Angiogenic properties and intercellular communication of differentiated porcine endothelial cells in vascular therapy

Endothelial cell dysfunction can lead to various vascular diseases. Blood flow disorder is a common symptom of vascular diseases. Regenerative angiogenesis, which involves transplanting vascular cells or stem cells into the body to shape new vasculature, can be a good therapeutic strategy. However, there are several limitations to using autologous cells from the patients themselves. We sought to investigate the new vascular cells that can play a role in the formation of angiogenesis in vivo using stem cells from alternative animals suitable for cellular therapy. Porcine is an optimal animal model for xenotransplantation owing to its physiological similarity to humans. We used differentiated porcine endothelial cells (pECs) as a therapeutic strategy to restore vessel function. Differentiated pECs formed vessel-like structures in mice, distinguishing them from stem cells. MMPs activity and migration assays indicated that differentiated pECs possessed angiogenic potential. Tube formation and 3D spheroid sprouting assays further confirmed the angiogenic phenotype of the differentiated pECs. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed claudin-mediated tight junctions and connexin 43-mediated gap junctions between human ECs and differentiated pECs. Additionally, the movement of small RNA from human ECs to differentiated pECs was observed under co-culture conditions. Our findings demonstrated the in vivo viability and angiogenetic potential of differentiated pECs and highlighted the potential for intercellular communication between human and porcine ECs. These results suggest that transplanted cells in vascular regeneration completed after cell therapy have the potential to achieve intercellular communication within the body.

Boosting Chondrocyte Bioactivity with Ultra-Sulfated Glycopeptide Supramolecular Polymers

Although autologous chondrocyte transplantation can be effective in articular cartilage repair, negative side effects limit the utility of the treatment, such as long recovery times, poor engraftment or chondrogenic dedifferentiation, and cell leakage. Peptide-based supramolecular polymers have emerged as promising bioactive systems to promote tissue regeneration through cell signaling and dynamic behavior. We report here on the development of a series of glycopeptide amphiphile supramolecular nanofibers with chondrogenic bioactivity. These supramolecular polymers were found to have the ability to boost TGFβ-1 signaling by displaying galactosamine moieties with differing degrees of sulfation on their surfaces. We were also able to encapsulate chondrocytes with these nanostructures as single cells without affecting viability and proliferation. Among the monomers tested, assemblies of trisulfated glycopeptides led to elevated expression of chondrogenic markers relative to those with lower degrees of sulfation that mimic chondroitin sulfate repeating units. We hypothesize the enhanced bioactivity is rooted in specific interactions of the supramolecular assemblies with TGFβ-1 and its consequence on cell signaling, which may involve elevated levels of supramolecular motion as a result of high charge in trisulfated glycopeptide amphiphiles. Our findings suggest that supramolecular polymers formed by the ultra-sulfated glycopeptide amphiphiles could provide better outcomes in chondrocyte transplantation therapies for cartilage regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : This study prepares glycopeptide amphiphiles conjugated at their termini with chondroitin sulfate mimetic residues with varying degrees of sulfation that self-assemble into supramolecular nanofibers in aqueous solution. These supramolecular polymers encapsulate chondrocytes as single cells through intimate contact with cell surface structures, forming artificial matrix that can localize the growth factor TGFβ-1 in the intercellular environment. A high degree of sulfation on the glycopeptide amphiphile is found to be critical in elevating chondrogenic cellular responses that supersede the efficacy of natural chondroitin sulfate. This work demonstrates that supramolecular assembly of a unique molecular structure designed to mimic chondroitin sulfate successfully boosts chondrocyte bioactivity by single cell encapsulation, suggesting a new avenue implementing chondrocyte transplantation with supramolecular nanomaterials for cartilage regeneration.

Comparative insight into the regenerative mechanisms of the adult brain in zebrafish and mouse: highlighting the importance of the immune system and inflammation in successful regeneration

Regeneration, the complex process of restoring damaged or absent cells, tissues, and organs, varies considerably between species. The zebrafish is a remarkable model organism for its impressive regenerative abilities, particularly in organs such as the heart, fin, retina, spinal cord, and brain. Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate with limited or absent scarring, a phenomenon closely linked to the activation of stem cells and immune cells. This review examines the unique roles played by the immune response and inflammation in zebrafish and mouse during regeneration, highlighting the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind their divergent regenerative capacities. By focusing on zebrafish telencephalic regeneration and comparing it to that of the rodents, this review highlights the importance of a well-controlled, acute, and non-persistent immune response in zebrafish, which promotes an environment conducive to regeneration. The knowledge gained from understanding the mechanisms of zebrafish regeneration holds great promises for the treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases and brain damage (stroke and traumatic brain injuries), as well as for the advancement of regenerative medicine approaches.

Engineered extracellular vesicles enable high-efficient delivery of intracellular therapeutic proteins

Developing an intracellular delivery system is of key importance in the expansion of protein-based therapeutics acting on cytosolic or nuclear targets. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been exploited as next-generation delivery modalities due to their natural role in intercellular communication and biocompatibility. However, fusion of protein of interest to a scaffold represents a widely used strategy for cargo enrichment in EVs, which could compromise the stability and functionality of cargo. Herein, we report intracellular delivery via EV-based approach (IDEA) that efficiently packages and delivers native proteins both in vitro and in vivo without the use of a scaffold. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the IDEA to deliver cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), an innate immune sensor. The results showed that cGAS-carrying EVs activated interferon signaling and elicited enhanced antitumor immunity in multiple syngeneic tumor models. Combining cGAS EVs with immune checkpoint inhibition further synergistically boosted antitumor efficacy in vivo. Mechanistically, scRNA-seq demonstrated that cGAS EVs mediated significant remodeling of intratumoral microenvironment, revealing a pivotal role of infiltrating neutrophils in the antitumor immune milieu. Collectively, IDEA, as a universal and facile strategy, can be applied to expand and advance the development of protein-based therapeutics.

An infusible biologically active adhesive for chemotherapy-related heart failure in elderly rats

Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity with subsequent heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors worldwide. Chemotherapy-induced HF is exceptionally challenging as it generally manifests in patients who are typically not eligible for left ventricular device implantation or heart transplantation. To explore alternative treatment strategies for cancer survivors suffering from chemotherapy-induced HF, we developed a minimally invasive infusible cardiac stromal cell secretomes adhesive (MISA) that could be delivered locally through an endoscope-guided intrapericardial injection. To mimic the typical clinical presentation of chemotherapy-induced HF in elder patients, we established an aged rat model in which restrictive cardiomyopathy with sequential HF was induced via consecutive doxorubicin injections. In vitro, we prove that MISA not only enhanced cardiomyocytes proliferation potency and viability, but also inhibited their apoptosis. In vivo, we prove that MISA improved the ventricular contractility indexes and led to beneficial effects on histological and structural features of restrictive cardiomyopathy via promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial respiration. Additionally, we also evaluated the safety and feasibility of MISA intrapericardial delivery in a healthy porcine model with an intact immune system. In general, our data indicates that MISA has a strong potential for translation into large animal models and ultimately clinical applications for chemotherapy-induced HF prior to the final option of heart transplantation.

lncRNA-gene network analysis reveals the effects of early maternal nutrition on mineral homeostasis and energy metabolism in the fetal liver transcriptome of beef heifers

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy influences fetal development; however, the regulatory markers of fetal programming across different gestational phases remain underexplored in livestock models. Herein, we investigated the regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) on fetal liver gene expression, the impacts of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation, and the rate of maternal body weight gain during the periconceptual period. To this end, crossbred Angus heifers (n=31) were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial design to evaluate the main effects of the rate of weight gain (low gain [LG, avg. daily gain of 0.28 kg/day] vs. moderate gain [MG, avg. daily gain of 0.79 kg/day]) and vitamins and minerals supplementation (VTM vs. NoVTM). On day 83±0.27 of gestation, fetuses were collected for morphometric measurements, and fetal liver was collected for transcriptomic and mineral analyses. The maternal diet significantly affected fetal liver development and mineral reserves. Using an RNA-Seq approach, we identified 320 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across all six comparisons (FDR <0.05). Furthermore, lncRNAs were predicted through the FEELnc pipeline, revealing 99 unique differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs). The over-represented pathways and biological processes (BPs) were associated with energy metabolism, Wnt signaling, CoA carboxylase activity, and fatty acid metabolism. The DEL-regulated BPs were associated with metal ion transport, pyrimidine metabolism, and classical energy metabolism-related glycolytic, gluconeogenic, and TCA cycle pathways. Our findings suggest that lncRNAs regulate mineral homeostasis- and energy metabolism-related gene networks in the fetal liver in response to early maternal nutrition.

