351
|
Mayorga Reyes L, González Vázquez R, Cruz Arroyo SM, Melendez Avalos A, Reyes Castillo PA, Chavaro Pérez DA, Ramos Terrones I, Ramos Ibáñez N, Rodríguez Magallanes MM, Langella P, Bermúdez Humarán L, Azaola Espinosa A. Correlation between diet and gut bacteria in a population of young adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:470-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2016.1162770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lino Mayorga Reyes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Raquel González Vázquez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Schahrasad M. Cruz Arroyo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Araceli Melendez Avalos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Pedro A. Reyes Castillo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| | - David A. Chavaro Pérez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Idalia Ramos Terrones
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Atención a la Salud, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Norma Ramos Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Atención a la Salud, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Magdalena M. Rodríguez Magallanes
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Atención a la Salud, Coyoacán, México City
| | - Philippe Langella
- Laboratory of Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luis Bermúdez Humarán
- Laboratory of Commensal and Probiotics-Host Interactions, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alejandro Azaola Espinosa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México City
| |
Collapse
|
352
|
Higashimura Y, Naito Y, Takagi T, Uchiyama K, Mizushima K, Ushiroda C, Ohnogi H, Kudo Y, Yasui M, Inui S, Hisada T, Honda A, Matsuzaki Y, Yoshikawa T. Protective effect of agaro-oligosaccharides on gut dysbiosis and colon tumorigenesis in high-fat diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G367-75. [PMID: 26767984 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced alteration in the gut microbial composition, known as dysbiosis, is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for various diseases, including colon cancer. This report describes a comprehensive investigation of the effect of agaro-oligosaccharides (AGO) on HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, including alterations in short-chain fatty acid contents and bile acid metabolism in mice. C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet or HFD, with or without AGO. Terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis produced their fecal microbiota profiles. Profiles of cecal organic acids and serum bile acids were determined, respectively, using HPLC and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry systems. T-RFLP analyses showed that an HFD changed the gut microbiota significantly. Changes in the microbiota composition induced by an HFD were characterized by a decrease in the order Lactobacillales and by an increase in the Clostridium subcluster XIVa. These changes of the microbiota community generated by HFD treatment were suppressed by AGO supplementation. As supported by the data of the proportion of Lactobacillales order, the concentration of lactic acid increased in the HFD + AGO group. Data from the serum bile acid profile showed that the level of deoxycholic acid, a carcinogenic secondary bile acid produced by gut bacteria, was increased in HFD-receiving mice. The upregulation tended to be suppressed by AGO supplementation. Finally, results show that AGO supplementation suppressed the azoxymethane-induced generation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon derived from HFD-treated mice. Our results suggest that oral intake of AGO prevents HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, thereby inhibiting colon carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Higashimura
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Food Factor Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ushiroda
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ohnogi
- Department of Food Factor Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Takara Bio Incorporated, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoko Kudo
- Takara Bio Incorporated, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Seina Inui
- Takara Bio Incorporated, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Akira Honda
- Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzaki
- Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Factor Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
353
|
Bhattarai Y, Kashyap PC. Agaro-oligosaccharides: a new frontier in the fight against colon cancer? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G335-6. [PMID: 26867562 PMCID: PMC4796294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00049.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bhattarai
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
354
|
Craig JM. Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:95-105. [PMID: 29067183 PMCID: PMC5645856 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of human and canine allergic diseases is commonly perceived to be increasing. Suggested predisposing factors in people and dogs include increased allergen load, increased exposure to pollutants, reduced family size, reduced microbial load and less exposure to infection at a young age, increasingly urbanised environment, and changes in dietary habits. Genetic make‐up may provide a template for phenotypic predisposition which is strongly influenced by our diet and environment leading to constant regulation of gene expression. One way in which diet can alter gene expression is via its effects on the gut flora or microbiota, the collection of microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The resident microbiota is important in maintaining structural and functional integrity of the gut and in immune system regulation. It is an important driver of host immunity, helps protect against invading enteropathogens, and provides nutritional benefits to the host. Disruption of the microbiota (dysbiosis) may lead to severe health problems, both in the gastrointestinal tract and extra‐intestinal organ systems. The precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota exerts its effects are only beginning to be unravelled but research is demonstrating close links between gut microflora and many factors involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). AD and indeed any other ‘skin disease’, may be seen as a possible manifestation of a more systemic problem involving gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, which may occur even in the absence of gastrointestinal signs. Manipulation of the canine intestinal microbiota as a method for modifying atopy, may be attempted in many ways including avoidance of certain foods, supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, optimising nutrient intake, minimising stress, antimicrobial therapy, correction and prevention of low stomach acid, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
Collapse
|
355
|
Repass J, Maherali N, Owen K. Registered report: Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26882501 PMCID: PMC4764561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from 'Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma' by Castellarin and colleagues published in Genome Research in 2012 (Castellarin et al., 2012). The experiment to be replicated is reported in Figure 2. Here, Castellarin and colleagues performed a metagenomic analysis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) to identify potential associations between inflammatory microorganisms and gastrointestinal cancers. They conducted quantitative real-time PCR on genomic DNA isolated from tumor and matched normal biopsies from a patient cohort and found that the overall abundance of Fusobacterium was 415 times greater in CRC versus adjacent normal tissue. These results confirmed earlier studies and provide evidence for a link between tissue-associated bacteria and tumorigenesis. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange and the results of the replications will be published in eLife. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10012.001
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kate Owen
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
356
|
Varma MC, Kusminski CM, Azharian S, Gilardini L, Kumar S, Invitti C, McTernan PG. Metabolic endotoxaemia in childhood obesity. BMC OBESITY 2016; 3:3. [PMID: 26819711 PMCID: PMC4728817 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation considered as a precursor to metabolic disease; however, the underlying mechanisms for this remain unclear. Studies in adults have implicated gut derived gram-negative bacterial fragments known as lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin, activating the inflammatory response, whilst the importance in childhood obesity is unclear. The aim of this research is to understand the relationship between circulating endotoxin in childhood obesity, and its’ association with inflammatory and cardiovascular (CV) injury biomarkers. Methods Fasted blood was obtained from children with varying degrees of obesity (age: 13.9 ± 2.3Yr; BMI: 35.1 ± 5.2 Kg/m2; n = 60). Multiplex CVD biomarker immunoassays were used to determine systemic levels of inflammatory and vascular injury biomarkers, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-) 1β, 6, 8 and 10, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type-1 (sICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as endotoxin levels. Results Endotoxin levels demonstrated a significant and positive correlation with the markers for inflammation, vascular injury and atherogenesis (TNF-α: r2 = 0.077, p < 0.05; PAI-1: r2 = 0.215, p < 0.01; sICAM-1: r2 = 0.159, p < 0.01; MMP-9: r2 = 0.159, p < 0.01; MPO: r2 = 0.07, p < 0.05; VEGF: r2 = 0.161, p < 0.01). Males demonstrated significantly higher circulating endotoxin than females (Males: 9.63 ± 5.34 EU/ml; p = 0.004; Females: 5.56 ± 4.06 EU/ml; n = 60) in these BMI and age-matched cohorts. Conclusion The present study demonstrates for the first time a significant association between circulating endotoxin and biomarkers of metabolic risk in children as young as 11 years. Thus, endotoxin-mediated sub-clinical inflammation during childhood obesity may be a key contributor to T2DM and CVD development later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhan C Varma
- Division of Biomedical sciences,, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX UK
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Division of Biomedical sciences,, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX UK
| | - Sahar Azharian
- Division of Biomedical sciences,, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX UK
| | - Luisa Gilardini
- Department of Medical Sciences & Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 13, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Division of Biomedical sciences,, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX UK
| | - Cecilia Invitti
- Department of Medical Sciences & Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 13, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Biomedical sciences,, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UHCW Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Walsgrave, Coventry CV2 2DX UK
| |
Collapse
|
357
|
Support for the Microgenderome: Associations in a Human Clinical Population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19171. [PMID: 26757840 PMCID: PMC4725945 DOI: 10.1038/srep19171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'microgenderome' provides a paradigm shift that highlights the role of sex differences in the host-microbiota interaction relevant for autoimmune and neuro-immune conditions. Analysis of cross-sectional self-report and faecal microbial data from 274 patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) suggests that commensal gut microorganisms may play both protective and deleterious roles in symptom expression. Results revealed significant sex-specific interactions between Firmicutes (Clostridium, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus) and ME/CFS symptoms (including neurological, immune and mood symptoms), regardless of compositional similarity in microbial levels across the sexes. Extending animal studies, we provide support for the microgenderome in a human clinical population. Applied and mechanistic research needs to consider sex-interactions when examining the composition and function of human microbiota.
