401
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do Nascimento GE, Iacomini M, Cordeiro LMC. New findings on green sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) pectins: Rhamnogalacturonan and type I and II arabinogalactans. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 171:292-299. [PMID: 28578966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides were extracted from sweet pepper (Capsicum annum) with hot water and named ANW (9% yield). Starch was precipitated by freeze-thaw treatment, while pectic polysaccharides (8% yield) remained soluble and consisted of GalA (67.0%), Rha (1.6%), Ara (6.4%), Xyl (0.3%), Gal (6.7%) and Glc (4.4%). A highly methoxylated homogalacturonan (HG, degree of methylesterification of 85% and degree of acetylation of 5%), and type I and type II arabinogalactans (AG-I and AG-II) were observed in NMR analyses. These were fractionated with Fehling's solution to give HG (5.5% yield) and AG fractions (0.6% yield). AG-I and AG-II were further separated by ultrafiltration. AG-II (0.2% yield) consisted of Ara (17.1%), Gal (36.0%), Rha (5.6%) and GalA (12.0%), had a molecular weight of 5.3×104g/mol and methylation and 1H/13C HSQC-DEPT-NMR analyses showed that it was anchored in type I rhamnogalacturonan. This is the first study that reports the presence of AG-I and AG-II in sweet pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Erdmann do Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcello Iacomini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucimara M C Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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402
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Jonathan MC, DeMartini J, Van Stigt Thans S, Hommes R, Kabel MA. Characterisation of non-degraded oligosaccharides in enzymatically hydrolysed and fermented, dilute ammonia-pretreated corn stover for ethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:112. [PMID: 28469707 PMCID: PMC5414315 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn stover is lignocellulosic biomass that has potential to be used as raw material for bioethanol production. In the current research, dilute ammonia pretreatment was used to improve the accessibility of corn stover carbohydrates to subsequently added hydrolytic enzymes. Some carbohydrates, however, were still present after enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Hence, this research was aimed to characterise the recalcitrant carbohydrates, especially the oligosaccharides that remained after hydrolysis and fermentation of dilute ammonia-pretreated corn stover (DACS). RESULTS About 35% (w/w) of DACS carbohydrates remained after enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the released monosaccharides. One-third of these recalcitrant carbohydrates were water soluble and composed of diverse oligosaccharides. By using UHPLC-MS n , more than 50 oligosaccharides were detected. Glucurono-xylooligosaccharides (UAXOS) with a degree of polymerisation (DP) less than 5 were the most abundant oligosaccharides. The (4-O-methyl) glucuronosyl substituent was mostly attached onto the terminal xylosyl residue. It was shown that the glucuronosyl substituent in some UAXOS was modified into a hexenuronosyl, a glucuronamide or a hexenuronamide residue due to the dilute ammonia pretreatment. Another group of abundant oligosaccharides comprised various xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOS), with a DP 5 annotated as XXG as the most pronounced. In addition, disaccharides annotated as xylosyl-glucose with different β linkages as well as larger carbohydrates were present in the fermentation slurry. CONCLUSIONS Around one-third of the 35% (w/w) recalcitrant DACS carbohydrates remained as water-soluble saccharides. In this study, more than 50 recalcitrant oligosaccharides were detected, which mostly composed of xylosyl and/or glucosyl residues. The most pronounced oligosaccharides were UAXOS and XGOS. Hence, α-glucuronidase and α-xylosidase were suggested to be added to the enzyme mixture to degrade these oligosaccharides further, and hence the fermentation yield is potentially increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Jonathan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. DeMartini
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences (Genencor Division), 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - S. Van Stigt Thans
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences (Genencor International B.V.), Archimedesweg 30, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. Hommes
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences (Genencor International B.V.), Archimedesweg 30, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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403
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Characterization of a water soluble, hyperbranched arabinogalactan from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) roots. Food Chem 2017; 223:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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404
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Wu J, Zhao L, Li J, Jin S, Wu S. Aggregation and gelation of oat β -glucan in aqueous solution probed by NMR relaxometry. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:170-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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405
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Gershlak JR, Hernandez S, Fontana G, Perreault LR, Hansen KJ, Larson SA, Binder BYK, Dolivo DM, Yang T, Dominko T, Rolle MW, Weathers PJ, Medina-Bolivar F, Cramer CL, Murphy WL, Gaudette GR. Crossing kingdoms: Using decellularized plants as perfusable tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials 2017; 125:13-22. [PMID: 28222326 PMCID: PMC5388455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the fabrication of bioengineered scaffolds for tissue engineering, delivery of nutrients in complex engineered human tissues remains a challenge. By taking advantage of the similarities in the vascular structure of plant and animal tissues, we developed decellularized plant tissue as a prevascularized scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Perfusion-based decellularization was modified for different plant species, providing different geometries of scaffolding. After decellularization, plant scaffolds remained patent and able to transport microparticles. Plant scaffolds were recellularized with human endothelial cells that colonized the inner surfaces of plant vasculature. Human mesenchymal stem cells and human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes adhered to the outer surfaces of plant scaffolds. Cardiomyocytes demonstrated contractile function and calcium handling capabilities over the course of 21 days. These data demonstrate the potential of decellularized plants as scaffolds for tissue engineering, which could ultimately provide a cost-efficient, "green" technology for regenerating large volume vascularized tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Gershlak
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Hernandez
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gianluca Fontana
- Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Luke R Perreault
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Katrina J Hansen
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sara A Larson
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Bernard Y K Binder
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David M Dolivo
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Tianhong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States; Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States; Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Marsha W Rolle
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Pamela J Weathers
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Fabricio Medina-Bolivar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States; Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Carole L Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States; Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - William L Murphy
- Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Glenn R Gaudette
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States.