Review on the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in diabetes: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

This review explores the pivotal role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, highlighting the therapeutic potential of various oral hypoglycemic drugs targeting this pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome activation, triggered by metabolic stressors like hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and free fatty acids (FFAs), leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, driving insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. These processes contribute to diabetic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Here we discuss the various transcriptional, epigenetic, and gut microbiome mediated regulation of NLRP3 activation in diabetes. Different classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity through various mechanisms: sulfonylureas inhibit NLRP3 activation and reduce inflammatory cytokine levels; sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) suppress inflammasome activity by reducing oxidative stress and modulating intracellular signaling pathways; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors mitigate inflammasome activation, protecting against renal and vascular complications; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists attenuate NLRP3 activity, reducing inflammation and improving metabolic outcomes; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by directly inhibiting NLRP3 activation. Agents that specifically target NLRP3 and inhibit their activation have been identified recently such as MCC950, Anakinra, CY-09, and many more. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus, presents a promising strategy for managing diabetes and its complications, with oral hypoglycemic drugs offering dual benefits of glycemic control and inflammation reduction. Further research into the specific mechanisms and long-term effects of these drugs on NLRP3 inflammasome activity is warranted.

Mesenchymal vs. epithelial extracellular vesicles in corneal epithelial repair, apoptosis, and immunomodulation: An in vitro study

Corneal injuries often lead to epithelial damage, apoptosis, and inflammation which impact visual function. Effective epithelial healing is critical for optimal vision and functioning of the cornea. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) present promising avenues for cell-free therapy, however, evaluation of their specific roles in corneal epithelial injury requires further investigations with due consideration to the endogenous human corneal epithelial cell-derived EVs (HCEC-EVs). This study aims to isolate and characterize the EVs from a commonly available human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-2 [50. B1], ATCC) and evaluate their corneal epithelial repair, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory potential in comparison with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (BM-MSC-EVs) in vitro. Both the BM-MSC- and HCEC-EVs exhibited similar morphology with a diameter <150 nm. However, the yield of EVs from HCECs was higher than that of BM-MSCs. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed an average EV size of ∼120 nm, while western blotting confirmed the presence of CD63, CD81, and TSG101, whereas Calnexin could not be detected in the BM-MSC- and HCEC-EVs. The corneal epithelial repair was monitored through in vitro wound healing assay, whereas apoptosis was studied through flow cytometry-based Propidium iodide staining in H2O2-treated cells. IL-1β-stimulated HCECs were treated with BM-MSC- and HCEC-EVs for 24 h and expression of pro- (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines was evaluated through ELISA. Our results, limited to in vitro investigations, suggest that compared with HCEC-EVs, BM-MSC-EVs showed: i) accelerated corneal epithelial healing, ii) enhanced anti-apoptotic potential, and iii) improved anti-inflammatory properties, in cultured HCECs.

Discovering novel targets of abscisic acid using computational approaches

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial plant hormone that is naturally produced in various mammalian tissues and holds significant potential as a therapeutic molecule in humans. ABA is selected for this study due to its known roles in essential human metabolic processes, such as glucose homeostasis, immune responses, cardiovascular system, and inflammation regulation. Despite its known importance, the molecular mechanism underlying ABA's action remain largely unexplored. This study employed computational techniques to identify potential human ABA receptors. We screened 64 candidate molecules using online servers and performed molecular docking to assess binding affinity and interaction types with ABA. The stability and dynamics of the best complexes were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation over a 100 ns time period. Root mean square fluctuations (RMSF), root mean square deviation (RMSD), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), radius of gyration (Rg), free energy landscape (FEL), and principal component analysis (PCA) were analyzed. Next, the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method was employed to calculate the binding energies of the complexes based on the simulated data. Our study successfully pinpointed four key receptors responsible for ABA signaling (androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, and retinoic acid receptor beta) that have a strong affinity for binding with ABA and remained structurally stable throughout the simulations. The simulations with Hydralazine as an unrelated ligand were conducted to validate the specificity of the identified receptors for ABA. The findings of this study can contribute to further experimental validation and a better understanding of how ABA functions in humans.

Total Body Irradiation and Fludarabine with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide for Mismatched Related or Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) remains the sole curative treatment for most patients with hematologic malignancies. A well-matched donor (related or unrelated) remains the preferred donor for patients undergoing allogeneic HCT; however, a large number of patients rely on alternative donor choices of mismatched related (haploidentical) or unrelated donors to access HCT. In this retrospective study, we investigated outcomes of patients who underwent mismatched donor (related or unrelated) HCT with a radiation-based myeloablative conditioning MAC regimen in combination with fludarabine, and post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as higher-intensity graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. We retrospectively assessed HCT outcomes in 155 patients who underwent mismatched donor HCT (related/haploidentical versus unrelated [MMUD]) with fractionated-total body irradiation (fTBI) plus fludarabine and PTCy as GVHD prophylaxis at City of Hope from 2015 to 2021. Diagnoses included acute lymphoblastic leukemia (46.5%), acute myelogenous leukemia (36.1%), and myelodysplastic syndrome (6.5%). The median age at HCT was 38 years, and 126 patients (81.3%) were an ethnic minority. The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Comorbidity Index was ≥3 in 36.1% of the patients, and 29% had a Disease Risk Index (DRI) of high/very high. The donor type was haploidentical in 67.1% of cases and MMUD in 32.9%. At 2 years post-HCT, disease-free survival (DFS) was 75.4% and overall survival (OS) was 80.6% for all subjects. Donor type did not impact OS (hazard ratio [HR], .72; 95% confidence interval [CI], .35 to 1.49; P = .37) and DFS (HR, .78; 95% CI, .41 to 1.48; P = .44), but younger donors was associated with less grade III-IV acute GVHD (HR, 6.60; 95% CI, 1.80 to 24.19; P = .004) and less moderate or severe chronic GVHD (HR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.70 to 7.34; P < .001), with a trend toward better survival (P = .099). The use of an MMUD was associated with significantly faster neutrophil recovery (median, 15 days versus 16 days; P = .014) and platelet recovery (median, 18 days versus 24 days; P = .029); however, there was no difference in GVHD outcomes between the haploidentical donor and MMUD groups. Nonrelapse mortality (HR, .86; 95% CI, .34 to 2.20; P = .76) and relapse risk (HR, .78; 95% CI, .33 to 1.85; P = .57) were comparable in the 2 groups. Patient age <40 years and low-intermediate DRI showed a DFS benefit (P = .004 and .029, respectively). High or very high DRI was the only predictor of increased relapse (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.32 to 6.34; P = .008). In conclusion, fludarabine/fTBI with PTCy was well-tolerated in mismatched donor HCT, regardless of donor relationship to the patient, provided promising results, and increased access to HCT for patients without a matched donor, especially patients from ethnic minorities and patients of mixed race.

Non-oncogene dependencies: Novel opportunities for cancer therapy

Targeting oncogene addictions have changed the history of subsets of malignancies and continues to represent an excellent therapeutic opportunity. Nonetheless, alternative strategies are required to treat malignancies driven by undruggable oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes and to overcome drug resistance also occurring in cancers addicted to actionable drivers. The discovery of non-oncogene addiction (NOA) uncovered novel therapeutically exploitable "Achilles' heels". NOA refers to genes/pathways not oncogenic per sé but essential for the tumor cell growth/survival while dispensable for normal cells. The clinical success of several classes of conventional and molecular targeted agents can be ascribed to their impact on both tumor cell-associated intrinsic as well as microenvironment-related extrinsic NOA. The integration of genetic, computational and pharmacological high-throughput approaches led to the identification of an expanded repertoire of synthetic lethality interactions implicating NOA targets. Only a few of them have been translated into the clinics as most NOA vulnerabilities are not easily druggable or appealing targets. Nonetheless, their identification has provided in-depth knowledge of tumor pathobiology and suggested novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, we summarize conceptual framework of intrinsic and extrinsic NOA providing exploitable vulnerabilities. Conventional and emerging methodological approaches used to disclose NOA dependencies are reported together with their limits. We illustrate NOA paradigmatic and peculiar examples and outline the functional/mechanistic aspects, potential druggability and translational interest. Finally, we comment on difficulties in exploiting the NOA-generated knowledge to develop novel therapeutic approaches to be translated into the clinics and to fully harness the potential of clinically available drugs.

