351
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Cho HI, Kim KM, Kwak JH, Lee SK, Lee SM. Protective mechanism of anethole on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1717-1723. [PMID: 23962021 DOI: 10.1021/np4004323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of anethole (trans-anethole, 1), a major component of Foeniculum vulgare, and its molecular mechanism during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Mice were subjected to 60 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by 1 and 6 h of reperfusion. Compound 1 (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) or the vehicle alone (10% Tween 80-saline) was orally administered 1 h prior to ischemia. After 1 and 6 h of reperfusion, serum alanine aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6 levels significantly increased, but these increases were attenuated by 1. Nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1, release of high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 into the extracellular milieu, and the interactions between IRF-1 and histone acetyltransferase p300 increased after I/R. These increases were attenuated by 1. Compound 1 suppressed increases in toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 protein expression, phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, and phosphorylated c-Jun. The present findings suggest that 1 protects against hepatic I/R injury by suppression of IRF-1-mediated HMGB1 release and subsequent TLR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ik Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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352
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Febuxostat, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced MCP-1 production via MAPK phosphatase-1-mediated inactivation of JNK. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75527. [PMID: 24086554 PMCID: PMC3783396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation can trigger various pathological conditions such as inflammation, in which xanthine oxidase (XO) is one major enzymatic source of ROS. Although XO has been reported to play essential roles in inflammatory conditions, the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of XO in inflammatory pathways remain unclear. Febuxostat, a selective and potent inhibitor of XO, effectively inhibits not only the generation of uric acid but also the formation of ROS. In this study, therefore, we examined the effects of febuxostat on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory responses. Here we show that febuxostat suppresses LPS-induced MCP-1 production and mRNA expression via activating MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) which, in turn, leads to dephosphorylation and inactivation of JNK in macrophages. Moreover, these effects of febuxostat are mediated by inhibiting XO-mediated intracellular ROS production. Taken together, our data suggest that XO mediates LPS-induced phosphorylation of JNK through ROS production and MKP-1 inactivation, leading to MCP-1 production in macrophages. These studies may bring new insights into the novel role of XO in regulating inflammatory process through MAPK phosphatase, and demonstrate the potential use of XO inhibitor in modulating the inflammatory processes.
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353
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Karki R, Igwe OJ. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated nuclear factor kappa B activation is essential for sensing exogenous oxidants to propagate and maintain oxidative/nitrosative cellular stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73840. [PMID: 24058497 PMCID: PMC3776800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism(s) by which cells can sense exogenous oxidants that may contribute to intracellular oxidative/nitrosative stress is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine how cells might respond to exogenous oxidants to potentially initiate, propagate and/or maintain inflammation associated with many human diseases through NF-κB activation. First, we used HEK-Blue cells that are stably transfected with mouse toll-like receptor 4 (mTLR4) or mouse TLR2. These cells also express optimized secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene under the control of a promoter inducible by NF-κB transcription factor. These cells were challenged with their respective receptor-specific ligands, different pro-oxidants and/or inhibitors that act at different levels of the receptor signaling pathways. A neutralizing antibody directed against TLR4 inhibited responses to both TLR4-specific agonist and a prooxidant, which confirmed that both agents act through TLR4. We used the level of SEAP released into the culture media due to NF-κB activation as a measure of TLR4 or TLR2 stimulation. Pro-oxidants evoked increased release of SEAP from HEK-Blue mTLR4 cells at a much lower concentration compared with release from the HEK-Blue mTLR2 cells. Specific TLR4 signaling pathway inhibitors and oxidant scavengers (anti-oxidants) significantly attenuated oxidant-induced SEAP release by TLR4 stimulation. Furthermore, a novel pro-oxidant that decays to produce the same reactants as activated phagocytes induced inflammatory pain responses in the mouse orofacial region with increased TLR4 expression, and IL-1β and TNFα tissue levels. EUK-134, a synthetic serum-stable scavenger of oxidative species decreased these effects. Our data provide in vitro and related in vivo evidence that exogenous oxidants can induce and maintain inflammation by acting mainly through a TLR4-dependent pathway, with implications in many chronic human ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Orisa J. Igwe
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
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354
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Wang L, Yang H, Sun Y, Yu FSX, Wu X. Signaling mechanism for Aspergillus fumigatus tolerance in corneal fibroblasts induced by LPS pretreatment. Innate Immun 2013; 20:563-73. [PMID: 24045340 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913502098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs, particularly TLR2 and TLR4, play primary roles in inflammatory responses triggered by Aspergillus fumigatus and lead to the activation of signaling pathways that initiate host defense responses. We previously demonstrated that LPS, a ligand of TLR4, can induce tolerance of A. fumigatus hyphae in telomerase-immortalized human stroma fibroblasts (THSFs). In the present study we investigated the role of TLR4, TLR2 and their downstream signaling pathways in this activity. The THSFs were pretreated with low-dose LPS and then exposed to A. fumigatus hyphae. It was demonstrated that enhanced expression of TLR4, but not of TLR2, was associated with LPS pretreatment. Inhibition of TLR4 with monoclonal Ab prevented reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in LPS-pretreated THSFs. Pretreatment of THSFs with low-dose LPS caused an impaired response of the MyD88-dependent classical and MAPK signaling pathway upon subsequent A. fumigatus challenge, while expression of signaling molecules in the MyD88-independent Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β pathway was increased in THSFs pretreated with LPS. These results indicated that TLR4 mediates attenuated cytokine production induced by LPS pretreatment, and regulation of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways may contribute to the development of A. fumigatus hyphae tolerance in LPS-pretreated THSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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355
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Jones PH, Okeoma CM. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is involved in Toll-like receptor 4-mediated BST-2/tetherin regulation. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2752-61. [PMID: 24036213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BST-2 is a virus restriction factor whose expression is principally induced by IFNα through the type I IFN receptor. However, expression of BST-2 is modulated by mitogens, notably the TLR4 agonist - LPS, via mechanisms that are poorly understood. In this study, the role of TLR4 pathway on BST-2 expression was examined. We demonstrate that the TLR4/PI3K signaling pathway regulates both constitutive and LPS-induced BST-2 expression. LPS stimulation induces BST-2 expression in a manner dependent on TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 pathway. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of signaling through TLR4, as well as, the deletion of the TRIF and IRF3 genes blunts BST-2 induction by LPS. However, MYD88-/- cells have enhanced BST-2 levels and respond to LPS-mediated induction of BST-2. High level of BST-2 in MYD88 null cells is dependent on IFNβ since antibody-mediated neutralization of IFNβ synthesis results in reduced BST-2 levels in these cells. Similar to the effect of MYD88, inhibition of PI3K activity elevates basal BST-2 level and augments LPS-induced BST-2 expression. Importantly, BST-2 regulation via TLR4 and PI3K is transcriptionally controlled. We discovered that actinomycin D-mediated blocking of gene transcription and inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide result in impairment of BST-2 mRNA expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that activation of TLR4 results in TRIF/IRF3-mediated positive regulation of BST-2 or MYD88/PI3K-directed negative regulation of BST-2. Thus, our findings enlist BST-2 as one of the genes regulated by PI3K downstream of TLR4 and identify the TLR4/PI3K signaling as a novel pathway that controls BST-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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356
