High-fat stimulation induces atrial neural remodeling by reducing NO production via the CRIF1/eNOS/P21 axi

BACKGROUND

Autonomic remodeling of the atria plays a pivotal role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and exerts a substantial influence on the progression of this condition. Hyperlipidemia is a predisposing factor for AF, but its effect on atrial nerve remodeling is unclear. The primary goal of this study was to explore the possible mechanisms through which the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) induces remodeling of atrial nerves, and to identify novel targets for clinical intervention.

METHODS

Cell models were created in vitro by subjecting cells to palmitic acid (PA), while rat models were established by feeding them a high-fat diet. To investigate the interplay between cardiomyocytes and nerve cells in a co-culture system, we utilized Transwell cell culture plates featuring a pore size of 0.4 μm. The CCK-8 assay was employed to determine cell viability, fluorescent probe DCFH-DA and flow cytometry were utilized for measuring ROS levels, JC-1 was used to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential, the Griess method was employed to measure the nitric oxide (NO) level in the supernatant, a fluorescence-based method was used to measure ATP levels, and MitoTracker was utilized for assessing mitochondrial morphology. The expression of pertinent proteins was evaluated using western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry techniques. SNAP was used to treat nerve cells in order to replicate a high-NO atmosphere, and the level of nitroso was assessed using the iodoTMT reagent labeling method.

RESULTS

The study found that cardiomyocytes' mitochondrial morphology and function were impaired under high-fat stimulation, affecting nitric oxide (NO) production through the CRIF1/SIRT1/eNOS axis. In a coculture model, overexpression of eNOS in cardiomyocytes increased NO expression. Moreover, the increased Keap1 nitrosylation within neuronal cells facilitated the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus, resulting in an augmentation of P21 transcription and a suppression of proliferation. Atrial neural remodeling occurred in the HFD rat model and was ameliorated by increasing myocardial tissue eNOS protein expression with trimetazidine (TMZ).

CONCLUSIONS

Neural remodeling is triggered by high-fat stimulation, which decreases the production of NO through the CRIF1/eNOS/P21 axis. Additionally, TMZ prevents neural remodeling and reduces the occurrence of AF by enhancing eNOS expression.

The Role of microRNAs in Arsenic-Induced Human Diseases: A Review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with 20-22 nucleotides, which are encoded by endogenous genes and are capable of targeting the majority of human mRNAs. Arsenic is regarded as a human carcinogen, which can lead to many adverse health effects including diabetes, skin lesions, kidney disease, neurological impairment, male reproductive injury, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart failure, and endothelial dysfunction. miRNAs can act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes via directly targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recently, miRNA dysregulation was considered to be an important mechanism of arsenic-induced human diseases and a potential biomarker to predict the diseases caused by arsenic exposure. Endogenic miRNAs such as miR-21, the miR-200 family, miR-155, and the let-7 family are involved in arsenic-induced human disease by inducing translational repression or RNA degradation and influencing multiple pathways, including mTOR/Arg 1, HIF-1α/VEGF, AKT, c-Myc, MAPK, Wnt, and PI3K pathways. Additionally, exogenous miRNAs derived from plants, such as miR-34a, miR-159, miR-2911, miR-159a, miR-156c, miR-168, etc., among others, can be transported from blood to specific tissue/organ systems in vivo. These exogenous miRNAs might be critical players in the treatment of human diseases by regulating host gene expression. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in arsenic-induced human diseases, including cancers, CVD, and other human diseases. These special miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers in the management and treatment of human diseases linked to arsenic exposure. Finally, the protective action of exogenous miRNAs, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-CVD, antioxidant stress, and antivirus are described.

Gut microbiome: New perspectives for type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is distinguished by increased glucose levels in the bloodstream, is a metabolic disease with a rapidly increasing incidence worldwide. Nevertheless, the etiology and characteristics of the mechanism of T2DM remain unclear. Recently, abundant evidence has indicated that the intestinal microbiota is crucially involved in the initiation and progression of T2DM. The gut microbiome, the largest microecosystem, engages in material and energy metabolism in the human body. In this review, we concentrated on the correlation between the gut flora and T2DM. Meanwhile, we summarized the pathogenesis involving the intestinal flora in T2DM, as well as therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating the gut microbiota for the management of T2DM. Through the analysis presented here, we draw attention to further exploration of these research directions.

Use of AgomiR and AntagomiR technologies to alter satellite cell proliferation in vitro, miRNA expression, and muscle fiber hypertrophy in intrauterine growth-restricted lambs

Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that work at the posttranscriptional level to repress gene expression. Several miRNAs are preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle and participate in myogenesis. This research was conducted to alter endogenous miRNA expression in skeletal muscle to promote muscle hypertrophy. Methods: Two experiments were conducted using mimic/agomiR or antagomir technologies to alter miRNA expression and examine changes in myoblast proliferation in vitro (experiment 1) and muscle hypertrophy in vivo (experiment 2). In vitro experiments found that antagomiR-22-3p and mimic-127 increased myoblast proliferation compared to other miRNA treatments or controls. These miRNA treatments, antagomiR-22-3p (ANT22) and agomiR-127 (AGO127), were then used for intramuscular injections in longissimus muscle. Results and discussion: The use of antagomiR or mimic/agomiR treatments down-regulated or up-regulated, respectively, miRNA expression for that miRNA of interest. Expression of predicted target KIF3B mRNA for miR-127 was up-regulated and ACVR2a mRNA was up-regulated for miR-22-3p. ANT22 injection also up-regulated the major regulator of protein synthesis (mTOR). Proteomic analyses identified 11 proteins for AGO127 and 9 proteins for ANT22 that were differentially expressed. Muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area were altered for ANT22 treatments to transition fibers to a more oxidative state. The use of agomiR and antagomir technologies allows us to alter miRNA expression in vitro and in vivo to enhance myoblast proliferation and alter muscle fiber hypertrophy in IUGR lambs during early postnatal growth.

Prospects of microRNAs as therapeutic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung Cancer, the second most common cancer worldwide, remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, contemporarily. More than 85% of identified lung cancer cases are comprised of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Despite the best advancements in the realm of NSCLC therapy, the five-year survival period of NSCLC patients remains unchanged. Underlying complex molecular heterogeneity, delay in early detection resulting in progression of the disease to its advanced stage and acquired resistance of NSCLC cells during therapy have posed additional challenges for circumventing the discrepancies in treatment strategy. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs, identified as molecules playing an indispensable role in tumorigenesis & progression and metastasis of several cancers, including NSCLC, either by possessing tumor suppressor or by oncogenic functions. As observed across several studies, miRNA dysregulation has been recognised as a causative mechanism behind NSCLC tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs in NSCLC tumor progression caused by their dysregulation, thereby stating their potential therapeutic application in NSCLC as therapeutic biomarkers. We have also highlighted the recent findings of some of the most widely studied tumor suppressor (miR-486, miR-7 miR-34), and oncogene miRNAs (miR-21, miR-224, miR-135b) that can be further explored for its therapeutic potentialities in the management of NSCLC.

Inhibitory effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist ifenprodil on human Kv1.5 channel

Ifenprodil has been known to reduce cardiac contractility and cerebral vasodilation by antagonizing α1-adrenergic and N-methyl D-aspartate receptor-mediated intracellular signals. This study aimed to investigate the direct effect of ifenprodil on the human voltage-gated Kv1.5 channel (hKv1.5) by using a Xenopus oocyte expression system and a two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. The amplitudes of hKv1.5 currents, including peak and steady state, were suppressed in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50; 43.1 and 35.5 μM, respectively) after 6 min of ifenprodil treatment. However, these effects were  ~ 80% reversed by washout, suggesting that ifenprodil directly inhibited the hKv1.5 independent of membrane receptors or intracellular signals. The inhibition rate of steady state showed voltage dependence, wherein the rates increased according to test voltage depolarization. Ifenprodil reduced the time constants of hKv1.5 inactivation but has higher effects on activation. hKv1.5 inhibition by ifenprodil showed use dependency because the drug more rapidly reduced the current at the higher activation frequencies, and subsequent reduction in frequency after high activation frequency caused a partial channel block relief. Therefore, ifenprodil directly blocked the hKv1.5 in an open state and accelerated the time course of the channel inactivation, which provided a biophysical mechanism for the hKv1.5 blocking effects of ifenprodil.