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406
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Petkowicz C, Vriesmann L, Williams P. Pectins from food waste: Extraction, characterization and properties of watermelon rind pectin. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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407
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Cellulose-pectin composite hydrogels: Intermolecular interactions and material properties depend on order of assembly. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 162:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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408
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Damm T, Pattathil S, Günl M, Jablonowski ND, O'Neill M, Grün KS, Grande PM, Leitner W, Schurr U, Usadel B, Klose H. Insights into cell wall structure of Sida hermaphrodita and its influence on recalcitrance. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:94-102. [PMID: 28457468 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The perennial plant Sida hermaphrodita (Sida) is attracting attention as potential energy crop. Here, the first detailed view on non-cellulosic Sida cell wall polysaccharide composition, structure and architecture is given. Cell walls were prepared from Sida stems and sequentially extracted with aqueous buffers and alkali. The structures of the quantitatively predominant polysaccharides present in each fraction were determined by biochemical characterization, glycome profiling and mass spectrometry. The amounts of glucose released by Accellerase-1500® treatment of the cell wall and the cell wall residue remaining after each extraction were used to assess the roles of pectin and hemicellulose in the recalcitrance of Sida biomass. 4-O-Methyl glucuronoxylan with a low proportion of side substitutions was identified as the major non-cellulosic glycan component of Sida stem cell walls. Pectic polysaccharides and xylans were found to be associated with lignin, suggesting that these polysaccharides have roles in Sida cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Damm
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd. Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Nicolai David Jablonowski
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Malcolm O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd. Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Katharina Susanne Grün
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Michael Grande
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1-2, 52074 Aachen Germany.
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1-2, 52074 Aachen Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Holger Klose
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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409
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Hyles J, Vautrin S, Pettolino F, MacMillan C, Stachurski Z, Breen J, Berges H, Wicker T, Spielmeyer W. Repeat-length variation in a wheat cellulose synthase-like gene is associated with altered tiller number and stem cell wall composition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1519-1529. [PMID: 28369427 PMCID: PMC5444437 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The tiller inhibition gene (tin) that reduces tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum) is also associated with large spikes, increased grain weight, and thick leaves and stems. In this study, comparison of near-isogenic lines (NILs) revealed changes in stem morphology, cell wall composition, and stem strength. Microscopic analysis of stem cross-sections and chemical analysis of stem tissue indicated that cell walls in tin lines were thicker and more lignified than in free-tillering NILs. Increased lignification was associated with stronger stems in tin plants. A candidate gene for tin was identified through map-based cloning and was predicted to encode a cellulose synthase-like (Csl) protein with homology to members of the CslA clade. Dinucleotide repeat-length polymorphism in the 5'UTR region of the Csl gene was associated with tiller number in diverse wheat germplasm and linked to expression differences of Csl transcripts between NILs. We propose that regulation of Csl transcript and/or protein levels affects carbon partitioning throughout the plant, which plays a key role in the tin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hyles
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - S Vautrin
- INRA - CNRGV, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - F Pettolino
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - C MacMillan
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
| | - Z Stachurski
- ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - J Breen
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Berges
- INRA - CNRGV, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - T Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Spielmeyer
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, P.O. Box 1700, Acton, ACT, 2601Australia
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410
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Gartaula G, Dhital S, Pleming D, Gidley MJ. Isolation of wheat endosperm cell walls: Effects of non-endosperm flour components on structural analyses. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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411
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Hasselwander O, DiCosimo R, You Z, Cheng Q, Rothman SC, Suwannakham S, Baer ZC, Roesch BM, Ruebling-Jass KD, Lai JP, Hurteau RE, Marquez ML, Kopatsis AD, Ouwehand AC, Forssten SD, Mukerji P, Caverly Rae JM, Dragan YP, Damewood JR, Tiihonen K, Ibarra A. Development of dietary soluble fibres by enzymatic synthesis and assessment of their digestibility in in vitro, animal and randomised clinical trial models. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 68:849-864. [PMID: 28276900 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1295027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to develop novel fibres by enzymatic synthesis, to determine their total dietary fibre by AOAC method 2009.01 and to estimate their potential digestibility and assess their digestibility in vivo using glycaemic and insulinaemic responses as markers in mice and randomised clinical trial models. We found that fibre candidates to which α-(1,2) branching was added were resistant to digestion in the mouse model, depending on the amount of branching. These results show that in vivo models are needed to reliably assess the digestibility of α-glycosidic-linked oligomeric dietary fibre candidates, possibly due to absence of brush border α-glucosidase activity in the current in vitro assessment. α-(1,3)-linked and α-(1,6)-linked glucose oligomers were completely digested in humans and mice. In conclusion, it is possible to develop dietary soluble fibres by enzymatic synthesis. Adding α-(1,2) branching increases their resistance to digestion in vivo and can thus improve their suitability as potential fibre candidates. Clinical Trial Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02701270.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheng You
- b DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | - Qiong Cheng
- b DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Ping Lai
- b DuPont Industrial Biosciences , Wilmington , DE , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alvin Ibarra
- c DuPont Nutrition and Health , Kantvik , Finland
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412