Collapse
|
358
|
Caro M, Iturria I, Martinez-Santos M, Pardo MA, Rainieri S, Tueros I, Navarro V. Zebrafish dives into food research: effectiveness assessment of bioactive compounds. Food Funct 2016; 7:2615-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00046k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish ease of use and characteristics reveal it to be an interesting and underused model in food and nutrition research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Caro
- AZTI, Food Research, Astondo Bidea 609
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| | - I. Iturria
- AZTI, Food Research, Astondo Bidea 609
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| | | | - M. A. Pardo
- AZTI, Food Research, Astondo Bidea 609
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| | - S. Rainieri
- AZTI, Food Research, Astondo Bidea 609
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| | - I. Tueros
- AZTI, Food Research, Astondo Bidea 609
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| | - V. Navarro
- AZTI, Food Research, Astondo Bidea 609
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
359
|
Ignacio A, Fernandes MR, Rodrigues VAA, Groppo FC, Cardoso AL, Avila-Campos MJ, Nakano V. Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:258.e1-8. [PMID: 26551842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is an increasing problem at the global level and considered as a risk factor for obesity development and the associated co-morbidities in adult life. In this study, the occurrence of Bacteroides fragilis group, Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli in 84 faecal samples from 30 obese, 24 overweight and 30 lean children was verified by culture technique and quantitative determination by quantitative PCR. In addition, Lactobacillus spp. and Methanobrevibacter smithii were also analysed. A correlation between the body mass index (BMI) and these bacteria was sought. Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium perfringens and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were most prevalent in all samples evaluated by culture-method. The B. fragilis group were found at high concentrations in obese and overweight children when compared with the lean ones (p 0.015). The obese and overweight children harboured higher numbers of Lactobacillus spp. than lean children (p 0.022). The faecal concentrations of the B. fragilis group (r = 0.24; p 0.026) and Lactobacillus spp. (r = 0.44; p 0.002) were positively correlated with BMI. Bifidobacterium spp. were found in higher numbers in the lean group than the overweight and obese ones (p 0.042). Furthermore, a negative correlation between BMI and Bifidobacterium spp. copy number (r = -0.22; p 0.039) was observed. Our findings show some difference in the intestinal microbial ecosystem of obese children compared with the lean ones and a significant association between number of Lactobacillus spp. and B. fragilis group and BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ignacio
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Fernandes
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V A A Rodrigues
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F C Groppo
- Campinas State University, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A L Cardoso
- Institute of Children, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M J Avila-Campos
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V Nakano
- Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
360
|
De Rosa V, Galgani M, Santopaolo M, Colamatteo A, Laccetti R, Matarese G. Nutritional control of immunity: Balancing the metabolic requirements with an appropriate immune function. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:300-9. [PMID: 26527507 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a highly integrated network of cells sensitive to a number of environmental factors. Interestingly, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of how diet makes a crucial contribution to human health, affecting the immune system, secretion of adipocytokines and metabolic pathways. Recent experimental evidence indicates that diet and its components are able to profoundly influence immune responses, thus affecting the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review aims to discuss some of the main topics concerning the impact of nutrients and their relative composition on immune cell development and function that may be particularly important for regulating the balance between inflammatory and tolerogenic processes. We also highlight the effects of diet on commensal bacteria and how changes in the composition of the microbiota alter intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize the effects of dietary compounds on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of several immune related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Laccetti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano 20138, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
361
|
Chiba M, Tsuji T, Nakane K, Komatsu M. High amount of dietary fiber not harmful but favorable for Crohn disease. Perm J 2015; 19:58-61. [PMID: 25663207 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/14-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Current chronic diseases are a reflection of the westernized diet that features a decreased consumption of dietary fiber. Indigestible dietary fiber is metabolized by gut bacteria, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, to butyrate, which has a critical role in colonic homeostasis owing to a variety of functions. Dietary fiber intake has been significantly inversely associated with the risk of chronic diseases. Crohn disease (CD) is not an exception. However, even authors who reported the inverse association between dietary fiber and a risk of CD made no recommendation of dietary fiber intake to CD patients. Some correspondence was against advocating high fiber intake in CD. We initiated a semivegetarian diet (SVD), namely a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Our SVD contains 32.4 g of dietary fiber in 2000 kcal. There was no untoward effect of the SVD. The remission rate with combined infliximab and SVD for newly diagnosed CD patients was 100%. Maintenance of remission on SVD without scheduled maintenance therapy with biologic drugs was 92% at 2 years. These excellent short- and long-term results can be explained partly by SVD. The fecal bacterial count of F prausnitzii in patients with CD is significantly lower than in healthy controls. Diet reviews recommend plant-based diets to treat and to prevent a variety of chronic diseases. SVD belongs to plant-based diets that inevitably contain considerable amounts of dietary fiber. Our clinical experience and available data provide a rationale to recommend a high fiber intake to treat CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuro Chiba
- Chief of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Section at Akita City Hospital in Japan.
| | - Tsuyotoshi Tsuji
- Chief of the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Section at Akita City Hospital in Japan.
| | - Kunio Nakane
- Chief of the Gastroenterology Division at Akita City Hospital in Japan.
| | - Masafumi Komatsu
- Gastroenterologist and the Director of Akita City Hospital in Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
362
|
Power KA, Lepp D, Zarepoor L, Monk JM, Wu W, Tsao R, Liu R. Dietary flaxseed modulates the colonic microenvironment in healthy C57Bl/6 male mice which may alter susceptibility to gut-associated diseases. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 28:61-9. [PMID: 26878783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how dietary components alter the healthy baseline colonic microenvironment is important in determining their roles in influencing gut health and gut-associated diseases. Dietary flaxseed (FS) has demonstrated anti-colon cancer effects in numerous rodent models, however, exacerbated acute colonic mucosal injury and inflammation in a colitis model. This study investigates whether FS alters critical aspects of gut health in healthy unchallenged mice, which may help explain some of the divergent effects observed following different gut-associated disease challenges. Four-week-old C57Bl/6 male mice were fed an AIN-93G basal diet (BD) or an isocaloric BD+10% ground FS diet for 3 weeks. FS enhanced colon goblet cell density, mucus production, MUC2 mRNA expression, and cecal short chain fatty acid levels, indicative of beneficial intestinal barrier integrity responses. Additionally, FS enhanced colonic regenerating islet-derived protein 3 gamma (RegIIIγ) and reduced MUC1 and resistin-like molecule beta (RELMβ) mRNA expression which may indicate altered responses in regulating microbial defense and injury repair responses. FS diet altered the fecal microbial community structure (16S rRNA gene profiling), including a 20-fold increase in Prevotella spp. and a 30-fold reduction in Akkermansia muciniphila abundance. A 10-fold reduction in A. muciniphila abundance by FS was also demonstrated in the colon tissue-associated microbiota (quantitative PCR). Furthermore, fecal branched chain fatty acids were increased by FS, indicative of increased microbial-derived putrefactive compounds. In conclusion, consumption of a FS-supplemented diet alters the baseline colonic microenvironment of healthy mice which may modify subsequent mucosal microbial defense and injury-repair responses leading to altered susceptibility to different gut-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista A Power
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario.