MicroRNAs and cardiac fibrosis: A comprehensive update on mechanisms and consequences

Fibrosis is a pathological wound-healing mechanism that results by the overactivation of fibroblasts. Fibrosis can become obstructive and deleterious during regeneration of various body tissues including cardiac muscle. This ultimately results in the development of cardiac fibrosis, characterized by an excessive buildup of extracellular matrix proteins. Thus, it could lead to arrhythmias and heart failure which creates a leading public health burden worldwide. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with great potential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Mounting evidence indicates that miRNAs are involved in the deregulation of tissue homeostasis during myocardial fibrosis. For instance, miRNAs that are implicated in the regulation of TGF-beta signaling pathway have been reported to be significantly altered in myocardial fibrosis. Accordingly, in this comprehensive review, we discuss and highlight recent available data on the role of miRNAs during myocardial fibrosis, providing valuable insights into the miRNA modulation of cardiac fibrosis and miRNAs targets that can be used in the future therapeutic interventions to cardiac fibrosis.

LncRNA AC125982.2 regulates apoptosis of cardiomyocytes through mir-450b-3p/ATG4B axis in a rat model with myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

The occurrence and disability of myocardial infarction (MI) are on the rise globally, making it a significant contributor to cardiovascular mortality. Irreversible myocardial apoptosis plays a crucial role in causing MI. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are key regulators of the cardiac remodeling process. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the effect of LncRNAs on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in MI.

METHODS

The rat-MI model was constructed, LncRNA-Seq and qPCR analyses were used to determine differentially expressed genes obtained from heart tissue of rats in the MI and sham groups. The miRanda software was used to predict the binding sites of LncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA, which were futhrer verified by dual luciferase assay. The LncRNA-miRNA-apoptosis pathway was further validated using hypoxia-exposed primary cardiomyocytes.

RESULTS

Compared to the sham group, 412 LncRNAs were upregulated and 501 LncRNAs were downregulated in MI-rat heart tissues. Among them, LncRNA AC125982.2 was most significantly upregulated in MI-rat heart tissues and hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Knockdown of AC125982.2 and ATG4B expression reversed hypoxia-induced apoptosis. In addition, transfection of mir-450b-3p inhibitor attenuated the protective effect of AC125982.2 knockdown. Moreover, we found that AC125982.2 modulated ATG4B expression by acting as a sponge for miR-450b-3p.

CONCLUSION

Upregulated AC125982.2 expression regulates ATG4B by sponging miR-450b-3p, promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and contributing to rat MI development.

Multi-target mechanism of Solanum xanthocarpum for treatment of psoriasis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Solanum xanthocarpum (SX) has been used to treat a variety of diseases, including skin disorders like psoriasis (PSO). SX possesses many pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunosuppressive, and healing qualities. However, the multi-target mechanism of SX on PSO still needs clarity. Materials and methods: The Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals and Therapeutics (IMPPAT) database and the Swiss Target Prediction online tool were used to find the active phytochemical components and their associated target proteins. OMIM and GeneCards databases were used to extract PSO-related targets. A Venn diagram analysis determined the common targets of SX against PSO. Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and core PPI target analysis were carried out using the STRING network and Cytoscape software. Also, utilising the online Metascape and bioinformatics platform tool, a pathway enrichment analysis of common targets using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases was conducted to verify the role of targets in biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions with respect to KEGG pathways. Lastly, molecular docking simulations were performed to validate the strong affinity between components of SX and key target receptors. Results: According to the IMPPAT Database information, 8 active SX against PSO components were active. According to the PPI network and core targets study, the main targets against PSO were EGFR, SRC, STAT3, ERBB2, PTK2, SYK, EP300, CBL, TP53, and AR. Moreover, molecular docking simulations verified the binding interaction of phytochemical SX components with their PSO targets. Last but not least, enrichment analysis showed that SX is involved in several biological processes, including peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation, peptidyl-tyrosine modification, and peptidyl-serine modification. The relevant KEGG signalling pathways are the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway, and the MAPK signalling pathway. Conclusion: The network pharmacology technique, which is based on data interpretation and molecular docking simulation techniques, has proven the multi-target function of SX phytoconstituents.

Chitosan-PEI passivated carbon dots for plasmid DNA and miRNA-153 delivery in cancer cells

These days carbon dots have been developed for multiple biomedical applications. In the current study, the transfection potential of synthesized carbon dots from single biopolymers such as chitosan, PEI-2kDa, and PEI-25kDa (CS-CDs, PEI2-CDs, and PEI25-CDs) and by combining two biopolymers (CP2-CDs and CP25-CDs) through a bottom-up approach have been investigated. The characterization studies revealed successful synthesis of fluorescent, positively charged carbon dots <20 nm in size. Synthesized carbon dots formed a stable complex with plasmid DNA (EGFP-N1) and miRNA-153 that protected DNA/miRNA from serum-induced degradation. In-vitro cytotoxicity analysis revealed minimal cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines (A549 and MDA-MB-231). In-vitro transfection of EGFP-N1 plasmid DNA with PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs and CP25-CDs demonstrated that these CDs could strongly transfect A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The highest EGFP-N1 plasmid transfection efficiency was observed with PEI2-CDs at a weight ratio of 32:1. PEI25-CDs polyplex showed maximum transfection at a weight ratio of 8:1 in A549 at a weight ratio of 16:1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. CP25-CDs exhibited the highest transfection at a weight ratio of 16:1 in both cell lines. The in-vitro transfection of target miRNA, i.e., miR-153 in A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells with PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs, and CP25-CDs suggested successful transfer of miR-153 into cells which induced significant cell death in both cell lines. Importantly, CS-CDs and CP2-CDs could be tolerated by cells up to 200 μg/mL concentration, while PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs, and CP25-CDs showed non-cytotoxic behavior at low concentrations (25 μg/mL). Together, these results suggest that a combination of carbon dots synthesized from chitosan and PEI (CP25-CDs) could be a novel vector for transfection nucleic acids that can be utilized in cancer therapy.

Bioengineered chimeric tRNA/pre-miRNAs as prodrugs in cancer therapy

Today, biologic prodrugs have led to targeting specific tumor markers and have increased specificity and selectivity in cancer therapy. Various studies have shown the role of ncRNAs in cancer pathology and tumorigenesis and have suggested that ncRNAs, especially miRNAs, are valuable molecules in understanding cancer biology and therapeutic processes. Most miRNAs-based research and treatment are limited to chemically synthesized miRNAs. Synthetic alterations in these miRNA mimics may affect their folding, safety profile, and even biological activity. However, despite synthetic miRNA mimics produced by automated systems, various carriers could be used to achieve efficient production of bioengineered miRNAs through economical microbial fermentation. These bioengineered miRNAs as biological prodrugs could provide a new approach for safe therapeutic methods and drug production. In this regard, bioengineered chimeric miRNAs could be selectively processed to mature miRNAs in different types of cancer cells by targeting the desired gene and regulating cancer progression. In this article, we aim to review bioengineered miRNAs and their use in cancer therapy, as well as offering advances in this area, including the use of chimeric tRNA/pre-miRNAs.

