351
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Schuster R, Rockel JS, Kapoor M, Hinz B. The inflammatory speech of fibroblasts. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:126-146. [PMID: 33987902 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of fibroblasts is a key event during normal tissue repair after injury and the dysregulated repair processes that result in organ fibrosis. To most researchers, fibroblasts are rather unremarkable spindle-shaped cells embedded in the fibrous collagen matrix of connective tissues and/or deemed useful to perform mechanistic studies with adherent cells in culture. For more than a century, fibroblasts escaped thorough classification due to the lack of specific markers and were treated as the leftovers after all other cells have been identified from a tissue sample. With novel cell lineage tracing and single cell transcriptomics tools, bona fide fibroblasts emerge as only one heterogeneous sub-population of a much larger group of partly overlapping cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells, pericytes, and/or perivascular cells. All these cells are activated to contribute to tissue repair after injury and/or chronic inflammation. "Activation" can entail various functions, such as enhanced proliferation, migration, instruction of inflammatory cells, secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and organizing enzymes, and acquisition of a contractile myofibroblast phenotype. We provide our view on the fibroblastic cell types and activation states playing a role during physiological and pathological repair and their crosstalk with inflammatory macrophages. Inflammation and fibrosis of the articular synovium during rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are used as specific examples to discuss inflammatory fibroblast phenotypes. Ultimately, delineating the precursors and functional roles of activated fibroblastic cells will contribute to better and more specific intervention strategies to treat fibroproliferative and fibrocontractive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Schuster
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,PhenomicAI, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason S Rockel
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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352
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Cross-tissue organization of the fibroblast lineage. Nature 2021; 593:575-579. [PMID: 33981032 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are non-haematopoietic structural cells that define the architecture of organs, support the homeostasis of tissue-resident cells and have key roles in fibrosis, cancer, autoimmunity and wound healing1. Recent studies have described fibroblast heterogeneity within individual tissues1. However, the field lacks a characterization of fibroblasts at single-cell resolution across tissues in healthy and diseased organs. Here we constructed fibroblast atlases by integrating single-cell transcriptomic data from about 230,000 fibroblasts across 17 tissues, 50 datasets, 11 disease states and 2 species. Mouse fibroblast atlases and a DptIRESCreERT2 knock-in mouse identified two universal fibroblast transcriptional subtypes across tissues. Our analysis suggests that these cells can serve as a reservoir that can yield specialized fibroblasts across a broad range of steady-state tissues and activated fibroblasts in disease. Comparison to an atlas of human fibroblasts from perturbed states showed that fibroblast transcriptional states are conserved between mice and humans, including universal fibroblasts and activated phenotypes associated with pathogenicity in human cancer, fibrosis, arthritis and inflammation. In summary, a cross-species and pan-tissue approach to transcriptomics at single-cell resolution has identified key organizing principles of the fibroblast lineage in health and disease.
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353
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Joshi V, Strege PR, Farrugia G, Beyder A. Mechanotransduction in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells: role of mechanosensitive ion channels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G897-G906. [PMID: 33729004 PMCID: PMC8202201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00481.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensation, the ability to properly sense mechanical stimuli and transduce them into physiologic responses, is an essential determinant of gastrointestinal (GI) function. Abnormalities in this process result in highly prevalent GI functional and motility disorders. In the GI tract, several cell types sense mechanical forces and transduce them into electrical signals, which elicit specific cellular responses. Some mechanosensitive cells like sensory neurons act as specialized mechanosensitive cells that detect forces and transduce signals into tissue-level physiological reactions. Nonspecialized mechanosensitive cells like smooth muscle cells (SMCs) adjust their function in response to forces. Mechanosensitive cells use various mechanoreceptors and mechanotransducers. Mechanoreceptors detect and convert force into electrical and biochemical signals, and mechanotransducers amplify and direct mechanoreceptor responses. Mechanoreceptors and mechanotransducers include ion channels, specialized cytoskeletal proteins, cell junction molecules, and G protein-coupled receptors. SMCs are particularly important due to their role as final effectors for motor function. Myogenic reflex-the ability of smooth muscle to contract in response to stretch rapidly-is a critical smooth muscle function. Such rapid mechanotransduction responses rely on mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels, which alter their ion pores' opening in response to force, allowing fast electrical and Ca2+ responses. Although GI SMCs express a variety of such ion channels, their identities remain unknown. Recent advancements in electrophysiological, genetic, in vivo imaging, and multi-omic technologies broaden our understanding of how SMC mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels regulate GI functions. This review discusses GI SMC mechanosensitivity's current developments with a particular emphasis on mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter R. Strege
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Arthur Beyder
- 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Enteric NeuroScience Program (ENSP), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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354
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Ma F, Hernadez G, Romay M, Iruela-Arispe ML. Single-cell RNA sequencing to study vascular diversity and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 28:221-229. [PMID: 33714967 PMCID: PMC8262106 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can capture the transcriptional profile of thousands of individual cells concurrently from complex tissues and with remarkable resolution. Either with the goal of seeking information about distinct cell subtypes or responses to a stimulus, the approach has provided robust information and promoted impressive advances in cardiovascular research. The goal of this review is to highlight strategies and approaches to leverage this technology and bypass potential caveats related to evaluation of the vascular cells. RECENT FINDINGS As the most recent technological development, details associated with experimental strategies, analysis, and interpretation of scRNA-seq data are still being discussed and scrutinized by investigators across the vascular field. Compilation of this information is valuable for those using the technology but particularly important to those about to start utilizing scRNA-seq to seek transcriptome information of vascular cells. SUMMARY As our field progresses to catalog transcriptomes from distinct vascular beds, it is undeniable that scRNA-seq technology is here to stay. Sharing approaches to improve the quality of cell dissociation procedures, analysis, and a consensus of best practices is critical as information from this powerful experimental platform continues to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
| | - Gloria Hernadez
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
| | - Milagros Romay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
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355
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van Kuijk K, Demandt JAF, Perales-Patón J, Theelen TL, Kuppe C, Marsch E, de Bruijn J, Jin H, Gijbels MJ, Matic L, Mees BME, Reutelingsperger CPM, Hedin U, Biessen EAL, Carmeliet P, Baker AH, Kramann RK, Schurgers LJ, Saez-Rodriguez J, Sluimer JC. DEFICIENCY OF MYELOID PHD PROTEINS AGGRAVATES ATHEROGENESIS VIA MACROPHAGE APOPTOSIS AND PARACRINE FIBROTIC SIGNALING: Atherogenic effects of myeloid PHD knockdown. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1232-1246. [PMID: 33913468 PMCID: PMC8953448 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Atherosclerotic plaque hypoxia is detrimental for macrophage function. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) initiate cellular hypoxic responses, possibly influencing macrophage function in plaque hypoxia. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the role of myeloid PHDs in atherosclerosis. Methods and results Myeloid-specific PHD knockout (PHDko) mice were obtained via bone marrow transplantation (PHD1ko, PHD3ko) or conditional knockdown through lysozyme M-driven Cre recombinase (PHD2cko). Mice were fed high cholesterol diet for 6–12 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. Aortic root plaque size was significantly augmented 2.6-fold in PHD2cko, and 1.4-fold in PHD3ko compared to controls but was unchanged in PHD1ko mice. Macrophage apoptosis was promoted in PHD2cko and PHD3ko mice in vitro and in vivo, via the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α/BNIP3 axis. Bulk and single-cell RNA data of PHD2cko bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and plaque macrophages, respectively, showed enhanced HIF1α/BNIP3 signalling, which was validated in vitro by siRNA silencing. Human plaque BNIP3 mRNA was positively associated with plaque necrotic core size, suggesting similar pro-apoptotic effects in human. Furthermore, PHD2cko plaques displayed enhanced fibrosis, while macrophage collagen breakdown by matrix metalloproteinases, collagen production, and proliferation were unaltered. Instead, PHD2cko BMDMs enhanced fibroblast collagen secretion in a paracrine manner. In silico analysis of macrophage-fibroblast communication predicted SPP1 (osteopontin) signalling as regulator, which was corroborated by enhanced plaque SPP1 protein in vivo. Increased SPP1 mRNA expression upon PHD2cko was preferentially observed in foamy plaque macrophages expressing ‘triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2’ (TREM2hi) evidenced by single-cell RNA, but not in neutrophils. This confirmed enhanced fibrotic signalling by PHD2cko macrophages to fibroblasts, in vitro as well as in vivo. Conclusion Myeloid PHD2cko and PHD3ko enhanced atherosclerotic plaque growth and macrophage apoptosis, while PHD2cko macrophages further activated collagen secretion by fibroblasts in vitro, likely via paracrine SPP1 signalling through TREM2hi macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van Kuijk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC
| | - J A F Demandt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC
| | - J Perales-Patón
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T L Theelen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC
| | - C Kuppe
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - E Marsch
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC
| | - J de Bruijn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC
| | - H Jin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC
| | - M J Gijbels
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC.,Department of Molecular Genetics, MUMC.,Department of Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,GROW- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, MUMC
| | - L Matic
- Dept of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B M E Mees
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, MUMC
| | - C P M Reutelingsperger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, MUMC
| | - U Hedin
- Dept of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E A L Biessen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Cancer biology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A H Baker
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences (CVS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R K Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Schurgers
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, MUMC
| | - J Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany.,Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Sluimer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, MUMC.,BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences (CVS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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356
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Jiang W, Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen C, Yang H, Lin Q, Hu M, Qin X. The Cell Origin and Role of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis in Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:639740. [PMID: 33969008 PMCID: PMC8102685 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.639740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification refers to the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in the arterial wall, which results in vessel lumen stenosis and vascular remodeling. Studies increasingly show that arterial calcification is a cell mediated, reversible and active regulated process similar to physiological bone mineralization. The osteoblasts and chondrocytes-like cells are present in large numbers in the calcified lesions, and express osteogenic transcription factor and bone matrix proteins that are known to initiate and promote arterial calcification. In addition, osteoclast-like cells have also been detected in calcified arterial walls wherein they possibly inhibit vascular calcification, similar to the catabolic process of bone mineral resorption. Therefore, tilting the balance between osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells to the latter maybe a promising therapeutic strategy against vascular calcification. In this review, we have summarized the current findings on the origin and functions of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells in the development and progression of vascular progression, and explored novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanman Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaodong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanzhen Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuning Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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357