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Nascimento AM, Maria-Ferreira D, de Souza EFJ, de Souza LM, Sassaki GL, Iacomini M, de P. Werner MF, Cipriani TR. Gastroprotective effect and chemical characterization of a polysaccharide fraction from leaves of Croton cajucara. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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413
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Structure elucidation of an immunostimulatory arabinoxylan-type polysaccharide prepared from young barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:282-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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414
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Parajuli P, Pandey RP, Darsandhari S, Park YI, Sohng JK. Donor substrate flexibility study of AtUGT89C1, a glycosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Carbohydr Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2016.1251941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Parajuli
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumangala Darsandhari
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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415
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Biswal AK, Tan L, Atmodjo MA, DeMartini J, Gelineo-Albersheim I, Hunt K, Black IM, Mohanty SS, Ryno D, Wyman CE, Mohnen D. Comparison of four glycosyl residue composition methods for effectiveness in detecting sugars from cell walls of dicot and grass tissues. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:182. [PMID: 28725262 PMCID: PMC5513058 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective use of plant biomass for biofuel and bioproduct production requires a comprehensive glycosyl residue composition analysis to understand the different cell wall polysaccharides present in the different biomass sources. Here we compared four methods side-by-side for their ability to measure the neutral and acidic sugar composition of cell walls from herbaceous, grass, and woody model plants and bioenergy feedstocks. RESULTS Arabidopsis, Populus, rice, and switchgrass leaf cell walls, as well as cell walls from Populus wood, rice stems, and switchgrass tillers, were analyzed by (1) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of alditol acetates combined with a total uronic acid assay; (2) carbodiimide reduction of uronic acids followed by GC-MS of alditol acetates; (3) GC-MS of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives; and (4) high-pressure, anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). All four methods gave comparable abundance ranking of the seven neutral sugars, and three of the methods were able to quantify unique acidic sugars. The TMS, HPAEC, and carbodiimide methods provided comparable quantitative results for the specific neutral and acidic sugar content of the biomass, with the TMS method providing slightly greater yield of specific acidic sugars and high total sugar yields. The alditol acetate method, while providing comparable information on the major neutral sugars, did not provide the requisite quantitative information on the specific acidic sugars in plant biomass. Thus, the alditol acetate method is the least informative of the four methods. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a side-by-side comparison of the efficacy of four different established glycosyl residue composition analysis methods in the analysis of the glycosyl residue composition of cell walls from both dicot (Arabidopsis and Populus) and grass (rice and switchgrass) species. Both primary wall-enriched leaf tissues and secondary wall-enriched wood/stem tissues were analyzed for mol% and mass yield of the non-cellulosic sugars. The TMS, HPAEC, and carbodiimide methods were shown to provide comparable quantitative data on the nine neutral and acidic sugars present in all plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Biswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Melani A. Atmodjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Jaclyn DeMartini
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92507 CA USA
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Ivana Gelineo-Albersheim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Kimberly Hunt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- South Georgia State College, Douglas, GA 31533 USA
| | - Ian M. Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Sushree S. Mohanty
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - David Ryno
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92507 CA USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, 37831 TN USA
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416
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Phan JL, Tucker MR, Khor SF, Shirley N, Lahnstein J, Beahan C, Bacic A, Burton RA. Differences in glycosyltransferase family 61 accompany variation in seed coat mucilage composition in Plantago spp. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6481-6495. [PMID: 27856710 PMCID: PMC5181589 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylans are the most abundant non-cellulosic polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. A diverse range of xylan structures influence tissue function during growth and development. Despite the abundance of xylans in nature, details of the genes and biochemical pathways controlling their biosynthesis are lacking. In this study we have utilized natural variation within the Plantago genus to examine variation in heteroxylan composition and structure in seed coat mucilage. Compositional assays were combined with analysis of the glycosyltransferase family 61 (GT61) family during seed coat development, with the aim of identifying GT61 sequences participating in xylan backbone substitution. The results reveal natural variation in heteroxylan content and structure, particularly in P. ovata and P. cunninghamii, species which show a similar amount of heteroxylan but different backbone substitution profiles. Analysis of the GT61 family identified specific sequences co-expressed with IRREGULAR XYLEM 10 genes, which encode putative xylan synthases, revealing a close temporal association between xylan synthesis and substitution. Moreover, in P. ovata, several abundant GT61 sequences appear to lack orthologues in P. cunninghamii. Our results indicate that natural variation in Plantago species can be exploited to reveal novel details of seed coat development and polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Phan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Shi Fang Khor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Neil Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Cherie Beahan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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417
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Jamshidian H, Shojaosadati SA, Vilaplana F, Mousavi SM, Soudi MR. Characterization and optimization of schizophyllan production from date syrup. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:484-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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418
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Lopez-Sanchez P, Martinez-Sanz M, Bonilla MR, Wang D, Walsh CT, Gilbert EP, Stokes JR, Gidley MJ. Pectin impacts cellulose fibre architecture and hydrogel mechanics in the absence of calcium. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:236-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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419