Mitochondrial quality control dysfunction in osteoarthritis: Mechanisms, therapeutic strategies & future prospects

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent chronic joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, pain, and disability. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial quality control dysfunction contributes to OA pathogenesis. Mitochondria are essential organelles to generate cellular energy via oxidative phosphorylation and regulate vital processes. Impaired mitochondria can negatively impact cellular metabolism and result in the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dysfunction in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms has been increasingly linked to OA onset and progression. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of mitochondrial quality control disruption in OA, highlighting disturbed mitochondrial dynamics, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defenses and mitophagy. The review also discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial Quality Control in OA, offering future perspectives on advancing OA therapeutic strategies.

Refractory Thrombocytopenia is the Earliest Diagnostic Criterion for Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Children

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a life-threatening complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), whose diagnostic criteria changed over time to achieve a timelier diagnosis. Recently, pediatric-specific criteria presented by the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (pEBMT) incorporated transfusion-refractory thrombocytopenia (RT) as an early indicator of SOS in children. However, a comparison of all individual diagnostic parameters belonging to pEBMT and former SOS diagnostic criteria has never been performed. This retrospective study conducted at a pediatric tertiary care hospital analyzed all pediatric HSCT cases diagnosed with SOS among 170 children transplanted from 2009 to 2023. Eleven patients developed SOS during this period (incidence: 11/170, 6.5%). pEBMT, Seattle, and Baltimore criteria were retrospectively applied to the 11 cases and compared, showing that RT was the earliest fulfilled parameter (median onset: 6 d post-HSCT). pEBMT and Seattle criteria identified 11/11 SOS cases, with pEBMT leading to an earlier diagnosis. RT typically manifested before diagnosis, with significantly higher platelet transfusion requirements before diagnosis than after. RT is the earliest satisfied criterion in pediatric SOS and typically occurs in the initial stages of the disease before diagnosis. Further research is needed to identify additional early indicators of pediatric SOS.

Nicotinamide Riboside Promotes the Proliferation of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells to Repair Spinal Cord Injury

Activation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSC) is one of the most potential measures for neural repair after spinal cord injury. However, methods for regulating neural stem cell behavior are still limited. Here, we investigated the effects of nicotinamide riboside promoting the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells to repair spinal cord injury. Nicotinamide riboside promotes the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells and regulates their differentiation into neurons. In addition, nicotinamide riboside significantly restored lower limb motor dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. Nicotinamide riboside plays its role in promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells by activating the Wnt signaling pathway through the LGR5 gene. Knockdown of the LGR5 gene by lentivirus eliminates the effect of nicotinamide riboside on the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. In addition, administration of Wnt pathway inhibitors also eliminated the proliferative effect of nicotinamide riboside. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that nicotinamide promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells by targeting the LGR5 gene to activate the Wnt pathway, which provides a new way to repair spinal cord injury.

A highly sensitive reporter system to monitor endogenous YAP1/TAZ activity and its application in various human cells

The activation of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) has been implicated in both regeneration and tumorigenesis, thus representing a double-edged sword in tissue homeostasis. However, how the activity of YAP1/TAZ is regulated or what leads to its dysregulation in these processes remains unknown. To explore the upstream stimuli modulating the cellular activity of YAP1/TAZ, we developed a highly sensitive YAP1/TAZ/TEAD-responsive DNA element (YRE) and incorporated it into a lentivirus-based reporter cell system to allow for sensitive and specific monitoring of the endogenous activity of YAP1/TAZ in terms of luciferase activity in vitro and Venus fluorescence in vivo. Furthermore, by replacing YRE with TCF- and NF-κB-binding DNA elements, we demonstrated the applicability of this reporter system to other pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin/TCF- and IL-1β/NF-κB-mediated signaling, respectively. The practicality of this system was evaluated by performing cell-based reporter screening of a chemical compound library consisting of 364 known inhibitors, using reporter-introduced cells capable of quantifying YAP1/TAZ- and β-catenin-mediated transcription activities, which led to the identification of multiple inhibitors, including previously known as well as novel modulators of these signaling pathways. We further confirmed that novel YAP1/TAZ modulators, such as potassium ionophores, Janus kinase inhibitors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitors, and genotoxic stress inducers, alter the protein level or phosphorylation of endogenous YAP1/TAZ and the expression of their target genes. Thus, this reporter system provides a powerful tool to monitor endogenous signaling activities of interest (even in living cells) and search for modulators in various cellular contexts.

Biocompatibility and osteogenic assessment of experimental fluoride-doped calcium-phosphate cements on human dental pulp stem cells

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the impact of some specific experimental calcium phosphate cements doped with different fluoride salts (FDCPCs) concentrations on the basal functions of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs). Furthermore, this study also examined the migration, as well as the mineralisation through osteogenic differentiation.

METHODS

Experimental FDCPCs were formulated using different concentrations of calcium/sodium fluoride salts [(5 wt%: VS5F), (10 wt%: VS10F), (20 wt%: VS20F)]. A fluoride-free calcium phosphate (VS0F) was used as a control. The hDPSCs were assessed to evaluate their self-renewal and migration activity in the presence of eluates of the different FDCPCs. A viability assay in osteogenic conditions was carried out, along with the differentiation potential through Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (ALP), and Alizarin Red Staining (ARS). Moreover, the gene expression of specific markers (RUNX2, ALP, COL1α1, OCN, OPN, DSPP, MEPE, and DMP-1) was also evaluated.

RESULTS

All the tested FDCPD had no influence on cell migrations, but they caused a decrease in cell viability in osteogenic conditions when not diluted. Conversely, the eluants of VS20F showed a positive effect on stem cell differentiation. This result was corroborated through ALP activity, ARS assay. Moreover, upregulation of specific gene markers such as RUNX2, DMP-1, and DSPP was observed in hDPSCs, especially when treated with VS20F.

SIGNIFICANCE

The experimental FDCPC tested in this study exhibits a dose-dependent capacity to promote mineralisation in osteogenic environment. The FDCPC-VS20F seems to be the most promising experimental material suitable for developing of pulp-capping materials with osteogenic and bioactive properties.

The potential of exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) stands for the most common and aggressive type of brain tumour in adults. It is highly invasive, which explains its short rate of survival. Little is known about its risk factors, and current therapy is still ineffective. Hence, efforts are underway to develop novel and effective treatment approaches against this type of cancer. Exosomes are being explored as a promising strategy for conveying and delivering therapeutic cargo to GBM cells. They can fuse with the GBM cell membrane and, consequently, serve as delivery systems in this context. Due to their nanoscale size, exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which constitutes a significant hurdle to most chemotherapeutic drugs used against GBM. They can subsequently inhibit oncogenes, activate tumour suppressor genes, induce immune responses, and control cell growth. However, despite representing a promising tool for the treatment of GBM, further research and clinical studies regarding exosome biology, engineering, and clinical applications still need to be completed. Here, we sought to review the application of exosomes in the treatment of GBM through an in-depth analysis of the scientific and clinical studies on the entire process, from the isolation and purification of exosomes to their design and transformation into anti-oncogenic drug delivery systems. Surface modification of exosomes to enhance BBB penetration and GBM-cell targeting is also a topic of discussion.