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Wujcicka W, Wilczyński J, Nowakowska D. Alterations in TLRs as new molecular markers of congenital infections with Human cytomegalovirus? Pathog Dis 2013; 70:3-16. [PMID: 23929630 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in non-specific immunity against various infections. The most common intrauterine infection, caused by Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), results in perinatal morbidity and mortality of primary infected fetuses. The induction of immune response by TLRs was observed in HCMV infections in murine models and cell lines cultured in vitro. Studies reported an immunological response in pregnant women with primary HCMV infection and TLR2 activity in collecting of HCMV particles in placental syncytiotrophoblasts (STs) in vivo and cultured ST, and in stimulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and damage of villous trophoblast. Expression levels of TLRs are associated with cell type, stage of pregnancy and response to microorganisms. We show the effect of HCMV infection on the development of pregnancy as well as the effect of TLR single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the occurrence and course of infectious diseases, immune response and diseases of pregnancy. We report the impact of TLRs on the function of miRNAs and the altered expression levels of these molecules, as observed in HCMV infections. We suggest that the methylation status of TLR gene promoter regions as epigenetic modifications may be significant in the immune response to HCMV infections. We conclude that it is important to study in detail the molecular mechanisms of TLR function in the immune response to HCMV infections in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Wujcicka
- Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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357
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Abstract
NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is a master regulator of nucleosome positioning and chromatin structure, thereby reprogramming gene expression. In acute inflammation, chromatin departs from, and returns to, homeostasis in an orderly sequence. This sequence depends on shifts in NAD(+) availability for SIRT1 activation and deacetylation of signaling proteins, which support orderly gene reprogramming during acute inflammation by switching between euchromatin and heterochromatin. In contrast, in chronic inflammation and cancer, limited availability of NAD(+) and reduced expression of SIRT1 may sustain aberrant chromatin structure and functions. SIRT1 also influences inflammation and cancer by directly deacetylating targets like NFκB p65 and p53. Here, we review SIRT1 in the context of inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Fu Liu
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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358
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Loiarro M, Volpe E, Ruggiero V, Gallo G, Furlan R, Maiorino C, Battistini L, Sette C. Mutational analysis identifies residues crucial for homodimerization of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and for its function in immune cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30210-30222. [PMID: 24019529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor protein that transduces intracellular signaling pathways evoked by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 is composed of an N-terminal death domain (DD) and a C-terminal Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, separated by a short region. Upon ligand binding, TLR/IL-1Rs hetero- or homodimerize and recruit MyD88 through their respective TIR domains. Then, MyD88 oligomerizes via its DD and TIR domain and interacts with the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) to form the Myddosome complex. We performed site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues that are located in exposed regions of the MyD88-TIR domain and analyzed the effect of the mutations on MyD88 signaling. Our studies revealed that mutation of Glu(183), Ser(244), and Arg(288) impaired homodimerization of the MyD88-TIR domain, recruitment of IRAKs, and activation of NF-κB. Moreover, overexpression of two green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged MyD88 mini-proteins (GFP-MyD88151-189 and GFP-MyD88168-189), comprising the Glu(183) residue, recapitulated these effects. Importantly, expression of these dominant negative MyD88 mini-proteins competed with the function of endogenous MyD88 and interfered with TLR2/4-mediated responses in a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and in human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Thus, our studies identify novel residues of the TIR domain that are crucially involved in MyD88 homodimerization and TLR signaling in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Loiarro
- From the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy,; the Laboratory of Neuroembryology and
| | - Elisabetta Volpe
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Ruggiero
- the Research & Development Sigma-Tau S.p.A., 00040 Pomezia (Rome), Italy, and
| | - Grazia Gallo
- the Research & Development Sigma-Tau S.p.A., 00040 Pomezia (Rome), Italy, and
| | - Roberto Furlan
- the Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maiorino
- the Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- From the Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy,; the Laboratory of Neuroembryology and.
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359
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Mindin is a critical mediator of ischemic brain injury in an experimental stroke model. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:506-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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360
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Park SY, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Kim Y. Surfactin exhibits neuroprotective effects by inhibiting amyloid β-mediated microglial activation. Neurotoxicology 2013; 38:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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361
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Agrawal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S, Agrawal A. Dendritic cells from the elderly display an intrinsic defect in the production of IL-10 in response to lithium chloride. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1285-92. [PMID: 23988651 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, low grade inflammation is a characteristic of old age. Innate immune system cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) from the elderly display a pro-inflammatory phenotype associated with increased reactivity to self. Lithium is a well-established anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of bipolar disorders. It has also been reported to reduce inflammation in DCs. Here, we investigated whether Lithium is effective in reducing the inflammatory responses in DCs from the elderly. The effect of Lithium Chloride (LiCl) was compared on the response of TLR4 agonist, LPS and TLR2 agonist, PAM3CSK4 stimulated aged and young DCs. LiCl enhanced the production of IL-10 in LPS stimulated young DCs. However, it did not affect TNF-α and IL-6 production. In contrast, in aged DCs, LiCl reduced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS stimulated DCs but did not increase IL-10. LiCl had no significant effect on PAM3CSK4 responses in aged and young DCs. LiCl treated DCs also displayed differences at the level of CD4 T cell priming and polarization. LPS-stimulated young DCs reduced IFN-γ secretion and biased the Th cell response towards Th2/Treg while LiCl treated aged DCs only reduced IFN-γ secretion but did not bias the response towards Th2/Treg. In summary, our data suggests that LiCl reduces inflammation in aged and young DCs via different mechanisms. Furthermore, the effect of LiCl is different on LPS and PAM3CSK4 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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362
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He M, Ichinose T, Song Y, Yoshida Y, Arashidani K, Yoshida S, Liu B, Nishikawa M, Takano H, Sun G. Effects of two Asian sand dusts transported from the dust source regions of Inner Mongolia and northeast China on murine lung eosinophilia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:647-55. [PMID: 23896513 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quality and quantity of toxic materials adsorbed onto Asian sand dust (ASD) are different based on dust source regions and passage routes. The aggravating effects of two ASDs (ASD1 and ASD2) transported from the source regions of Inner Mongolia and northeast China on lung eosinophilia were compared to clarify the role of toxic materials in ASD. The ASDs contained different amounts of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and β-glucan (ASD1<ASD2) and SiO2 (ASD1>ASD2). CD-1 mice were instilled intratracheally with ASD1, ASD2 and/or ovalbumin (OVA) four times at 2-week intervals. ASD1 and ASD2 enhanced eosinophil recruitment induced by OVA in the submucosa of the airway, with goblet cell proliferation in the bronchial epithelium. ASD1 and ASD2 synergistically increased OVA-induced eosinophil-relevant cytokines interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 (ASD1<ASD2) and chemokine eotaxin (ASD1>ASD2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. ASD2 aggravating effects on lung eosinophilia were greater than ASD1. The role of LPS and β-glucan in ASD2 on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators was assessed using in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wild type, Toll-like receptor 2-deficient (TLR2-/-), TLR4-/-, and MyD88-/- mice (on Balb/c background). ASD2-stimulated TLR2-/- BMDMs enhanced IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1α secretion compared with ASD2-stimulated TLR4-/- BMDMs. Protein expression from ASD2-stimulated MyD88-/- BMDM were very low or undetectable. The in vitro results indicate that lung eosinophilia caused by ASD is TLR4 dependent. Therefore, the aggravation of OVA-related lung eosinophilia by ASD may be dependent on toxic substances derived from microbes, such as LPS, rather than SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Environment and Chronic Non-communicable Disease Research Center, College of Public Health, China Medical University, 11001 Shenyang, China; Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 870-1201 Oita, Japan.