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario
| | - Leila Zarepoor
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario
| | - Jennifer M Monk
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
363
|
Nistal E, Fernández-Fernández N, Vivas S, Olcoz JL. Factors Determining Colorectal Cancer: The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota. Front Oncol 2015; 5:220. [PMID: 26528432 PMCID: PMC4601259 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, in particular the colon, holds a complex community of microorganisms, which are essential for maintaining homeostasis. However, in recent years, many studies have implicated microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), with this disease considered a major cause of death in the western world. The mechanisms underlying bacterial contribution in its development are complex and are not yet fully understood. However, there is increasing evidence showing a connection between intestinal microbiota and CRC. Intestinal microorganisms cause the onset and progression of CRC using different mechanisms, such as the induction of a chronic inflammation state, the biosynthesis of genotoxins that interfere with cell cycle regulation, the production of toxic metabolites, or heterocyclic amine activation of pro-diet carcinogenic compounds. Despite these advances, additional studies in humans and animal models will further decipher the relationship between microbiota and CRC, and aid in developing alternate therapies based on microbiota manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nistal
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León , León , Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vivas
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León , León , Spain ; Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario de León , León , Spain
| | - José Luis Olcoz
- Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario de León , León , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
364
|
Abstract
A high-fat diet and elevated levels of free fatty acids are known risk factors for metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and visceral obesity. Although these disease associations are well established, it is unclear how different dietary fats change the risk of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Here, we review emerging evidence that insulin resistance and fat storage are linked to changes in the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, in turn, are highly influenced by the composition of fat in the diet. We review findings that certain fats (for example, long-chain saturated fatty acids) are associated with dysbiosis, impairment of intestinal barrier function, and metabolic endotoxemia. In contrast, other fatty acids, including short-chain and certain unsaturated fatty acids, protect against dysbiosis and impairment of barrier function caused by other dietary fats. These fats may promote insulin sensitivity by inhibiting metabolic endotoxemia and dysbiosis-driven inflammation. During dysbiosis, the modulation of metabolism by diet and microbiota may represent an adaptive process that compensates for the increased fuel demands of an activated immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Alcock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
365
|
Early Detection of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Fecal Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis. J Pediatr 2015; 167:562-7.e1. [PMID: 26188801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analysis by electronic nose (eNose) allows for early detection of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). STUDY DESIGN In 3 neonatal intensive care units, fecal samples of infants born at gestational age ≤ 30 weeks were collected daily, up to the 28th day of life. Included infants were allocated in 3 subgroups: NEC, sepsis, and matched controls. Three time windows were defined: (1) T-5,-4 (5 and 4 days before diagnosis); (2) T-3,-2 (3 and 2 days before diagnosis); and (3) T-1,0 (day before and day of diagnosis). Three subgroups were analyzed by eNose. RESULTS Fecal VOC profiles of infants with NEC (n = 13) could significantly be discriminated from matched controls (n = 14) at T-3,-2 (area under the curve ± 95% CI, P value, sensitivity, specificity: 0.77 ± 0.21, P = .02, 83%, 75%); the accuracy increased at T-1,0 (0.99 ± 0.04, P ≤ .001, 89%, 89%). VOC profiles of infants with NEC were also significantly different from those with sepsis (n = 31) at T-3,-2 (0.80 ± 0.17, P = .004, 83%, 75%), but not at T-1,0 (0.64 ± 0.18, P = .216, 89%, 57%). CONCLUSIONS In this proof of principle study, we observed that fecal VOC profiles of infants with NEC could be discriminated from controls, from 2-3 days predating onset of clinical symptoms. Our observations suggest that VOC-profiling by eNose has potential as a noninvasive tool for the early prediction of NEC.
Collapse
|
366
|
Yashiro M. Molecular Alterations of Colorectal Cancer with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2251-63. [PMID: 25840920 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an important etiologic factor in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The risk of CRC begins to increase 8 or 10 years after the diagnosis of IBD. This type of cancer is called colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC). The molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory epithelium might play a critical role in the development of CA-CRC. Genetic alterations detected in CA-CRC such as genetic mutations, microsatellite instability, and DNA hypermethylation are also recognized in sporadic CRC; however, there are differences in the timing and frequency of molecular events between CA-CRC and sporadic CRC. Interaction between gene-environmental factors, including inflammation, lifestyle, psychological stress, and prior appendectomy, might be associated with the etiopathology of IBD. The mucosal inflammatory mediators, such as oxidant stress, free radicals, and chemokines, may cause the genetic alterations. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of CA-CRC might be important to develop clinical efficacies for patients with IBD. This review discusses the molecular characteristics of CA-CRC, especially ulcerative colitis-associated CRC, including clinical features, signaling pathways, and interactions between genetic alterations and environment involved in inflammatory carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
367
|
Colucci R, Lotti F, Arunachalam M, Lotti T, Dragoni F, Benvenga S, Moretti S. Correlation of Serum Thyroid Hormones Autoantibodies with Self-Reported Exposure to Thyroid Disruptors in a Group of Nonsegmental Vitiligo Patients. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:181-190. [PMID: 25700983 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a pigmentary disorder strongly associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders (ATD). Thyroid hormones antibodies (THAb) directed toward thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4) (T3- and T4-Ab) are rare in the general population but are increased in individuals wit ATD and extrathyroid autoimmune disorders. Because it is known that alcohol, smoke, iodine, and some thyroid disruptors can elicit the appearance of ATD, the aim of our study was to evaluate possible correlation between T3- and T4-Ab expression and past toxic exposures in vitiligo patients. Seventy vitiligo patients were examined and self-reported exposure to thyroid disruptors (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, perchlorates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, resorcinol, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, alachlor/amitriole, nitrate, thiocyanate, soy isoflavones), iodine intake, smoke, and alcohol consumption were investigated through standardized questionnaires. Immunoglobulin (Ig)M-T3-Ab, IgG-T3-Ab, IgM-T4-Ab,and IgG-T4-Ab were dosed by a radioimmunoprecipitation technique. Seventy-seven (95.7 %) patients had at least one type of THAb. Most of them had contemporarily both T3- and T4-Ab (50/70). We found a significant association between PCBs and T4-IgG-Ab (P = 0.039) and between food intake containing nitrate, thiocyanate, and soy isoflavones with (IgM + IgG)-T3-Ab (P = 0.041). Our study underlines a possible influence of diet and environment in vitiligo patients in eliciting THAb. Therefore, in the event of a positive exposure to thyroid disruptors, an evaluation of thyroid function might be useful to early detect possible associated thyroid autoantibodies such as THAb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Colucci
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
368
|
Garidou L, Pomié C, Klopp P, Waget A, Charpentier J, Aloulou M, Giry A, Serino M, Stenman L, Lahtinen S, Dray C, Iacovoni JS, Courtney M, Collet X, Amar J, Servant F, Lelouvier B, Valet P, Eberl G, Fazilleau N, Douin-Echinard V, Heymes C, Burcelin R. The Gut Microbiota Regulates Intestinal CD4 T Cells Expressing RORγt and Controls Metabolic Disease. Cell Metab 2015; 22:100-12. [PMID: 26154056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) induces metabolic disease and low-grade metabolic inflammation in response to changes in the intestinal microbiota through as-yet-unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that a HFD-derived ileum microbiota is responsible for a decrease in Th17 cells of the lamina propria in axenic colonized mice. The HFD also changed the expression profiles of intestinal antigen-presenting cells and their ability to generate Th17 cells in vitro. Consistent with these data, the metabolic phenotype was mimicked in RORγt-deficient mice, which lack IL17 and IL22 function, and in the adoptive transfer experiment of T cells from RORγt-deficient mice into Rag1-deficient mice. We conclude that the microbiota of the ileum regulates Th17 cell homeostasis in the small intestine and determines the outcome of metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Garidou
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France.