Epigenetic regulation of megakaryopoiesis and platelet formation

Platelets, produced by megakaryocytes, play unique roles in physiological processes, such as hemostasis, coagulation, and immune regulation, while also contributing to various clinical diseases. During megakaryocyte differentiation, the morphology and function of cells undergo significant changes due to the programmed expression of a series of genes. Epigenetic changes modify gene expression without altering the DNA base sequence, effectively affecting the inner workings of the cell at different stages of growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These modifications also play important roles in megakaryocyte development and platelet biogenesis. However, the specific mechanisms underlying epigenetic processes and the vast epigenetic regulatory network formed by their interactions remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarize the key roles played by epigenetics in megakaryocyte development and platelet formation, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation. We expect our review to provide a deeper understanding of the biological processes underlying megakaryocyte development and platelet formation and to inform the development of new clinical interventions aimed at addressing platelet-related diseases and improving patients' prognoses.

Interleukin 1β receptor blocker (Anakinra) and regenerative stem cell therapy: two novel approaches effectively ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious common complication of diabetes. Unfortunately, there is no satisfied treatment for those patients and more studies are in critical need to cure them. Therefore, we aimed to carry out our current research to explore the role of two novel therapeutic approaches: one a biological drug aimed to block inflammatory signaling of the IL 1beta (IL1β) axis, namely, anakinra; the other is provision of anti-inflammatory regenerative stem cells. Wistar male rats were allocated into four groups: control group: type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by 6-week high-fat diet (HFD) followed by a single-dose streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg/kg i.p., then rats were allocated into: DM: untreated; DM BM-MSCs: received a single dose of BM-MSCs (1 × 106 cell/rat) into rat tail vein; DM-Anak received Anak 0.5 μg/kg/day i.p. for 2 weeks. Both therapeutic approaches improved cardiac performance, fibrosis, and hypertrophy. In addition, blood glucose and insulin resistance decreased, while the antioxidant parameter, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and interleukin 10 (IL10), and anti-inflammatory agent increased. Furthermore, there is a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL1β, caspase1, macrophage marker CD 11b, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and T-cell marker CD 8. Both Anak and BM-MSCs effectively ameliorated inflammatory markers and cardiac performance as compared to non-treated diabetics. Improvement is mostly due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulation of TNFα/IL1β/caspase1 and Nrf2/IL10 pathways.

Effective treatment of traumatic brain injury by injection of a selenium-containing ointment

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an incurable and overwhelming disease accompanied with serve disability and huge financial burden, where the overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) can exacerbate the secondary injury, leading to massive apoptosis of neurons. In this study, β-cyclodextrin (CD)-capped hyperbranched polymers containing selenium element (HSE-CD) were crosslinked with CD-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CD) and amantadine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-AD) to obtain a ROS-responsive ointment (R-O). The structures of synthesized polymers were characterized with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and the properties of ointment were investigated with rheology and antioxidation. Compared to non-ROS-responsive ointment (N-O), the R-O ointment had stronger efficiency in decreasing the ROS level in BV2 cells in vitro. In a controlled rat cortical impact (CCI) model, the R-O ointment could relieve the DNA damage and decrease apoptosis in injured area via reducing the ROS level. Besides, after the R-O treatment, the rats showed significantly less activated astrocytes and microglia, a lower level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a higher ratio of M2/M1 macrophage and microglia. Moreover, compared to the TBI group the R-O ointment promoted the doublecortin (DCX) expression and tissue structure integrity around the cavity, and promoted the recovery of nerve function post TBI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an incurable and overwhelming disease, leading to severe disability and huge social burden, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as one of the most significant factors in the secondary injury of TBI. A ROS responsive supramolecular ointment containing di-selenide bonds was injected in rats with controlled cortical impact. It relieved the DNA damage and decreased apoptosis in the injured area via reducing the ROS levels, downregulated neuroinflammation, and improved neurological recovery of TBI in vivo. This designed self-adaptive biomaterial effectively regulated the pathological microenvironment in injured tissue, and achieved better therapeutic effect.

Dickkopf-related Protein 2 Promotes Hair Growth by Upregulating the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

BACKGROUND

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial for the development, initiation, and growth of hair follicles (HFs). The Dickkopf-related protein (DKK) gene family encodes secreted proteins modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Studies have reported that DKK1 promotes the regression of HFs and serves as a pathogenic mediator in male pattern baldness. However, the role of DKK2 on human hair growth has not yet been explored.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates direct effect of DKK2 on hair growth using human dermal papilla cell (DPC) cultures and ex vivo human HF organ cultures.

METHODS

To elucidate the effect of DKK2 on hair growth, we examined the effect of recombinant human DKK2 (rhDKK2) treatment on cell viability, expression of mRNA and protein related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and cell growth in cultured human DPCs. We also performed ex vivo organ culture of HFs with rhDKK2 and measured changes in hair shaft length for 8 days.

RESULTS

Treatment with rhDKK2 led to a dose-dependent rise in the proliferation of human DPCs (p<0.05), reaching levels comparable to those induced by 1 μM minoxidil. Moreover, rhDKK2 increased the expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and cyclin-D1; it also increased the BAX-to-Bcl-2 ratio and downregulated the bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene. In human HF organ cultures, relative to the control treatment, rhDKK2 treatment significantly increased hair shaft elongation (p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that rhDKK2 could promote hair growth by facilitating the proliferation of human DPCs through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Synthesis and Antitumour Evaluation of Tricyclic Indole-2-Carboxamides against Paediatric Brain Cancer Cells

Antitumour properties of some cannabinoids (CB) have been reported in the literature as early as 1970s, however there is no clear consensus to date on the exact mechanisms leading to cancer cell death. The indole-based WIN 55,212-2 and SDB-001 are both known as potent agonists at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, yet we demonstrate herein that only the former can exert in vitro antitumour effects when tested against a paediatric brain cancer cell line KNS42. In this report, we describe the synthesis of novel 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles and evaluate their functional potencies at both cannabinoid receptors, as well as their abilities to inhibit the growth or proliferation of KNS42 cells. Compared to our previously reported indole-2-carboxamides, these 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles had either completely lost activities, or, showed moderate-to-weak antagonism at both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Compound 23 displayed the most potent antitumour properties among the series. Our results further support the involvement of non-CB pathways for the observed antitumour activities of amidoalkylindole-based cannabinoids, in line with our previous findings. Transcriptomic analysis comparing cells treated or non-treated with compound 23 suggested the observed antitumour effects of 23 are likely to result mainly from disruption of the FOXM1-regulated cell cycle pathways.

Effects of Germanium embedded fabric on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinical state which is identified by the degeneration of articular cartilage. OA is a common condition (>500 millions of people affected worldwide), whose frequency is anticipated to continue to rise (> 110 % increase worldwide since 2019). The treatment for early-stage OA is based on a combination of therapeutic approaches, which can include regenerative medicine based on Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs). Germanium embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric has been shown to have positive effects on OA clinically and is envisaged to give encouraging effects also on tissue regeneration. Still, the biological mechanisms underlying this therapeutic modality have not yet been fully defined. We tested the hypothesis that Germanium-embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric could enhance chondrogenic differentiation. To this purpose, we applied Incrediwear® to human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) induced to chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Chondrogenic markers (ACAN, SOX9, RUNX2, COL2A1, COL10A1) were quantified following 21 days of treatment. We also assessed extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (specifically Collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)) using Alcian Blue and Sirius Red staining. Here, we provide pilot data to demonstrate that Germanium-embedded Incrediwear® functional Cred40 fabric can enhance hADSCs chondrogenic differentiation and maturity and potentially induce events of cartilage regeneration.

Drug delivery based exosomes uptake pathways

Most cells secrete a material called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which play a crucial role in cellular communication. Exosomes are one of the most studied types of EVs. Recent research has shown the many functions and substrates of cellular exosomes. Multiple studies have shown the efficacy of exosomes in transporting a wide variety of cargo to their respective target cells. As a result, they are often utilized to transport medicaments to patients. Natural exosomes as well as exosomes modified with other compounds to enhance transport capabilities have been employed. In this article, we take a look at how different types of exosomes and modified exosomes may transport different types of cargo to their respective targets. Exosomes have a lot of potential as drug delivery vehicles for many synthetic compounds, proteins, nucleic acids, and gene repair specialists because they can stay in the body for a long time, are biocompatible, and can carry natural materials. A good way to put specific protein particles into exosomes is still not clear, though, and the exosomes can't be used in many situations yet. The determinants for exosome production, as well as ways for loading certain therapeutic molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and small compounds), were covered in this paper. Further study and the development of therapeutic exosomes may both benefit from the information collected in this review.