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363
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Grote K, Sonnenschein K, Kapopara PR, Hillmer A, Grothusen C, Salguero G, Kotlarz D, Schuett H, Bavendiek U, Schieffer B. Toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 promotes reendothelialization and inhibits neointima formation after vascular injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2097-104. [PMID: 23868938 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reendothelialization after vascular injury (ie, balloon angioplasty or stent implantation) is clinically extremely relevant to promote vascular healing. We here investigated the therapeutic potential of the toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP)-2 on reendothelialization and neointima formation in a murine model of vascular injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS The left common carotid artery was electrically injured, and reendothelialization was quantified by Evans blue staining after 3 days. A single injection of MALP-2 (1 or 10 µg, IV) after vascular injury accelerated reendothelialization (P<0.001). Proliferation of endothelial cells at the wound margins determined by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation was significantly higher in MALP-2-treated animals (P<0.05). Furthermore, wire injury-induced neointima formation of the left common carotid artery was completely prevented by a single injection of MALP-2 (10 µg, IV). In vitro, MALP-2 induced proliferation (BrdU incorporation) and closure of an artificial wound of endothelial cells (P<0.05) but not of smooth muscle cells. Protein array and ELISA analysis of isolated primary endothelial cells and ex vivo stimulated carotid segments revealed that MALP-2 stimulated the release of multiple growth factors and cytokines predominantly from endothelial cells. MALP-2 induced a strong activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in endothelial cells, which was attenuated in smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, MALP-2 significantly enhanced circulating monocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS The toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist MALP-2 promotes reendothelialization and inhibits neointima formation after experimental vascular injury via enhanced proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Thus, MALP-2 represents a novel therapeutic option to accelerate reendothelialization after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Grote
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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364
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Young SA, Seo KH, Yokoyama W. Altered hepatic gene expression profiles associated with improved fatty liver, insulin resistance, and intestinal permeability after hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) supplementation in diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6404-6411. [PMID: 23742138 DOI: 10.1021/jf400545w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on hepatic gene expression was analyzed by exon microarray and real-time PCR from livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet supplemented with either 6% HPMC or 6% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). HPMC-fed mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (55% lower compared to MCC), liver weight (13%), plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration (45%), and HF diet-increased intestinal permeability (48%). HPMC significantly reduced areas under the curve for 2 h insulin and glucose responses, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. HPMC up-regulated hepatic genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and cellular activation of glucocorticoid (bile acid recycling) and down-regulated genes related to oxidative stress, triglyceride synthesis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation. In conclusion, HPMC consumption ameliorates the effects of a HF diet on intestinal permeability, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, glucocorticoid-related bile acid recycling, oxidative stress, and weight gain in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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365
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Host defense and recruitment of Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells to the lungs in chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection requires toll-like receptor 2. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003397. [PMID: 23785280 PMCID: PMC3681744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute resistance to low dose M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is not dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. However, whether TLR2 contributes to resistance in chronic Mtb infection has remained uncertain. Here we report that, following low dose aerosol infection with Mtb, mice lacking TLR2 (TLR2KO), in comparison with wild type (WT) mice, exhibit enhanced cellular infiltration and inflammation in the lungs, and fail to stably control bacterial burden during chronic infection. IFNγ and IL-17 was expressed at equivalent levels in the two groups; however, the characteristic accumulation of Foxp3⁺ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in pulmonary granulomas was significantly reduced in TLR2KO mice. Nonetheless, this reduction in Tregs was independent of whether Tregs expressed TLR2 or not. To directly link the reduced number of Tregs to the increased inflammation present in the TLR2KO mice, we used a macrophage adoptive transfer model. At seven weeks post-Mtb infection, TLR2KO mice, which were adoptively transferred with WT macrophages, displayed enhanced accumulation of Tregs in the lungs and a concomitant reduction in inflammation in contrast with control mice that received TLR2KO macrophages. However, the pulmonary bacterial burden between the two groups remained similar indicating that TLR2's role in modulating immunopathology is functionally distinct from its role in restricting Mtb growth in chronic infection. Together, these findings unequivocally demonstrate that TLR2 contributes to host resistance against chronic Mtb infection and reveal a novel role for TLR2 in mediating the recruitment of Foxp3⁺ Tregs to the lungs to control inflammation.
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366
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Dextromethorphan inhibits activations and functions in dendritic cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:125643. [PMID: 23781253 PMCID: PMC3679715 DOI: 10.1155/2013/125643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, DCs have been regarded as a major target for the development of immunomodulators. In this study, we examined the effect of dextromethorphan (DXM), a common cough suppressant with a high safety profile, on the activation and function of DCs. In the presence of DXM, the LPS-induced expression of the costimulatory molecules in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was significantly suppressed. In addition, DXM treatment reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in maturing BMDCs that were activated by LPS. Therefore, DXM abrogated the ability of LPS-stimulated DCs to induce Ag-specific T-cell activation, as determined by their decreased proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in mixed leukocyte cultures. Moreover, the inhibition of LPS-induced MAPK activation and NF-κB translocation may contribute to the suppressive effect of DXM on BMDCs. Remarkably, DXM decreased the LPS-induced surface expression of CD80, CD83, and HLA-DR and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-12 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). These findings provide a new insight into the impact of DXM treatment on DCs and suggest that DXM has the potential to be used in treating DC-related acute and chronic diseases.
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367
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Sahingur SE, Xia XJ, Voth SC, Yeudall WA, Gunsolley JC. Increased nucleic Acid receptor expression in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 84:e48-57. [PMID: 23646855 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid sensing has emerged as one of the important components of the immune system triggering inflammation. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of bacterial DNA sensors, including Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factors (DAI), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) in chronic periodontitis (CP versus healthy) (H) tissues. METHODS Thirty-five CP and 27 H gingival biopsies were included. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine mRNA levels of AIM2, DAI, and TLRs (TLR-1 through TLR-9). The difference in gene expression for each sensor between CP and H tissues was calculated using analysis of covariance. The Spearman test was used to determine correlations among innate receptors. The expression of TLR-9, AIM2, and DAI in gingival tissues was further confirmed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The present results reveal statistically significant upregulation of TLR-9 (P <0.006), DAI (P <0.001), and TLR-8 (P <0.01) in CP tissues compared to H sites. Although mRNA expression was not changed significantly between groups for other receptors, the present results reveal significant correlations between receptors (P <0.05), suggesting that cooperation between multiple components of the host immune system may influence the overall response. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed expression of TLR-9, AIM2, and DAI in gingival tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a possible role for nucleic acid receptors in periodontal inflammation. Future investigations will determine whether cytoplasmic receptors and their ligands can be targeted to improve clinical outcomes in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esra Sahingur
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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368
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Salvi V, Scutera S, Rossi S, Zucca M, Alessandria M, Greco D, Bosisio D, Sozzani S, Musso T. Dual regulation of osteopontin production by TLR stimulation in dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:147-58. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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369
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Innate Immunity in the CNS: Redefining the Relationship between the CNS and Its Environment. Neuron 2013; 78:214-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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370
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Olivieri F, Rippo MR, Prattichizzo F, Babini L, Graciotti L, Recchioni R, Procopio AD. Toll like receptor signaling in "inflammaging": microRNA as new players. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:11. [PMID: 23506673 PMCID: PMC3618188 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The age-related changes of immune system functions are complex phenomena incompletely understood. The acquired immune system shows a functional decline in ability to respond to new pathogens during aging, whereas serum levels of inflammatory cytokines are increased with age. The source of this age-related systemic chronic inflammation, named inflammaging, was mainly attributed to the progressive activation of immune cells over time. However, recent studies have shown that the process of cellular senescence can be an important additional contributor to chronic inflammation, since senescent cells acquire a phenotype named “senescence-associated secretory phenotype” (SASP), characterized by the enhanced secretion of many inflammation modulators. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors, in particular Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are key molecules in the response of innate immunity cells to pathological stimuli. An intriguing and innovative hypothesis is that the dysfunction of TLRs signaling and the acquisition of SASP can be two interconnected phenomena. The TLR family, including receptors and co-effector molecules, do not show a consistent age-dependent change across model systems. However, there is evidence for impaired downstream signaling events, including inhibition of positive and activation of negative modulators of TLR signaling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a newly discovered class of gene regulators acting as post-transcriptional repressors of a number of genes. The miRNA property to finely-tune gene expression makes them right for immune system regulation, which requires precise control for proper activity. We reviewed evidences suggesting that miRNAs can modulate TLR signaling mainly by three different mechanisms: 1) miRNAs can directly target components of the TLR signaling system, 2) miRNA expression can be directly regulated by TLRs pathway activation and 3) miRNAs can directly activate the RNA-sensing TLRs, like TLR-8, in humans. We also reviewed how TLR signaling is modulated by miRNAs during aging, and how an impaired miRNAs/TLR signaling interaction in immune system cells and related cells, i.e. endothelial cells and adipocytes, can contribute to inflammaging observed in normal aging. Interestingly, this impairment appears accelerated in presence of the majors age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, 60020, Italy.