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Gallina AL, Rykaczewska U, Wirka RC, Caravaca AS, Shavva VS, Youness M, Karadimou G, Lengquist M, Razuvaev A, Paulsson-Berne G, Quertermous T, Gisterå A, Malin SG, Tarnawski L, Matic L, Olofsson PS. AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors Associated With Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Subpopulations in Atherosclerosis and Vascular Injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:655869. [PMID: 33959644 PMCID: PMC8093397 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.655869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and Aims: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key constituents of both normal arteries and atherosclerotic plaques. They have an ability to adapt to changes in the local environment by undergoing phenotypic modulation. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that regulate VSMC phenotypic changes may provide insights that suggest new therapeutic targets in treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The amino-acid glutamate has been associated with CVD risk and VSMCs metabolism in experimental models, and glutamate receptors regulate VSMC biology and promote pulmonary vascular remodeling. However, glutamate-signaling in human atherosclerosis has not been explored. Methods and Results: We identified glutamate receptors and glutamate metabolism-related enzymes in VSMCs from human atherosclerotic lesions, as determined by single cell RNA sequencing and microarray analysis. Expression of the receptor subunits glutamate receptor, ionotropic, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic (AMPA)-type subunit 1 (GRIA1) and 2 (GRIA2) was restricted to cells of mesenchymal origin, primarily VSMCs, as confirmed by immunostaining. In a rat model of arterial injury and repair, changes of GRIA1 and GRIA2 mRNA level were most pronounced at time points associated with VSMC proliferation, migration, and phenotypic modulation. In vitro, human carotid artery SMCs expressed GRIA1, and selective AMPA-type receptor blocking inhibited expression of typical contractile markers and promoted pathways associated with VSMC phenotypic modulation. In our biobank of human carotid endarterectomies, low expression of AMPA-type receptor subunits was associated with higher content of inflammatory cells and a higher frequency of adverse clinical events such as stroke. Conclusion: AMPA-type glutamate receptors are expressed in VSMCs and are associated with phenotypic modulation. Patients suffering from adverse clinical events showed significantly lower mRNA level of GRIA1 and GRIA2 in their atherosclerotic lesions compared to asymptomatic patients. These results warrant further mapping of neurotransmitter signaling in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro L Gallina
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urszula Rykaczewska
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert C Wirka
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - April S Caravaca
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir S Shavva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohamad Youness
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glykeria Karadimou
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California, CA, United States
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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358
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Fu J, Yu MG, Li Q, Park K, King GL. Insulin's actions on vascular tissues: Physiological effects and pathophysiological contributions to vascular complications of diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101236. [PMID: 33878400 PMCID: PMC8513152 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin has been demonstrated to exert direct and indirect effects on vascular tissues. Its actions in vascular cells are mediated by two major pathways: the insulin receptor substrate 1/2-phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt (IRS1/2/PI3K/Akt) pathway and the Src/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, both of which contribute to the expression and distribution of metabolites, hormones, and cytokines. Scope of review In this review, we summarize the current understanding of insulin's physiological and pathophysiological actions and associated signaling pathways in vascular cells, mainly in endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and how these processes lead to selective insulin resistance. We also describe insulin's potential new signaling and biological effects derived from animal studies and cultured capillary and arterial EC, VSMC, and pericytes. We will not provide a detailed discussion of insulin's effects on the myocardium, insulin's structure, or its signaling pathways' various steps, since other articles in this issue discuss these areas in depth. Major conclusions Insulin mediates many important functions on vascular cells via its receptors and signaling cascades. Its direct actions on EC and VSMC are important for transporting and communicating nutrients, cytokines, hormones, and other signaling molecules. These vascular actions are also important for regulating systemic fuel metabolism and energetics. Inhibiting or enhancing these pathways leads to selective insulin resistance, exacerbating the development of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, restenosis, poor wound healing, and even myocardial dysfunction. Targeted therapies to improve selective insulin resistance in EC and VSMC are thus needed to specifically mitigate these pathological processes. Insulin's actions in vascular cells have a significant influence on systemic metabolism. Insulin exerts its vascular effects through its receptors and signaling cascades. Inhibition or enhancement of different insulin signaling leads to selective insulin resistance. Loss of insulin's actions causes endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Marc Gregory Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George L King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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359
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Hill CA, Fernandez DM, Giannarelli C. Single cell analyses to understand the immune continuum in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 330:85-94. [PMID: 33934886 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by the accumulation of lipids in the arterial wall that trigger a complex and poorly understood network of inflammatory processes. At the same time, recent clinical findings reveal that targeting specific immune alterations in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a promising approach to preventing recurrent cardiovascular events. In order to achieve these tailored therapies, it is critical to resolve the heterogenous environment of the atherosclerotic lesion and decipher the complex structural and functional changes which immune cells undergo throughout disease progression. Recently, single-cell approaches including single cell mass cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF), single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-seq) have emerged as valuable tools in resolving cellular plasticity within atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we will discuss the most important insights that have been gleaned from the application of these single-cell approaches to validated experimental models of atherosclerosis. Additionally, as clinical progress in treatment of the disease depends on the translation of discoveries to human tissues, we will also examine the challenges associated with the application of single-cell approaches to human vascular tissue and the discoveries made by the initial efforts in this direction. Finally, we will analyze the advantages and limitations of dissociative single-cell approaches and how novel in-situ technologies could advance the field by allowing for the investigation of individual cells while preserving the heterogenous architecture of the atherosclerotic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center at NYU Langone NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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360
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Miller CL, Zhang H. Clarifying the Distinct Roles of Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived Versus Macrophage Foam Cells and the Implications in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2035-2037. [PMID: 33853350 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clint L Miller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (C.L.M.)
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (H.Z.)
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361
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Lu H, Zhang J, Chen YE, Garcia-Barrio MT. Integration of Transformative Platforms for the Discovery of Causative Genes in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 35:637-654. [PMID: 33856594 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are powerful epidemiological tools to find genes and variants associated with cardiovascular diseases while follow-up biological studies allow to better understand the etiology and mechanisms of disease and assign causality. Improved methodologies and reduced costs have allowed wider use of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, human-induced pluripotent stem cells, organoids, metabolomics, epigenomics, and novel animal models in conjunction with GWAS. In this review, we feature recent advancements relevant to cardiovascular diseases arising from the integration of genetic findings with multiple enabling technologies within multidisciplinary teams to highlight the solidifying transformative potential of this approach. Well-designed workflows integrating different platforms are greatly improving and accelerating the unraveling and understanding of complex disease processes while promoting an effective way to find better drug targets, improve drug design and repurposing, and provide insight towards a more personalized clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.,Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA. .,Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
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362
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Lee CQE, Kerouanton B, Chothani S, Zhang S, Chen Y, Mantri CK, Hock DH, Lim R, Nadkarni R, Huynh VT, Lim D, Chew WL, Zhong FL, Stroud DA, Schafer S, Tergaonkar V, St John AL, Rackham OJL, Ho L. Coding and non-coding roles of MOCCI (C15ORF48) coordinate to regulate host inflammation and immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2130. [PMID: 33837217 PMCID: PMC8035321 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mito-SEPs are small open reading frame-encoded peptides that localize to the mitochondria to regulate metabolism. Motivated by an intriguing negative association between mito-SEPs and inflammation, here we screen for mito-SEPs that modify inflammatory outcomes and report a mito-SEP named "Modulator of cytochrome C oxidase during Inflammation" (MOCCI) that is upregulated during inflammation and infection to promote host-protective resolution. MOCCI, a paralog of the NDUFA4 subunit of cytochrome C oxidase (Complex IV), replaces NDUFA4 in Complex IV during inflammation to lower mitochondrial membrane potential and reduce ROS production, leading to cyto-protection and dampened immune response. The MOCCI transcript also generates miR-147b, which targets the NDUFA4 mRNA with similar immune dampening effects as MOCCI, but simultaneously enhances RIG-I/MDA-5-mediated viral immunity. Our work uncovers a dual-component pleiotropic regulation of host inflammation and immunity by MOCCI (C15ORF48) for safeguarding the host during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Q. E. Lee
- grid.414735.00000 0004 0367 4692Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Baptiste Kerouanton
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Chothani
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shan Zhang
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinmay Kumar Mantri
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniella Helena Hock
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Radiance Lim
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rhea Nadkarni
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinh Thang Huynh
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daryl Lim
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Leong Chew
- grid.418377.e0000 0004 0620 715XGenome Institute Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Franklin L. Zhong
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Nanyang Technological University, Skin Diseases and Wound Repair Program, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Arthur Stroud
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley L. St John
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Owen J. L. Rackham
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lena Ho
- grid.414735.00000 0004 0367 4692Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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363
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Ren K, Li B, Liu Z, Xia L, Zhai M, Wei X, Duan W, Yu S. GDF11 prevents the formation of thoracic aortic dissection in mice: Promotion of contractile transition of aortic SMCs. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4623-4636. [PMID: 33764670 PMCID: PMC8107100 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is an aortic disease associated with dysregulated extracellular matrix composition and de‐differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) superfamily associated with cardiovascular diseases. The present study attempted to investigate the expression of GDF11 in TAD and its effects on aortic SMC phenotype transition. GDF11 level was found lower in the ascending thoracic aortas of TAD patients than healthy aortas. The mouse model of TAD was established by β‐aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN) combined with angiotensin II (Ang II). The expression of GDF11 was also decreased in thoracic aortic tissues accompanied with increased inflammation, arteriectasis and elastin degradation in TAD mice. Administration of GDF11 mitigated these aortic lesions and improved the survival rate of mice. Exogenous GDF11 and adeno‐associated virus type 2 (AAV‐2)‐mediated GDF11 overexpression increased the expression of contractile proteins including ACTA2, SM22α and myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11) and decreased synthetic markers including osteopontin and fibronectin 1 (FN1), indicating that GDF11 might inhibit SMC phenotype transition and maintain its contractile state. Moreover, GDF11 inhibited the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, 3, 9 in aortic SMCs. The canonical TGF‐β (Smad2/3) signalling was enhanced by GDF11, while its inhibition suppressed the inhibitory effects of GDF11 on SMC de‐differentiation and MMP production in vitro. Therefore, we demonstrate that GDF11 may contribute to TAD alleviation via inhibiting inflammation and MMP activity, and promoting the transition of aortic SMCs towards a contractile phenotype, which provides a therapeutic target for TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Buying Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengen Zhai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xufeng Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weixun Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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364
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Jung IH, Elenbaas JS, Alisio A, Santana K, Young EP, Kang CJ, Kachroo P, Lavine KJ, Razani B, Mecham RP, Stitziel NO. SVEP1 is a human coronary artery disease locus that promotes atherosclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/586/eabe0357. [PMID: 33762433 PMCID: PMC8109261 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A low-frequency variant of sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF, and pentraxin domain-containing protein 1 (SVEP1), an extracellular matrix protein, is associated with risk of coronary disease in humans independent of plasma lipids. Despite a robust statistical association, if and how SVEP1 might contribute to atherosclerosis remained unclear. Here, using Mendelian randomization and complementary mouse models, we provide evidence that SVEP1 promotes atherosclerosis in humans and mice and is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the atherosclerotic plaque. VSMCs also interact with SVEP1, causing proliferation and dysregulation of key differentiation pathways, including integrin and Notch signaling. Fibroblast growth factor receptor transcription increases in VSMCs interacting with SVEP1 and is further increased by the coronary disease-associated SVEP1 variant p.D2702G. These effects ultimately drive inflammation and promote atherosclerosis. Together, our results suggest that VSMC-derived SVEP1 is a proatherogenic factor and support the concept that pharmacological inhibition of SVEP1 should protect against atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyuk Jung
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jared S. Elenbaas
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arturo Alisio
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Santana
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erica P. Young
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Chul Joo Kang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Puja Kachroo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kory J. Lavine
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,John Cochran VA Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan O. Stitziel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Corresponding author.