Characterization of airborne particulate matter and its toxic and proarrhythmic effects: A case study in Aburrá Valley, Colombia

Particle matter (PM) is a complex mixture of particles suspended in the air, mainly caused by fuel combustion from vehicles and industry, and has been related to pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The Metropolitan Area of Aburrá Valley in Colombia is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the country and the third densest in the world, composed of ten municipalities. Examining the physicochemical properties of PM is crucial in comprehending its composition and its effects on human health, as it varies based on the socioeconomic dynamics specific to each city. This study characterized the PM collected from the north, south, and central zones to evaluate its chemical composition and morphology. Different elements such as silicon, carbon, aluminum, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium, and copper and the presence of unburned fuel, motor oil, and silicon fibers were identified. In vitro and in silico studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the PM, and it was found that the PM collected from the central zone had the greatest impact on cell viability and caused DNA damage. The in silico study demonstrated that PM has concentration-dependent proarrhythmic effects, reflected in an action potential duration shortening and an increased number of reentries, which may contribute to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Overall, the results suggest that the size and chemical composition of ambient PM can induce toxicity and play an important role in the generation of arrhythmias.

A novel combination of metformin and resveratrol alleviates hepatic steatosis by activating autophagy through the cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent liver disorder that is associated with the accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in hepatocytes. Resveratrol (RSV), as a natural product, and metformin have been reported to have potential lipid-lowering effects for the treatment of NAFLD via autophagy, but the combined effects of both have not yet been studied. The current study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in the lipid-lowering effects of RSV, alone and in combination with metformin, on the hepatic steatosis model of HepG2 cells and elucidate the mechanism of action. Triglyceride measurement and real-time PCR showed that RSV-metformin reduced lipid accumulation and the expression of lipogenic genes in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells. Additionally, the LDH release assay indicated that this combination protected HepG2 cells against PA-induced cell death through autophagy. The western blotting analysis revealed that RSV-metformin induced autophagy by reducing the expression of p62 and increasing LC3-I and LC3-II proteins. This combination also enhanced cAMP, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), and Beclin-1 levels in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor treatment inhibited autophagy induced by RSV-metformin, which indicated the autophagy induction is SIRT1-dependent. This study demonstrated for the first time that RSV-metformin reduced hepatic steatosis by triggering autophagy via the cAMP/AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.

Atrial strain and occult atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cryptogenic stroke (CS) remains a significant cause of morbidity. Failure to identify the underlying pathology increases the rate of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation (AF) seems to be responsible for a substantial proportion of CS. Thus, there is an unmet need to identify and properly treat those with silent AF.

PURPOSE

To investigate the association between left atrial strain and newly diagnosed AF in CS patients.

OBJECTIVES

We searched major electronic databases for articles assessing the relationship between either peak left atrial longitudinal (PALS) or peak contractile (PACS) strain-quantified using speckle tracking echocardiography-and the incidence of occult AF during the diagnostic work-up of CS patients.

RESULTS

Eleven studies (two thousand and eighty-one patients) were analyzed. Incidence of occult AF was 19%. Both PALS and PACS were significantly lower in patients with newly diagnosed AF (MD - 8.6%, 95%CI - 10.7 to - 6.4, I2 86.4% and MD - 5.5, 95%CI - 6.8 to - 4.2, I2 80.8%). According to the diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis, PALS < 20% present 71% (95%CI 47-87%) sensitivity and 71% (95%CI 60-81%) specificity for the diagnosis of occult AF, assuming a prevalence of 20%. The corresponding values for PACS < 11% are 83% (95%CI 57-94%) and 78% (95%CI 56-91%).

CONCLUSION

Both PALS and PACS are significantly lower in patients with CS and silent AF. It seems that the cut-off values mentioned above could help physicians in identifying patients who may benefit more from prolonged rhythm monitoring. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Current understanding of structural and molecular changes in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic Mellitus has been characterized as the most prevalent disease throughout the globe associated with the serious morbidity and mortality of vital organs. Cardiomyopathy is the major leading complication of diabetes and within this, myocardial dysfunction or failure is the leading cause of the emergency hospital admission. The review is aimed to comprehend the perspectives associated with diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. The data was collected from several electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc. using the keywords such as diabetes and its associated complication, the prevalence of diabetes, the anatomical and physiological mechanism of diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy, the molecular mechanism of diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy, oxidative stress, and inflammatory stress, etc. The collected scientific data was screened by different experts based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. This review findings revealed that diabetes is associated with inefficient substrate utilization, inability to increase glucose metabolism and advanced glycation end products within the diabetic heart resulting in mitochondrial uncoupling, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and initially subclinical cardiac dysfunction and finally in overt heart failure. Furthermore, several factors such as hypertension, overexpression of renin angiotensin system, hypertrophic obesity, etc. have been seen as majorly associated with cardiomyopathy. The molecular examination showed biochemical disability and generation of the varieties of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines and becomes are the substantial causes of cardiomyopathy. This review provides a better understanding of the involved pathophysiology and offers an open platform for discussing and targeting therapy in alleviating diabetes-induced early heart failure or cardiomyopathy.

The Physiological Function of nNOS-Associated CAPON Proteins and the Roles of CAPON in Diseases

In this review, the structure, isoform, and physiological role of the carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON) are summarized. There are three isoforms of CAPON in humans, including long CAPON protein (CAPON-L), short CAPON protein (CAPON-S), and CAPON-S' protein. CAPON-L includes three functional regions: a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif, carboxypeptidase (CPE)-binding region, and N-terminal phosphotyrosine (PTB) structural domain. Both CAPON-S and CAPON-S' only contain the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. The C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of CAPON can bind with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and participates in regulating NO production and neuronal development. An overview is given on the relationship between CAPON and heart diseases, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, and tumors. This review will clarify future research directions on the signal pathways related to CAPON, which will be helpful for studying the regulatory mechanism of CAPON. CAPON may be used as a drug target, which will provide new ideas and solutions for treating human diseases.

Myocardial Mitochondrial DNA Drives Macrophage Inflammatory Response through STING Signaling in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Viral Myocarditis

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a single-stranded positive RNA virus, primarily infects cardiac myocytes and is a major causative pathogen for viral myocarditis (VMC), driving cardiac inflammation and organ dysfunction. However, whether and how myocardial damage is involved in CVB3-induced VMC remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that the CVB3 infection of cardiac myocytes results in the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which functions as an important driver of cardiac macrophage inflammation through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) dependent mechanism. More specifically, the CVB3 infection of cardiac myocytes promotes the accumulation of extracellular mtDNA. Such myocardial mtDNA is indispensable for CVB3-infected myocytes in that it induces a macrophage inflammatory response. Mechanistically, a CVB3 infection upregulates the expression of the classical DNA sensor STING, which is predominantly localized within cardiac macrophages in VMC murine models. Myocardial mtDNA efficiently triggers STING signaling in those macrophages, resulting in strong NF-kB activation when inducing the inflammatory response. Accordingly, STING-deficient mice are able to resist CVB3-induced cardiac inflammation, exhibiting minimal inflammation with regard to their functional cardiac capacities, and they exhibit higher survival rates. Moreover, our findings pinpoint myocardial mtDNA as a central element driving the cardiac inflammation of CVB3-induced VMC, and we consider the DNA sensor, STING, to be a promising therapeutic target for protecting against RNA viral infections.

The important role of miR-1-3p in cancers

Cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens human life and health. At present, the main treatment methods include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development is complex, and it produces resistance to some traditional treatment methods, leading to treatment failure and a high mortality rate for patients. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms of tumor occurrence, development, and drug resistance is a very important task. MiRNAs are a type of non-coding small RNA that regulate a series of biological effects by binding to the 3'-UTR of the target mRNA, degrading the mRNA, or inhibiting its translation. MiR-1-3p is an important member of them, which is abnormally expressed in various tumors and closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. This article introduces miR-1-3p from multiple aspects, including its production and regulation, role in tumor occurrence and development, clinical significance, role in drug resistance, and approaches for targeting miR-1-3p. Intended to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the important role of miR-1-3p in tumors.

