complexes. Molecules 2011; 16:6902-15. [PMID: 21844840 PMCID: PMC6264688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylaldehyde 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-466), salicylaldehyde 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-1064) and their complexes [Zn(LASSBio-466)H(2)O](2) (1) and [Zn(HLASSBio-1064)Cl](2) (2) were evaluated in animal models of peripheral and central nociception, and acute inflammation. All studied compounds significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing response. Upon coordination the anti-nociceptive activity was favored in the complex 1. H(2)LASSBio-466 inhibited only the first phase of the formalin test, while 1 was active in the second phase, like indomethacin, indicating its ability to inhibit nociception associated with the inflammatory response. Hence coordination to zinc(II) altered the pharmacological profile of H(2)LASSBio-466. H(2)LASSBio-1064 inhibited both phases but this effect was not improved by coordination. The studied compounds did not increase the latency of response in the hot plate model, indicating their lack of central anti-nociceptive activity. All compounds showed levels of inhibition of zymosan-induced peritonitis comparable or superior to indomethacin, indicating an expressive anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walfrido Bispo Júnior
- LaFI Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Magna S. Alexandre-Moreira
- LaFI Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Marina A. Alves
- LASSBio Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio, http://www.farmacia.ufrj.br/lassbio/), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P. O. Box 68024, 21944-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anayive Perez-Rebolledo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabrieli L. Parrilha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E. Castellano
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Oscar E. Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Instituto IFLP (CONICET – CCT La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- LASSBio Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio, http://www.farmacia.ufrj.br/lassbio/), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P. O. Box 68024, 21944-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lídia Moreira Lima
- LASSBio Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio, http://www.farmacia.ufrj.br/lassbio/), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P. O. Box 68024, 21944-971, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Beraldo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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297
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Glover LE, Colgan SP. Hypoxia and metabolic factors that influence inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1748-55. [PMID: 21530741 PMCID: PMC3093411 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium is anatomically positioned to provide a selective barrier between the anaerobic lumen and lamina propria, which has a high rate of metabolism. Supported by a complex vasculature, this important barrier is affected by reduced blood flow and resultant tissue hypoxia, particularly during the severe metabolic shifts associated with active inflammation in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) under these conditions promotes resolution of inflammation in mouse models of disease. Protective influences of HIF are attributed, in part, to the complex regulation of barrier protection with the intestinal mucosa. Reagents that activate HIF, via inhibition of the prolyl hydroxylase enzymes, might be developed to induce hypoxia-mediated resolution in patients with intestinal mucosal inflammatory disease.
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298
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Kominsky DJ, Keely S, MacManus CF, Glover LE, Scully M, Collins CB, Bowers BE, Campbell EL, Colgan SP. An endogenously anti-inflammatory role for methylation in mucosal inflammation identified through metabolite profiling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6505-14. [PMID: 21515785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissues of the mucosa are lined by an epithelium that provides barrier and transport functions. It is now appreciated that inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel diseases are accompanied by striking shifts in tissue metabolism. In this paper, we examined global metabolic consequences of mucosal inflammation using both in vitro and in vivo models of disease. Initial analysis of the metabolic signature elicited by inflammation in epithelial models and in colonic tissue isolated from murine colitis demonstrated that levels of specific metabolites associated with cellular methylation reactions are significantly altered by model inflammatory systems. Furthermore, expression of enzymes central to all cellular methylation, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, are increased in response to inflammation. Subsequent studies showed that DNA methylation is substantially increased during inflammation and that epithelial NF-κB activity is significantly inhibited following treatment with a reversible S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, DZ2002. Finally, these studies demonstrated that inhibition of cellular methylation in a murine model of colitis results in disease exacerbation while folate supplementation to promote methylation partially ameliorates the severity of murine colitis. Taken together, these results identify a global change in methylation, which during inflammation, translates to an overall protective role in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Kominsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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299
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Vincentini O, Quaranta MG, Viora M, Agostoni C, Silano M. Docosahexaenoic acid modulates in vitro the inflammation of celiac disease in intestinal epithelial cells via the inhibition of cPLA2. Clin Nutr 2011; 30:541-6. [PMID: 21421277 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The cytosolic phospolypase A(2) (cPLA(2)) - dependent release of arachidonic acid (AA) from the intra-epithelial lymphocytes plays a pivotal role in arming lymphocytes to cytolysis in the immune response of celiac disease. However, little is known about the role of enterocytes in releasing AA. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that counteracts many of the proinflammatory effect of AA. The aims of the present work were to evaluate if: 1) intestinal epithelial cells have a role in the celiac inflammation, releasing AA, and 2) if DHA is able to modulate the celiac inflammation, down-regulating the release of AA. METHODS A human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2) was exposed to gliadin peptides (PT-gl) (500 μg/ml) and DHA (2 μg/ml), both alone and simultaneously up to 24 h. RESULTS The exposure of those cells to PT-gl alone resulted in an increased AA release, cycloxygenase-2 expression, cPLA(2) activity and prostaglandin E(2) and interleukin-8 release in culture medium, whereas the simultaneous exposure of the cells to DHA and PT-gl prevented the above-mentioned increases. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intestinal epithelial cells sustain the celiac inflammation, releasing AA when stimulated with gliadin and that DHA inhibits the AA release by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Vincentini
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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D'Atri LP, Etulain J, Romaniuk MA, Torres O, Negrotto S, Schattner M. The low viability of human CD34+ cells under acidic conditions is improved by exposure to thrombopoietin, stem cell factor, interleukin-3, or increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels. Transfusion 2011; 51:1784-95. [PMID: 21332728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplanted hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+) have shown great promise in regenerative medicine. However, the therapeutic potential of transplanted cells is limited by their poor viability. It is well known that the microenvironment in which progenitors reside substantially affects their behavior. Because extracellular acidosis is a common feature of injured tissues or the tumor microenvironment and is a critical regulator of cell survival and activation, we evaluated the impact of acidosis on CD34+ cell biology. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and binding of annexin V, hypodiploid cells, Bcl-xL expression, active caspase-3, and mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by flow cytometry. Colony-forming units were studied by clonogenic assays, and cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Exposure of CD34+ cells to low pH (7.0-6.5) caused intracellular acidification, decreased cell proliferation, and triggered apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Whereas exposure to thrombopoietin (TPO), stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin (IL)-3 or increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels prevented CD34+ cell death induced by acidic conditions, granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand, erythropoietin, and vascular endothelial growth factor had no effect. Despite their cytoprotective effect, CD34+ cell expansion triggered by TPO, SCF, or IL-3 was significantly impaired at low pH. However, a cocktail of these three cytokines synergistically supported proliferation, cell cycle progression, and colony formation. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that an acidic milieu is deleterious for CD34+ cells and that a combination of certain cytokines and cAMP donors may improve cell viability and function. These data may be useful to develop new therapeutic strategies or to optimize protocols for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Paola D'Atri
- Thrombosis I Laboratory, Hematological Research Institute Mariano R. Castex, National Academy of Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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