| | - Céline Pomié
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Klopp
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Waget
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Meryem Aloulou
- Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, F-31300 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5282, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Anaïs Giry
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Serino
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Lotta Stenman
- Danisco Sweeteners Oy Sokeritehtaantie 20 FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Sampo Lahtinen
- Danisco Sweeteners Oy Sokeritehtaantie 20 FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Cedric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jason S Iacovoni
- Plateau de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, INSERM UMR1048, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Courtney
- Vaiomer SAS, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-31670 Labège, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Amar
- Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France; Hôpital Rangueil, Département Thérapeutique, F-31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Servant
- Vaiomer SAS, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-31670 Labège, France
| | | | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Développement des Tissus Lymphoïdes, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, F-31300 Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5282, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Victorine Douin-Echinard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM U1048 F-31432 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, F-31432 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
369
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing body of evidence has linked diet to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Most of our current knowledge pertains to the link between diet and Crohn's disease. Exclusive enteral nutrition and partial enteral nutrition are the best known dietary intervention for the induction of remission and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease both in children and in adults, but the mechanism whereby these interventions may cause or maintain remission and mucosal healing has remained elusive. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shed light on the possible mechanisms of response to dietary intervention. Epidemiological and rodent model studies over the last year have supplied us with several dietary candidates for an effect of diet on inflammation and disease pathogenesis. Others have shed insight into the effect of diet on dysbiosis and the microbiota. An elimination diet based on some of these candidates has shown clinical efficacy, and bridged the knowledge obtained from rodent models to a human intervention. SUMMARY These studies may allow better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD and provide new tools to treat these difficult diseases. Elimination diets based on the identification of deleterious dietary components may pave the way for an improved control of the disease in the future. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COG/A10.
Collapse
|
370
|
Mediterranean diet: the missing link between gut microbiota and inflammatory diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1078. [PMID: 26014263 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
371
|
Park S, Bae JH. Probiotics for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res 2015; 35:566-75. [PMID: 26032481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been reported to be one of the potential determinants of obesity in recent human and animal studies. Probiotics may affect the gut microbiota to modulate obesity. This systematic review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the evidence from clinical trials that have tested the effectiveness of probiotics or foods containing probiotics as a treatment for weight loss. Literature searches of electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were conducted. Methodological quality was assessed using body weight and body mass index (BMI). Initial searches yielded 368 articles. Of these, only 9 met the selection criteria. Because of insufficient data, only 4 of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics with placebo. The meta-analysis of these data showed no significant effect of probiotics on body weight and BMI (body weight, n = 196; mean difference, -1.77; 95% confidence interval, -4.84 to 1.29; P = .26; BMI, n = 154; mean difference, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, -0.24 to 1.78; P = .14). However, the total number of RCTs included in the analysis, the total sample size, and the methodological quality of the primary studies were too low to draw definitive conclusions. Thus, more rigorously designed RCTs are necessary to examine the effect of probiotics on body weight in greater detail. Collectively, the RCTs examined in this meta-analysis indicated that probiotics have limited efficacy in terms of decreasing body weight and BMI and were not effective for weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Diabetes/Obesity Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
372
|
de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
373
|
Grace-Farfaglia P. Bones of contention: bone mineral density recovery in celiac disease--a systematic review. Nutrients 2015; 7:3347-69. [PMID: 25961322 PMCID: PMC4446755 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic bone disease is a frequent co-morbidity in newly diagnosed adults with celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of dietary gluten. This systematic review of studies looked at the efficacy of the gluten-free diet, physical activity, nutrient supplementation, and bisphosphonates for low bone density treatment. Case control and cohort designs were identified from PubMed and other academic databases (from 1996 to 2015) that observed newly diagnosed adults with CD for at least one year after diet treatment using the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Only 20 out of 207 studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using the Strengthening of the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement checklist. Gluten-free diet adherence resulted in partial recovery of bone density by one year in all studies, and full recovery by the fifth year. No treatment differences were observed between the gluten-free diet alone and diet plus bisphosphonates in one study. For malnourished patients, supplementation with vitamin D and calcium resulted in significant improvement. Evidence for the impact of physical activity on bone density was limited. Therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying lifestyle factors throughout the lifespan should be studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Grace-Farfaglia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Connecticut, Waterbury, CT 06702, USA.