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Martínez-Sanz M, Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Rehm C, de Campo L, Gidley MJ, Gilbert EP. Investigation of the micro- and nano-scale architecture of cellulose hydrogels with plant cell wall polysaccharides: A combined USANS/SANS study. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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420
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Douchkov D, Lueck S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Rajaraman J, Johrde A, Doblin MS, Beahan CT, Kopischke M, Fuchs R, Lipka V, Niks RE, Bulone V, Chowdhury J, Little A, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Schweizer P. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:421-33. [PMID: 27352228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lueck
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Annika Johrde
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
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421
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Carlotto J, de Souza LM, Baggio CH, Werner MFDP, Maria-Ferreira D, Sassaki GL, Iacomini M, Cipriani TR. Polysaccharides from Arctium lappa L.: Chemical structure and biological activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:954-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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422
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Lopez-Sanchez P, Wang D, Zhang Z, Flanagan B, Gidley MJ. Microstructure and mechanical properties of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan gels produced by cryo-gelation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:862-870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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423
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Windwarder M, Figl R, Svehla E, Mócsai RT, Farcet JB, Staudacher E, Kosma P, Altmann F. "Hypermethylation" of anthranilic acid-labeled sugars confers the selectivity required for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2016; 514:24-31. [PMID: 27640150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the monosaccharides of complex carbohydrates is often performed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Unfortunately, methylated sugars, unusual amino- or deoxysugars and incomplete hydrolysis can lead to erroneous assignments of peaks. Here, we demonstrate that a volatile buffer system is suitable for the separation of anthranilic acid labeled sugars. It allows off-line examination of peaks by electrospray mass spectrometry. Approaches towards on-line mass spectrometric detection using reversed-phase or porous graphitic carbon columns fell short of achieving sufficient separation of the relevant isobaric sugars. Adequate chromatographic performance for isomeric sugars was achieved with reversed-phase chromatography of "hyper"-methylated anthranilic acid-labeled monosaccharides. Deuteromethyl iodide facilitates the discovery of naturally methylated sugars and identification of their parent monosaccharide as demonstrated with N-glycans of the snail Achatina fulica, where two thirds of the galactoses and a quarter of the mannoses were methylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Windwarder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Svehla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Réka Tünde Mócsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna; Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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424
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Hu R, Li J, Yang X, Zhao X, Wang X, Tang Q, He G, Zhou G, Kong Y. Irregular xylem 7 (IRX7) is required for anchoring seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:25-38. [PMID: 27333892 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of mucilage are synthesized in seed coat epidermis cells during seed coat differentiation. This process is an ideal model system for the study of plant cell wall biosynthesis and modifications. In this study, we show that mutation in Irregular Xylem 7 (IRX7) results in a defect in mucilage adherence due to reduced xylan biosynthesis. IRX7 was expressed in the seeds from 4 days post-anthesis (DPA) to 13 DPA, with the peak of expression at 13 DPA. The seed coat epidermis cells of irx7 displayed no aberrant morphology during differentiation, and these cells synthesized and deposited the same amount of mucilage as did wild type (WT) cells. However, the distribution of the water-soluble vs. adherent mucilage layers was significantly altered in irx7 compared to the WT. Both the amount of xylose and the extent of glycosyl linkages of xylan was dramatically decreased in irx7 water-soluble and adherent mucilage compared to the WT. The polymeric structure of water-soluble mucilage was altered in irx7, with a total loss of the higher molecular weight polymer components present in the WT. Correspondingly, whole-seed immunolabeling assays and dot-immunoassays of extracted mucilage indicated dramatic changes in rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) and xylan epitopes in irx7 mucilage. Furthermore, the crystalline cellulose content was significantly reduced in irx7 mucilage. Taken together, these results indicate that xylan synthesized by IRX7 plays an essential role in maintaining the adhesive property of seed coat mucilage, and its structural role is potentially implemented through its interaction with cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Hu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Li
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanwen Yang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Zhao
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo He
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
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425
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Barrientos RC, Clerigo MM, Paano AMC. Extraction, isolation and MALDI-QTOF MS/MS analysis of β-d-Glucan from the fruiting bodies of Daedalea quercina. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:226-234. [PMID: 27543344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the extraction, isolation, and the proposed structure of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Daedalea quercina. The monosaccharide composition of D. quercina isolate (DQW1Pa1) was mainly glucose as identified using GC-MS. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and absolute configuration studies showed that this polysaccharide is a β-d-glucan. Its average molecular weight obtained using size exclusion chromatography was 1.6×104Da, consistent with glucans derived from the order Polyporaceae. MALDI-QTOF MS/MS was carried out to identify the linkage and connectivity of the glucose units. Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) of selected parent ions of different oligosaccharide lengths showed the presence of characteristic glycosidic bond cleavages Bn/Cn, the linear backbone by 1-6 linkage, and the cross-ring fragment, 0,3An. Presence of branching unit was identified from high intensity 0,3A4 fragment and verified from diagnostic ion of [D] and [D-H2O] types. To confirm the linkage assignment obtained using MALDI-QTOF MS/MS, DQW1Pa1 was subjected to methylation analysis. Results showed the presence of 1-3, 1-6, 1- and 1-3-6 linked glucose in the order of decreasing abundance, respectively. The repeating unit of isolate DQW1Pa1 was deduced as 1-3 linked linear glucose backbone with branches composed of three 1-3 linked glucose units connected to backbone by 1-6 linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines.