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365
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Application of genetic cell-lineage tracing technology to study cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 156:57-68. [PMID: 33745891 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes that threaten people's life. To investigate cells that are involved in disease development and tissue repair, various technologies have been introduced. Among these technologies, lineage tracing is a powerful tool to track the fate of cells in vivo, providing deep insights into cellular behavior and plasticity. In cardiac diseases, newly formed cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells are found from proliferation of local cells, while fibroblasts and macrophages are originated from diverse cell sources. Similarly, in response to vascular injury, various sources of cells including media smooth muscle cells, endothelium, resident progenitors and bone marrow cells are involved in lesion formation and/or vessel regeneration. In summary, current review summarizes the development of lineage tracing techniques and their utilizations in investigating roles of different cell types in cardiovascular diseases.
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366
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Lotfi CFP, Passaia BS, Kremer JL. Role of the bHLH transcription factor TCF21 in development and tumorigenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10637. [PMID: 33729392 PMCID: PMC7959166 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors control, coordinate, and separate the functions of distinct network modules spatially and temporally. In this review, we focus on the transcription factor 21 (TCF21) network, a highly conserved basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that functions to integrate signals and modulate gene expression. We summarize the molecular and biological properties of TCF21 control with an emphasis on molecular and functional TCF21 interactions. We suggest that these interactions serve to modulate the development of different organs at the transcriptional level to maintain growth homeostasis and to influence cell fate. Importantly, TCF21 expression is epigenetically inactivated in different types of human cancers. The epigenetic modification or activation and/or loss of TCF21 expression results in an imbalance in TCF21 signaling, which may lead to tumor initiation and, most likely, to progression and tumor metastasis. This review focuses on research on the roles of TCF21 in development and tumorigenesis systematically considering the physiological and pathological function of TCF21. In addition, we focus on the main molecular bases of its different roles whose importance should be clarified in future research. For this review, PubMed databases and keywords such as TCF21, POD-1, capsulin, tumors, carcinomas, tumorigenesis, development, and mechanism of action were utilized. Articles were selected within a historical context as were a number of citations from journals with relevant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F P Lotfi
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - B S Passaia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J L Kremer
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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367
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Yu H. Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression: Experimental Approaches and Therapeutic Advances. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:424-427. [PMID: 33726967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversal of atherosclerosis has been well documented in humans on intensive lifestyle changes or lipid-lowering therapies. The development of mouse models has greatly advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying this biological process. I seek to summarize the established mouse models and highlight the recent therapeutic progress on plaque regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Precision Medicine Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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368
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c-Kit expression in smooth muscle cells reduces atherosclerosis burden in hyperlipidemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2021; 324:133-140. [PMID: 33781566 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity has been historically linked to atherosclerosis. Paradoxically, we recently found that global deficiency in c-Kit function increased atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. This study aimed to investigate if such unusual atheroprotective phenotype depends upon c-Kit's function in smooth muscle cells (SMC). METHODS We studied atherosclerosis in a SMC-specific conditional knockout mice (KitSMC) and control littermate. Tamoxifen (TAM) and vehicle treated mice were fed high fat diet for 16 weeks before atherosclerosis assessment in the whole aorta using oil red staining. Smooth muscle cells were traced within the aortic sinus of conditional c-Kit tracing mice (KitSMC eYFP) and their control littermates (KitWT eYFP) by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. We then performed RNA sequencing on primary SMC from c-Kit deficient and control mice, and identified significantly altered genes and pathways as a result of c-Kit deficiency in SMC. RESULTS Atherosclerosis significantly increased in KitSMC mice with respect to control groups. In addition, the loss of c-Kit in SMC increased plaque size and necrotic core area in the aortic sinus of hyperlipidemic mice. Smooth muscle cells from KitSMC eYFP mice were more prone to migrate and express foam cell markers (e.g., Mac2 and MCAM) than those from control littermate animals. RNAseq analysis showed a significant upregulation in genes associated with cell proliferation, migration, lipid metabolism, and inflammation secondary to the loss of Kit function in primary SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Loss of c-Kit increases SMC migration, proliferation, and expression of foam cell markers in atherosclerotic plaques from hyperlipidemic mice.
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369
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Translational insights from single-cell technologies across the cardiovascular disease continuum. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:127-135. [PMID: 33667644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The societal health burden it represents can be reduced by taking preventive measures and developing more effective therapies. Reaching these goals, however, requires a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes leading to and occurring in the diseased heart. In the last 5 years, several biological advances applying single-cell technologies have enabled researchers to study cardiovascular diseases with unprecedented resolution. This has produced many new insights into how specific cell types change their gene expression level, activation status and potential cellular interactions with the development of cardiovascular disease, but a comprehensive overview of the clinical implications of these findings is lacking. In this review, we summarize and discuss these recent advances and the promise of single-cell technologies from a translational perspective across the cardiovascular disease continuum, covering both animal and human studies, and explore the future directions of the field.
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370
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Mohrin M, Liu J, Zavala‐Solorio J, Bhargava S, Maxwell Trumble J, Brito A, Hu D, Brooks D, Koukos G, Alabdulaaly L, Paw JS, Hake K, Kolumam G, Bouxsein ML, Baron R, Kutskova Y, Freund A. Inhibition of longevity regulator PAPP-A modulates tissue homeostasis via restraint of mesenchymal stromal cells. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13313. [PMID: 33561324 PMCID: PMC7963332 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) is a secreted metalloprotease that increases insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) availability by cleaving IGF‐binding proteins. Reduced IGF signaling extends longevity in multiple species, and consistent with this, PAPP‐A deletion extends lifespan and healthspan; however, the mechanism remains unclear. To clarify PAPP‐A’s role, we developed a PAPP‐A neutralizing antibody and treated adult mice with it. Transcriptomic profiling across tissues showed that anti‐PAPP‐A reduced IGF signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression system wide. The greatest reduction in IGF signaling occurred in the bone marrow, where we found reduced bone, marrow adiposity, and myelopoiesis. These diverse effects led us to search for unifying mechanisms. We identified mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as the source of PAPP‐A in bone marrow and primary responders to PAPP‐A inhibition. Mice treated with anti‐PAPP‐A had reduced IGF signaling in MSCs and dramatically decreased MSC number. As MSCs are (1) a major source of ECM and the progenitors of ECM‐producing fibroblasts, (2) the originating source of adult bone, (3) regulators of marrow adiposity, and (4) an essential component of the hematopoietic niche, our data suggest that PAPP‐A modulates bone marrow homeostasis by potentiating the number and activity of MSCs. We found that MSC‐like cells are the major source of PAPP‐A in other tissues also, suggesting that reduced MSC‐like cell activity drives the system‐wide reduction in ECM gene expression due to PAPP‐A inhibition. Dysregulated ECM production is associated with aging and drives age‐related diseases, and thus, this may be a mechanism by which PAPP‐A deficiency enhances longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mohrin
- Calico Life Sciences LLC South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Justin Liu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC South San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorothy Hu
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Kayley Hake
- Calico Life Sciences LLC South San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | - Adam Freund
- Calico Life Sciences LLC South San Francisco CA USA
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371
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Hu Z, Liu W, Hua X, Chen X, Chang Y, Hu Y, Xu Z, Song J. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Different Human Cardiac Arteries Identifies Cell Types Associated With Vascular Physiology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1408-1427. [PMID: 33626908 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (Z.H., X.H., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wendao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (Z.H., X.H., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., J.S.)
| | - Xiumeng Hua
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (Z.H., X.H., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., Z.X., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., J.S.)