Integrative human atrial modelling unravels interactive protein kinase A and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signalling as key determinants of atrial arrhythmogenesis

AIMS

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent clinical arrhythmia, is associated with atrial remodelling manifesting as acute and chronic alterations in expression, function, and regulation of atrial electrophysiological and Ca2+-handling processes. These AF-induced modifications crosstalk and propagate across spatial scales creating a complex pathophysiological network, which renders AF resistant to existing pharmacotherapies that predominantly target transmembrane ion channels. Developing innovative therapeutic strategies requires a systems approach to disentangle quantitatively the pro-arrhythmic contributions of individual AF-induced alterations.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Here, we built a novel computational framework for simulating electrophysiology and Ca2+-handling in human atrial cardiomyocytes and tissues, and their regulation by key upstream signalling pathways [i.e. protein kinase A (PKA), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)] involved in AF-pathogenesis. Populations of atrial cardiomyocyte models were constructed to determine the influence of subcellular ionic processes, signalling components, and regulatory networks on atrial arrhythmogenesis. Our results reveal a novel synergistic crosstalk between PKA and CaMKII that promotes atrial cardiomyocyte electrical instability and arrhythmogenic triggered activity. Simulations of heterogeneous tissue demonstrate that this cellular triggered activity is further amplified by CaMKII- and PKA-dependent alterations of tissue properties, further exacerbating atrial arrhythmogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis reveals potential mechanisms by which the stress-associated adaptive changes turn into maladaptive pro-arrhythmic triggers at the cellular and tissue levels and identifies potential anti-AF targets. Collectively, our integrative approach is powerful and instrumental to assemble and reconcile existing knowledge into a systems network for identifying novel anti-AF targets and innovative approaches moving beyond the traditional ion channel-based strategy.

Panoramic on Epigenetics in Coronary Artery Disease and the Approach of Personalized Medicine

Epigenetic modifications play a fundamental role in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This panoramic review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in CAD pathogenesis and highlights the potential implications for personalized medicine approaches. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes that do not influence alterations in the DNA sequence of the genome. It has been shown that epigenetic processes, including DNA/histone methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, play an important role. Additionally, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs are also involved in epigenetics, regulating gene expression patterns in response to various environmental factors and lifestyle choices. In the context of CAD, epigenetic alterations contribute to the dysregulation of genes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and vascular function. These epigenetic changes can occur during early developmental stages and persist throughout life, predisposing individuals to an increased risk of CAD. Furthermore, in recent years, the concept of personalized medicine has gained significant attention. Personalized medicine aims to tailor medical interventions based on an individual's unique genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In the context of CAD, understanding the interplay between genetic variants and epigenetic modifications holds promise for the development of more precise diagnostic tools, risk stratification models, and targeted therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms in CAD and discusses the fundamental principles of personalized medicine.

Neuroepithelial cell-transforming 1 promotes cardiac fibrosis via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

This study found that the level of neuroepithelial cell-transforming gene 1 protein (NET1) was significantly increased in a mouse cardiac fibrosis model. Moreover, the expression level of NET1 was increased in cardiac fibrosis induced by TGF-β1, suggesting that NET1 was involved in the pathological process of cardiac fibrosis. Overexpression of NET1 promoted β-catenin expression in the nucleus and significantly increased the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts. NET1 may form a complex with β-catenin through GSK3β. Knockdown of β-catenin alleviated the effects of NET1 overexpression on collagen production and cell migration. In the heart of NET1 knockout mice, NET1 knockout can reduce the expression of β-catenin, α-SMA, and collagen content induced by MI. In conclusion, NET1 may regulate the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and TGF/Smads signaling pathway, promote collagen synthesis in fibroblasts, and participate in cardiac fibrosis. Thus, NET1 may be a potential therapeutic target in cardiac fibrosis.

High expression of miR-30c-5p in satellite cells of high-fat diet-induced obese rabbits inhibited satellite cell proliferation and promoted differentiation

It was revealed in our previous study that the expression of miR-30c-5p in the skeletal muscle of rabbits fed high-fat diet was highly expressed. In the present study, we further investigated the function of miR-30c-5p in proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell (SMSC). The results obtained in the present study showed that the skeletal muscle fibers of the rabbits fed the standard normal diet (SND) were orderly, regular, and uniform after HE staining, however, the muscle fibers of the rabbits fed the high-fat diet (HFD) were generally atrophied, some were arranged disorderly, the intercellular space was enlarged, the nucleus was increased, and the morphology and position were abnormal. Compared with the SND group, it was observed that the weekly weight gain and fat percentage were relatively higher, and also the levels of the serum biochemical indexes such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride increased significantly in the rabbits fed with HFD. In addition, the results after the transfection of miR-30c-5p mimic, mimic NC (negative control), miR-30c-5p inhibitor, and inhibitor NC into the SMSCs showed that the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) proliferation experiment suggested that the number of cells in the over expression group was significantly lower than that in the mimic NC group at 48, 72, 96 h of cell proliferation. At 48, 72, 120 h, the number of cells in the inhibitor group was significantly higher than that in the mimic NC group. The number of EdU positive cells decreased significantly in the over expression group compared with the mimic NC group, however, it increased significantly in the inhibitor group compared with the inhibitor NC group. Moreover, compared with the mimic NC group, the myotube area increased significantly in the miR-30c-5p mimic group, whereas it decreased significantly in the miR-30c-5p inhibitor group as compared with the inhibitor NC group. In addition, we found that trinucleotide repeat containing adaptor 6A (TNRC6A) was successfully validated as a target gene for miR-30c-5p. The expression of TNRC6A in the miR-30c-5p mimic group was significantly lower than that in the mimic NC group. It was further observed that the expression of TNRC6A increased significantly in the miR-30c-5p inhibitor group as compared to that in the inhibitor NC group. Taken together, the results obtained in this study showed that miR-30c-5p promotes the differentiation as well as inhibits the proliferation of rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells, and TNRC6A is a target gene of miR-30c-5p.

Phellinus igniarius Polysaccharides Ameliorate Hyperglycemia by Modulating the Composition of the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Diabetic Mice

Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been reported as a risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Polysaccharides from Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) possess various properties that help manage metabolic diseases; however, their underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of P. igniarius polysaccharides (SH-P) on improving hyperglycemia in mice with T2DM and clarified its association with the modulation of gut microbiota and their metabolites using 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to verify the therapeutic effects of microbial remodeling. SH-P supplementation alleviated hyperglycemia symptoms in T2DM mice, ameliorated gut dysbiosis, and significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus in the gut. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that SH-P treatment altered metabolic pathways associated with the occurrence and development of diabetes. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that changes in the dominant bacterial genera were significantly correlated with metabolite levels closely associated with hyperglycemia. Additionally, FMT significantly improved insulin sensitivity and antioxidative capacity and reduced inflammation and tissue injuries, indicating improved glucose homeostasis. These results indicate that the ameliorative effects of SH-P on hyperglycemia are associated with the modulation of gut microbiota composition and its metabolites.

The Role of miRNA Expression Profile in Sudden Cardiac Death Cases

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the leading causes of death in the world and for this reason it has attracted the attention of numerous researchers in the field of legal medicine. It is not easy to determine the cause in a SCD case and the available methods used for diagnosis cannot always give an exhaustive answer. In addition, the molecular analysis of genes does not lead to a clear conclusion, but it could be interesting to focus attention on the expression level of miRNAs, a class of non-coding RNA of about 22 nucleotides. The role of miRNAs is to regulate the gene expression through complementary binding to 3'-untraslated regions of miRNAs, leading to the inhibition of translation or to mRNA degradation. In recent years, several studies were performed with the aim of exploring the use of these molecules as biomarkers for SCD cases, and to also distinguish the causes that lead to cardiac death. In this review, we summarize experiments, evidence, and results of different studies on the implication of miRNAs in SCD cases. We discuss the different biological starting materials with their respective advantages and disadvantages, studying miRNA expression on tissue (fresh-frozen tissue and FFPE tissue), circulating cell-free miRNAs in blood of patients affected by cardiac disease at high risk of SCD, and exosomal miRNAs analyzed from serum of people who died from SCD.