Ovarian microenvironment: challenges and opportunities in protecting against chemotherapy-associated ovarian damage

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy-associated ovarian damage (CAOD) is one of the most feared short- and long-term side effects of anticancer treatment in premenopausal women. Accumulating detailed data show that different chemotherapy regimens can lead to disturbance of ovarian hormone levels, reduced or lost fertility, and an increased risk of early menopause. Previous studies have often focused on the direct effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on ovarian follicles, such as direct DNA damage-mediated apoptotic death and primordial follicle burnout. Emerging evidence has revealed an imbalance in the ovarian microenvironment during chemotherapy. The ovarian microenvironment provides nutritional support and transportation of signals that stimulate the growth and development of follicles, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation. The close interaction between the ovarian microenvironment and follicles can determine ovarian function. Therefore, designing novel and precise strategies to manipulate the ovarian microenvironment may be a new strategy to protect ovarian function during chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

This review details the changes that occur in the ovarian microenvironment during chemotherapy and emphasizes the importance of developing new therapeutics that protect ovarian function by targeting the ovarian microenvironment during chemotherapy.

SEARCH METHODS

A comprehensive review of the literature was performed by searching PubMed up to April 2024. Search terms included 'ovarian microenvironment' (ovarian extracellular matrix, ovarian stromal cells, ovarian interstitial, ovarian blood vessels, ovarian lymphatic vessels, ovarian macrophages, ovarian lymphocytes, ovarian immune cytokines, ovarian oxidative stress, ovarian reactive oxygen species, ovarian senescence cells, ovarian senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, ovarian oogonial stem cells, ovarian stem cells), terms related to ovarian function (reproductive health, fertility, infertility, fecundity, ovarian reserve, ovarian function, menopause, decreased ovarian reserve, premature ovarian insufficiency/failure), and terms related to chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, lfosfamide, chlormethine, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan, procarbazine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, carboplatin, taxane, paclitaxel, docetaxel, 5-fluorouraci, vincristine, methotrexate, dactinomycin, bleomycin, mercaptopurine).

OUTCOMES

The ovarian microenvironment shows great changes during chemotherapy, inducing extracellular matrix deposition and stromal fibrosis, angiogenesis disorders, immune microenvironment disturbance, oxidative stress imbalances, ovarian stem cell exhaustion, and cell senescence, thereby lowering the quantity and quality of ovarian follicles. Several methods targeting the ovarian microenvironment have been adopted to prevent and treat CAOD, such as stem cell therapy and the use of free radical scavengers, senolytherapies, immunomodulators, and proangiogenic factors.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

Ovarian function is determined by its 'seeds' (follicles) and 'soil' (ovarian microenvironment). The ovarian microenvironment has been reported to play a vital role in CAOD and targeting the ovarian microenvironment may present potential therapeutic approaches for CAOD. However, the relation between the ovarian microenvironment, its regulatory networks, and CAOD needs to be further studied. A better understanding of these issues could be helpful in explaining the pathogenesis of CAOD and creating innovative strategies for counteracting the effects exerted on ovarian function. Our aim is that this narrative review of CAOD will stimulate more research in this important field.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

Not applicable.

Immunosenescence, immunotolerance and rejection: clinical aspects in solid organ transplantation

As a consequence of increased lifespan and rising number of elderly individuals developing end-stage organ disease, the higher demand for organs along with a growing availability for organs from older donors pose new challenges for transplantation. During aging, dynamic adaptations in the functionality and structure of the biological systems occur. Consistently, immunosenescence (IS) accounts for polydysfunctions within the lymphocyte subsets, and the onset of a basal but persistent systemic inflammation characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. There is an emerging consensus about a causative link between such hallmarks and increased susceptibility to morbidities and mortality, however the role of IS in solid organ transplantation (SOT) remains loosely addressed. Dissecting the immune-architecture of immunologically-privileged sites may prompt novel insights to extend allograft survival. A deeper comprehension of IS in SOT might unveil key standpoints for the clinical management of transplanted patients.

C/EBPβ deletion in macrophages impairs mammary gland alveolar budding during the estrous cycle

Macrophages have important roles in mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis, but the specific mechanisms that regulate macrophage function need further elucidation. We have identified C/EBPβ as an important transcription factor expressed by multiple macrophage populations in the normal mammary gland. Mammary glands from mice with C/EBPβ-deficient macrophages (Cebpb ΔM) show a significant decrease in alveolar budding during the diestrus stage of the reproductive cycle, whereas branching morphogenesis remains unchanged. Defects in alveolar budding were found to be the result of both systemic hormones and local macrophage-directed signals. RNA sequencing shows significant changes in PR-responsive genes and alterations in the Wnt landscape of mammary epithelial cells of Cebpb ΔM mice, which regulate stem cell expansion during diestrus. Cebpb ΔM macrophages demonstrate a shift from a pro-inflammatory to a tissue-reparative phenotype, and exhibit increased phagocytic capacity as compared to WT. Finally, Cebpb ΔM macrophages down-regulate Notch2 and Notch3, which normally promote stem cell expansion during alveolar budding. These results suggest that C/EBPβ is an important macrophage factor that facilitates macrophage-epithelial crosstalk during a key stage of mammary gland tissue homeostasis.

Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis

The purinergic signaling system comprises a complex network of extracellular purines and purine-metabolizing ectoenzymes, nucleotide and nucleoside receptors, ATP release channels, and nucleoside transporters. Because of its immunomodulatory function, this system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with autoimmune etiology and great heterogeneity, mostly affecting young adults and leading to permanent disability. In MS/EAE, alterations were detected in almost all components of the purinergic signaling system in both peripheral immune cells and central nervous system (CNS) glial cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A decrease in extracellular ATP levels and an increase in its downstream metabolites, particularly adenosine and inosine, were frequently observed at MS, indicating a shift in metabolism toward an anti-inflammatory environment. Accordingly, upregulation of the major ectonucleotidase tandem CD39/CD73 was detected in the blood cells and CNS of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Based on the postulated role of A2A receptors in the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, the association of variants of the adenosine deaminase gene with the severity of MS, and the beneficial effects of inosine treatment in EAE, the adenosinergic system emerged as a promising target in neuroinflammation. More recently, several publications have identified ADP-dependent P2Y12 receptors and the major extracellular ADP producing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) as novel potential targets in MS.

Analysis of the relationship between age-related erythrocyte dysfunction and fatigue

With the declining birth rates and aging societies in developed countries, the average age of the working population is increasing. Older people tend to get tired more easily, so prevention of fatigue is important to improve the quality of life for older workers. This study aimed to assess the mechanism of fatigue in older people, especially focused on relation between dysfunction of erythrocyte and fatigue. Total power (TP), which is the value of autonomic nerve activity, was measured as a value of fatigue and significantly decreased in workers with aging. As properties of senescent erythrocytes, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and damaged erythrocytes population increased with aging and correlated with TP. These results suggested that the accumulation of damaged erythrocytes contributes to fatigue. Recent studies revealed that senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a phenomenon in which senescent cells secrete a variety of cytokines, affected hematopoiesis in bone marrow. We analyzed the effects of SASP factors on erythropoiesis and found that Interleukin -1α (IL-1α) suppressed erythrocyte differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro. We also showed that IL-1α levels in human blood and saliva increase with aging, suggesting the possibility that IL-1α level in saliva can be used to predict the decline in hematopoietic function.

Organoids: development and applications in disease models, drug discovery, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine

Organoids are miniature, highly accurate representations of organs that capture the structure and unique functions of specific organs. Although the field of organoids has experienced exponential growth, driven by advances in artificial intelligence, gene editing, and bioinstrumentation, a comprehensive and accurate overview of organoid applications remains necessary. This review offers a detailed exploration of the historical origins and characteristics of various organoid types, their applications-including disease modeling, drug toxicity and efficacy assessments, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine-as well as the current challenges and future directions of organoid research. Organoids have proven instrumental in elucidating genetic cell fate in hereditary diseases, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and malignancies, as well as in the study of processes such as embryonic development, molecular mechanisms, and host-microbe interactions. Furthermore, the integration of organoid technology with artificial intelligence and microfluidics has significantly advanced large-scale, rapid, and cost-effective drug toxicity and efficacy assessments, thereby propelling progress in precision medicine. Finally, with the advent of high-performance materials, three-dimensional printing technology, and gene editing, organoids are also gaining prominence in the field of regenerative medicine. Our insights and predictions aim to provide valuable guidance to current researchers and to support the continued advancement of this rapidly developing field.