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., Z.X., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., J.S.)
| | - Yuan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., Z.X., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., J.S.).,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Yiqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., Z.X., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., J.S.)
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., Z.X., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (Z.X.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (Z.H., X.H., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., Z.X., J.S.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital (W.L., X.H., X.C., Y.C., Y.H., J.S.)
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372
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Bennett M, Ulitsky I, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K, Miscianinov V, Mahmoud AD, Ballantyne M, Rodor J, Baker AH. Novel Transcript Discovery Expands the Repertoire of Pathologically-Associated, Long Non-Coding RNAs in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1484. [PMID: 33540814 PMCID: PMC7867340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) provide vital contractile force within blood vessel walls, yet can also propagate cardiovascular pathologies through proliferative and pro-inflammatory activities. Such phenotypes are driven, in part, by the diverse effects of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) on gene expression. However, lncRNA characterisation in VSMCs in pathological states is hampered by incomplete lncRNA representation in reference annotation. We aimed to improve lncRNA representation in such contexts by assembling non-reference transcripts in RNA sequencing datasets describing VSMCs stimulated in vitro with cytokines, growth factors, or mechanical stress, as well as those isolated from atherosclerotic plaques. All transcripts were then subjected to a rigorous lncRNA prediction pipeline. We substantially improved coverage of lncRNAs responding to pro-mitogenic stimuli, with non-reference lncRNAs contributing 21-32% for each dataset. We also demonstrate non-reference lncRNAs were biased towards enriched expression within VSMCs, and transcription from enhancer sites, suggesting particular relevance to VSMC processes, and the regulation of neighbouring protein-coding genes. Both VSMC-enriched and enhancer-transcribed lncRNAs were large components of lncRNAs responding to pathological stimuli, yet without novel transcript discovery 33-46% of these lncRNAs would remain hidden. Our comprehensive VSMC lncRNA repertoire allows proper prioritisation of candidates for characterisation and exemplifies a strategy to broaden our knowledge of lncRNA across a range of disease states.
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MESH Headings
- Aorta/cytology
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Datasets as Topic
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/analysis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/isolation & purification
- RNA-Seq
- Stress, Mechanical
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bennett
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.B.); (V.M.); (A.D.M.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces Plaza, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.A.); (K.V.)
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces Plaza, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 3 María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Vladislav Miscianinov
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.B.); (V.M.); (A.D.M.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Amira Dia Mahmoud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.B.); (V.M.); (A.D.M.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Margaret Ballantyne
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.B.); (V.M.); (A.D.M.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Julie Rodor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.B.); (V.M.); (A.D.M.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.B.); (V.M.); (A.D.M.); (M.B.); (J.R.)
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373
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Newman AAC, Serbulea V, Baylis RA, Shankman LS, Bradley X, Alencar GF, Owsiany K, Deaton RA, Karnewar S, Shamsuzzaman S, Salamon A, Reddy MS, Guo L, Finn A, Virmani R, Cherepanova OA, Owens GK. Multiple cell types contribute to the atherosclerotic lesion fibrous cap by PDGFRβ and bioenergetic mechanisms. Nat Metab 2021; 3:166-181. [PMID: 33619382 PMCID: PMC7905710 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stable atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by a thick, extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap populated by protective ACTA2+ myofibroblast (MF)-like cells, assumed to be almost exclusively derived from smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Herein, we show that in murine and human lesions, 20% to 40% of ACTA2+ fibrous cap cells, respectively, are derived from non-SMC sources, including endothelial cells (ECs) or macrophages that have undergone an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) or a macrophage-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT). In addition, we show that SMC-specific knockout of the Pdgfrb gene, which encodes platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), in Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet for 18 weeks resulted in brachiocephalic artery lesions nearly devoid of SMCs but with no changes in lesion size, remodelling or indices of stability, including the percentage of ACTA2+ fibrous cap cells. However, prolonged Western diet feeding of SMC Pdgfrb-knockout mice resulted in reduced indices of stability, indicating that EndoMT- and MMT-derived MFs cannot compensate indefinitely for loss of SMC-derived MFs. Using single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing analyses of the brachiocephalic artery region and in vitro models, we provide evidence that SMC-to-MF transitions are induced by PDGF and transforming growth factor-β and dependent on aerobic glycolysis, while EndoMT is induced by interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β. Together, we provide evidence that the ACTA2+ fibrous cap originates from a tapestry of cell types, which transition to an MF-like state through distinct signalling pathways that are either dependent on or associated with extensive metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A C Newman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Laura S Shankman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xenia Bradley
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel F Alencar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Katherine Owsiany
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Deaton
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sohel Shamsuzzaman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anita Salamon
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mahima S Reddy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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374
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Iqbal F, Lupieri A, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. Harnessing Single-Cell RNA Sequencing to Better Understand How Diseased Cells Behave the Way They Do in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:585-600. [PMID: 33327741 PMCID: PMC8105278 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transition of healthy arteries and cardiac valves into dense, cell-rich, calcified, and fibrotic tissues is driven by a complex interplay of both cellular and molecular mechanisms. Specific cell types in these cardiovascular tissues become activated following the exposure to systemic stimuli including circulating lipoproteins or inflammatory mediators. This activation induces multiple cascades of events where changes in cell phenotypes and activation of certain receptors may trigger multiple pathways and specific alterations to the transcriptome. Modifications to the transcriptome and proteome can give rise to pathological cell phenotypes and trigger mechanisms that exacerbate inflammation, proliferation, calcification, and recruitment of resident or distant cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that each cell type involved in vascular and valvular diseases is heterogeneous. Single-cell RNA sequencing is a transforming medical research tool that enables the profiling of the unique fingerprints at single-cell levels. Its applications have allowed the construction of cell atlases including the mammalian heart and tissue vasculature and the discovery of new cell types implicated in cardiovascular disease. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing have facilitated the identification of novel resident cell populations that become activated during disease and has allowed tracing the transition of healthy cells into pathological phenotypes. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing has permitted the characterization of heterogeneous cell subpopulations with unique genetic profiles in healthy and pathological cardiovascular tissues. In this review, we highlight the latest groundbreaking research that has improved our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis and future directions for calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farwah Iqbal
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adrien Lupieri
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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375
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Hartman RJG, Owsiany K, Ma L, Koplev S, Hao K, Slenders L, Civelek M, Mokry M, Kovacic JC, Pasterkamp G, Owens G, Björkegren JLM, den Ruijter HM. Sex-Stratified Gene Regulatory Networks Reveal Female Key Driver Genes of Atherosclerosis Involved in Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching. Circulation 2021; 143:713-726. [PMID: 33499648 PMCID: PMC7930467 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.051231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sex differences in coronary artery disease are widely accepted with women developing more stable atherosclerosis than men, the underlying pathobiology of such differences remains largely unknown. In coronary artery disease, recent integrative systems biological studies have inferred gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Within these GRNs, key driver genes have shown great promise but have thus far been unidentified in women. METHODS We generated sex-specific GRNs of the atherosclerotic arterial wall in 160 women and age-matched men in the STARNET study (Stockholm-Tartu Atherosclerosis Reverse Network Engineering Task). We integrated the female GRNs with single-cell RNA-sequencing data of the human atherosclerotic plaque and single-cell RNA sequencing of advanced atherosclerotic lesions from wild type and Klf4 knockout atherosclerotic smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage-tracing mice. RESULTS By comparing sex-specific GRNs, we observed clear sex differences in network activity within the atherosclerotic tissues. Genes more active in women were associated with mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells, whereas genes more active in men were associated with the immune system. We determined that key drivers of GRNs active in female coronary artery disease were predominantly found in (SMCs by single-cell sequencing of the human atherosclerotic plaques, and higher expressed in female plaque SMCs, as well. To study the functions of these female SMC key drivers in atherosclerosis, we examined single-cell RNA sequencing of advanced atherosclerotic lesions from wild type and Klf4 knockout atherosclerotic SMC lineage-tracing mice. The female key drivers were found to be expressed by phenotypically modulated SMCs and affected by Klf4, suggesting that sex differences in atherosclerosis involve phenotypic switching of plaque SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Our systems approach provides novel insights into molecular mechanisms that underlie sex differences in atherosclerosis. To discover sex-specific therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis, an increased emphasis on sex-stratified approaches in the analysis of multi-omics data sets is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J G Hartman
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (R.J.G.H., M.M., H.M.d.R.)
| | - Katie Owsiany
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (K.O., G.O.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (K.O.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Lijiang Ma
- University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (L.M., S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Simon Koplev
- University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (L.M., S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Ke Hao
- University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (L.M., S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology (K.H., J.L.M.B.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Lotte Slenders
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (L.S., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Biomedical Engineering (M.C.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (R.J.G.H., M.M., H.M.d.R.).,Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (L.S., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (J.C.K.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW (J.C.K.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (L.S., M.M., G.P.)
| | - Gary Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (K.O., G.O.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences (L.M., S.K., K.H., J.L.M.B.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology (K.H., J.L.M.B.), New York. Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden (J.L.M.B.)
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (R.J.G.H., M.M., H.M.d.R.)