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371
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Targeting the Toll-like receptor/interleukin 1 receptor pathway in human diseases: rational design of MyD88 inhibitors. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 13:222-6. [PMID: 23490990 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin (IL) 1 receptor (IL-1R) play a fundamental role in the immune response. These receptors are distributed in various cellular compartments and recognize different components of pathogens. All TLR/IL-1Rs, with the exception of TLR3, interact with MyD88, an intracellular adapter protein that triggers a signaling cascade that culminates in the expression of inflammatory genes. Because aberrant activation of TLR/IL-1Rs can promote the onset of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases and malignancies, this pathway has attracted considerable interest as a potential therapeutic target. Given the central role of MyD88 in TLR/IL-1R signaling, we set out different strategies to develop drugs that can block its function. Structural and functional analysis of the MyD88 domains allowed us to identify crucial residues required for MyD88 homodimerization. Moreover, we developed small cell-permeable peptides and peptidomimetic agents that inhibit MyD88 homodimerization and function. Our results pave the way for the development of new therapeutic drugs for the inhibition of MyD88-dependent signaling.
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372
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In vivo knockdown of TAK1 accelerates bone marrow proliferation/differentiation and induces systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57348. [PMID: 23505428 PMCID: PMC3591390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TAK1 (TGF-β Activated Kinase 1) is a MAPK kinase kinase, which activates the p38- and JNK-MAPK and NF-κB pathways downstream of receptors such as Toll-Like-, cytokine- and T-cell and B-cell receptors. Representing such an important node in the pro-inflammatory signal-transduction network, the function of TAK1 has been studied extensively. TAK1 knock-out mice are embryonic lethal, while conditional knock-out mice demonstrated either a pro- or anti-inflammatory function. To study the function of TAK1 protein in the adult immune system, we generated and characterized a transgenic mouse expressing TAK1 shRNA under the control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter. Following treatment of TAK-1 shRNA transgenic mice with doxycycline an effective knockdown of TAK1 protein levels was observed in lymphoid organs and cells in the peritoneal cavity (>50% down regulation). TAK1 knockdown resulted in significant changes in leukocyte populations in blood, bone marrow, spleen and peritoneal cavity. Upon TAK1 knockdown mice demonstrated splenomegaly, signs of systemic inflammation (increased levels of circulating cytokines and increase in cellularity of the B-cell areas and in germinal center development in the follicles) and degenerative changes in heart, kidneys and liver. Not surprisingly, TAK1-Tg mice treated with LPS or anti-CD3 antibodies showed enhanced cytokine/chemokine secretion. Finally, analysis of progenitor cells in the bone marrow upon doxycycline treatment showed increased proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. Given the similarity of the phenotype with TGF-β genetic models, our data suggest that in our model the function of TAK1 in TGF-β signal-transduction is overruling its function in pro-inflammatory signaling.
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373
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You R, Long W, Lai Z, Sha L, Wu K, Yu X, Lai Y, Ji H, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Discovery of a potential anti-inflammatory agent: 3-oxo-29-noroleana-1,9(11),12-trien-2,20-dicarbonitrile. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1984-95. [PMID: 23373965 DOI: 10.1021/jm301652t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen novel derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities. It was found that the introduction of 1-en-3-one and 9(11),12-diene and 2,20-dinitrile functionalities into the scaffold of GA led to the discovery of potent compound 19 for inhibition of LPS-induced NO production. Furthermore, 19 effectively inhibited the protein and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Mechanistically, 19 exerted inhibitory effects on the activation of the three main MAPKs and phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, as well as the ratio of nuclear/cytosolic content of p65. Importantly, 19 significantly decreased the mortality rate in the mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis shock. It is noteworthy that inhibitory effect of 19 on NO production was not blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone, indicating that it does not act through the glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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374
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Wang Y, He H, Li D, Zhu W, Duan K, Le Y, Liao Y, Ou Y. The role of the TLR4 signaling pathway in cognitive deficits following surgery in aged rats. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1137-42. [PMID: 23426570 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), common in elderly patients, refers to a decline in cognitive function following surgery, which may persist or even evolve into Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite great efforts, the mechanism of POCD remains unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on microglia contributes to POCD. Shortly after surgery, aged rats demonstrated significant deficits in memory and learning, accompanied by the activation of microglia, marked upregulation of TLR4 on microglia in the hippocampus, as well as an increased expression of two downstream factors [myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)] and pro-inflammatory cytokines [including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)]. With an increase in time following surgery, the expression of TLR4 and the aforementioned factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines gradually returned to normal, as did the cognitive function of the aged rats. In conclusion, our study suggests that the activation of TLR4 signaling on microglia may act as an underlying mechanism of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third‑Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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375
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Fang H, Wang PF, Zhou Y, Wang YC, Yang QW. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced inflammation and injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:27. [PMID: 23414417 PMCID: PMC3598479 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common type of fatal stroke, accounting for about 15% to 20% of all strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes are associated with high mortality and morbidity, and increasing evidence shows that innate immune responses and inflammatory injury play a critical role in ICH-induced neurological deficits. However, the signaling pathways involved in ICH-induced inflammatory responses remain elusive. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to a large family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in innate immunity and inflammatory responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the involvement of TLR4 signaling in ICH-induced inflammation and brain injury. We discuss the key mechanisms associated with TLR4 signaling in ICH and explore the potential for therapeutic intervention by targeting TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao Zhengjie No,183, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, China
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376
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Melkamu T, Qian X, Upadhyaya P, O'Sullivan MG, Kassie F. Lipopolysaccharide enhances mouse lung tumorigenesis: a model for inflammation-driven lung cancer. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:895-902. [PMID: 23381924 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The association between pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer is well established. However, currently there are no appropriate models that recapitulate inflammation-related lung cancer in humans. In the present study, we examined, in 2 tumor bioassays, enhancement by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Mice that were treated with NNK alone developed 29.6 ± 9.8 and 36.2 ± 4.1 lung tumors per mouse in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Chronic intranasal instillation of LPS to NNK-treated mice increased the multiplicity of lung tumors to 47.3 ± 16.1 and 51.2 ± 4.8 lung tumors per mouse in experiments 1 and 2, corresponding to a significant increase by 60% and 41%, respectively. Moreover, administration of LPS to NNK-pretreated mice significantly increased the multiplicity of larger tumors and histopathologically more advanced lesions (adenoma with dysplasia and adenocarcinoma), macrophage recruitment to the peritumoral area, and expression of inflammation-, cell proliferation-, and survival-related proteins. Overall, our findings demonstrated the promise of the NNK-LPS-A/J mice model to better understand inflammation-driven lung cancer, dissect the molecular pathways involved, and identify more effective preventive and therapeutic agents against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Melkamu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
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377
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378