Exploring immune related gene signatures and mechanisms linking non alcoholic fatty liver disease to atrial fibrillation through transcriptome data analysis

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and related cardiovascular complications pose a heavy burden to patients and society. Mounting evidence suggests a close association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and AF. NAFLD and AF transcriptomic datasets were obtained from GEO database and analyzed using several bioinformatics approaches. We established a NAFLD-AF associated gene diagnostic signature (NAGDS) using protein-protein interaction analysis and machine learning, which was further quantified through RT-qPCR. Potential miRNA targeting NAGDS were predicted. Gene modules highly correlated with NAFLD liver pathology or AF occurrence were identified by WGCNA. Enrichment analysis of the overlapped genes from key module revealed that T-cell activation plays essential roles in NAFLD and AF, which was further confirmed by immune infiltration. Furthermore, an integrated SVM-RFE and LASSO algorithm was used to identify CCL4, CD48, ITGB2, and RNASE6 as NAGDS, all of which were found to be upregulated in NAFLD and AF mouse tissues. Patients with higher NAGDS showed augmented T cell and macrophage immunity, more advanced liver pathological characteristics, and prolonged AF duration. Additionally, hsa-miR-26a-5p played a central role in the regulation of NAGDS. Our findings highlight the central role of T-cell immune response in linking NAFLD to AF, and established an accurate NAGDS diagnostic model, which could serve as potential targets for immunoregulatory therapy.

E-cigarettes and arrhythmogenesis: a comprehensive review of pre-clinical studies and their clinical implications

Electronic cigarette use has grown exponentially in recent years, and while their popularity has increased, the long-term effects on the heart are yet to be fully studied and understood. Originally designed as devices to assist with those trying to quit traditional combustible cigarette use, their popularity has attracted use by teens and adolescents who traditionally have not smoked combustible cigarettes. Acute effects on the heart have been shown to be similar to traditional combustible cigarettes, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. The main components of electronic cigarettes that contribute to these arrhythmic effects are found in the e-liquid that is aerosolized and inhaled, comprised of nicotine, flavourings, and a combination of vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG). Nicotine can potentially induce both ventricular and atrial arrhythmogenesis, with both the atrial and ventricular effects resulting from the interactions of nicotine and the catecholamines they release via potassium channels. Atrial arrhythmogenesis, more specifically atrial fibrillation, can also occur due to structural alterations, which happens because of nicotine downregulating microRNAs 133 and 590, both post-transcriptional growth factor repressors. Liquid flavourings and the combination of PG and VG can possibly lead to arrhythmic events by exposing users to acrolein, an aldehyde that stimulates TRPA1 that in turn causes a change towards sympathetic activation and autonomic imbalance. The design of these electronic delivery devices is constantly changing; therefore, it has proven extremely difficult to study the long-term effects on the heart caused by electronic cigarettes but will be important to understand given their rising popularity. The arrhythmic effects of electronic cigarettes appear similar to traditional cigarettes as well; however, a comprehensive review has not been compiled and is the focus of this article.

Clinical Variables Influence the Ability of miR-101, miR-150, and miR-21 to Predict Ventricular Remodeling after ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Left ventricle remodeling (LVR) after acute myocardial infarction (MI) leads to impairment of both systolic and diastolic function, a significant contributor to heart failure (HF). Despite extensive research in the field, predicting post-MI LVR and HF is still a challenge. Several circulant microRNAs have been proposed as LVR predictors; however, their clinical value is controversial. Here, we used real-time quantitative PCR to quantify the plasma levels of hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-150, and hsa-miR-21 on the first day of hospital admission of MI patients with ST-elevation (STEMI). We analyzed their correlation to the patient's clinical and paraclinical variables and evaluated their ability to discriminate between post-MI LVR and non-LVR. We show that, despite being excellent MI discriminators, none of these microRNAs can distinguish between LVR and non-LVR patients. Furthermore, we found that diabetes mellitus (DM), Hb level, and the number of erythrocytes significantly influence all three plasma microRNA levels. This suggests that plasma microRNAs' diagnostic and prognostic value in STEMI patients should be reevaluated and interpreted in the context of associated pathologies.

Seamless and non-destructive monitoring of extracellular microRNAs during cardiac differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells

Monitoring cardiac differentiation and maturation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and detecting residual undifferentiated hPSCs are indispensable for the development of cardiac regenerative therapy. MicroRNA (miRNA) is secreted from cells into the extracellular space, and its role as a biomarker is attracting attention. Here, we performed an miRNA array analysis of supernatants during the process of cardiac differentiation and maturation from hPSCs. We demonstrated that the quantification of extracellular miR-489-3p and miR-1/133a-3p levels enabled the monitoring of mesoderm and cardiac differentiation, respectively, even in clinical-grade mass culture systems. Moreover, extracellular let-7c-5p levels showed the greatest increase with cardiac maturation during long-term culture. We also verified that residual undifferentiated hPSCs in hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) were detectable by measuring miR-302b-3p expression, with a detection sensitivity of 0.01%. Collectively, we demonstrate that our method of seamlessly monitoring specific miRNAs secreted into the supernatant is non-destructive and effective for the quality evaluation of hPSC-CMs.

A review on microRNA detection and expression studies in dogs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function by post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Their stability and abundance in tissue and body fluids makes them promising potential tools for both the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases and attractive therapeutic targets in humans and dogs. Studies of miRNA expression in normal and disease processes in dogs are scarce compared to studies published on miRNA expression in human disease. In this literature review, we identified 461 peer-reviewed papers from database searches using the terms "canine," "dog," "miRNA," and "microRNA"; we screened 244 for inclusion criteria and then included a total of 148 original research peer-reviewed publications relating to specific miRNA expression in canine samples. We found an overlap of miRNA expression changes between the four groups evaluated (normal processes, non-infectious and non-inflammatory conditions, infectious and/or inflammatory conditions, and neoplasia) in 39 miRNAs, 83 miRNAs in three of the four groups, 110 miRNAs in two of the three groups, where 158 miRNAs have only been reported in one of the groups. Additionally, the mechanism of action of these overlapping miRNAs varies depending on the disease process, elucidating a need for characterization of the mechanism of action of each miRNA in each disease process being evaluated. Herein we also draw attention to the lack of standardization of miRNA evaluation, consistency within a single evaluation method, and the need for standardized methods for a direct comparison.

Does the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ current ISK flow under physiological conditions in rabbit and human atrial isolated cardiomyocytes?

BACKGROUND

The small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ current (ISK) is a potential therapeutic target for treating atrial fibrillation.

AIM

To clarify, in rabbit and human atrial cardiomyocytes, the intracellular [Ca2+]-sensitivity of ISK, and its contribution to action potential (AP) repolarisation, under physiological conditions.

METHODS

Whole-cell-patch clamp, fluorescence microscopy: to record ion currents, APs and [Ca2+]i; 35-37°C.

RESULTS

In rabbit atrial myocytes, 0.5 mM Ba2+ (positive control) significantly decreased whole-cell current, from -12.8 to -4.9 pA/pF (P < 0.05, n = 17 cells, 8 rabbits). By contrast, the ISK blocker apamin (100 nM) had no effect on whole-cell current, at any set [Ca2+]i (∼100-450 nM). The ISK blocker ICAGEN (1 μM: ≥2 x IC50) also had no effect on current over this [Ca2+]i range. In human atrial myocytes, neither 1 μM ICAGEN (at [Ca2+]i ∼ 100-450 nM), nor 100 nM apamin ([Ca2+]i ∼ 250 nM) affected whole-cell current (5-10 cells, 3-5 patients/group). APs were significantly prolonged (at APD30 and APD70) by 2 mM 4-aminopyridine (positive control) in rabbit atrial myocytes, but 1 μM ICAGEN had no effect on APDs, versus either pre-ICAGEN or time-matched controls. High concentration (10 μM) ICAGEN (potentially ISK-non-selective) moderately increased APD70 and APD90, by 5 and 26 ms, respectively. In human atrial myocytes, 1 μM ICAGEN had no effect on APD30-90, whether stimulated at 1, 2 or 3 Hz (6-9 cells, 2-4 patients/rate).