| | - Melody M Clerigo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines
| | - Anamy Ma C Paano
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines
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426
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Nyman AAT, Aachmann FL, Rise F, Ballance S, Samuelsen ABC. Structural characterization of a branched (1 → 6)-α-mannan and β-glucans isolated from the fruiting bodies of Cantharellus cibarius. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 146:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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427
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Structural and immunological feature of rhamnogalacturonan I-rich polysaccharide from Korean persimmon vinegar. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:319-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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428
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Kuang B, Zhao X, Zhou C, Zeng W, Ren J, Ebert B, Beahan CT, Deng X, Zeng Q, Zhou G, Doblin MS, Heazlewood JL, Bacic A, Chen X, Wu AM. Role of UDP-Glucuronic Acid Decarboxylase in Xylan Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1119-1131. [PMID: 27179920 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) is the Xyl donor used in the synthesis of major plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as xylan (as a backbone-chain monosaccharide) and xyloglucan (as a branching monosaccharide). The biosynthesis of UDP-Xyl from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is irreversibly catalyzed by UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS). Until now, little has been known about the physiological roles of UXS in plants. Here, we report that AtUXS1, AtUXS2, and AtUXS4 are located in the Golgi apparatus whereas AtUXS3, AtUXS5, and AtUXS6 are located in the cytosol. Although all six single AtUXS T-DNA mutants and the uxs1 usx2 uxs4 triple mutant show no obvious phenotype, the uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 triple mutant has an irregular xylem phenotype. Monosaccharide analysis showed that Xyl levels decreased in uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 and linkage analysis confirmed that the xylan content in uxs3 xus5 uxs6 declined, indicating that UDP-Xyl from cytosol AtUXS participates in xylan synthesis. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that the molecular weight of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in the triple mutants, mainly composed of xylans, is lower than that in the wild type, suggesting an effect on the elongation of the xylan backbone. Upon saccharification treatment stems of the uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 triple mutants released monosaccharides with a higher efficiency than those of the wild type. Taken together, our results indicate that the cytosol UXS plays a more important role than the Golgi-localized UXS in xylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaomei Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingyin Zeng
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Research Center of woody forage engineering technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Research Center of woody forage engineering technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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429
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Ortiz-Tena JG, Rühmann B, Schieder D, Sieber V. Revealing the diversity of algal monosaccharides: Fast carbohydrate fingerprinting of microalgae using crude biomass and showcasing sugar distribution in Chlorella vulgaris by biomass fractionation. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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430
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Changes in the structure and gelling properties of maize fiber arabinoxylans after their pilot scale extraction and spray-drying. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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431
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Shin KS. Isolation and Structural Characterization of an Oligosaccharide Produced by Bacillus subtilis in a Maltose-Containing Medium. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:124-31. [PMID: 27390729 PMCID: PMC4935239 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 116 bacterial strains isolated from Korean fermented foods, one strain (SS-76) was selected for producing new oligosaccharides in a basal medium containing maltose as the sole source of carbon. Upon morphological characterization using scanning electron microscopy, the cells of strain SS-76 appeared rod-shaped; subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain SS-76 was phylogenetically close to Bacillus subtilis. The main oligosaccharide fraction B extracted from the culture supernatant of B. subtilis SS-76 was purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Subsequent structural analysis revealed that this oligosaccharide consisted only of glucose, and methylation analysis indicated similar proportions of glucopyranosides in the 6-linkage, 4-linkage, and non-reducing terminal positions. Matrix-assisted laser-induced/ionization time-of-flight/mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analyses suggested that this oligosaccharide consisted of a trisaccharide unit with 1,6- and 1,4-glycosidic linkages. The anomeric signals in the (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum corresponded to α-anomeric configurations, and the trisaccharide was finally identified as panose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-1,6-α-D-glucopyranosyl-1,4-D-glucose). These results suggest that B. subtilis SS-76 converts maltose into panose; strain SS-76 may thus find industrial application in the production of panose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Gyeonggi 16227, Korea
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432