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Lan T, Wang D, Bhagat L, Philbin VJ, Yu D, Tang JX, Putta MR, Sullivan T, La Monica N, Kandimalla ER, Agrawal S. Design of synthetic oligoribonucleotide-based agonists of Toll-like receptor 3 and their immune response profiles in vitro and in vivo. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1049-58. [PMID: 23292214 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26946e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA of viral origin and enzymatically synthesized poly I:C act as agonists of TLR3 and induce immune responses. We have designed and synthesized double-stranded synthetic oligoribonucleotides (dsORNs) which act as agonists of TLR3. Each strand of dsORN contains two distinct segments, namely an alignment segment composed of a heteronucleotide sequence and an oligo inosine (I) or an oligo cytidine (C) segment. We report here the results of studies of dsORNs containing varying lengths and compositions of alignment and oligo I/oligo C segments. dsORNs of 50-mer length with a 15-mer alignment segment and a 35-mer oligo I/oligo C segment form stable duplexes under physiological conditions and induce TLR3-mediated immune responses. dsORNs activated the IRF3 signaling pathway in J774 cells, induced production of cytokines, including IFN-β, IFN-α, IP-10, IL-12 and IL-6, in murine and human cell-based assays and also induced multiple cytokines following systemic administration in mice and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lan
- Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 167 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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379
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Schilling JD, Machkovech HM, He L, Diwan A, Schaffer JE. TLR4 activation under lipotoxic conditions leads to synergistic macrophage cell death through a TRIF-dependent pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1285-96. [PMID: 23275600 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage dysfunction in obesity and diabetes may predispose to the development of diabetic complications, such as infection and impaired healing after tissue damage. Saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, are present at elevated concentrations in the plasma of patients with metabolic disease and may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes and its sequelae. To examine the effect of lipid excess on macrophage inflammatory function, we determined the influence of palmitate on LPS-mediated responses in peritoneal macrophages. Palmitate and LPS led to a profound synergistic cell death response in both primary and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The cell death had features of apoptosis and necrosis and was not dependent on endoplasmic reticulum stress, ceramide generation, or reactive oxygen species production. Instead, we uncovered a macrophage death pathway that required TLR4 signaling via TRIF but was independent of NF-κB, MAPKs, and IRF3. A significant decrease in macrophage lysosomal content was observed early in the death pathway, with evidence of lysosomal membrane damage occurring later in the death response. Overexpression of the transcription factor TFEB, which induces a lysosomal biogenic program, rescued the lysosomal phenotype and improved viability in palmitate- and LPS-treated cells. Our findings provide new evidence for cross-talk between lipid metabolism and the innate immune response that converges on the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Schilling
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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380
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Semlali A, Witoled C, Alanazi M, Rouabhia M. Whole cigarette smoke increased the expression of TLRs, HBDs, and proinflammory cytokines by human gingival epithelial cells through different signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52614. [PMID: 23300722 PMCID: PMC3532503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gingival epithelium is becoming known as a regulator of the oral innate immune responses to a variety of insults such as bacteria and chemicals, including those chemicals found in cigarette smoke. We investigated the effects of whole cigarette smoke on cell-surface-expressed Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, -4 and -6, human β-defensin (HBD) and proinflammatory cytokine expression and production in primary human gingival epithelial cells. Whole cigarette smoke was shown to increase TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 expression. Cigarette smoke led to ERK1/2, p38 and JNK phosphorylation in conjunction with nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) translocation into the nucleus. TLR expression following cigarette smoke exposure was down regulated by the use of ERK1/2, p38, JNK MAP kinases, and NFκB inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of these signaling pathways in the cellular response against cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke also promoted HBD2, HBD3, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression through the ERK1/2 and NFκB pathways. Interestingly, the modulation of TLR, HBD, and cytokine expression was maintained long after the gingival epithelial cells were exposed to smoke. By promoting TLR, HBDs, and proinflammatory cytokine expression and production, cigarette smoke may contribute to innate immunity dysregulation, which may have a negative effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chmielewski Witoled
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohammed Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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381
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Linke R, Pries R, Könnecke M, Bruchhage KL, Böscke R, Gebhard M, Wollenberg B. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 in chronic rhinosinusitis: two faces of a single enzyme in one disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 110:101-6. [PMID: 23352529 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remain unclear. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a unique multitasking kinase involved in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis and is an important messenger in the downstream signaling of interleukin 6. OBJECTIVE To analyze the possible role of GSK-3 in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. METHODS We examined tissue samples of nasal polyps and the inferior turbinate of patients with CRSwNP and the inferior turbinate of individuals without chronic sinusitis (healthy mucosa). Expression levels of GSK-3 and its inactivated form phosphorylated GSK-3 (pGSK-3) were analyzed using DNA microarray, protein array, Western hybridization, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS We found increased expression of GSK-3 in both the nasal polyps and the inferior turbinate of patients with CRSwNP compared with those with healthy mucosa (P < .01). We did not observe a difference between nasal polyps and the inferior turbinate of patients with CRSwNP, but a highly significant increase in the phosphorylation rate of GSK-3 was detected in the tissue of nasal polyps compared with the turbinates of patients with CRSwNP (P < .01). CONCLUSION GSK-3 may play a crucial role in the inflammatory process in CRSwNP. Nasal polyps originate mainly in the mucosa of the middle meatus of the nose and rarely occur in the region of the inferior turbinate. The inhibition of GSK-3 by phosphorylation in nasal polyps, in contrast to the inferior turbinate, is a possible explanation for the different behavior of the mucosa of the middle meatus and the inferior turbinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Linke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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382
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Vérillaud B, Gressette M, Morel Y, Paturel C, Herman P, Lo KW, Tsao SW, Wassef M, Jimenez-Pailhes AS, Busson P. Toll-like receptor 3 in Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas: consistent expression and cytotoxic effects of its synthetic ligand poly(A:U) combined to a Smac-mimetic. Infect Agent Cancer 2012. [PMID: 23198710 PMCID: PMC3599303 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are consistently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Though NPCs are more radiosensitive and chemosensitive than other tumors of the upper aero-digestive tract, many therapeutic challenges remain. In a previous report, we have presented data supporting a possible therapeutic strategy based on artificial TLR3 stimulation combined to the inhibition of the IAP protein family (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins). The present study was designed to progress towards practical applications of this strategy pursuing 2 main objectives: 1) to formally demonstrate expression of the TLR3 protein by malignant NPC cells; 2) to investigate the effect of poly(A:U) as a novel TLR3-agonist more specific than poly(I:C) which was used in our previous study. Methods TLR3 expression was investigated in a series of NPC cell lines and clinical specimens by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The effects on NPC cells growth of the TLR3 ligand poly(A:U) used either alone or in combination with RMT5265, an IAP inhibitor based on Smac-mimicry, were assessed using MTT assays and clonogenic assays. Results TLR3 was detected at a high level in all NPC cell lines and clinical specimens. Low concentrations of poly(A:U) were applied to several types of NPC cells including cells from the C17 xenograft which for the first time have been adapted to permanent propagation in vitro. As a single agent, poly(A:U) had no significant effects on cell growth and cell survival. In contrast, dramatic effects were obtained when it was combined with the IAP inhibitor RMT5265. These effects were obtained using concentrations as low as 0.5 μg/ml (poly(A:U)) and 50 nM (RMT5265). Conclusion These data confirm that TLR3 expression is a factor of vulnerability for NPC cells. They suggest that in some specific pathological and pharmacological contexts, it might be worth to use Smac-mimetics at very low doses, allowing a better management of secondary effects. In light of our observations, combined use of both types of compounds should be considered for treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vérillaud
- CNRS-UMR 8126, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud 11, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805, Villejuif cedex, France.