Hsa_circ_0005548 knockdown repairs OGD/R-induced damage in human brain microvascular endothelial cells via miR-362-3p/ETS1 axis

BACKGROUND

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a highly prevalent type of stroke with very high rates of disability and death. As the regulatory role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in various diseases has been revealed, we constructed a stroke cell model to analyze the action mechanism of hsa_circ_0005548 in IS.

METHODS

The abundance of hsa_circ_0005548, microRNA-362-3p (miR-362-3p) and E26 transformation specific-1 (ETS-1) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or western blot. We constructed an IS cell model in vitro by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment and analyzed cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory response through the use of Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were employed for the analysis of the relationship between miR-362-3p and hsa_circ_0005548 or ETS1.

RESULTS

The higher abundance of hsa_circ_0005548 and ETS-1 and lower level of miR-362-3p were observed in human brain microvascular endothelial immortalized (HBMEC-IM) cells under OGD/R. Hsa_circ_0005548 downregulation mitigated OGD/R-induced HBMEC-IM cell injury. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0005548 targeted miR-362-3p. MiR-362-3p knockdown reversed the effect of hsa_circ_0005548 silencing on OGD/R-induced HBMEC-IM cell injury. ETS1 was validated as a direct target of miR-362-3p, and miR-362-3p attenuated OGD/R-induced HBMEC-IM cell injury by ETS1. Moreover, hsa_circ_0005548 modulated ETS1 via miR-362-3p.

CONCLUSION

Hsa_circ_0005548 knockdown repairs OGD/R-induced HBMEC-IM cell damage via miR-362-3p/ETS1 axis.

Epigenetic modifications of inflammation in spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system injury that leads to neurological dysfunction or paralysis, which seriously affects patients' quality of life and causes a heavy social and economic burden. The pathological mechanism of SCI has not been fully revealed, resulting in unsatisfactory clinical treatment. Therefore, more research is urgently needed to reveal its precise pathological mechanism. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation is closely related to various pathological processes in SCI. Inflammatory response is an important pathological process leading to secondary injury, and sustained inflammatory response can exacerbate the injury and hinder the recovery of neurological function after injury. Epigenetic modification is considered to be an important regulatory mechanism in the pathological process of many diseases. Epigenetic modification mainly affects the function and characteristics of genes through the reversibility of mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and regulation of non-coding RNA, thus having a significant impact on the pathological process of diseases and the survival state of the body. Recently, the role of epigenetic modification in the inflammatory response of SCI has gradually entered the field of view of researchers, and epigenetic modification may be a potential means to treat SCI. In this paper, we review the effects and mechanisms of different types of epigenetic modifications (including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs) on post-SCI inflammation and their potential therapeutic effects on inflammation to improve our understanding of the secondary SCI stage. This review aims to help identify new markers, signaling pathways and targeted drugs, and provide theoretical basis and new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of SCI.

Phagocytosis of aggrecan-positive perineuronal nets surrounding motor neurons by reactive microglia expressing MMP-9 in TDP-43Q331K ALS model mice

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures that surround excitable neurons and their proximal dendrites. PNNs play an important role in neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress within motor neurons can act as a trigger for neuronal death, and this has been implicated in motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We therefore characterised PNNs around alpha motor neurons and the possible contributing cellular factors in the mutant TDP-43Q331K transgenic mouse, a slow onset ALS mouse model. PNNs around alpha motor neurons showed significant loss at mid-stage disease in TDP-43Q331K mice compared to wild type strain control mice. PNN loss coincided with an increased expression of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), an endopeptidase known to cleave PNNs, within the ventral horn. During mid-stage disease, increased numbers of microglia and astrocytes expressing MMP-9 were present in the ventral horn of TDP-43Q331K mice. In addition, TDP-43Q331K mice showed increased levels of aggrecan, a PNN component, in the ventral horn by microglia and astrocytes during this period. Elevated aggrecan levels within glia were accompanied by an increase in fractalkine expression, a chemotaxic protein responsible for the recruitment of microglia, in alpha motor neurons of onset and mid-stage TDP-43Q331K mice. Following PNN loss, alpha motor neurons in mid-stage TDP-43Q331K mice showed increased 3-nitrotyrosine expression, an indicator of protein oxidation. Together, our observations along with previous PNN research provide suggests a possible model whereby microglia and astrocytes expressing MMP-9 degrade PNNs surrounding alpha motor neurons in the TDP-43Q331K mouse. This loss of nets may expose alpha-motor neurons to oxidative damage leading to degeneration of the alpha motor neurons in the TDP-43Q331K ALS mouse model.

Advanced tumor organoid bioprinting strategy for oncology research

Bioprinting is a groundbreaking technology that enables precise distribution of cell-containing bioinks to construct organoid models that accurately reflect the characteristics of tumors in vivo. By incorporating different types of tumor cells into the bioink, the heterogeneity of tumors can be replicated, enabling studies to simulate real-life situations closely. Precise reproduction of the arrangement and interactions of tumor cells using bioprinting methods provides a more realistic representation of the tumor microenvironment. By mimicking the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, the growth patterns and diffusion of tumors can be demonstrated. This approach can also be used to evaluate the response of tumors to drugs, including drug permeability and cytotoxicity, and other characteristics. Therefore, organoid models can provide a more accurate oncology research and treatment simulation platform. This review summarizes the latest advancements in bioprinting to construct tumor organoid models. First, we describe the bioink used for tumor organoid model construction, followed by an introduction to various bioprinting methods for tumor model formation. Subsequently, we provide an overview of existing bioprinted tumor organoid models.

Progression of mesenchymal stem cell regulation on imbalanced microenvironment after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in significant neural damage and inhibition of axonal regeneration due to an imbalanced microenvironment. Extensive evidence supports the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation as a therapeutic approach for SCI. This review aims to present an overview of MSC regulation on the imbalanced microenvironment following SCI, specifically focusing on inflammation, neurotrophy and axonal regeneration. The application, limitations and future prospects of MSC transplantation are discussed as well. Generally, a comprehensive perspective is provided for the clinical translation of MSC transplantation for SCI.

Autofluorescent Cancer Stem Cells: Potential Biomarker to Predict Recurrence in Resected Colorectal Tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSC) in colorectal cancer drive intratumoral heterogeneity and distant metastases. Previous research from our group showed that CSCs can be easily detected by autofluorescence (AF). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential role of AF CSCs as a prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer relapse. Seventy-five freshly resected tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry. AF was categorized as high (H-AF) or low, and the results were correlated with histologic features [grade of differentiation, presence of metastases in lymph nodes (LN), perivascular and lymphovascular invasion] and clinical variables (time to relapse and overall survival). Nineteen of the 75 (25.3%) patients experienced relapse (local or distant); of these 19 patients, 13 showed positive LNs and 6 had H-AF. Of note, four of them died before 5 years. Although patients with H-AF CSC percentages in the global population experienced 1.5 times increased relapse [HR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval (0.60-3.63)], patients with H-AF CSC percentages and LN metastases had the highest risk of relapse [HR, 7.92; P < 0.004; 95% confidence interval (1.97-31.82)]. These data support AF as an accurate and feasible marker to identify CSCs in resected colorectal cancer. A strong statistical association between H-AF CSCs and the risk of relapse was observed, particularly in patients with positive LNs, suggesting that H-AF patients might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy regimens and intensive surveillance due to their high propensity to experience disease recurrence. Significance: AF has been proven to be an accurate biomarker for CSC identification; however, to date, their role as a prognostic factor after resection of colorectal cancer tumors has not been investigated. Our results show that determining the presence of AF CSCs after tumor resection has prognostic value and represents a potentially important tool for the management of patients with colorectal cancer.