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Pierce BC, Wichmann J, Tran TH, Cheetamun R, Bacic A, Meyer AS. Formation of water-soluble soybean polysaccharides from spent flakes by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 144:504-13. [PMID: 27083842 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a novel chemical process for the generation of water-soluble polysaccharides from soy spent flake, a by-product of the soy food industry. This process entails treatment of spent flake with hydrogen peroxide at an elevated temperature, resulting in the release of more than 70% of the original insoluble material as high molar mass soluble polysaccharides. A design of experiment was used to quantify the effects of pH, reaction time, and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the reaction yield, average molar mass, and free monosaccharides generated. The resulting product is low in protein, fat, and minerals and contains predominantly water-soluble polysaccharides of high molar mass, including arabinan, type I arabinogalactan, homogalacturonan, xyloglucan, rhamnogalacturonan, and (glucurono)arabinoxylan. This treatment provides a straightforward approach for generation of soluble soy polysaccharides and opens a new range of opportunities for this abundant and underutilized material in future research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Pierce
- DuPont™ Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, Brabrand 8220, Denmark; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Wichmann
- DuPont™ Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, Brabrand 8220, Denmark.
| | - Tam H Tran
- DuPont™ Protein Solutions, 4300 Duncan Avenue Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
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433
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Structural features of immunostimulatory polysaccharide purified from pectinase hydrolysate of barley leaf. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:308-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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434
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Byrt CS, Betts NS, Tan HT, Lim WL, Ermawar RA, Nguyen HY, Shirley NJ, Lahnstein J, Corbin K, Fincher GB, Knauf V, Burton RA. Prospecting for Energy-Rich Renewable Raw Materials: Sorghum Stem Case Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156638. [PMID: 27232754 PMCID: PMC4883800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum vegetative tissues are becoming increasingly important for biofuel production. The composition of sorghum stem tissues is influenced by genotype, environment and photoperiod sensitivity, and varies widely between varieties and also between different stem tissues (outer rind vs inner pith). Here, the amount of cellulose, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, arabinose and xylose in the stems of twelve diverse sorghum varieties, including four photoperiod-sensitive varieties, was measured. At maturity, most photoperiod-insensitive lines had 1% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in stem pith tissue whilst photoperiod-sensitive varieties remained in a vegetative stage and accumulated up to 6% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in the same tissue. Three sorghum lines were chosen for further study: a cultivated grain variety (Sorghum bicolor BTx623), a sweet variety (S. bicolor Rio) and a photoperiod-sensitive wild line (S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum Arun). The Arun line accumulated 5.5% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan and had higher SbCslF6 and SbCslH3 transcript levels in pith tissues than did photoperiod-insensitive varieties Rio and BTx623 (<1% w/w pith (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan). To assess the digestibility of the three varieties, stem tissue was treated with either hydrolytic enzymes or dilute acid and the release of fermentable glucose was determined. Despite having the highest lignin content, Arun yielded significantly more glucose than the other varieties, and theoretical calculation of ethanol yields was 10 344 L ha-1 from this sorghum stem tissue. These data indicate that sorghum stem (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content may have a significant effect on digestibility and bioethanol yields. This information opens new avenues of research to generate sorghum lines optimised for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S. Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hwei-Ting Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Li Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Riksfardini A. Ermawar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hai Yen Nguyen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kendall Corbin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vic Knauf
- Arcadia Biosciences, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
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435
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Regulation of Meristem Morphogenesis by Cell Wall Synthases in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1404-15. [PMID: 27212401 PMCID: PMC5024349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell walls of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), containing the stem cell niche that gives rise to the above-ground tissues, are crucially involved in regulating differentiation. It is currently unknown how these walls are built and refined or their role, if any, in influencing meristem developmental dynamics. We have combined polysaccharide linkage analysis, immuno-labeling, and transcriptome profiling of the SAM to provide a spatiotemporal plan of the walls of this dynamic structure. We find that meristematic cells express only a core subset of 152 genes encoding cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs). Systemic localization of all these GT mRNAs by in situ hybridization reveals members with either enrichment in or specificity to apical subdomains such as emerging flower primordia, and a large class with high expression in dividing cells. The highly localized and coordinated expression of GTs in the SAM suggests distinct wall properties of meristematic cells and specific differences between newly forming walls and their mature descendants. Functional analysis demonstrates that a subset of CSLD genes is essential for proper meristem maintenance, confirming the key role of walls in developmental pathways.