- Health and Wellness Promotion, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT 84606, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
374
|
Potgieter M, Bester J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:567-91. [PMID: 25940667 PMCID: PMC4487407 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood in healthy organisms is seen as a ‘sterile’ environment: it lacks proliferating microbes. Dormant or not-immediately-culturable forms are not absent, however, as intracellular dormancy is well established. We highlight here that a great many pathogens can survive in blood and inside erythrocytes. ‘Non-culturability’, reflected by discrepancies between plate counts and total counts, is commonplace in environmental microbiology. It is overcome by improved culturing methods, and we asked how common this would be in blood. A number of recent, sequence-based and ultramicroscopic studies have uncovered an authentic blood microbiome in a number of non-communicable diseases. The chief origin of these microbes is the gut microbiome (especially when it shifts composition to a pathogenic state, known as ‘dysbiosis’). Another source is microbes translocated from the oral cavity. ‘Dysbiosis’ is also used to describe translocation of cells into blood or other tissues. To avoid ambiguity, we here use the term ‘atopobiosis’ for microbes that appear in places other than their normal location. Atopobiosis may contribute to the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Overall, it seems that many more chronic, non-communicable, inflammatory diseases may have a microbial component than are presently considered, and may be treatable using bactericidal antibiotics or vaccines. Atopobiosis of microbes (the term describing microbes that appear in places other than where they should be), as well as the products of their metabolism, seems to correlate with, and may contribute to, the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
375
|
Miglioranza Scavuzzi B, Miglioranza LHDS, Henrique FC, Pitelli Paroschi T, Lozovoy MAB, Simão ANC, Dichi I. The role of probiotics on each component of the metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risks. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1127-38. [PMID: 25872805 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1028361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host. The consumption of probiotics has gained increasing recognition from the scientific community due to the promising effects on metabolic health through gut microbiota modulation. AREAS COVERED This article presents a review of scientific studies investigating probiotic species and their effects on different risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). This article also presents a summary of the major mechanisms involved with gut microbiota and the components of the MetS and raises the key issues to be considered by scientists in search of probiotics species for treatment of patients suffering from this metabolic disorder. EXPERT OPINION Probiotics may confer numerous health benefits to the host through positive gut microbiota modulation. The strain selection is the most important factor for determining health effects. Further studies may consider gut microbiota as a novel target for prevention and management of MetS components and other cardiovascular risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Miglioranza Scavuzzi
- University of Londrina, Health Sciences Graduate Department, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Rua Robert Koch n. 60, Londrina, Paraná , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
376
|
Zhang YJ, Li S, Gan RY, Zhou T, Xu DP, Li HB. Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7493-519. [PMID: 25849657 PMCID: PMC4425030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria are an important component of the microbiota ecosystem in the human gut, which is colonized by 1014 microbes, ten times more than the human cells. Gut bacteria play an important role in human health, such as supplying essential nutrients, synthesizing vitamin K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. However, they can also be potentially harmful due to the change of their composition when the gut ecosystem undergoes abnormal changes in the light of the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits, and lifestyle. Dysbiosis of the gut bacteria communities can cause many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, cancer, and autism. This review summarizes and discusses the roles and potential mechanisms of gut bacteria in human health and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Dong-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
377
|
Association between dietary habits and recurrent respiratory infection in children: A case–control study. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
378
|
Bueno-Hernández N, Núñez-Aldana M, Ascaño-Gutierrez I, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Evaluation of diet pattern related to the symptoms of mexican patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC): through the validity of a questionnaire. Nutr J 2015; 14:25. [PMID: 25880639 PMCID: PMC4377033 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of colonic mucosa. Environmental factors such as dietary patterns may increase symptoms in UC patients. Aim To validate and implement a questionnaire to identify foods that exacerbates symptoms in UC patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted to validate and to assess the relationship of food and symptoms in Mexican UC patients. Results The IVC obtained was 0.56 in the questionnaire and kappa = 0.03 in foods from animal origin, 0.5 cereals and tubers, 0.2 legumes, 0.4 vegetables and fruits, 0.4 fats and 0.3 in others. The evaluation was carried out in UC patients (n = 233), 65% active and 35% in UC remission, the current age was 45 (SD; 15) years in active UC and 40 (SD; 15) years in UC remission. Three food groups were made based on the frequency of symptoms: Group A; symptoms more often, especially the active vs remission (P <0.05); Group B caused more symptoms in remission UC vs active UC (P = 0.07) and Group C caused more symptoms in the active UC (P = 0.05). Conclusion Foods with higher frequency of symptoms in patients with UC were: beans, whole milk, plum, lima beans and spicy sauce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Bueno-Hernández
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Del, Tlalpan CP 14000, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Postgraduate Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Circuito de Posgrado S/N, Del, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Martha Núñez-Aldana
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Del, Tlalpan CP 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ilse Ascaño-Gutierrez
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Del, Tlalpan CP 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jesús K Yamamoto-Furusho
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Del, Tlalpan CP 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
379
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex, multi-factorial disease thought to arise from an inappropriate immune response to commensal bacteria in a genetically susceptible person that results in chronic, cyclical, intestinal inflammation. Dietary and environmental factors are implicated in the initiation and perpetuation of IBD; however, a singular causative agent has not been identified. As of now, the role of environmental priming or triggers in IBD onset and pathogenesis are not well understood, but these factors appear to synergize with other disease susceptibility factors. In previous work, we determined that the polysaccharide dietary additive, maltodextrin (MDX), impairs cellular anti-bacterial responses and suppresses intestinal anti-microbial defense mechanisms. In this addendum, we review potential mechanisms for dietary deregulation of intestinal homeostasis, postulate how dietary and genetic risk factors may combine to result in disease pathogenesis, and discuss these ideas in the context of recent findings related to dietary interventions for IBD.
Collapse
Key Words
- AIEC, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli
- CD, Crohn's disease
- CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose
- Crohn's disease
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GRAS, Generally Recognized As Safe
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IBD-AID, inflammatory bowel disease-anti-inflammatory diet
- MDX, maltodextrin
- SCD, specific carbohydrate diet
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- anti-microbial defense
- diet
- dietary additive
- inflammatory bowel disease
- intestinal homeostasis
- maltodextrin
- mucosal defense
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney P Nickerson
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA,Department of Pediatrics; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Rachael Chanin
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland, OH USA,Department of Molecular Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA,Correspondence to: Christine McDonald;
| |
Collapse
|
380
|
Keku TO, Dulal S, Deveaux A, Jovov B, Han X. The gastrointestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G351-63. [PMID: 25540232 PMCID: PMC4346754 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00360.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is home to a complex and diverse microbiota that contributes to the overall homeostasis of the host. Increasingly, the intestinal microbiota is recognized as an important player in human illness such as colorectal cancer (CRC), inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity. CRC in itself is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the Western world. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to CRC are complex and not fully understood, but increasing evidence suggests a link between the intestinal microbiota and CRC as well as diet and inflammation, which are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis. It is thought that the gut microbiota interact with dietary factors to promote chronic inflammation and CRC through direct influence on host cell physiology, cellular homeostasis, energy regulation, and/or metabolism of xenobiotics. This review provides an overview on the role of commensal gut microbiota in the development of human CRC and explores its association with diet and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O. Keku
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Santosh Dulal
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - April Deveaux
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Biljana Jovov
- 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ,2Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Xuesong Han
- 3Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
381
|
Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review. Eur J Nutr 2015; 54:325-41. [PMID: 25672526 PMCID: PMC4365176 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the metabolism of chemical compounds found within food. Bacterial metabolites are different from those that can be generated by human enzymes because bacterial processes occur under anaerobic conditions and are based mainly on reactions of reduction and/or hydrolysis. In most cases, bacterial metabolism reduces the activity of dietary compounds; however, sometimes a specific product of bacterial transformation exhibits enhanced properties. Studies on the metabolism of polyphenols by the intestinal microbiota are crucial for understanding the role of these compounds and their impact on our health. This review article presents possible pathways of polyphenol metabolism by intestinal bacteria and describes the diet-derived bioactive metabolites produced by gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on polyphenols and their potential impact on human health. Because the etiology of many diseases is largely correlated with the intestinal microbiome, a balance between the host immune system and the commensal gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining health. Diet-related and age-related changes in the human intestinal microbiome and their consequences are summarized in the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Duda-Chodak
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
382
|
Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review. Eur J Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0852-y pmid: 25672526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
383
|
Gibson DL, Gill SK, Brown K, Tasnim N, Ghosh S, Innis S, Jacobson K. Maternal exposure to fish oil primes offspring to harbor intestinal pathobionts associated with altered immune cell balance. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:24-32. [PMID: 25559197 PMCID: PMC4615215 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2014.997610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that offspring from rat dams fed fish oil (at 8% and 18% energy), developed impaired intestinal barriers sensitizing the colon to exacerbated injury later in life. To discern the mechanism, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to fish oil, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), caused abnormal intestinal reparative responses to mucosal injury through differences in intestinal microbiota and the presence of naïve immune cells. To identify such mechanisms, gut microbes and naïve immune cells were compared between rat pups born to dams fed either n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA or breeder chow. Maternal exposure to either of the PUFA rich diets altered the development of the intestinal microbiota with an overall reduction in microbial density. Using qPCR, we found that each type of PUFA differentially altered the major gut phyla; fish oil increased Bacteroidetes and safflower oil increased Firmicutes. Both PUFA diets reduced microbes known to dominate the infant gut like Enterobacteriaceae and Bifidobacteria spp. when compared to the chow group. Uniquely, maternal fish oil diets resulted in offspring showing blooms of opportunistic pathogens like Bilophila wadsworthia, Enterococcus faecium and Bacteroides fragilis in their gut microbiota. As well, fish oil groups showed a reduction in colonic CD8+ T cells, CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells and arginase+ M2 macrophages. In conclusion, fish oil supplementation in pharmacological excess, at 18% by energy as shown in this study, provides an example where excess dosing in utero can prime offspring to harbor intestinal pathobionts and alter immune cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DL Gibson
- Department of Biology; University of British Columbia Okanagan; Kelowna, BC Canada,Correspondence to: DL Gibson;
| | - SK Gill
- Department of Biology; University of British Columbia Okanagan; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - K Brown
- Department of Biology; University of British Columbia Okanagan; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - N Tasnim
- Department of Biology; University of British Columbia Okanagan; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Biology; University of British Columbia Okanagan; Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - S Innis
- Department of Pediatrics; Division Gastroenterology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - K Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics; Division Gastroenterology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
384
|
Lafontan M, Visscher TL, Farpour-Lambert N, Yumuk V. Opportunities for intervention strategies for weight management: global actions on fluid intake patterns. Obes Facts 2015; 8:54-76. [PMID: 25765164 PMCID: PMC5644897 DOI: 10.1159/000375103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Water is an essential nutrient for all physiological functions and particularly important for thermoregulation. About 60% of our body weight is made of water. Under standard conditions (18-20 °C and moderate activity), water balance is regulated within 0.2 % of body weight over a 24-hour period. Water requirement varies between individuals and according to environmental conditions. Concerning considerations related to obesity, the health impact of fluid intake is commonly overlooked. Fluid intake advices are missing in most of food pyramids offered to the public, and water requirements and hydration challenges remain often neglected. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize and discuss the role of water consumption in the context of other important public health measures for weight management. Attention will be focused on fluid intake patterns and hydration-related questions in the context of global interventions and/or physical activity programs settled in weight management protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Lafontan
- Inserm/University Paul Sabatier UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse cedex, France
- *Dr. Max Lafontan, D. Sc., Inserm/UPS UMR 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Rangueil, 1, Avenue Jean Poulhès — BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France,
| | - Tommy L.S. Visscher
- Research Centre for the Prevention of Overweight, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences and VU University, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Farpour-Lambert
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, Department of Community Health, Primary Care and Emergency, University Hospital of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
385
|
McMullen L, T Leach S, A Lemberg D, S Day A. Current roles of specific bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. AIMS Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2015.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
386
|
Uy N, Graf L, Lemley K, Kaskel F. Effects of gluten-free, dairy-free diet on childhood nephrotic syndrome and gut microbiota. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:252-5. [PMID: 25310757 PMCID: PMC4827614 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests an association between food sensitivity and gut microbiota in children with nephrotic syndrome. Diminished proteinuria resulted from eliminating cow's milk and the use of an oligoantigenic diet which excluded gluten, especially in patients with immune-related conditions, i.e., celiac disease and nephrotic syndrome. The mechanisms underlying the association of diet, gut microbiota, and dysregulation of the immune system are unknown. Gut microbiota is influenced by a number of factors including diet composition and other environmental epigenetic exposures. The imbalance in gut microbiota may be ameliorated by gluten-free and dairy-free diets. Gluten-free diet increased the number of unhealthy bacteria while reducing bacterial-induced cytokine production of IL-10. Thus, gluten-free diet may influence the composition and immune function of gut microbiota and should be considered a possible environmental factor associated with immune-related disease, including nephrotic syndrome. Furthermore, the imbalance of gut microbiota may be related to the development of cow's milk protein allergy. Investigations are needed to fill the gaps in our knowledge concerning the associations between the gut microbiome, environmental exposures, epigenetics, racial influences, and the propensity for immune dysregulation with its inherent risk to the developing individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Uy
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA,Correspondence to: Natalie Uy, MD, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3326 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, 718-655-1120 (phone), 718-652-3136 (fax),
| | - Lauren Graf
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Lemley
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frederick Kaskel
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
387
|
Engen PA, Green SJ, Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Alcohol Effects on the Composition of Intestinal Microbiota. Alcohol Res 2015; 37:223-36. [PMID: 26695747 PMCID: PMC4590619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of alcohol is a global problem causing many adverse pathological health effects and a significant financial health care burden. This review addresses the effect of alcohol consumption on the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Although data are limited in humans, studies highlight the importance of changes in the intestinal microbiota in alcohol-related disorders. Alcohol-induced changes in the GIT microbiota composition and metabolic function may contribute to the well-established link between alcohol-induced oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability to luminal bacterial products, and the subsequent development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), as well as other diseases. In addition, clinical and preclinical data suggest that alcohol-related disorders are associated with quantitative and qualitative dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microbiota and may be associated with increased GIT inflammation, intestinal hyperpermeability resulting in endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and tissue damage/organ pathologies including ALD. Thus, gut-directed interventions, such as probiotic and synbiotic modulation of the intestinal microbiota, should be considered and evaluated for prevention and treatment of alcohol-associated pathologies.
Collapse
|
388
|
Abstract
The question whether dietary habits and lifestyle have influence on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still a matter of debate, and at present, MS therapy is not associated with any information on diet and lifestyle. Here we show that dietary factors and lifestyle may exacerbate or ameliorate MS symptoms by modulating the inflammatory status of the disease both in relapsing-remitting MS and in primary-progressive MS. This is achieved by controlling both the metabolic and inflammatory pathways in the human cell and the composition of commensal gut microbiota. What increases inflammation are hypercaloric Western-style diets, characterized by high salt, animal fat, red meat, sugar-sweetened drinks, fried food, low fiber, and lack of physical exercise. The persistence of this type of diet upregulates the metabolism of human cells toward biosynthetic pathways including those of proinflammatory molecules and also leads to a dysbiotic gut microbiota, alteration of intestinal immunity, and low-grade systemic inflammation. Conversely, exercise and low-calorie diets based on the assumption of vegetables, fruit, legumes, fish, prebiotics, and probiotics act on nuclear receptors and enzymes that upregulate oxidative metabolism, downregulate the synthesis of proinflammatory molecules, and restore or maintain a healthy symbiotic gut microbiota. Now that we know the molecular mechanisms by which dietary factors and exercise affect the inflammatory status in MS, we can expect that a nutritional intervention with anti-inflammatory food and dietary supplements can alleviate possible side effects of immune-modulatory drugs and the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome and thus favor patient wellness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Rossano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