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376
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Wang ZY, Cheng J, Liu B, Xie F, Li CL, Qiao W, Lu QH, Wang Y, Zhang MX. Protein deglycase DJ-1 deficiency induces phenotypic switching in vascular smooth muscle cells and exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque instability. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2816-2827. [PMID: 33501750 PMCID: PMC7957272 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein deglycase DJ‐1 (DJ‐1) is a multifunctional protein involved in various biological processes. However, it is unclear whether DJ‐1 influences atherosclerosis development and plaque stability. Accordingly, we evaluated the influence of DJ‐1 deletion on the progression of atherosclerosis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We examine the expression of DJ‐1 in atherosclerotic plaques of human and mouse models which showed that DJ‐1 expression was significantly decreased in human plaques compared with that in healthy vessels. Consistent with this, the DJ‐1 levels were persistently reduced in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE−/− mice with the increasing time fed by western diet. Furthermore, exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to oxidized low‐density lipoprotein down‐regulated DJ‐1 in vitro. The canonical markers of plaque stability and VSMC phenotypes were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. DJ‐1 deficiency in Apoe−/− mice promoted the progression of atherosclerosis and exaggerated plaque instability. Moreover, isolated VSMCs from Apoe−/−DJ‐1−/− mice showed lower expression of contractile markers (α‐smooth muscle actin and calponin) and higher expression of synthetic indicators (osteopontin, vimentin and tropoelastin) and Kruppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) by comparison with Apoe−/−DJ‐1+/+ mice. Furthermore, genetic inhibition of KLF4 counteracted the adverse effects of DJ‐1 deletion. Therefore, our results showed that DJ‐1 deletion caused phenotype switching of VSMCs and exacerbated atherosclerotic plaque instability in a KLF4‐dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chang-Ling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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377
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Silvestre-Roig C, Lemnitzer P, Gall J, Schwager S, Toska A, Yvan-Charvet L, Detmar M, Soehnlein O. Arterial Delivery of VEGF-C Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Lesions. Circ Res 2021; 128:284-286. [PMID: 33210556 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Collagen/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Necrosis
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/pharmacology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum der LMU München (C.S.-R., P.L., O.S.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich (C.S.-R., O.S.)
| | - Patricia Lemnitzer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum der LMU München (C.S.-R., P.L., O.S.)
| | - Julie Gall
- (INSERM) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, Nice (J.G., L.Y.-C.)
| | - Simon Schwager
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich (S.S., M.D.)
| | - Albulena Toska
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM) (A.T.)
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM) (A.T.)
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich (S.S., M.D.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Klinikum der LMU München (C.S.-R., P.L., O.S.)
- Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (O.S.)
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378
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Yang H, Zhou T, Stranz A, DeRoo E, Liu B. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity of Vascular Cells in Early Stage Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1158-1166. [PMID: 33472403 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion, ECM (extracellular matrix) degradation, and infiltration of immune cells. The cellular and molecular profiles that govern the heterogeneity of the AAA aorta are yet to be elucidated. Approach and Results: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on mouse AAA tissues. AAA was induced in C57BL/6J mice by perivascular application of CaCl2. Unbiased clustering identified 12 distinct populations of 8 cell types. Percentages of each population and gene expression were compared between sham and AAA tissue. Furthermore, we characterized the transcriptional profiles and potential functional features of populations in smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages and revealed the unique regulons in each cell type. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data provide high-resolution insight into the complexity and heterogeneity of mouse AAA and indicate that populations within major cell types such as smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages may contribute differently to AAA pathogenesis. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Department of Surgery (H.Y., T.Z., A.S., E.D., B.L.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Surgery (H.Y., T.Z., A.S., E.D., B.L.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
| | - Amelia Stranz
- Department of Surgery (H.Y., T.Z., A.S., E.D., B.L.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
| | - Elise DeRoo
- Department of Surgery (H.Y., T.Z., A.S., E.D., B.L.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Surgery (H.Y., T.Z., A.S., E.D., B.L.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison.,Department of Cellular and Regenerative Biology (B.L.), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
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379
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Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:589-610. [PMID: 33976384 PMCID: PMC8112476 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide, involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Targeting inflammatory pathways could therefore provide a promising new avenue to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Indeed, clinical studies have now demonstrated unequivocally that modulation of inflammation can forestall the clinical complications of atherosclerosis. This progress pinpoints the need for preclinical investigations to refine strategies for combatting inflammation in the human disease. In this Review, we consider a gamut of attractive possibilities for modifying inflammation in atherosclerosis, including targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways such as the inflammasomes, inhibiting cytokines, manipulating adaptive immunity and promoting pro-resolution mechanisms. Along with lifestyle measures, pharmacological interventions to mute inflammation could complement traditional targets, such as lipids and hypertension, to make new inroads into the management of atherosclerotic risk.
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380
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Bulut GB, Alencar GF, Owsiany KM, Nguyen AT, Karnewar S, Haskins RM, Waller LK, Cherepanova OA, Deaton RA, Shankman LS, Keller SR, Owens GK. KLF4 (Kruppel-Like Factor 4)-Dependent Perivascular Plasticity Contributes to Adipose Tissue inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:284-301. [PMID: 33054397 PMCID: PMC7769966 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cells and pericytes display remarkable plasticity during injury and disease progression. Here, we tested the hypothesis that perivascular cells give rise to Klf4-dependent macrophage-like cells that augment adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and metabolic dysfunction associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Approach and Results: Using Myh11-CreERT2 eYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) mice and flow cytometry of the stromovascular fraction of epididymal AT, we observed a large fraction of smooth muscle cells and pericytes lineage traced eYFP+ cells expressing macrophage markers. Subsequent single-cell RNA sequencing, however, showed that the majority of these cells had no detectable eYFP transcript. Further exploration revealed that intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen in peanut oil, used for generating conditional knockout or reporter mice in thousands of previous studies, resulted in large increase in the autofluorescence and false identification of macrophages within epididymal AT as being eYFP+; and unintended proinflammatory consequences. Using newly generated Myh11-DreERT2tdTomato mice given oral tamoxifen, we virtually eliminated the problem with autofluorescence and identified 8 perivascular cell dominated clusters, half of which were altered upon DIO. Given that perivascular cell KLF4 (kruppel-like factor 4) can have beneficial or detrimental effects, we tested its role in obesity-associated AT inflammation. While smooth muscle cells and pericytes-specific Klf4 knockout (smooth muscle cells and pericytes Klf4Δ/Δ) mice were not protected from DIO, they displayed improved glucose tolerance upon DIO, and showed marked decreases in proinflammatory macrophages and increases in LYVE1+ lymphatic endothelial cells in the epididymal AT. CONCLUSIONS Perivascular cells within the AT microvasculature dynamically respond to DIO and modulate tissue inflammation and metabolism in a KLF4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze B. Bulut
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Gabriel F. Alencar
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | | | - Anh T. Nguyen
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Santosh Karnewar
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Ryan M. Haskins
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Lillian K. Waller
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Olga A. Cherepanova
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic
| | - Rebecca A. Deaton
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Laura S. Shankman
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
| | - Susanna R. Keller
- Department of Medicine-Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia
| | - Gary K. Owens
- The Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia
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381
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Chattopadhyay A, Kwartler CS, Kaw K, Li Y, Kaw A, Chen J, LeMaire SA, Shen YH, Milewicz DM. Cholesterol-Induced Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophage/Fibroblast-like Cells Is Driven by an Unfolded Protein Response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:302-316. [PMID: 33028096 PMCID: PMC7752246 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dedifferentiate and initiate expression of macrophage markers with cholesterol exposure. This phenotypic switching is dependent on the transcription factor Klf4 (Krüppel-like factor 4). We investigated the molecular pathway by which cholesterol induces SMC phenotypic switching. Approach and Results: With exposure to free cholesterol, SMCs decrease expression of contractile markers, activate Klf4, and upregulate a subset of macrophage and fibroblast markers characteristic of modulated SMCs that appear with atherosclerotic plaque formation. These phenotypic changes are associated with activation of all 3 pathways of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR), Perk (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase), Ire (inositol-requiring enzyme) 1α, and Atf (activating transcription factor) 6. Blocking the movement of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum prevents free cholesterol-induced UPR, Klf4 activation, and upregulation of the majority of macrophage and fibroblast markers. Cholesterol-induced phenotypic switching is also prevented by global UPR inhibition or specific inhibition of Perk signaling. Exposure to chemical UPR inducers, tunicamycin and thapsigargin, is sufficient to induce these same phenotypic transitions. Finally, analysis of published single-cell RNA sequencing data during atherosclerotic plaque formation in hyperlipidemic mice provides preliminary in vivo evidence of a role of UPR activation in modulated SMCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that UPR is necessary and sufficient to drive phenotypic switching of SMCs to cells that resemble modulated SMCs found in atherosclerotic plaques. Preventing a UPR in hyperlipidemic mice diminishes atherosclerotic burden, and our data suggest that preventing SMC transition to dedifferentiated cells expressing macrophage and fibroblast markers contributes to this decreased plaque burden.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 4/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects
- Cholesterol/toxicity
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijnan Chattopadhyay
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Callie S. Kwartler
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Kaveeta Kaw
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Yanming Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (.L., S.A.L., Y.H.S.)
| | - Anita Kaw
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (.L., S.A.L., Y.H.S.)
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (.L., S.A.L., Y.H.S.)
| | - Dianna M. Milewicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (A.C., C.S.K., K.K., A.K., J.C., D.M.M.)