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436
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Leivas CL, Iacomini M, Cordeiro LM. Pectic type II arabinogalactans from starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.). Food Chem 2016; 199:252-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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437
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Yakubov GE, Bonilla MR, Chen H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Gidley MJ, Stokes JR. Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2799-816. [PMID: 26988718 PMCID: PMC4861025 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation experiments are performed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to quantify the spatial distribution of mechanical properties of plant cell walls at nanometre length scales. At any specific location on the cell wall, a complex (non-linear) force-indentation response occurs that can be deconvoluted using a unique multiregime analysis (MRA). This allows an unambiguous evaluation of the local transverse elastic modulus of the wall. Nanomechanical measurements on suspension-cultured cells (SCCs), derived from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) starchy endosperm, show three characteristic modes of deformation and a spatial distribution of elastic moduli across the surface. 'Soft' and 'hard' domains are found across length scales between 0.1 µm and 3 µm, which is well above a typical pore size of the polysaccharide mesh. The generality and wider applicability of this mechanical heterogeneity is verified through in planta characterization on leaf epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and L. multiflorum The outcomes of this research provide a basis for uncovering and quantifying the relationships between local wall composition, architecture, cell growth, and/or morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb E Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mauricio R Bonilla
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huaying Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason R Stokes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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438
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Ratnayake S, Ford K, Bacic A. Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques. J Vis Exp 2016:e53748. [PMID: 27077895 DOI: 10.3791/53748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)(1) and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)(2). Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MS(n). Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Ratnayake
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne
| | - Kristina Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne;
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439
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Li Y, Tu L, Pettolino FA, Ji S, Hao J, Yuan D, Deng F, Tan J, Hu H, Wang Q, Llewellyn DJ, Zhang X. GbEXPATR, a species-specific expansin, enhances cotton fibre elongation through cell wall restructuring. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:951-63. [PMID: 26269378 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cotton provides us the most important natural fibre. High fibre quality is the major goal of cotton breeding, and introducing genes conferring longer, finer and stronger fibre from Gossypium barbadense to Gossypium hirsutum is an important breeding strategy. We previously analysed the G. barbadense fibre development mechanism by gene expression profiling and found two homoeologous fibre-specific α-expansins from G. barbadense, GbEXPA2 and GbEXPATR. GbEXPA2 (from the DT genome) is a classical α-expansin, while its homoeolog, GbEXPATR (AT genome), encodes a truncated protein lacking the normal C-terminal polysaccharide-binding domain of other α-expansins and is specifically expressed in G. barbadense. Silencing EXPA in G. hirsutum induced shorter fibres with thicker cell walls. GbEXPA2 overexpression in G. hirsutum had no effect on mature fibre length, but produced fibres with a slightly thicker wall and increased crystalline cellulose content. Interestingly, GbEXPATR overexpression resulted in longer, finer and stronger fibres coupled with significantly thinner cell walls. The longer and thinner fibre was associated with lower expression of a number of secondary wall-associated genes, especially chitinase-like genes, and walls with lower cellulose levels but higher noncellulosic polysaccharides which advocated that a delay in the transition to secondary wall synthesis might be responsible for better fibre. In conclusion, we propose that α-expansins play a critical role in fibre development by loosening the cell wall; furthermore, a truncated form, GbEXPATR, has a more dramatic effect through reorganizing secondary wall synthesis and metabolism and should be a candidate gene for developing G. hirsutum cultivars with superior fibre quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Filomena A Pettolino
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shengmei Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Daojun Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiafu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danny J Llewellyn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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440
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Moriana R, Vilaplana F, Ek M. Cellulose Nanocrystals from Forest Residues as Reinforcing Agents for Composites: A Study from Macro- to Nano-Dimensions. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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441
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Leivas CL, Nascimento LF, Barros WM, Santos AR, Iacomini M, Cordeiro LM. Substituted galacturonan from starfruit: Chemical structure and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 84:295-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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442
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Pettolino F, Zhou G, Li C. Changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition, gene transcription and alternative splicing in germinating barley embryos. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 191:127-139. [PMID: 26788957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination initiates many important biological processes such as DNA, membrane and mitochondrial repairs. However, little is known on cell wall modifications in germinating embryos. We have investigated cell wall polysaccharide composition change, gene transcription and alternative splicing events in four barley varieties at 24h and 48 h germination. Cell wall components in germinating barley embryos changed rapidly, with increases in cellulose and (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan (20-100%) within 24h, but decreases in heteroxylan and arabinan (3-50%). There were also significant changes in the levels of type I arabinogalactans and heteromannans. Alternative splicing played very important roles in cell wall modifications. At least 22 cell wall transcripts were detected to undergo either alternative 3' splicing, alternative 5' splicing or intron retention type of alternative splicing. These genes coded enzymes catalyzing synthesis and degradation of cellulose, heteroxylan, (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan and other cell wall polymers. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation also played very important roles in cell wall modifications. Transcript levels of primary wall cellulase synthase, heteroxylan synthesizing and nucleotide sugar inter-conversion genes were very high in germinating embryos. At least 50 cell wall genes changed transcript levels significantly. Expression patterns of many cell wall genes coincided with changes in polysaccharide composition. Our data showed that cell wall polysaccharide metabolism was very active in germinating barley embryos, which was regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Zhang
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia.