CONCLUSION

ISK does not flow in human or rabbit atrial cardiomyocytes with [Ca2+]i set within the global average diastolic-systolic range, nor during APs stimulated at physiological or supra-physiological (≤3 Hz) rates.

Prediction of experimental cardiac magnetostimulation thresholds using pig-specific body models

PURPOSE

Modern high-amplitude gradient systems can be limited by the International Electrotechnical Commission 60601-2-33 cardiac stimulation (CS) limit, which was set in a conservative manner based on electrode experiments and E-field simulations in uniform ellipsoidal body models. Here, we show that coupled electromagnetic-electrophysiological modeling in detailed body and heart models can predict CS thresholds, suggesting that such modeling might lead to more detailed threshold estimates in humans. Specifically, we compare measured and predicted CS thresholds in eight pigs.

METHODS

We created individualized porcine body models using MRI (Dixon for the whole body, CINE for the heart) that replicate the anatomy and posture of the animals used in our previous experimental CS study. We model the electric fields induced along cardiac Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers and predict the electrophysiological response of these fibers, yielding CS threshold predictions in absolute units for each animal. Additionally, we assess the total modeling uncertainty through a variability analysis of the 25 main model parameters.

RESULTS

Predicted and experimental CS thresholds agree within 19% on average (normalized RMS error), which is smaller than the 27% modeling uncertainty. No significant difference was found between the modeling predictions and experiments (p < 0.05, paired t-test).

CONCLUSION

Predicted thresholds matched the experimental data within the modeling uncertainty, supporting the model validity. We believe that our modeling approach can be applied to study CS thresholds in humans for various gradient coils, body shapes/postures, and waveforms, which is difficult to do experimentally.

SNORA73B promotes endometrial cancer progression through targeting MIB1 and regulating host gene RCC1 alternative splicing

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynaecological malignant tumour with unclear pathogenesis. Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) is involved in many biological processes, including those of cancers. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, the expression pattern of a snoRNA, SNORA73B, was analysed. The biological functions of SNORA73B were assessed by in vitro proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion assays and in vivo by the xenograft model. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the relationship between SNORA73B and its target genes. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to detect the pseudouridine content of the mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 gene (MIB1). The stability of MIB1 mRNA was evaluated using a transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D. By performing co-immunoprecipitation assays, the change in the ubiquitin levels of the Jagged canonical Notch ligand 1 (Jag 1), caused by SNORA73B and MIB1, was identified. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the alternative splicing of the regulator of the chromosome condensation 1 gene (RCC1). The TCGA database analysis showed that SNORA73B was highly expressed in EC. SNORA73B promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited apoptosis. SNORA73B modified the pseudouridine content in MIB1 and increased the stability of MIB1 mRNA and protein; thus, it affected Jag 1 ubiquitination and further activated the Notch pathway. SNORA73B also affected the alternative splicing of RCC1, increasing the number of transcripts, RCC1-T2 and RCC1-T3, which promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. SNORA73B can be a potential target for EC.

Discerning the Prospects of miRNAs as a Multi-Target Therapeutic and Diagnostic for Alzheimer's Disease

Although over the last few decades, numerous attempts have been made to halt Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and mitigate its symptoms, only a few have been proven beneficial. Most medications available, still only cater to the symptoms of the disease rather than fixing the cause at the root level. A novel approach involving the use of miRNAs, which work on the principle of gene silencing, is being explored by scientists. Naturally present miRNAs in the biological system help to regulate various genes than may be implicated in AD-like BACE-1 and APP. One miRNA thus, holds the power to keep a check on several genes, conferring it the ability to be used as a multi-target therapeutic. With aging and the onset of diseased pathology, dysregulation of these miRNAs is observed. This flawed miRNA expression is responsible for the unusual buildup of amyloid proteins, fibrillation of tau proteins in the brain, neuronal death and other hallmarks leading to AD. The use of miRNA mimics and miRNA inhibitors provides an attractive perspective for fixing the upregulation and downregulation of miRNAs that led to abnormal cellular activities. Furthermore, the detection of miRNAs in the CSF and serum of diseased patients might be considered an earlier biomarker for the disease. While most of the therapies designed around AD have not succeeded completely, the targeting of dysregulated miRNAs in AD patients might give a new direction to scholars to develop an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

MiR-133b as a crucial regulator of TCS-induced cardiotoxicity via activating β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway in zebrafish embryos

As a commonly used antibacterial agent in daily consumer products, triclosan (TCS) has attracted significant attention due to its potential environmental risks. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of TCS exposure (1.4 μM) on heart development in zebrafish embryos. Our findings revealed that TCS exposure caused significant cardiac dysfunction, characterized by pericardial edema, malformations in the heart structure, and a slow heart rate. Additionally, TCS exposure induced oxidative damage and abnormal apoptosis in heart cells through the up-regulation of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling pathway genes (adrb1, adrb2a, arrb2b), similar to the effects induced by β-AR agonists. Notably, the adverse effects of TCS exposure were alleviated by β-AR antagonists. Using high-throughput transcriptome miRNA sequencing and targeted miRNA screening, we focused on miR-133b, which targets adrb1 and was down-regulated by TCS exposure, as a potential contributor to TCS-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of miR-133b produced similar toxic effects as TCS exposure, while overexpression of miR-133b down-regulated the β-AR signaling pathway and rescued heart defects caused by TCS. In summary, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the cardiotoxic effects of TCS. We suggest that targeting the β-AR pathway and miR-133b may be effective strategies for pharmacotherapy in cardiotoxicity induced by environmental pollutants such as TCS.

Open a new epoch of arsenic trioxide investigation: ATOdb

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a great discovery in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), which has been used in an increasing number of malignant diseases. Systematic integrative analysis will help to precisely understand the mechanism of ATO and find new combined drugs. Therefore, we developed a one-stop comprehensive database of ATO named ATOdb by manually compiling a wealth of experimentally supported ATO-related data from 3479 articles, and integrated analysis tools. The current version of ATOdb contains 8373 associations among 2300 ATO targets, 80 conditions and 262 combined drugs. Each entry in ATOdb contains detailed information on ATO targets, therapeutic/side effects, systems, cell names, cell types, regulations, detection methods, brief descriptions, references, etc. Furthermore, ATOdb also provides data visualization and analysis results such as the drug similarities, protein-protein interactions, and miRNA-mRNA relationships. An easy-to-use web interface was deployed in ATOdb for users to easily browse, search and download the data. In conclusion, ATOdb will serve as a valuable resource for in-depth study of the mechanism of ATO, discovery of new drug combination strategies, promotion of rational drug use and individualized treatments. ATOdb is freely available at http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/ATOdb/index.jsp.

New drug discovery of cardiac anti-arrhythmic drugs: insights in animal models

Cardiac rhythm regulated by micro-macroscopic structures of heart. Pacemaker abnormalities or disruptions in electrical conduction, lead to arrhythmic disorders may be benign, typical, threatening, ultimately fatal, occurs in clinical practice, patients on digitalis, anaesthesia or acute myocardial infarction. Both traditional and genetic animal models are: In-vitro: Isolated ventricular Myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscles, Patch-Clamp Experiments, Porcine Atrial Myocytes, Guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscle: action potential and refractory period, Langendorff technique, Arrhythmia by acetylcholine or potassium. Acquired arrhythmia disorders: Transverse Aortic Constriction, Myocardial Ischemia, Complete Heart Block and AV Node Ablation, Chronic Tachypacing, Inflammation, Metabolic and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia. In-Vivo: Chemically induced arrhythmia: Aconitine antagonism, Digoxin-induced arrhythmia, Strophanthin/ouabain-induced arrhythmia, Adrenaline-induced arrhythmia, and Calcium-induced arrhythmia. Electrically induced arrhythmia: Ventricular fibrillation electrical threshold, Arrhythmia through programmed electrical stimulation, sudden coronary death in dogs, Exercise ventricular fibrillation. Genetic Arrhythmia: Channelopathies, Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Short QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome. Genetic with Structural Heart Disease: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Atrioventricular Block, Preexcitation Syndrome. Arrhythmia in Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Both traditional and genetic, experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias' characteristics and significance help in development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.