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382
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Noonan J, Bobik A, Peter K. The tandem stenosis mouse model: Towards understanding, imaging, and preventing atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:979-997. [PMID: 33368184 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rupture of unstable atherosclerotic plaques is the major cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Despite significant limitations in our understanding and ability to identify unstable plaque pathology and prevent plaque rupture, most atherosclerosis research utilises preclinical animal models exhibiting stable atherosclerosis. Here, we introduce the tandem stenosis (TS) mouse model that reflects plaque instability and rupture, as seen in patients. The TS model involves dual ligation of the right carotid artery, leading to locally predefined unstable atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic mice. It exhibits key characteristics of human unstable plaques, including plaque rupture, luminal thrombosis, intraplaque haemorrhage, large necrotic cores, thin or ruptured fibrous caps and extensive immune cell accumulation. Altogether, the TS model represents an ideal preclinical tool for improving our understanding of human plaque instability and rupture, for the development of imaging technologies to identify unstable plaques, and for the development and testing of plaque-stabilising treatments for the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Noonan
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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383
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Chen Z, Wei L, Duru F, Chen L. Single-cell RNA Sequencing: In-depth Decoding of Heart Biology and Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:585-601. [PMID: 33414680 PMCID: PMC7770632 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200604123914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiac system is a combination of a complex structure, various cells, and versatile specified functions and sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, cardiac diseases that encompass a wide range of endogenous conditions, remain a serious health burden worldwide. Recent genome-wide profiling techniques have taken the lead in uncovering a new realm of cell types and molecular programs driving physiological and pathological processes in various organs and diseases. In particular, the emerging technique single-cell RNA sequencing dominates a breakthrough in decoding the cell heterogeneity, phenotype transition, and developmental dynamics in cardiovascular science. Conclusion Herein, we review recent advances in single cellular studies of cardiovascular system and summarize new insights provided by single-cell RNA sequencing in heart developmental sciences, stem-cell researches as well as normal or disease-related working mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Chen
- 1Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; 3University Heart Center Zurich, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liang Wei
- 1Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; 3University Heart Center Zurich, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Firat Duru
- 1Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; 3University Heart Center Zurich, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liang Chen
- 1Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; 3University Heart Center Zurich, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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384
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Lu S, Jolly AJ, Strand KA, Dubner AM, Mutryn MF, Moulton KS, Nemenoff RA, Majesky MW, Weiser-Evans MC. Smooth muscle-derived progenitor cell myofibroblast differentiation through KLF4 downregulation promotes arterial remodeling and fibrosis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139445. [PMID: 33119549 PMCID: PMC7714399 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident vascular adventitial SCA1+ progenitor (AdvSca1) cells are essential in vascular development and injury. However, the heterogeneity of AdvSca1 cells presents a unique challenge in understanding signaling pathways orchestrating their behavior in homeostasis and injury responses. Using smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage-tracing models, we identified a subpopulation of AdvSca1 cells (AdvSca1-SM) originating from mature SMCs that undergo reprogramming in situ and exhibit a multipotent phenotype. Here we employed lineage tracing and RNA-sequencing to define the signaling pathways regulating SMC-to-AdvSca1-SM cell reprogramming and AdvSca1-SM progenitor cell phenotype. Unbiased hierarchical clustering revealed that genes related to hedgehog/WNT/beta-catenin signaling were significantly enriched in AdvSca1-SM cells, emphasizing the importance of this signaling axis in the reprogramming event. Leveraging AdvSca1-SM–specific expression of GLI-Kruppel family member GLI1 (Gli1), we generated Gli1-CreERT2-ROSA26-YFP reporter mice to selectively track AdvSca1-SM cells. We demonstrated that physiologically relevant vascular injury or AdvSca1-SM cell–specific Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) depletion facilitated the proliferation and differentiation of AdvSca1-SM cells to a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype rather than macrophages. Surprisingly, AdvSca1-SM cells selectively contributed to adventitial remodeling and fibrosis but little to neointima formation. Together, these findings strongly support therapeutics aimed at preserving the AdvSca1-SM cell phenotype as a viable antifibrotic approach. Smooth muscle cell–derived resident vascular adventitial progenitor cells adopt a myofibroblast phenotype in response to vascular injury and play a dominant role in vascular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhao Lu
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Austin J Jolly
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Keith A Strand
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Allison M Dubner
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Marie F Mutryn
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Raphael A Nemenoff
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Cm Weiser-Evans
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and.,Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Cardio Vascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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385
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Bruijn LE, van den Akker BEWM, van Rhijn CM, Hamming JF, Lindeman JHN. Extreme Diversity of the Human Vascular Mesenchymal Cell Landscape. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017094. [PMID: 33190596 PMCID: PMC7763765 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal cells are culprit factors in vascular (patho)physiology and are hallmarked by phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. At present, they are subdivided by classic umbrella terms, such as "fibroblasts," "myofibroblasts," "smooth muscle cells," "fibrocytes," "mesangial cells," and "pericytes." However, a discriminative marker-based subclassification has to date not been established. Methods and Results As a first effort toward a classification scheme, a systematic literature search was performed to identify the most commonly used phenotypical and functional protein markers for characterizing and classifying vascular mesenchymal cell subpopulation(s). We next applied immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to inventory the expression pattern of identified markers on human aorta specimens representing early, intermediate, and end stages of human atherosclerotic disease. Included markers comprise markers for mesenchymal lineage (vimentin, FSP-1 [fibroblast-specific protein-1]/S100A4, cluster of differentiation (CD) 90/thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and FAP [fibroblast activation protein]), contractile/non-contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), and auxiliary contractile markers (h1-Calponin, h-Caldesmon, Desmin, SM22α [smooth muscle protein 22α], non-muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, Smoothelin-B, α-Tropomyosin, and Telokin) or adhesion proteins (Paxillin and Vinculin). Vimentin classified as the most inclusive lineage marker. Subset markers did not separate along classic lines of smooth muscle cell, myofibroblast, or fibroblast, but showed clear temporal and spatial diversity. Strong indications were found for presence of stem cells/Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal cell Transition and fibrocytes in specific aspects of the human atherosclerotic process. Conclusions This systematic evaluation shows a highly diverse and dynamic landscape for the human vascular mesenchymal cell population that is not captured by the classic nomenclature. Our observations stress the need for a consensus multiparameter subclass designation along the lines of the cluster of differentiation classification for leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Bruijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie M. van Rhijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap F. Hamming
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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386
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Sorokin V, Vickneson K, Kofidis T, Woo CC, Lin XY, Foo R, Shanahan CM. Role of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Interactions in Vessel Wall Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599415. [PMID: 33324416 PMCID: PMC7726011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathobiology of atherosclerotic disease requires further elucidation to discover new approaches to address its high morbidity and mortality. To date, over 17 million cardiovascular-related deaths have been reported annually, despite a multitude of surgical and nonsurgical interventions and advances in medical therapy. Existing strategies to prevent disease progression mainly focus on management of risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia. Even with optimum current medical therapy, recurrent cardiovascular events are not uncommon in patients with atherosclerosis, and their incidence can reach 10–15% per year. Although treatments targeting inflammation are under investigation and continue to evolve, clinical breakthroughs are possible only if we deepen our understanding of vessel wall pathobiology. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are one of the most abundant cells in vessel walls and have emerged as key players in disease progression. New technologies, including in situ hybridization proximity ligation assays, in vivo cell fate tracing with the CreERT2-loxP system and single-cell sequencing technology with spatial resolution, broaden our understanding of the complex biology of these intriguing cells. Our knowledge of contractile and synthetic VSMC phenotype switching has expanded to include macrophage-like and even osteoblast-like VSMC phenotypes. An increasing body of data suggests that VSMCs have remarkable plasticity and play a key role in cell-to-cell crosstalk with endothelial cells and immune cells during the complex process of inflammation. These are cells that sense, interact with and influence the behavior of other cellular components of the vessel wall. It is now more obvious that VSMC plasticity and the ability to perform nonprofessional phagocytic functions are key phenomena maintaining the inflammatory state and senescent condition and actively interacting with different immune competent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sorokin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keeran Vickneson
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Kofidis
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Cheng Woo
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Yun Lin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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387
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Hulsmans M, Nahrendorf M. Proliferative, degradative smooth muscle cells promote aortic disease. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1096-1098. [PMID: 32039919 DOI: 10.1172/jci134019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysms are common in the abdominal and thoracic regions of the aorta and can cause death due to dissection or rupture. Traditionally, thoracic aortic aneurysms have been labeled as a degenerative disease, characterized by alterations in extracellular matrix and loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the medial layer of the aortic wall. In this issue of the JCI, Li and colleagues introduce an unconventional concept by demonstrating that mTOR-dependent proliferative SMCs render the aortic wall vulnerable to dilatation and dissection rather than prevent disease progression. These vascular SMCs, termed degradative SMCs, compromise the medial properties and function of the aortic wall by enhanced proteolytic and phagocytic activity; however, the cells do not transdifferentiate into macrophages. The degradative SMC phenotype also worsens atherosclerotic disease and could thus be considered as a therapeutic target for diverse aortic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Radiology, and.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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388
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Castrillon JA, Eng C, Cheng F. Pharmacogenomics for immunotherapy and immune-related cardiotoxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:R186-R196. [PMID: 32620943 PMCID: PMC7574958 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become a standard of care in a subset of solid tumors. Although cancer survivorship has extended, rates of durable response of ICB remain poor; furthermore, cardiac adverse effects are emerging, which impact several mechanical aspects of the heart. Cardio-oncology programs implement a clinical assessment to curtail cardiovascular disease progression but are limited to the current clinical parameters used in cardiology. Pharmacogenomics provides the potential to unveil heritable and somatic genetic variations for guiding precision immunotherapy treatment to reduce the risk of immune-related cardiotoxicity. A better understanding of pharmacogenomics will optimize the current treatment selection and dosing of immunotherapy. Here, we summarize the recent pharmacogenomics studies in immunotherapy responsiveness and its related cardiotoxicity and highlight how patient genetics and epigenetics can facilitate researchers and clinicians in designing new approaches for precision immunotherapy. We highlight and discuss how single-cell technologies, human-induced pluripotent stem cells and systems pharmacogenomics accelerate future studies of precision cardio-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Castrillon
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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389
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Abstract