389
|
Tomasello G, Tralongo P, Damiani P, Sinagra E, Trapani BD, Zeenny MN, Hussein IH, Jurjus A, Leone A. Dismicrobism in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer: Changes in response of colocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18121-18130. [PMID: 25561781 PMCID: PMC4277951 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of 10%-15% developing colorectal cancer (CRC) that is a common disease of high economic costs in developed countries. The CRC has been increasing in recent years and its mortality rates are very high. Multiple biological and biochemical factors are responsible for the onset and progression of this pathology. Moreover, it appears absolutely necessary to investigate the environmental factors favoring the onset of CRC and the promotion of colonic health. The gut microflora, or microbiota, has an extensive diversity both quantitatively and qualitatively. In utero, the intestine of the mammalian fetus is sterile. At birth, the intestinal microbiota is acquired by ingesting maternal anal or vaginal organisms, ultimately developing into a stable community, with marked variations in microbial composition between individuals. The development of IBD is often associated with qualitative and quantitative disorders of the intestinal microbial flora (dysbiosis). The healthy human gut harbours about 10 different bacterial species distributed in colony forming units which colonize the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in health and in the progression of diseases such as IBD and CRC. In healthy subjects, the main control of intestinal bacterial colonization occurs through gastric acidity but other factors such as endoluminal temperature, competition between different bacterial strains, peristalsis and drugs can influence the intestinal microenvironment. The microbiota exerts diverse physiological functions to include: growth inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, synthesis of compounds useful for the trophism of colonic mucosa, regulation of intestinal lymphoid tissue and synthesis of amino acids. Furthermore, mucus seems to play an important role in protecting the intestinal mucosa and maintaining its integrity. Changes in the microbiota composition are mainly influenced by diet and age, as well as genetic factors. Increasing evidence indicates that dysbiosis favors the production of genotoxins and metabolites associated with carcinogenesis and induces dysregulation of the immune response which promotes and sustains inflammation in IBD leading to carcinogenesis. A disequilibrium in gut microflora composition leads to the specific activation of gut associated lymphoid tissue. The associated chronic inflammatory process associated increases the risk of developing CRC. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are the two major IBDs characterized by an early onset and extraintestinal manifestations, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The pathogenesis of both diseases is complex and not yet fully known. However, it is widely accepted that an inappropriate immune response to microbial flora can play a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
390
|
Festi D, Schiumerini R, Eusebi LH, Marasco G, Taddia M, Colecchia A. Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16079-16094. [PMID: 25473159 PMCID: PMC4239493 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota exerts a significant role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, as confirmed by studies conducted both on humans and animal models. Gut microbial composition and functions are strongly influenced by diet. This complex intestinal “superorganism” seems to affect host metabolic balance modulating energy absorption, gut motility, appetite, glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as hepatic fatty storage. An impairment of the fine balance between gut microbes and host’s immune system could culminate in the intestinal translocation of bacterial fragments and the development of “metabolic endotoxemia”, leading to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Diet induced weight-loss and bariatric surgery promote significant changes of gut microbial composition, that seem to affect the success, or the inefficacy, of treatment strategies. Manipulation of gut microbiota through the administration of prebiotics or probiotics could reduce intestinal low grade inflammation and improve gut barrier integrity, thus, ameliorating metabolic balance and promoting weight loss. However, further evidence is needed to better understand their clinical impact and therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
391
|
Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Combating pathogenic microorganisms using plant-derived antimicrobials: a minireview of the mechanistic basis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:761741. [PMID: 25298964 PMCID: PMC4178913 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to renewed interest in exploring the potential of plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections. Historically, plant extracts have been used as a safe, effective, and natural remedy for ailments and diseases in traditional medicine. Extensive research in the last two decades has identified a plethora of PDAs with a wide spectrum of activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens causing infections in humans and animals. Active components of many plant extracts have been characterized and are commercially available; however, research delineating the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action is scanty. This review highlights the potential of various plant-derived compounds to control pathogenic bacteria, especially the diverse effects exerted by plant compounds on various virulence factors that are critical for pathogenicity inside the host. In addition, the potential effect of PDAs on gut microbiota is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor-Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
392
|
Petschow BW, Blikslager AT, Weaver EM, Campbell JM, Polo J, Shaw AL, Burnett BP, Klein GL, Rhoads JM. Bovine immunoglobulin protein isolates for the nutritional management of enteropathy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11713-11726. [PMID: 25206275 PMCID: PMC4155361 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for a multitude of digestive and immune functions which depend upon the balanced interaction of the intestinal microbiota, diet, gut barrier function, and mucosal immune response. Disruptions in one or more of these factors can lead to intestinal disorders or enteropathies which are characterized by intestinal inflammation, increased gut permeability, and reduced capacity to absorb nutrients. Enteropathy is frequently associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune enteropathy, radiation enteritis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where pathologic changes in the intestinal tract lead to abdominal discomfort, bloating, abnormal bowel function (e.g., diarrhea, urgency, constipation and malabsorption). Unfortunately, effective therapies for the management of enteropathy and restoring intestinal health are still not available. An accumulating body of preclinical studies has demonstrated that oral administration of plasma- or serum-derived protein concentrates containing high levels of immunoglobulins can improve weight, normalize gut barrier function, and reduce the severity of enteropathy in animal models. Recent studies in humans, using serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate, demonstrate that such protein preparations are safe and improve symptoms, nutritional status, and various biomarkers associated with enteropathy. Benefits have been shown in patients with HIV infection or diarrhea-predominant IBS. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies with plasma/serum protein concentrates and describes the effects on host nutrition, intestinal function, and markers of intestinal inflammation. It supports the concept that immunoglobulin-containing protein preparations may offer a new strategy for restoring functional homeostasis in the intestinal tract of patients with enteropathy.
Collapse
|
393
|
Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Dong Z, Hecht DK, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, Robertson CE, Frank DN, Wilson CC. An altered intestinal mucosal microbiome in HIV-1 infection is associated with mucosal and systemic immune activation and endotoxemia. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:983-94. [PMID: 24399150 PMCID: PMC4062575 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection disrupts the intestinal immune system, leading to microbial translocation and systemic immune activation. We investigated the impact of HIV-1 infection on the intestinal microbiome and its association with mucosal T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) frequency and activation, as well as with levels of systemic T-cell activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was performed on colon biopsies and fecal samples from subjects with chronic, untreated HIV-1 infection and uninfected control subjects. Colon biopsies of HIV-1-infected subjects had increased abundances of Proteobacteria and decreased abundances of Firmicutes compared with uninfected donors. Furthermore at the genus level, a significant increase in Prevotella and decrease in Bacteroides was observed in HIV-1-infected subjects, indicating a disruption in the Bacteroidetes bacterial community structure. This HIV-1-associated increase in Prevotella abundance was associated with increased numbers of activated colonic T cells and myeloid DCs. Principal coordinates analysis demonstrated an HIV-1-related change in the microbiome that was associated with increased mucosal cellular immune activation, microbial translocation, and blood T-cell activation. These observations suggest that an important relationship exists between altered mucosal bacterial communities and intestinal inflammation during chronic HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SM Dillon
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - EJ Lee
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - CV Kotter
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - GL Austin
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - Z Dong
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - DK Hecht
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - S Gianella
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - B Siewe
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - DM Smith
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - AL Landay
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | | | - DN Frank
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado,University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium
| | - CC Wilson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
394
|