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Reevaluating the concept of treating experimental tumors with a mixed bacterial vaccine: Coley's Toxin. Clin Dev Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23193416 PMCID: PMC3502841 DOI: 10.1155/2012/230625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several decades after Coley's initial work, we here systematically analyzed tumoricidal as well as immunostimulatory effects of the historical preparation Coley's Toxin (CT), a safe vaccine made of heat-inactivated S. pyogenes and S. marcescens. First, by performing in vitro analysis, established human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines responded with dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition. Effects were attributed to necrotic as well as apoptotic cell death as determined by increased Caspase 3/7 levels, raised numbers of cells with sub-G1-DNA, and induced p21waf expression, indicative for cell cycle arrest. Besides, CT effectively stimulated human peripheral blood leukocytes (huPBL) from healthy volunteers. Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed upregulated mRNA levels of selected Toll-like receptors. Flow cytometric phenotyping of CT-stimulated huPBLs identified raised numbers of CD25+-activated leukocytes. In vivo, repetitive, local CT application was well tolerated by animals and induced considerable delay of Panc02 tumors. However, systemic treatment failed to affect tumor growth. Antitumoral effects following local therapy were primarily accompanied by stimulation of innate immune mechanisms. Data presented herein prove that the historical approach of using killed bacteria as active immunotherapeutic agents still holds promise, and further careful preclinical analyses may pave the way back into clinical applications.
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384
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Morandini AC, Chaves Souza PP, Ramos-Junior ES, Souza Costa CA, Santos CF. MyD88 or TRAM knockdown regulates interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and CXCL12 mRNA expression in human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2012; 84:1353-60. [PMID: 23136947 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous report, it was shown that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 knockdown modulates interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 but not the chemokine CXCL12, an important mediator with inflammatory and proangiogenic effects, in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF). This study investigates whether knocking down two important TLR adaptor molecules, such as myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) and TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM), could affect mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL12 in HGF and HPDLF. METHODS After small interfering (si) RNA-mediated silencing of MyD88 or TRAM, HGF and HPDLF were stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or two synthetic ligands of TLR2 (Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4) for 6 hours. IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL12 mRNAs were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Knockdown of MyD88 or TRAM partially impaired the IL-8 mRNA upregulation in both fibroblast subpopulations. Similarly, IL-6 upregulation was partially prevented by siMyD88 or siTRAM in HGF stimulated with Pg LPS, as well as in both fibroblast subtypes challenged with Pam2CSK4. Conversely, constitutive CXCL12 mRNA levels were upregulated by MyD88 or TRAM knockdown in non-stimulated cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TLR adaptor molecules knockdown, such as MyD88 or TRAM, can decrease IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and increase CXCL12 mRNA expression in HGF and HPDLF. This can be an important step for better understanding the mechanisms that control the inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, which in turn contributes to periodontal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Morandini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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385
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Holmes E, Li JV, Marchesi JR, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. Cell Metab 2012; 16:559-64. [PMID: 23140640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic gut microbiota modulate health and disease of the host through a series of transgenomic metabolic and immune regulatory axes. We explore connections between microbiome composition and function related to individual metabolic phenotypes and consider these interactions as possible targets for developing new personalized therapies and clinical management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Holmes
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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386
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Bang SY, Kim JH, Kim HY, Lee YJ, Park SY, Lee SJ, Kim Y. Achyranthes japonica exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via NF-κB suppression and HO-1 induction in macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:109-117. [PMID: 22974544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The roots of Achyranthes japonica Nakai have been used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of edema and arthritis in Korea. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism responsible for anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of A. japonica roots (AJ) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nitric oxide (NO) production and as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were examined in TG-elicited peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Cell viability was monitored by MTT assay. Protein and mRNA expressions were determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. The activity of NF-κB and Nrf2 were examined by EMSA, immunocytochemistry or reporter assay. RESULTS AJ inhibited LPS-induced NO secretion as well as iNOS expression, without affecting cell viability. Furthermore, AJ suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, degradation of IκB-α, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Further study demonstrated that AJ induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression via nuclear translocation and transactivation of Nrf2. In addition, the inhibitory effects of AJ on iNOS expression were abrogated by small interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of HO-1. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AJ suppresses LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression in macrophages through the inhibition of IκB/NF-κB and MAPK as well as the Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction. These findings provide the scientific rationale for anti-inflammatory therapeutic use of A. japonica roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Bang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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387
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Arcipowski KM, Bishop GA. TRAF binding is required for a distinct subset of in vivo B cell functions of the oncoprotein LMP1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5165-70. [PMID: 23109728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is important for EBV contributions to B cell transformation and many EBV-associated malignancies, as well as EBV-mediated exacerbation of autoimmunity. LMP1 functionally mimics TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily member CD40, but LMP1 signals and downstream effects are amplified and sustained compared with CD40. CD40 and LMP1 both use TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins, but in distinct ways. LMP1 functions require TRAFs 3, 5, and 6, which interact with LMP1. However, TRAFs can also contribute to signaling in the absence of direct interactions with cell surface receptors, so we investigated whether their roles in LMP1 in vivo functions require direct association. We show in this study that the LMP1 TRAF binding site was required for LMP1-mediated autoantibody production, the germinal center response to immunization, and optimal production of several isotypes of Ig, but not LMP1-dependent enlargement of secondary lymphoid organs in transgenic mice. Thus, LMP1 in vivo effects can be mediated via both TRAF binding-dependent and -independent pathways. Together with our previous findings, these results indicate that TRAF-dependent receptor functions may not always require TRAF-receptor binding. These data suggest that TRAF-mediated signaling pathways, such as those of LMP1, may be more diverse than previously appreciated. This finding has significant implications for receptor and TRAF-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Arcipowski