Rodent Models of Retinal Degeneration: From Purified Cells in Culture to Living Animals

Rodent models of retinal degeneration are essential for the development of therapeutic strategies. In addition to living animal models, we here also discuss models based on rodent cell cultures, such as purified retinal ganglion cells and retinal explants. These ex vivo models extend the possibilities for investigating pathological mechanisms and assessing the neuroprotective effect of pharmacological agents by eliminating questions on drug pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. The number of living rodent models has greatly increased with the possibilities to achieve transgenic modifications in animals for knocking in and out genes and mutations. The Cre-lox system has further enabled investigators to target specific genes or mutations in specific cells at specific stages. However, chemically or physically induced models can provide alternatives to such targeted gene modifications. The increased diversity of rodent models has widened our possibility to address most ocular pathologies for providing initial proof of concept of innovative therapeutic strategies.

Trophoblast Side-Population Markers are Dysregulated in Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction

Dysregulated progenitor cell populations may contribute to poor placental development and placental insufficiency pathogenesis. Side-population cells possess progenitor properties. Recent human trophoblast side-population isolation identified enrichment of 8 specific genes (CXCL8, ELL2, GATA6, HK2, HLA-DPB1, INTS6, SERPINE3 and UPP1) (Gamage et al. 2020, Stem Cell Rev Rep). We characterised these trophoblast side-population markers in human placenta and in placental insufficiency disorders: preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Trophoblast side-population markers localised to mononuclear trophoblasts lining the placental villous basement membrane in preterm control, preeclamptic and FGR placental sections (n = 3, panel of 3 markers/serial section). Analysis of single-cell transcriptomics of an organoid human trophoblast stem cell (hTSC) to extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation model (Shannon et al. 2022, Development) identified that all side-population genes were enriched in mononuclear trophoblast and trophoblasts committed to differentiation under hTSC culture conditions. In vitro validation via 96 h time course hTSC differentiation to EVTs or syncytiotrophoblasts (n = 5) demonstrated ELL2 and HK2 increased with differentiation (p < 0.0024, p < 0.0039 respectively). CXCL8 and HLA-DPB1 were downregulated (p < 0.030, p < 0.011 respectively). GATA6 and INTS6 increased with EVT differentiation only, and UPP1 reduced with syncytialisation. SERPINE3 was undetectable. Trophoblast side-population marker mRNA was measured in human placentas (< 34-weeks' gestation; n = 78 preeclampsia, n = 30 FGR, and n = 18 gestation-matched controls). ELL2, HK2 and CXCL8 were elevated in preeclamptic (p = 0.0006, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0335 respectively) and FGR placentas (p = 0.0065, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0001 respectively) versus controls. Placental GATA6 was reduced in pregnancies with preeclampsia and FGR (p = 0.0014, p = 0.0146 respectively). Placental INTS6 was reduced with FGR only (p < 0.0001). This study identified the localisation of a unique trophoblast subset enriched for side-population markers. Aberrant expression of some side-population markers may indicate disruptions to unique trophoblast subtypes in placental insufficiency.

Cancer stem cells: advances in the glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a class of cells with self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation potential, which are present in most tumors, particularly in aggressive tumors, and perform a pivotal role in recurrence and metastasis and are expected to be one of the important targets for tumor therapy. Studies of tumor metabolism in recent years have found that the metabolic characteristics of CSCs are distinct from those of differentiated tumor cells, which are unique to CSCs and contribute to the maintenance of the stemness characteristics of CSCs. Moreover, these altered metabolic profiles can drive the transformation between CSCs and non-CSCs, implying that these metabolic alterations are important markers for CSCs to play their biological roles. The identification of metabolic changes in CSCs and their metabolic plasticity mechanisms may provide some new opportunities for tumor therapy. In this paper, we review the metabolism-related mechanisms of CSCs in order to provide a theoretical basis for their potential application in tumor therapy.

Pen2/ErbB4 signaling regulates stemness of pancreatic ductal carcinoma

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are critical for progression, invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2), a vital component of the gamma-secretase complex, is overexpressed in various cancers and plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the association between Pen2 expression and the stem-like properties of PDAC cells. We analyzed Pen2 and its downstream target, Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4 (ErbB4), using public databases. The expression of Pen2 in CSC populations, marked by CD133+, CD44+, or epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)+, was evaluated. Pen2-positive cells were sorted from Pen2-negative ones in PDAC cells transduced with a vector designed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the Pen2 promoter. Stemness was examined in vitro and in vivo in Pen2-positive versus Pen2-negative cells. Our results showed that Pen2 was significantly upregulated, while ErbB4 was significantly downregulated in PDAC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissues, with an inverse relationship between Pen2 and Erbb4 levels. PDACs with high Pen2 expression are associated with considerably poorer patient survival. The CSC populations identified by CD133+, CD44+, and EpCAM+ markers displayed significantly higher Pen2 and lower EpCAM levels. Compared to Pen2-negative PDAC cells, Pen2-positive cells formed more tumor spheres, were more invasive and migratory, and showed significantly increased resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Altering Pen2 levels reversed these oncogenic effects. In vivo, Pen2-positive cells formed larger tumors in immunodeficient mice. Overall, our findings suggest that Pen2 is highly expressed in CSCs within PDAC cells, being a novel therapeutic target.

Signaling pathways associated with Lgr6 to regulate osteogenesis

Fracture management largely relies on the bone's inherent healing capabilities and, when necessary, surgical intervention. Currently, there are limited osteoinductive therapies to promote healing, making targeting skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) a promising avenue for therapeutic development. A limiting factor for this approach is our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing SSPCs' behavior. We have recently identified that the Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6 (Lgr6) is expressed in sub-populations of SSPCs, and is required for maintaining bone volume during adulthood and for proper fracture healing. Lgr family members (Lgr4-6) are markers of stem cell niches and play a role in tissue regeneration primarily by binding R-Spondin (Rspo1-4). This interaction promotes canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling by stabilizing Frizzled receptors. Interestingly, our findings here indicate that Lgr6 may also influence cWnt-independent pathways. Remarkably, Lgr6 expression was enhanced during Bmp-mediated osteogenesis of both human and murine cells. Using biochemical approaches, RNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis of published single-cell data, we found that elements of BMP signaling, including its target gene, pSMAD, and gene ontology pathways, are downregulated in the absence of Lgr6. Our findings uncover a molecular interdependency between the Bmp pathway and Lgr6, offering new insights into osteogenesis and potential targets for enhancing fracture healing.

WNT5B promotes the malignant phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer via the FZD3-DVL3-RAC1-PCP-JNK pathway

The WNT5B ligand regulates the non-canonical wingless-related integration site (WNT)-planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the activity of WNT5B in the WNT-PCP pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. In this study, we assessed the clinicopathological significance of WNT5B expression in NSCLC specimens. WNT5B-overexpression and -knockdown NSCLC cell lines were generated in vivo and in vitro, respectively. WNT5B overexpression in NSCLC specimens correlates with advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Additionally, WNT5B promotes the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells in vivo and in vitro. Interactions were identified among WNT5B, frizzled3 (FZD3), and disheveled3 (DVL3) in NSCLC cells, leading to the activation of WNT-PCP signaling. The FZD3 receptor initiates DVL3 recruitment to the membrane for phosphorylation in a WNT5B ligand-dependent manner and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling via the small GTPase RAC1. Furthermore, the deletion of the DEP domain of DVL3 abrogated these effects. Overall, we demonstrated a novel signal transduction pathway in which WNT5B recruits DVL3 to the membrane via its DEP domain through interaction with FZD3 to promote RAC1-PCP-JNK signaling, providing a potential target for clinical intervention in NSCLC treatment.

M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate Benzalkonium Chloride-induced dry eye

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular condition affecting a significant portion of the global population, yet effective treatment options remain elusive. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2-EVs) in a mouse model of DED. The DED model was established using 0.2% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) eye drops, applied twice daily for a week. Post induction, the mice were categorized into 5 groups: PBS, Sodium Hyaluronate (HA, 0.1%), Fluoromethalone (FM, 0.1%), M0-EVs, and M2-EVs. The efficacy of M2-EVs was assessed through tear production, corneal fluorescein staining and HE staining. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of M2-EVs in DED. Notably, the M2-EVs treated group exhibited the highest tear secretion, indicating improved tear film stability and reduced corneal surface damage. Histological analysis revealed better corneal structure organization in the M2-EVs group, suggesting enhanced ocular surface repair and corneal preservation. Furthermore, M2-EVs treatment significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and showed unique enrichment of genes related to retinal development. These findings suggest that M2-EVs could serve as a promising noninvasive therapeutic approach for human DED, targeting ocular surface inflammation.