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a large number of microbial cells which exceed their mammalian counterparts by approximately 3-fold. The genes expressed by these microorganisms constitute the gut microbiome and may participate in diverse functions that are essential to the host, including digestion, regulation of energy metabolism, and modulation of inflammation and immunity. The gut microbiome can be modulated by dietary changes, antibiotic use, or disease. Different ailments have distinct associated microbiomes in which certain species or genes are present in different relative quantities. Thus, identifying specific disease-associated signatures in the microbiome as well as the factors that alter microbial populations and gene expression will lead to the development of new products such as prebiotics, probiotics, antimicrobials, live biotherapeutic products, or more traditional drugs to treat these disorders. Gained knowledge on the microbiome may result in molecular lab tests that may serve as personalized tools to guide the use of the aforementioned products and monitor interventional progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Satya Prakash
- Micropharma Limited; Montreal, QC Canada; Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Faculty of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
395
|
Alkadhi S, Kunde D, Cheluvappa R, Randall-Demllo S, Eri R. The murine appendiceal microbiome is altered in spontaneous colitis and its pathological progression. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:25. [PMID: 25002910 PMCID: PMC4085080 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is a multifactorial disease that is extensively associated with stool microbiome changes (dysbiosis). Appendicitis and appendectomy limits subsequent colitis, clinically, and in animal models. We wanted to examine how the appendiceal and stool microbiome fared in our spontaneous colitic Winnie (Muc2(-/-)) mice model. METHODS Two C57BL/6 and 10 Winnie mice at ages 12 and 15 weeks were euthanized for stool and caecal patch samples. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit then the V1-V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Roche/454 GS FLX + pyrosequencing instrument. A Galaxy metagenomic pipeline was used to define phyla and families at sequence similarity threshold of ≥ 80%. RESULTS Bacteriodetes was decreased in 15-week Winnie mice appendices compared to corresponding stool samples (P < 0.01). Proteobacteria was increased in appendices of Winnie mice compared to corresponding stool samples (P < 0.05). The Bacteroidetes family Rikenellaceae could be identified only in 15-week-old Winnie mice appendices. A higher quantity of Acetobacteraceae (Proteobacteria phylum) was present in 15-week Winnie mice when compared to 12-week Winnie mice (P < 0.01). Helicobacteraceae (Proteobacteria phylum), which is prominent in all Winnie mice, is absent in control mice. CONCLUSIONS The appendiceal dysbiosis observed in our Winnie mice is commensurate with, and adds to extant literature data. The presence of Helicobacteraceae (Proteobacteria) only in colitic Winnie mice (but not control mice) is consistent with reports of increased Helicobacter in IBD patients. Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes) decreases may be a reflection of reduced anti-inflammatory commensal species such as B. fragilis. Further research is warranted to expand and delineate the relationship between IBD and the appendix microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alkadhi
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Dale Kunde
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarron Randall-Demllo
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
396
|
Myles IA. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr J 2014; 13:61. [PMID: 24939238 PMCID: PMC4074336 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While numerous changes in human lifestyle constitute modern life, our diet has been gaining attention as a potential contributor to the increase in immune-mediated diseases. The Western diet is characterized by an over consumption and reduced variety of refined sugars, salt, and saturated fat. Herein our objective is to detail the mechanisms for the Western diet's impact on immune function. The manuscript reviews the impacts and mechanisms of harm for our over-indulgence in sugar, salt, and fat, as well as the data outlining the impacts of artificial sweeteners, gluten, and genetically modified foods; attention is given to revealing where the literature on the immune impacts of macronutrients is limited to either animal or in vitro models versus where human trials exist. Detailed attention is given to the dietary impact on the gut microbiome and the mechanisms by which our poor dietary choices are encoded into our gut, our genes, and are passed to our offspring. While today's modern diet may provide beneficial protection from micro- and macronutrient deficiencies, our over abundance of calories and the macronutrients that compose our diet may all lead to increased inflammation, reduced control of infection, increased rates of cancer, and increased risk for allergic and auto-inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike Building 33, Room 2W10A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
397
|
Cronise RJ, Sinclair DA, Bremer AA. The "metabolic winter" hypothesis: a cause of the current epidemics of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:355-61. [PMID: 24918620 DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the "Calorie" originated in the 1800 s in an environment with limited food availability, primarily as a means to define economic equivalencies in the energy density of food substrates. Soon thereafter, the energy densities of the major macronutrients-fat, protein, and carbohydrates-were defined. However, within a few decades of its inception, the "Calorie" became a commercial tool for industries to promote specific food products, regardless of health benefit. Modern technology has altered our living conditions and has changed our relationship with food from one of survival to palatability. Advances in agriculture, food manufacturing, and processing have ensured that calorie scarcity is less prevalent than calorie excess in the modern world. Yet, many still approach dietary macronutrients in a reductionist manner and assume that isocalorie foodstuffs are isometabolic. Herein, we discuss a novel way to view the major food macronutrients and human diet in this era of excessive caloric consumption, along with a novel relationship among calorie scarcity, mild cold stress, and sleep that may explain the increasing prevalence of nutritionally related diseases.
Collapse
|
398
|
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal bacteria often share their environment with parasitic worms, allowing physical and physiological interaction between the two groups. Such associations have the potential to affect host health as well as the bacterial and helminth populations. Although still in its early stages, research on the interaction between the microbiome and parasitic helminths in humans offers the potential to improve health by manipulating the microbiome. Previously, supplementation with various nutritional compounds has been found to increase the abundance of potentially beneficial gut commensal bacteria. Thus, nutritional microbiome manipulation to produce an environment which may decrease malnutrition associated with helminth infection and/or aid host recovery from disease is conceivable. This review discusses the influence of the gut microbiota and helminths on host nutrition and immunity and the subsequent effects on the human host's overall health. It also discusses changes occurring in the microbiota upon helminth infections and the underlying mechanisms leading to these changes. There are still significant knowledge gaps which need to be filled before meaningful progress can be made in translating knowledge from studying the human gut microbiome into therapeutic strategies. Ultimately this review aims to discuss our current knowledge as well as highlight areas requiring further investigation.
Collapse
|
399
|
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hanaway
- Institute for Functional Medicine, Federal Way, Washington, United States
| |
Collapse
|
400
|
de Almeida AR, Monte-Alegre S, Zanini MB, Souza AL, Etchebehere M, Gontijo JAR. Association between prehypertension, metabolic and inflammatory markers, decreased adiponectin and enhanced insulinemia in obese subjects. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:25. [PMID: 24966877 PMCID: PMC4070164 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with development of the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of risk factors, such as insulin resistance, inflammatory response, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure that predispose affected individuals to well-characterized medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney chronic disease. The study was designed to establish relationship between metabolic and inflammatory disorder, renal sodium retention and enhanced blood pressure in a group of obese subjects compared with age-matched, lean volunteers. Methods The study was performed after 14 h overnight fast after and before OGTT in 13 lean (BMI 22.92 ± 2.03 kg/m2) and, 27 obese (BMI 36.15 ± 3.84 kg/m2) volunteers. Assessment of HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated and circulating concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and C-reactive protein, measured by immunoassay. Results The study shows that a hyperinsulinemic (HI: 10.85 ± 4.09 μg/ml) subgroup of well-characterized metabolic syndrome bearers-obese subjects show higher glycemic and elevated blood pressure levels when compared to lean and normoinsulinemic (NI: 5.51 ± 1.18 μg/ml, P < 0.027) subjects. Here, the combination of hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR (HI: 2.19 ± 0.70 (n = 12) vs. LS: 0.83 ± 0.23 (n = 12) and NI: 0.98 ± 0.22 (n = 15), P < 0.0001) associated with lower QUICKI in HI obese when compared with LS and NI volunteers (P < 0.0001), suggests the occurrence of insulin resistance and a defect in insulin-stimulated peripheral action. Otherwise, the adiponectin measured in basal period was significantly enhanced in NI subjects when compared to HI groups (P < 0.04). The report also showed a similar insulin-mediated reduction of post-proximal urinary sodium excretion in lean (LS: 9.41 ± 0.68% vs. 6.38 ± 0.92%, P = 0.086), and normoinsulinemic (NI: 8.41 ± 0.72% vs. 5.66 ± 0.53%, P = 0.0025) and hyperinsulinemic obese subjects (HI: 8.82 ± 0.98% vs. 6.32 ± 0.67%, P = 0.0264), after oral glucose load, despite elevated insulinemic levels in hyperinsulinemic obeses. Conclusion In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adiponectin levels and dysfunctional inflammatory modulation associated with hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and renal dysfunction in a particular subgroup of obeses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Roberta de Almeida
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidrossalino, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Sarah Monte-Alegre
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidrossalino, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Michele Bianca Zanini
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidrossalino, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Aglécio Luiz Souza
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidrossalino, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Maurício Etchebehere
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidrossalino, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidrossalino, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil ; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-592 Campinas, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|