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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388
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Wei J, Bhatt S, Chang LM, Sampson HA, Masilamani M. Isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, regulate mucosal immune response by suppressing dendritic cell function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47979. [PMID: 23110148 PMCID: PMC3478285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, has been shown to have a strong adjuvant effect towards inhaled antigens contributing to airway inflammation. Isoflavones are anti-inflammatory molecules present in abundant quantities in soybeans. We investigated the effect of isoflavones on human dendritic cell (DC) activation via LPS stimulation and subsequent DC-mediated effector cell function both in vitro and in a mouse model of upper airway inflammation. Human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDC) were matured with LPS (or TNF-α) +/− isoflavones (genistein or daidzein). The surface expression levels of DC activation markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mature DCs +/− isoflavones were washed and cultured with freshly-isolated allogenic naïve CD4+ T cells for 5 days or with autologous natural killer (NK) cells for 2 hours. The percentages of proliferating IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells and cytokine levels in culture supernatants were assessed. NK cell degranulation and DC cytotoxicity were measured by flow cytometry. Isoflavones significantly suppressed the activation-induced expression of DC maturation markers (CD83, CD80, CD86) and MHC class I but not MHC class II molecules in vitro. Isoflavone treatment inhibited the ability of LPS-DCs to induce IFN-γ in CD4+ T cells. NK cell degranulation and the percentage of dead DCs were significantly increased in isoflavone-treated DC-NK co-culture experiments. Dietary isoflavones suppressed the mucosal immune response to intra-nasal sensitization of mice to ovalbumin. Similar results were obtained when isoflavones were co-administered during sensitization. These results demonstrate that soybean isoflavones suppress immune sensitization by suppressing DC-maturation and its subsequent DC-mediated effector cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wei
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiven Bhatt
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Chang
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hugh A. Sampson
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Madhan Masilamani
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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389
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Ng CS, Kato H, Fujita T. Recognition of viruses in the cytoplasm by RLRs and other helicases--how conformational changes, mitochondrial dynamics and ubiquitination control innate immune responses. Int Immunol 2012; 24:739-49. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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390
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Wang D, Gilbert JR, Cray JJ, Kubala AA, Shaw MA, Billiar TR, Cooper GM. Accelerated calvarial healing in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 4. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46945. [PMID: 23071670 PMCID: PMC3468586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone and immune systems are closely interconnected. The immediate inflammatory response after fracture is known to trigger a healing cascade which plays an important role in bone repair. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a member of a highly conserved receptor family and is a critical activator of the innate immune response after tissue injury. TLR4 signaling has been shown to regulate the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposed bone components during long-bone fracture. Here we tested the hypothesis that TLR4 activation affects the healing of calvarial defects. A 1.8 mm diameter calvarial defect was created in wild-type (WT) and TLR4 knockout (TLR4(-/-)) mice. Bone healing was tested using radiographic, histologic and gene expression analyses. Radiographic and histomorphometric analyses revealed that calvarial healing was accelerated in TLR4(-/-) mice. More bone was observed in TLR4(-/-) mice compared to WT mice at postoperative days 7 and 14, although comparable healing was achieved in both groups by day 21. Bone remodeling was detected in both groups on postoperative day 28. In TLR4(-/-) mice compared to WT mice, gene expression analysis revealed that higher expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α,TGF-β1, TGF-β3, PDGF and RANKL and lower expression level of RANK were detected at earlier time points (≤ postoperative 4 days); while higher expression levels of IL-1β and lower expression levels of VEGF, RANK, RANKL and OPG were detected at late time points (> postoperative 4 days). This study provides evidence of accelerated bone healing in TLR4(-/-) mice with earlier and higher expression of inflammatory cytokines and with increased osteoclastic activity. Further work is required to determine if this is due to inflammation driven by TLR4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Stomatology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - James R. Gilbert
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James J. Cray
- Departments of Oral Biology and Orthodontics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adam A. Kubala
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Shaw
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Cooper
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departments of Oral Biology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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391
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Zhou H, Chen D, Xie H, Xia L, Wang T, Yuan W, Yan J. Activation of MAPKs in the anti-β2GPI/β2GPI-induced tissue factor expression through TLR4/IRAKs pathway in THP-1 cells. Thromb Res 2012; 130:e229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.08.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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392
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Abstract
AIM To test the activities of culture-extracted or commercially available toll-like receptors (TLRs) ligands to establish their direct impact on target gastrointestinal motor cells. METHODS Short-term and long-term effects of Shigella flexneri M90T and Escherichia coli K-2 strains-extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS), commercially highly purified LPS (E. coli O111:B4 and EH100), and Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4, which bind TLR2/6 and TLR1/2 heterodimers, respectively, have been assessed on pure primary cultures of colonic human smooth muscle cells (HSMC). RESULTS Pathogenic Shigella-LPS and nonpathogenic E. coli K-2-LPS induced a time-dependent decrease of resting cell length and acetylcholine-induced contraction, with both alterations occurring rapidly and being more pronounced in response to the former. However, their effects differed, prolonging HSMC exposure with Shigella-LPS effects maintained throughout the 4 hours of observation compared with E. coli K-2-LPS, which disappeared after 60 minutes of incubation. Similar differences in magnitude and time dependency of myogenic effects were observed between pure TLR4 and TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 ligands. The specific activation of TLR4 with LPS from pathogen or nonpathogen E. coli, O111:B4 and EH100, respectively, induced smooth muscle alterations that progressively increased, prolonging incubation, whereas TLR2 ligands induced short-term alterations, of a lesser magnitude, which decreased over time. The real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that HSMC express mRNA for TLR1, 2, 4, and 6, substantiating a direct effect of TLR ligands on human colonic smooth muscle. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that bacterial products can directly affect gastrointestinal motility and that TLRs subtypes may differ in their cellular activity.