Interplay of Ca2+ and K+ signals in cell physiology and cancer

The cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and the activity of K+ channels on the plasma membrane regulate cellular processes ranging from mitosis to oriented migration. The interplay between Ca2+ and K+ signals is intricate, and different cell types rely on peculiar cellular mechanisms. Derangement of these mechanisms accompanies the neoplastic progression. The calcium signals modulated by voltage-gated (KV) and calcium-dependent (KCa) K+ channel activity regulate progression of the cell division cycle, the release of growth factors, apoptosis, cell motility and migration. Moreover, KV channels regulate the cell response to the local microenvironment by assembling with cell adhesion and growth factor receptors. This chapter summarizes the pathophysiological roles of Ca2+ and K+ fluxes in normal and cancer cells, by concentrating on several biological systems in which these functions have been studied in depth, such as early embryos, mammalian cell lines, T lymphocytes, gliomas and colorectal cancer cells. A full understanding of the underlying mechanisms will offer a comprehensive view of the ion channel implication in cancer biology and suggest potential pharmacological targets for novel therapeutic approaches in oncology.

The Roles of microRNAs in the Cardiovascular System

The discovery of miRNAs and their role in disease represent a significant breakthrough that has stimulated and propelled research on miRNAs as targets for diagnosis and therapy. Cardiovascular disease is an area where the restrictions of early diagnosis and conventional pharmacotherapy are evident and deserve attention. Therefore, miRNA-based drugs have significant potential for development. Research and its application can make considerable progress, as seen in preclinical and clinical trials. The use of miRNAs is still experimental but has a promising role in diagnosing and predicting a variety of acute coronary syndrome presentations. Its use, either alone or in combination with currently available biomarkers, might be adopted soon, particularly if there is diagnostic ambiguity. In this review, we examine the current understanding of miRNAs as possible targets for diagnosis and treatment in the cardiovascular system. We report on recent advances in recognising and characterising miRNAs with a focus on clinical translation. The latest challenges and perspectives towards clinical application are discussed.

Integrated modeling framework reveals co-regulation of transcription factors, miRNAs and lncRNAs on cardiac developmental dynamics

AIMS

Dissecting complex interactions among transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are central for understanding heart development and function. Although computational approaches and platforms have been described to infer relationships among regulatory factors and genes, current approaches do not adequately account for how highly diverse, interacting regulators that include noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) control cardiac gene expression dynamics over time.

METHODS

To overcome this limitation, we devised an integrated framework, cardiac gene regulatory modeling (CGRM) that integrates LogicTRN and regulatory component analysis bioinformatics modeling platforms to infer complex regulatory mechanisms. We then used CGRM to identify and compare the TF-ncRNA gene regulatory networks that govern early- and late-stage cardiomyocytes (CMs) generated by in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) and ventricular and atrial CMs isolated during in vivo human cardiac development.

RESULTS

Comparisons of in vitro versus in vivo derived CMs revealed conserved regulatory networks among TFs and ncRNAs in early cells that significantly diverged in late staged cells. We report that cardiac genes ("heart targets") expressed in early-stage hPSC-CMs are primarily regulated by MESP1, miR-1, miR-23, lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1, while GATA6, HAND2, miR-200c, NEAT1 and MALAT1 are critical for late hPSC-CMs. The inferred TF-miRNA-lncRNA networks regulating heart development and contraction were similar among early-stage CMs, among individual hPSC-CM datasets and between in vitro and in vivo samples. However, genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle and proliferation, and transmembrane transport showed a high degree of divergence between in vitro and in vivo derived late-stage CMs. Overall, late-, but not early-stage CMs diverged greatly in the expression of "heart target" transcripts and their regulatory mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we find that hPSC-CMs are regulated in a cell autonomous manner during early development that diverges significantly as a function of time when compared to in vivo derived CMs. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using CGRM to reveal dynamic and complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory interactions that underlie cell directed versus environment-dependent CM development. These results with in vitro versus in vivo derived CMs thus establish this approach for detailed analyses of heart disease and for the analysis of cell regulatory systems in other biomedical fields.

Long Non-coding RNA Involved in the Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent and chronic cardiovascular disorder associated with various pathophysiological alterations, including atrial electrical and structural remodeling, disrupted calcium handling, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, aberrant energy metabolism, and immune dysregulation. Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AF.

OBJECTIVE

This discussion aims to elucidate the involvement of AF-related lncRNAs, with a specific focus on their role as miRNA sponges that modulate crucial signaling pathways, contributing to the progression of AF. We also address current limitations in AF-related lncRNA research and explore potential future directions in this field. Additionally, we summarize feasible strategies and promising delivery systems for targeting lncRNAs in AF therapy.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, targeting AF-related lncRNAs holds substantial promise for future investigations and represents a potential therapeutic avenue for managing AF.

The role of miR1 and miR133a in new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

The development of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a clinical complication that requires a better understanding of the causative risk factors. This study aimed to explore the risk factors and the expression and function of miR-1 and miR-133a in new atrial fibrillation after AMI.

METHODS

We collected clinical data from 172 patients with AMI treated with emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between October 2021 and October 2022. Independent predictors of NOAF were determined using binary logistic univariate and multivariate regression analyses. The predictive value of NOAF was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for related risk factors. In total, 172 venous blood samples were collected preoperatively and on the first day postoperatively; the expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133a were determined using the polymerase chain reaction. The clinical significance of miR-1 and miR-133a expression levels was determined by Spearman correlation analysis.

RESULTS

The Glasgow prognostic score, left atrial diameter, and infarct area were significant independent risk factors for NOAF after AMI. We observed that the expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133a were significantly higher in the NOAF group than in the non-NOAF group. On postoperative day 1, strong associations were found between miR-133a expression levels and the neutrophil ratio and between miR-1 expression levels and an increased left atrial diameter.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that the mechanism of NOAF after AMI may include an inflammatory response associated with an increased miR-1-related mechanism. Conversely, miR-133a could play a protective role in this clinical condition.

Aloe-Emodin Derivative, an Anthraquinone Compound, Attenuates Pyroptosis by Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is widely recognized as a major contributing factor to the development of heart failure in patients with diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of traditional herbal medicine for alleviating the symptoms of cardiomyopathy. We have chemically designed and synthesized a novel compound called aloe-emodin derivative (AED), which belongs to the aloe-emodin (AE) family of compounds. AED was formed by covalent binding of monomethyl succinate to the anthraquinone mother nucleus of AE using chemical synthesis techniques. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of AED in treating DCM. We induced type 2 diabetes in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by administering a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) injections. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, DCM, AED low concentration (50 mg/kg/day), AED high concentration (100 mg/kg/day), AE (100 mg/kg/day), and positive control (glyburide, 2 mg/kg/day) groups. There were eight rats in each group. The rats that attained fasting blood glucose of ˃16.7 mmol/L were considered successful models. We observed significant improvements in cardiac function in the DCM rats with both AED and AE following four weeks of intragastric treatment. However, AED had a more pronounced therapeutic effect on DCM compared to AE. AED exhibited an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response in the hearts of DCM rats and high-glucose-treated H9C2 cells by suppressing the pyroptosis pathway mediated by the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes showed a significant enrichment in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway compared to the high-glucose group. Furthermore, overexpression of NLRP3 effectively reversed the anti-pyroptosis effects of AED in high-glucose-treated H9C2 cells. This study is the first to demonstrate that AED possesses the ability to inhibit myocardial pyroptosis in DCM. Targeting the pyroptosis pathway mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome could provide a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance our understanding and treatment of DCM.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been identified in many human diseases. Future improvements in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic techniques will be facilitated by a deeper understanding of disease etiology. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death globally. Cardiac development involves lncRNAs, and their abnormalities are linked to many CVDs. This review examines the relationship and function of lncRNA in a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypertrophy, and heart failure. Therein, the potential utilization of lncRNAs in clinical diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications will also be discussed.