Macrophages have a key functional role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms. Their accumulation within the vessel wall leads to sustained local inflammatory responses characterized by secretion of chemokines, cytokines, and matrix protein degrading enzymes. Here, we summarize some recent findings on macrophage contribution to cardiovascular disease. We focus on the origin, survival/death, and phenotypic switching of macrophages within vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitri K Khoury
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Huan Yang
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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390
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Li Y, Ren P, Dawson A, Vasquez HG, Ageedi W, Zhang C, Luo W, Chen R, Li Y, Kim S, Lu HS, Cassis LA, Coselli JS, Daugherty A, Shen YH, LeMaire SA. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Dynamic Cell Populations and Differential Gene Expression Patterns in Control and Aneurysmal Human Aortic Tissue. Circulation 2020; 142:1374-1388. [PMID: 33017217 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) is caused by the progressive weakening and dilatation of the aortic wall and can lead to aortic dissection, rupture, and other life-threatening complications. To improve our understanding of ATAA pathogenesis, we aimed to comprehensively characterize the cellular composition of the ascending aortic wall and to identify molecular alterations in each cell population of human ATAA tissues. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of ascending aortic tissues from 11 study participants, including 8 patients with ATAA (4 women and 4 men) and 3 control subjects (2 women and 1 man). Cells extracted from aortic tissue were analyzed and categorized with single-cell RNA sequencing data to perform cluster identification. ATAA-related changes were then examined by comparing the proportions of each cell type and the gene expression profiles between ATAA and control tissues. We also examined which genes may be critical for ATAA by performing the integrative analysis of our single-cell RNA sequencing data with publicly available data from genome-wide association studies. RESULTS We identified 11 major cell types in human ascending aortic tissue; the high-resolution reclustering of these cells further divided them into 40 subtypes. Multiple subtypes were observed for smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes, suggesting that these cells have multiple functional populations in the aortic wall. In general, ATAA tissues had fewer nonimmune cells and more immune cells, especially T lymphocytes, than control tissues did. Differential gene expression data suggested the presence of extensive mitochondrial dysfunction in ATAA tissues. In addition, integrative analysis of our single-cell RNA sequencing data with public genome-wide association study data and promoter capture Hi-C data suggested that the erythroblast transformation-specific related gene(ERG) exerts an important role in maintaining normal aortic wall function. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the cellular composition of the ascending aortic wall and reveals how the gene expression landscape is altered in human ATAA tissue. The information from this study makes important contributions to our understanding of ATAA formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Pingping Ren
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Ashley Dawson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Hernan G Vasquez
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Waleed Ageedi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center (R.C., Yumei Li, S.K.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yumei Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center (R.C., Yumei Li, S.K.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sangbae Kim
- Human Genome Sequencing Center (R.C., Yumei Li, S.K.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hong S Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.S.L., A. Daugherty), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (H.S.L., A. Daugherty), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (L.A.C.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Joseph S Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (H.S.L., A. Daugherty), University of Kentucky, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (H.S.L., A. Daugherty), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (S.A.L.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston (Yanming Li, P.R., A. Dawson, H.G.V., W.A., C.Z., W.L., J.S.C., Y.H.S., S.A.L.)
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391
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Koyama S, Ito K, Terao C, Akiyama M, Horikoshi M, Momozawa Y, Matsunaga H, Ieki H, Ozaki K, Onouchi Y, Takahashi A, Nomura S, Morita H, Akazawa H, Kim C, Seo JS, Higasa K, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Tsugane S, Koyama T, Ikezaki H, Takashima N, Tanaka K, Arisawa K, Kuriki K, Naito M, Wakai K, Suna S, Sakata Y, Sato H, Hori M, Sakata Y, Matsuda K, Murakami Y, Aburatani H, Kubo M, Matsuda F, Kamatani Y, Komuro I. Population-specific and trans-ancestry genome-wide analyses identify distinct and shared genetic risk loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1169-1177. [PMID: 33020668 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the genetics of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Japanese population, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide association study of 168,228 individuals of Japanese ancestry (25,892 cases and 142,336 controls) with genotype imputation using a newly developed reference panel of Japanese haplotypes including 1,781 CAD cases and 2,636 controls. We detected eight new susceptibility loci and Japanese-specific rare variants contributing to disease severity and increased cardiovascular mortality. We then conducted a trans-ancestry meta-analysis and discovered 35 additional new loci. Using the meta-analysis results, we derived a polygenic risk score (PRS) for CAD, which outperformed those derived from either Japanese or European genome-wide association studies. The PRS prioritized risk factors among various clinical parameters and segregated individuals with increased risk of long-term cardiovascular mortality. Our data improve the clinical characterization of CAD genetics and suggest the utility of trans-ancestry meta-analysis for PRS derivation in non-European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koyama
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ieki
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Onouchi
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genomics and Informatics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral, and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Changhoon Kim
- Bioinformatics Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Bioinformatics Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Precision Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Department of Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan.,Human Disease Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Suna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- School of Human Welfare Studies Health Care Center and Clinic, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hori
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Human Disease Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Human Disease Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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392
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblasts are very heterogeneous and plastic cells in the vasculature. A growing interest in fibroblasts in healthy and atherosclerotic vasculature is observed, next to macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In this review, we discuss fibroblast presence, heterogeneity, origin, and plasticity in health and atherosclerosis based on latest literature. RECENT FINDINGS With help of single cell sequencing (SCS) techniques, we have gained more insight into presence and functions of fibroblasts in atherosclerosis. Next to SMCs, fibroblasts are extracellular matrix-producing cells abundant in the vasculature and involved in atherogenesis. Fibroblasts encompass a heterogeneous population and SCS data reveal several fibroblast clusters in healthy and atherosclerotic tissue with varying gene expression and function. Moreover, recent findings indicate interesting similarities between adventitial stem and/or progenitor cells and fibroblasts. Also, communication with inflammatory cells opens up a new therapeutic avenue. SUMMARY Because of their highly plastic and heterogeneous nature, modulating fibroblast cell function and communication in the atherosclerotic vessel might be useful in battling atherosclerosis from within the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée J H A Tillie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim van Kuijk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences (CVS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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393
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Role of epigenetic mechanisms regulated by enhancers and long noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2020; 35:234-241. [PMID: 32205477 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and related metabolic disorders increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite significant progress in the identification of key mechanisms and genetic polymorphisms linked to various CVDs, the rates of CVDs continue to escalate, underscoring the need to evaluate additional mechanisms for more effective therapies. Environment and lifestyle changes can alter epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone modifications and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which play important roles in gene regulation. The review summarizes recent findings on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in CVD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies identified dysregulated histone modifications and chromatin modifying proteins at cis-regulatory elements, including enhancers/super-enhancers, mediating the expression of genes associated with CVD in vascular and immune cells in response to growth factors and inflammatory mediators. Several lncRNAs have also been reported to contribute to pathological gene expression via cis and trans mechanisms involving interactions with nuclear proteins, co-operation with enhancers/super enhancers and acting as microRNA sponges. SUMMARY Epigenomic approaches in cells affected in CVDs can be exploited to understand the function of genetic polymorphisms at cis-regulatory elements and crosstalk between enhancers and lncRNAs associated with disease susceptibility and progression. The reversible nature of epigenetics provides opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for CVD.
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394
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Pan H, Xue C, Auerbach BJ, Fan J, Bashore AC, Cui J, Yang DY, Trignano SB, Liu W, Shi J, Ihuegbu CO, Bush EC, Worley J, Vlahos L, Laise P, Solomon RA, Connolly ES, Califano A, Sims PA, Zhang H, Li M, Reilly MP. Single-Cell Genomics Reveals a Novel Cell State During Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis in Mouse and Human. Circulation 2020; 142:2060-2075. [PMID: 32962412 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.048378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play significant roles in atherosclerosis via phenotypic switching, a pathological process in which SMC dedifferentiation, migration, and transdifferentiation into other cell types. Yet how SMCs contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis remains elusive. METHODS To reveal the trajectories of SMC transdifferentiation during atherosclerosis and to identify molecular targets for disease therapy, we combined SMC fate mapping and single-cell RNA sequencing of both mouse and human atherosclerotic plaques. We also performed cell biology experiments on isolated SMC-derived cells, conducted integrative human genomics, and used pharmacological studies targeting SMC-derived cells both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that SMCs transitioned to an intermediate cell state during atherosclerosis, which was also found in human atherosclerotic plaques of carotid and coronary arteries. SMC-derived intermediate cells, termed "SEM" cells (stem cell, endothelial cell, monocyte), were multipotent and could differentiate into macrophage-like and fibrochondrocyte-like cells, as well as return toward the SMC phenotype. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling was identified as a regulator of SMC to SEM cell transition, and RA signaling was dysregulated in symptomatic human atherosclerosis. Human genomics revealed enrichment of genome-wide association study signals for coronary artery disease in RA signaling target gene loci and correlation between coronary artery disease risk alleles and repressed expression of these genes. Activation of RA signaling by all-trans RA, an anticancer drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia, blocked SMC transition to SEM cells, reduced atherosclerotic burden, and promoted fibrous cap stability. CONCLUSIONS Integration of cell-specific fate mapping, single-cell genomics, and human genetics adds novel insights into the complexity of SMC biology and reveals regulatory pathways for therapeutic targeting of SMC transitions in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huize Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Benjamin J Auerbach
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology (B.J.A.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (J.F., M.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Alexander C Bashore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jian Cui
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Dina Y Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Sarah B Trignano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Wen Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jianting Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Chinyere O Ihuegbu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Erin C Bush
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Jeremy Worley
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Lukas Vlahos
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Pasquale Laise
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Robert A Solomon
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (R.A.S., E.S.C.)
| | - Edward S Connolly
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (R.A.S., E.S.C.)
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center (A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Department of Biomedical Informatics (A.C.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology (E.C.B., J.W., L.V., P.L. A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics (A.C., P.A.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (J.F., M.L.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.P., C.X., A.C.B., J.C., D.Y.Y., S.B.T., W.L., J.S., C.O.I., H.Z., M.P.R.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (M.P.R.)