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393
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Chen H, Jiang Z. The essential adaptors of innate immune signaling. Protein Cell 2012; 4:27-39. [PMID: 22996173 PMCID: PMC4875439 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial components and the endogenous molecules released from damaged cells can stimulate germ-line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to transduce signals to the hub of the innate immune signaling network-the adaptor proteins MyD88/TRIF/MAVS/STING/Caspase-1, where integrated signals relay to the relevant transcription factors IRF3/IRF7/NF-κB/ AP-1 and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) to trigger the expression of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines or the assembly of inflammasomes. Most pleiotropic cytokines are secreted and bind to specific receptors, activating the signaling pathways including JAK-STAT for the proliferation, differentiation and functional capacity of immune cells. This review focuses on several critical adaptors in innate immune signaling cascades and recent progress in their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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394
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Chang TH, Chen SR, Yu CY, Lin YS, Chen YS, Kubota T, Matsuoka M, Lin YL. Dengue virus serotype 2 blocks extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation to downregulate cytokine production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41635. [PMID: 22927911 PMCID: PMC3425550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease threatening human health around the world. Type I interferon (IFN) and cytokine production are crucial in the innate immune system. We previously reported that DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) induced low levels of interferon regulatory factor 3 and NF-κB activation, thus leading to reduced production of IFN-β in the early phase of infection. Here, we determined whether DENV infection not only hampers type I IFN activation but also cytokine production triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Methodology/Principal Findings We used quantitative RT-PCR and found that only low levels of IFN-β and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mRNA were detected in DENV-2–infected bone-marrow–derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, DENV-2 infection repressed cytokine production triggered by TLR signaling. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this suppression event, we measured NF-κB activation by p65 nuclear translocation and luciferase reporter assay and found that NF-κB activation triggered by TLR ligands was blocked by DENV-2 infection. As well, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity was suppressed by DENV-2 infection. Conclusions/Significance To downregulate the host innate immunity, DENV-2 by itself is a weak inducer of type I IFN and cytokines, furthermore DENV-2 can also block the TLR-triggered ERK–NF-κB activation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THC); (YLL)
| | - Siang-Ru Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Toru Kubota
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Matsuoka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THC); (YLL)
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395
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Gantner BN, Jin H, Qian F, Hay N, He B, Ye RD. The Akt1 isoform is required for optimal IFN-β transcription through direct phosphorylation of β-catenin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3104-11. [PMID: 22904301 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IFN-β is a critical antiviral cytokine that is capable of modulating the systemic immune response. The transcriptional induction of IFN-β is a highly regulated process, involving the activation of pattern recognition receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. The Akt family of serine/threonine kinases includes three isoforms. The specific role for the individual Akt isoforms in pattern recognition and signaling remains unclear. In this article, we report that the TLR3-mediated expression of IFN-β is blunted in cells that lack Akt1. The expression of IFN-β-inducible genes such as CCL5 and CXCL10 was also reduced in Akt1-deficient cells; the induction of TNF-α and CXCL2, whose expression does not rely on IFN-β, was not reduced in the absence of Akt1. Macrophages from Akt1(-/-) mice displayed deficient clearance of HSV-1 along with reduced IFN-β expression. Our results demonstrate that Akt1 signals through β-catenin by phosphorylation on Ser(552), a site that differs from the glycogen synthase kinase 3 β phosphorylation site. Stimulation of a chemically activated version of Akt1, in the absence of other TLR3-dependent signaling, was sufficient for accumulation and phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser(552). Taken together, these results demonstrate that the Akt1 isoform is required for β-catenin-mediated promotion of IFN-β transcription downstream of TLR3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Gantner
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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396
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Young SA, Davis PA, Yokoyama W. HPMC supplementation reduces abdominal fat content, intestinal permeability, inflammation, and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1464-76. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition; University of California; Davis CA USA
- USDA, ARS; Western Regional Research Center; Albany CA USA
| | | | | | - Paul A. Davis
- Department of Nutrition; University of California; Davis CA USA
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397
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Shin JS, Park SJ, Ryu S, Kang HB, Kim TW, Choi JH, Lee JY, Cho YW, Lee KT. Potent anti-inflammatory effect of a novel furan-2,5-dione derivative, BPD, mediated by dual suppression of COX-2 activity and LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression via NF-κB inactivation. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1926-1940. [PMID: 21913901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We previously reported that 3-(benzo[d]-1,3-dioxol-5-yl)-4-phenylfuran-2,5-dione (BPD) showed strong inhibitory effects on PGE(2) production. However, the exact mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of BPD is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the effects of BPD on inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophages and animal models of inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expressions of COX-2, inducible NOS (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages, were determined by Western blot and/or qRT-PCR, respectively. NF-κB activation was investigated by EMSA, reporter gene assay and Western blotting. Anti-inflammatory effects of BPD were evaluated in vivo in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and LPS-induced septic shock in mice. KEY RESULTS BPD not only inhibited COX-2 activity but also reduced the expression of COX-2. In addition, BPD inhibited the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β at the transcriptional level. BPD attenuated LPS-induced DNA-binding activity and the transcription activity of NF-κB; this was associated with a decrease in the phosphorylation level of inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) and reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, BPD suppressed the formation of TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1)/TAK-binding protein1 (TAB1), which was accompanied by a parallel reduction of phosphorylation of TAK1 and IκB kinase (IKK). Pretreatment with BPD inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema and LPS-induced septic death. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our data indicate that BPD is involved in the dual inhibition of COX-2 activity and TAK1-NF-κB pathway, providing a molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suran Ryu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Byul Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeol Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Wuk Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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398
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Su HC, Ma CT, Yu BC, Chien YC, Tsai CC, Huang WC, Lin CF, Chuang YH, Young KC, Wang JN, Tsao CW. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates anti-inflammatory property of fluoxetine. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:150-6. [PMID: 22749848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine not only is widely used in the treatment of depression but also has an anti-inflammatory property. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) is a vital factor in the inflammation process. How fluoxetine interferes with inflammation via a GSK-3β-dependent pathway remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of fluoxetine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Results showed that fluoxetine decreased mortality rate of the mice. It also inhibited LPS-induced release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in serum and RAW264.7 murine macrophages and expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Upon LPS stimulation, fluoxetine caused a delay but increased in the phosphorylated levels of GSK-3β (ser9), whereas it did not affect LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fluoxetine in combination with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/Akt inhibitors (LY294002 and Wortmannin) did not have a synergistic inhibition on LPS-induced NO release and PGE2 production. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist GW9622 showed no reverse effects of this inhibition of fluoxetine. GSK-3β knockdown blocked the inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on LPS-induced iNOS/NO release and COX-2/PGE2 production. These results indicated that GSK-3β regulated anti-inflammatory property of fluoxetine. However, Akt activation, ROS generation, and altered PPARγ activity were not involved in this inhibition of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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399
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Recent progress in studies of arterivirus- and coronavirus-host interactions. Viruses 2012; 4:980-1010. [PMID: 22816036 PMCID: PMC3397358 DOI: 10.3390/v4060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. This review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on IBV-host cell interactions. These interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or lead to the alteration of certain signaling pathways, such as cell stress response and innate immunity, to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis.
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400
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Kukita A, Ichigi Y, Takigawa I, Watanabe T, Kukita T, Miyamoto H. Infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D macrophages with Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α-independent manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38500. [PMID: 22723864 PMCID: PMC3377672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of macrophages with bacteria induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α. TNF-α directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages in vitro as well as indirectly via osteoblasts. Recently, it was reported that bacterial components such as LPS inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in early stages, but promoted osteoclast differentiation in late stages. However, the contribution to osteoclast differentiation of TNF-α produced by infected macrophages remains unclear. We show here that Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the major pathogens in periodontitis, directly promotes osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed RAW-D (subclone of RAW264) mouse macrophages, and we show that TNF-α is not involved in the stimulatory effect on osteoclastogenesis. P. gingivalis infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D macrophages markedly stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a RANKL-independent manner. In the presence of the TLR4 inhibitor, polymyxin B, infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D cells with P. gingivalis also induced osteoclastogenesis, indicating that TLR4 is not involved. Infection of RAW-D cells with P. gingivalis stimulated the production of TNF-α, whereas the production of TNF-α by similarly infected RANKL-primed RAW-D cells was markedly down-regulated. In addition, infection of RANKL-primed macrophages with P. gingivalis induced osteoclastogenesis in the presence of neutralizing antibody against TNF-α. Inhibitors of NFATc1 and p38MAPK, but not of NF-κB signaling, significantly suppressed P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed macrophages. Moreover, re-treatment of RANKL-primed macrophages with RANKL stimulated osteoclastogenesis in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis infection, whereas re-treatment of RANKL-primed macrophages with TNF-α did not enhance osteoclastogenesis in the presence of live P. gingivalis. Thus, P. gingivalis infection of RANKL-primed macrophages promoted osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α independent manner, and RANKL but not TNF-α was effective in inducing osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed RAW-D cells in the presence of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kukita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
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