Dual Action of Curcumin as an Anti- and Pro-Oxidant from a Biophysical Perspective

Curcumin, a natural polyphenol widely used as a spice, colorant and food additive, has been shown to have therapeutic effects against different disorders, mostly due to its anti-oxidant properties. Curcumin also reduces the efficiency of melanin synthesis and affects cell membranes. However, curcumin can act as a pro-oxidant when blue light is applied, since upon illumination it can generate singlet oxygen. Our review aims to describe this dual role of curcumin from a biophysical perspective, bearing in mind its concentration, bioavailability-enhancing modifications and membrane interactions, as well as environmental conditions such as light. In low concentrations and without irradiation, curcumin shows positive effects and can be recommended as a beneficial food supplement. On the other hand, when used in excess or irradiated, curcumin can be toxic. Therefore, numerous attempts have been undertaken to test curcumin as a potential photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). At that point, we underline that curcumin-based PDT is limited to the treatment of superficial tumors or skin and oral infections due to the weak penetration of blue light. Additionally, we conclude that an increase in curcumin bioavailability through the using nanocarriers, and therefore its concentration, as well as its topical use if skin is exposed to light, may be dangerous.

MicroRNA targeting: A novel therapeutic intervention for ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer, a perilous form of cancer affecting the female reproductive system, exhibits intricate communication networks that contribute to its progression. This study aims to identify crucial molecular abnormalities linked to the disease to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In particular, we investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as diagnostic biomarkers and explore their potential in treating ovarian cancer. By targeting miRNAs, which can influence multiple pathways and genes, substantial therapeutic benefits can be attained. In this review we want to shed light on the promising application of miRNA-based interventions and provide insights into the specific miRNAs implicated in ovarian cancer pathogenesis.

Association of serum and fecal microRNA profiles in cats with gastrointestinal cancer and chronic inflammatory enteropathy

BACKGROUND

Differentiation of gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) from chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in cats can be challenging and often requires extensive diagnostic testing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have promise as non-invasive biomarkers in serum and feces for diagnosis of GIC.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES

Cats with GIC will have serum and fecal miRNA profiles that differ significantly from healthy cats and cats with CIE. Identify serum and fecal miRNAs with diagnostic potential for differentiation between cats with GIC and CIE as compared to healthy cats.

ANIMALS

Ten healthy cats, 9 cats with CIE, and 10 cats with GIC; all client-owned.

METHODS

Cats were recruited for an international multicenter observational prospective case-control study. Serum and feces were screened using small RNA sequencing for miRNAs that differed in abundance between cats with GIC and CIE, and healthy cats. Diagnostic biomarker potential of relevant miRNAs from small RNA sequencing and the literature was confirmed using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).

RESULTS

Serum miR-223-3p was found to distinguish between cats with GIC and CIE with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.760-1.0), sensitivity of 90% (95% CI, 59.6-99.5%), and specificity of 77.8% (95% CI, 45.3-96.1%). Serum miR-223-3p likewise showed promise in differentiating a subgroup of cats with small cell lymphoma (SCL) from those with CIE. No fecal miRNAs could distinguish between cats with GIC and CIE.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Serum miR-223-3p potentially may serve as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker of GIC in cats, in addition to providing a much needed tool for the differentiation of CIE and SCL.

Intrauterine exposure to nicotine through maternal vaping disrupts embryonic lung and skeletal development via the Kcnj2 potassium channel

Smoking cigarettes during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on infants including low birth weight, defective lung development, and skeletal abnormalities. Pregnant women are increasingly turning to vaping [use of electronic (e)-cigarettes] as a perceived safer alternative to cigarettes. However, nicotine disrupts fetal development, suggesting that like cigarette smoking, nicotine vaping may be detrimental to the fetus. To test the impact of maternal vaping on fetal lung and skeletal development in mice, pregnant dams were exposed to e-cigarette vapor throughout gestation. At embryonic day (E)18.5, vape exposed litter sizes were reduced, and some embryos exhibited growth restriction compared to air exposed controls. Fetal lungs were collected for histology and whole transcriptome sequencing. Maternally nicotine vaped embryos exhibited histological and transcriptional changes consistent with impaired distal lung development. Embryonic lung gene expression changes mimicked transcriptional changes observed in adult mouse lungs exposed to cigarette smoke, suggesting that the developmental defects may be due to direct nicotine exposure. Fetal skeletons were analyzed for craniofacial and long bone lengths. Nicotine directly binds and inhibits the Kcnj2 potassium channel which is important for bone development. The length of the maxilla, palatal shelves, humerus, and femur were reduced in vaped embryos, which was further exacerbated by loss of one copy of the Kcnj2 gene. Nicotine vapor exposed Kcnj2KO/+ embryos also had significantly lower birth weights than unexposed animals of either genotype. Kcnj2 mutants had severely defective lungs with and without vape exposure, suggesting that potassium channels may be broadly involved in mediating the detrimental developmental effects of nicotine vaping. These data indicate that intrauterine nicotine exposure disrupts fetal lung and skeletal development likely through inhibition of Kcnj2.

The regulation of circRNA and lncRNAprotein binding in cardiovascular diseases: Emerging therapeutic targets

Noncoding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are a class of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that carry cellular information and perform essential functions. This class encompasses various RNAs, such as small nuclear ribonucleic acids (snRNA), small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA) and many other kinds of RNA. Of these, circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) and long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are two types of ncRNAs that regulate crucial physiological and pathological processes, including binding, in several organs through interactions with other RNAs or proteins. Recent studies indicate that these RNAs interact with various proteins, including protein 53, nuclear factor-kappa B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma, to regulate both the histological and electrophysiological aspects of cardiac development as well as cardiovascular pathogenesis, ultimately leading to a variety of genetic heart diseases, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. This paper presents a thorough review of recent studies on circRNA and lncRNAprotein binding within cardiac and vascular cells. It offers insight into the molecular mechanisms involved and emphasizes potential implications for treating cardiovascular diseases.

LncRNA KCNQ10T1 shuttled by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome inhibits sepsis via regulation of miR-154-3p/RNF19A axis

This study aims to discuss the role of exosomes KCNQ10T1 derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in sepsis and to further investigate its potential molecular mechanisms. Exosomes extracted from BMMSCs are identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blot. Fluorescence labeling is applied to detect the internalization of exosomes in receptors. The proliferation ability, migration ability, and invasion ability of HUVECs are determined by CCK-8, EdU, wound healing, and Transwell. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in sepsis cells are quantitatively detected by ELISA. Kaplan-Meier survival curve is used to describe the overall survival. RT-qPCR is used to detect mRNA expression of related genes. Bioinformatics analysis is performed to search the downstream target of KCNQ1OT1 and miR-154-3p and the interaction is verified by luciferase reporter assay. Exosomes derived from BMMSCs alleviated the toxicity in sepsis cell models and animal models. In mice with septic cell models, exosomal KCNQ10T1 was down-regulated and associated with lower survival. Overexpression of KCNQ10T1 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of LPS-induced HUVECs. Further research illustrated that miR-154-3p was the downstream target gene of KCNQ1OT1 and RNF19A was the downstream target gene of miR-154-3p. Importantly, functional research findings indicated that KCNQ1OT1 regulated sepsis progression by targeting miR-154-3p/RNF19A axis. Our study demonstrates that the exosomal KCNQ1OT1 suppresses sepsis via mediating miR-154-3p/RNF19A, which provides a latent target for sepsis treatment.