Evolutionary innovations in the primate dopaminergic system

The human brain has evolved unique capabilities compared to other vertebrates. The mechanistic basis of these derived traits remains a fundamental question in biology due to its relevance to the origin of our cognitive abilities and behavioral repertoire, as well as to human-specific aspects of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Comparisons of the human brain to those of nonhuman primates and other mammals have revealed that differences in the neuromodulatory systems, especially in the dopaminergic system, may govern some of these behavioral and cognitive alterations, including increased vulnerability to certain brain disorders. In this review, we highlight and discuss recent findings of human- and primate-specific alterations of the dopaminergic system, focusing on differences in anatomy, circuitry, and molecular properties.

Complex actions of sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors on lipids, calcific atherosclerosis, and bone density

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) lower renal glucose reabsorption and, thus, are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical trials coincidentally showed that SGLT2 inhibitors also benefitted patients with heart failure. This review explores the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on other aspects of cardiovascular disease and skeletal health.

RECENT FINDINGS

In some, but not all, clinical and preclinical studies, SGLT2 inhibitors are found to reduce serum levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides. Their effects on total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiac function also vary. However, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce lipid accumulation in the liver, kidney, and heart, and alter expression of lipid metabolism genes. Effects on free fatty acid uptake in abdominal fat depots depend on the location of adipose tissue. In male, but not female, mice, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the atherosclerotic lesions and aortic calcium deposition. With respect to skeletal health, recent literature has reported conflicting associations with the risks of fracture and amputation.

SUMMARY

Studies suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce tissue lipid accumulation, and in a sex-dependent manner, atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. However, their effects on lipid levels and bone health are complex and remain to be established.

Female fertility and the mammalian egg's zona pellucida

All mammalian eggs are surrounded by a relatively thick extracellular matrix (ECM) or zona pellucida (ZP) to which free-swimming sperm bind in a species-restricted manner during fertilization. The ZP consists of either three (e.g., Mus musculus) or four (e.g., Homo sapiens) glycosylated proteins, called ZP1-4. These proteins are unlike those found in somatic cell ECM, are encoded by single-copy genes on different chromosomes, and are well conserved among different mammals. Mammalian ZP proteins are synthesized as polypeptide precursors by growing oocytes that will become ovulated, unfertilized eggs. These precursors are processed to remove a signal-sequence and carboxy-terminal propeptide and are secreted into the extracellular space. Secreted ZP proteins assemble into long, crosslinked fibrils that exhibit a structural repeat due to the presence of ZP2-ZP3 dimers every 140 Å or so along fibrils. Fibrils are crosslinked by ZP1 and are oriented either perpendicular, parallel, or randomly to the plasma membrane of eggs depending on their position in the ZP. Free-swimming mouse sperm recognize and bind to ZP2 or ZP3 that serve as sperm receptors. Acrosome-intact sperm bind to ZP3 oligosaccharides and acrosome-reacted sperm bind to ZP2 polypeptide. ZP fibrils fail to assemble in the absence of either nascent ZP2 or ZP3 and results in mouse eggs that lack a ZP and female infertility. Gene sequence variations due to point, missense, or frameshift mutations in genes encoding ZP1-4 result in human eggs that lack a ZP or have an abnormal ZP and female infertility. These and other features of the mouse and human egg's ZP are discussed here.

[Blood Products and Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis Therapy]

The principle of regenerative medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis pursues a functional restoration of cartilage tissue instead of just repairing cartilage defects. The use of blood products is intended to inhibit chronic inflammatory processes and promote tissue regeneration. Intraarticular injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a prominent procedure. Clinical evidence supports PRP injection over hyaluronic acid or glucocorticoid injection. Comparability of studies is difficult due to missing standardisation of production procedures, dosing and donor variability. In particular, whether presence of residual leukocytes is required or should be avoided is an open debate. In contrast, stem cell therapies in osteoarthritis therapy are often based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from adipose tissue or bone marrow aspirate. Different sources of MSC might render the cells more suitable for application in a given context. Nevertheless, it became evident that their secretome rather than the cells themselves are responsible for observed regenerative processes. Research on the mechanisms of action have focused on growth factors. However, an overlooked component of blood products called extracellular vesicles (EV) came to the center of attention, which are also released by MSC as intercellular signal carriers. EV cargo molecules such as miRNAs open up new dimensions in the investigation and explanation of clinically observed anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects.

Phytic acid-loaded polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel promotes wound healing of injured corneal epithelium through inhibiting ferroptosis

As the important barrier of intraocular tissue, cornea is easy to suffer various kinds of injuries. Among them, acute alkali burn is a thorny ophthalmic emergency event, which can lead to corneal persistent epithelial defects, ulcers, and even perforation. Ferroptosis, a mode of regulatory cell death, has been found to play a key role in the process of corneal alkali burn, of which lipid peroxidation and intracellular iron levels are considered to be the possible therapeutic targets. To seek new effective treatments, the study herein focused on the occurrence of oxidative stress and ferroptosis in corneal alkali burn, exploring the role of phytic acid (PA), a natural small molecule with both antioxidant and iron chelating capacity, in the repair of corneal epithelial injury. The in vivo therapeutic results showed that PA eyedrops treatment promoted the recovery of corneal morphology and function, and in vitro experiments proved that PA prompted the repair of oxidative stress induced-corneal epithelial injury through ferroptosis inhibition. In addition, better drug treatment effect could be achieved through hydrogel delivery and sustained release, and our in vivo experiments showed the superior therapeutic effects of PA delivered by PVA hydrogels with larger molecular weights on corneal injury. In summary, this study demonstrated the excellent effect of natural small molecule PA with antioxidant and high efficiency chelating ferrous ions on ferroptosis inhibition, and showed the outstanding application prospect of PVA/PA hydrogels in the treatment of corneal epithelial injury.

Novel Therapeutic Target for ALI/ARDS: Forkhead Box Transcription Factors

ALI/ARDS can be a pulmonary manifestation of a systemic inflammatory response or a result of overexpression of the body's normal inflammatory response involving various effector cells, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators, which regulate the body's immune response through different signalling pathways. Forkhead box transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play a crucial role in various cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and DNA damage response. Transcription factors control protein synthesis by regulating gene transcription levels, resulting in diverse biological outcomes. The Fox family plays a role in activating or inhibiting the expression of various molecules related to ALI/ARDS through phosphorylation, acetylation/deacetylation, and control of multiple signalling pathways. An in-depth analysis of the integrated Fox family's role in ALI/ARDS can aid in the development of potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the condition.

The Role of Twist1 in Chronic Pancreatitis-Associated Pancreatic Stellate Cells

In healthy pancreas, pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs) synthesize the basement membrane, which is mainly composed of type IV collagen and laminin. In chronic pancreatitis (CP), PaSCs are responsible for the production of a rigid extracellular matrix (ECM) that is mainly composed of fibronectin and type I/III collagen. Reactive oxygen species evoke the formation of the rigid ECM by PaSCs. One source of reactive oxygen species is NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes. Nox1 up-regulates the expression of Twist1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in PaSCs from mice with CP. This study determined the functional relationship between Twist1 and MMP-9, and other PaSC-produced proteins, and the extent to which Twist1 regulates digestion of ECM proteins in CP. Twist1 induced the expression of MMP-9 in mouse PaSCs. The action of Twist1 was not selective to MMP-9 because Twist1 induced the expression of types I and IV collagen, fibronectin, transforming growth factor, and α-smooth muscle actin. Luciferase assay indicated that Twist1 in human primary PaSCs increased the expression of MMP-9 at the transcriptional level in an NF-κB dependent manner. The digestion of type I/III collagen by MMP-9 secreted by PaSCs from mice with CP depended on Twist1. Thus, Twist1 in PaSCs from mice with CP induced rigid ECM production and MMP-9 transcription in an NF-κB-dependent mechanism that selectively displayed proteolytic activity toward type I/III collagen.