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395
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Pedroza AJ, Tashima Y, Shad R, Cheng P, Wirka R, Churovich S, Nakamura K, Yokoyama N, Cui JZ, Iosef C, Hiesinger W, Quertermous T, Fischbein MP. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Modulation in Marfan Syndrome Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2195-2211. [PMID: 32698686 PMCID: PMC7484233 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate temporal and spatial dynamics of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) transcriptomic changes during aortic aneurysm development in Marfan syndrome (MFS). Approach and Results: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing to study aortic root/ascending aneurysm tissue from Fbn1C1041G/+ (MFS) mice and healthy controls, identifying all aortic cell types. A distinct cluster of transcriptomically modulated SMCs (modSMCs) was identified in adult Fbn1C1041G/+ mouse aortic aneurysm tissue only. Comparison with atherosclerotic aortic data (ApoE-/- mice) revealed similar patterns of SMC modulation but identified an MFS-specific gene signature, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (Serpine1) and Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4). We identified 481 differentially expressed genes between modSMC and SMC subsets; functional annotation highlighted extracellular matrix modulation, collagen synthesis, adhesion, and proliferation. Pseudotime trajectory analysis of Fbn1C1041G/+ SMC/modSMC transcriptomes identified genes activated differentially throughout the course of phenotype modulation. While modSMCs were not present in young Fbn1C1041G/+ mouse aortas despite small aortic aneurysm, multiple early modSMCs marker genes were enriched, suggesting activation of phenotype modulation. modSMCs were not found in nondilated adult Fbn1C1041G/+ descending thoracic aortas. Single-cell RNA sequencing from human MFS aortic root aneurysm tissue confirmed analogous SMC modulation in clinical disease. Enhanced expression of TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta)-responsive genes correlated with SMC modulation in mouse and human data sets. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic SMC phenotype modulation promotes extracellular matrix substrate modulation and aortic aneurysm progression in MFS. We characterize the disease-specific signature of modSMCs and provide temporal, transcriptomic context to the current understanding of the role TGF-β plays in MFS aortopathy. Collectively, single-cell RNA sequencing implicates TGF-β signaling and Klf4 overexpression as potential upstream drivers of SMC modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Pedroza
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Yasushi Tashima
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Rohan Shad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Robert Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Samantha Churovich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Nobu Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Jason Z. Cui
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Cristiana Iosef
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - William Hiesinger
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
| | - Michael P. Fischbein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford CA, USA
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396
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Farrerol maintains the contractile phenotype of VSMCs via inactivating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:249-260. [PMID: 32840737 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Farrerol, a dihydroflavone isolated from Rhododendron dauricum L., can inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and exert a protective effect on H2O2-induced vascular endothelial cells injury. In this study, we investigated the effects of farrerol on VSMC phenotypic modulation and balloon injury-induced vascular neointimal formation and explored the underlying mechanisms. Serum-starved rat thoracic aorta SMCs (RASMCs) were first pretreated with farrerol (3, 10, and 30 μM, respectively), U0126 (a MEK kinase inhibitor), and SB203580 (a p38 kinase inhibitor), and followed by treatment with serum (10% FBS). The expression of several VSMC-specific markers, including α-SMA, SM22α, and OPN, were analyzed by western blot. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was also investigated. Farrerol inhibited the serum-induced transition of RASMCs from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype, and this was associated with a decrease in α-SMA and SM22α expression, and an increase in OPN expression. Farrerol also inhibited serum-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in RASMCs. Moreover, U0126 and SB203580 both inhibited the serum-induced phenotypic transition of RASMCs. These findings indicate that farrerol can maintain the contractile phenotype of VSMCs partly via inactivating the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Using a rat model of carotid artery balloon injury, inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transition and suppression of neointimal formation were confirmed in vivo following the perivascular application of farrerol. Our results suggested that farrerol could be a promising lead compound for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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397
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Liu H, Gai S, Wang X, Zeng J, Sun C, Zhao Y, Zheng Z. Single-cell analysis of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and spike protein priming expression of proteases in the human heart. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1733-1741. [PMID: 32638018 PMCID: PMC7454369 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly binds to ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) to facilitate cellular entry. Compared with the lung or respiratory tract, the human heart exhibits greater ACE2 expression. However, little substantial damage was found in the heart tissue, and no viral particles were observed in the cardiac myocytes. This study aims to analyse ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein proteases at the single-cell level, to explore the cardiac involvement in COVID-19 and improve our understanding of the potential cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS With meta-analysis, the prevalence of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients varies from 2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0-5%, I2 = 0%] in non-ICU patients to 59% (95% CI 48-71%, I2 = 85%) in non-survivors. With public single-cell sequence data analysis, ACE2 expression in the adult human heart is higher than that in the lung (adjusted P < 0.0001). Inversely, the most important S protein cleavage protease TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine protease-2) in the heart exhibits an extremely lower expression than that in the lung (adjusted P < 0.0001), which may restrict entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cardiac cells. Furthermore, we discovered that other S protein proteases, CTSL (cathepsin L) and FURIN (furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme), were expressed in the adult heart at a similar level to that in the lung, which may compensate for TMPRSS2, mediating cardiac involvement in COVID-19. CONCLUSION Compared with the lung, ACE2 is relatively more highly expressed in the human heart, while the key S protein priming protease, TMPRSS2, is rarely expressed. The low percentage of ACE2+/TMPRSS2+ cells reduced heart vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 to some degree. CTSL and FURIN may compensate for S protein priming to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shujie Gai
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juntong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Zhengzhou, PR China
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398
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Jakab M, Augustin HG. Understanding angiodiversity: insights from single cell biology. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev146621. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.146621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Blood vessels have long been considered as passive conduits for delivering blood. However, in recent years, cells of the vessel wall (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pericytes) have emerged as active, highly dynamic components that orchestrate crosstalk between the circulation and organs. Encompassing the whole body and being specialized to the needs of distinct organs, it is not surprising that vessel lining cells come in different flavours. There is calibre-specific specialization (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins), but also organ-specific heterogeneity in different microvascular beds (continuous, discontinuous, sinusoidal). Recent technical advances in the field of single cell biology have enabled the profiling of thousands of single cells and, hence, have allowed for the molecular dissection of such angiodiversity, yielding a hitherto unparalleled level of spatial and functional resolution. Here, we review how these approaches have contributed to our understanding of angiodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Jakab
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G. Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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399
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Paik DT, Cho S, Tian L, Chang HY, Wu JC. Single-cell RNA sequencing in cardiovascular development, disease and medicine. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:457-473. [PMID: 32231331 PMCID: PMC7528042 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies in the past 10 years have had a transformative effect on biomedical research, enabling the profiling and analysis of the transcriptomes of single cells at unprecedented resolution and throughput. Specifically, scRNA-seq has facilitated the identification of novel or rare cell types, the analysis of single-cell trajectory construction and stem or progenitor cell differentiation, and the comparison of healthy and disease-related tissues at single-cell resolution. These applications have been critical in advances in cardiovascular research in the past decade as evidenced by the generation of cell atlases of mammalian heart and blood vessels and the elucidation of mechanisms involved in cardiovascular development and stem or progenitor cell differentiation. In this Review, we summarize the currently available scRNA-seq technologies and analytical tools and discuss the latest findings using scRNA-seq that have substantially improved our knowledge on the development of the cardiovascular system and the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we examine emerging strategies that integrate multimodal single-cell platforms, focusing on future applications in cardiovascular precision medicine that use single-cell omics approaches to characterize cell-specific responses to drugs or environmental stimuli and to develop effective patient-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sangkyun Cho
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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400
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Cai J, Deng J, Gu W, Ni Z, Liu Y, Kamra Y, Saxena A, Hu Y, Yuan H, Xiao Q, Lu Y, Xu Q. Impact of Local Alloimmunity and Recipient Cells in Transplant Arteriosclerosis. Circ Res 2020; 127:974-993. [PMID: 32689904 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transplant arteriosclerosis is the major limitation to long-term survival of solid organ transplantation. Although both immune and nonimmune cells have been suggested to contribute to this process, the complex cellular heterogeneity within the grafts, and the underlying mechanisms regulating the disease progression remain largely uncharacterized. OBJECTIVE We aimed to delineate the cellular heterogeneity within the allografts, and to explore possible mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we reported the transcriptional profiling of 11 868 cells in a mouse model of transplant arteriosclerosis by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unbiased clustering analyses identified 21 cell clusters at different stages of diseases, and focused analysis revealed several previously unknown subpopulations enriched in the allografts. Interestingly, we found evidence of the local formation of tertiary lymphoid tissues and suggested a possible local modulation of alloimmune responses within the grafts. Intercellular communication analyses uncovered a potential role of several ligands and receptors, including Ccl21a and Cxcr3, in regulating lymphatic endothelial cell-induced early chemotaxis and infiltration of immune cells. In vivo mouse experiments confirmed the therapeutic potential of CCL21 and CXCR3 neutralizing antibodies in transplant arteriosclerosis. Combinational use of genetic lineage tracing and single-cell techniques further indicate the infiltration of host-derived c-Kit+ stem cells as heterogeneous populations in the allografts. Finally, we compared the immune response between mouse allograft and atherosclerosis models in single-cell RNA-seq analysis. By analyzing susceptibility genes of disease traits, we also identified several cell clusters expressing genes associated with disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a transcriptional and cellular landscape of transplant arteriosclerosis, which could be fundamental to understanding the initiation and progression of this disease. CCL21/CXCR3 was also identified as important regulators of immune response and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Zhichao Ni
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- Genomics Research Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.S.)
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics Research Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.S.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Hong Yuan
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology (H.Y.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, Q. Xu)
| | - Yao Lu
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, Q. Xu)
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