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia.
| | | | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia.
| | - Chengdao Li
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia; Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia.
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443
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Polysaccharides of algae 67. Carrageenan from Pacific red alga Turnerella mertensiana (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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444
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Tang SL, Bubner P, Bauer S, Somerville CR. O-Glycan analysis of cellobiohydrolase I from Neurospora crassa. Glycobiology 2016; 26:670-7. [PMID: 26762173 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the composition of the O-linked glycans on the Neurospora crassa cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI), which accounts for approximately 40% of the protein secreted by cells growing in the presence of cellulose. CBHI is O-glycosylated with six types of linear, and three types of branched, O-glycans containing approximately equal amounts of mannose and galactose. In addition to the classic fungal O-glycans with reducing end mannoses, we also identified reducing end galactoses which suggest the existence of a protein-O-galactosyltransferase in N. crassa Because of the excellent genetic resources available for N. crassa, the knowledge of the CBHI O-glycans may enable the future evaluation of the role of O-glycosylation on cellulase function and the development of directed O-glycan/cellulase engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lun Tang
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way MC 5230, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patricia Bubner
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way MC 5230, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way MC 5230, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris R Somerville
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, 2151 Berkeley Way MC 5230, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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445
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Yuan Y, Teng Q, Zhong R, Haghighat M, Richardson EA, Ye ZH. Mutations of Arabidopsis TBL32 and TBL33 Affect Xylan Acetylation and Secondary Wall Deposition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146460. [PMID: 26745802 PMCID: PMC4712945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylan is a major acetylated polymer in plant lignocellulosic biomass and it can be mono- and di-acetylated at O-2 and O-3 as well as mono-acetylated at O-3 of xylosyl residues that is substituted with glucuronic acid (GlcA) at O-2. Based on the finding that ESK1, an Arabidopsis thaliana DUF231 protein, specifically mediates xylan 2-O- and 3-O-monoacetylation, we previously proposed that different acetyltransferase activities are required for regiospecific acetyl substitutions of xylan. Here, we demonstrate the functional roles of TBL32 and TBL33, two ESK1 close homologs, in acetyl substitutions of xylan. Simultaneous mutations of TBL32 and TBL33 resulted in a significant reduction in xylan acetyl content and endoxylanase digestion of the mutant xylan released GlcA-substituted xylooligomers without acetyl groups. Structural analysis of xylan revealed that the tbl32 tbl33 mutant had a nearly complete loss of 3-O-acetylated, 2-O-GlcA-substituted xylosyl residues. A reduction in 3-O-monoacetylated and 2,3-di-O-acetylated xylosyl residues was also observed. Simultaneous mutations of TBL32, TBL33 and ESK1 resulted in a severe reduction in xylan acetyl level down to 15% of that of the wild type, and concomitantly, severely collapsed vessels and stunted plant growth. In particular, the S2 layer of secondary walls in xylem vessels of tbl33 esk1 and tbl32 tbl33 esk1 exhibited an altered structure, indicating abnormal assembly of secondary wall polymers. These results demonstrate that TBL32 and TBL33 play an important role in xylan acetylation and normal deposition of secondary walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Yuan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Quincy Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Marziyeh Haghighat
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Richardson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States of America
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446
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall to morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:449-61. [PMID: 26689854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the mechanical properties of the cell wall is a key parameter used by plants to control the growth behavior of individual cells and tissues. Modulation of the mechanical properties occurs through the control of the biochemical composition and the degree and nature of interlinking between cell wall polysaccharides. Preferentially oriented cellulose microfibrils restrict cellular expansive growth, but recent evidence suggests that this may not be the trigger for anisotropic growth. Instead, non-uniform softening through the modulation of pectin chemistry may be an initial step that precedes stress-induced stiffening of the wall through cellulose. Here we briefly review the major cell wall polysaccharides and their implication for plant cell wall mechanics that need to be considered in order to study the growth behavior of the primary plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada
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448
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Yan J, Shi S, Wang H, Liu R, Li N, Chen Y, Wang S. Neutral monosaccharide composition analysis of plant-derived oligo- and polysaccharides by high performance liquid chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:1273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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449
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Salem MA, Jüppner J, Bajdzienko K, Giavalisco P. Protocol: a fast, comprehensive and reproducible one-step extraction method for the rapid preparation of polar and semi-polar metabolites, lipids, proteins, starch and cell wall polymers from a single sample. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:45. [PMID: 27833650 PMCID: PMC5103428 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elucidation of complex biological systems requires integration of multiple molecular parameters. Accordingly, high throughput methods like transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics have emerged to provide the tools for successful system-wide investigations. Unfortunately, optimized analysis of different compounds requires specific extraction procedures in combination with specific analytical instrumentation. However, the most efficient extraction protocols often only cover a restricted number of compounds due to the different physico-chemical properties of these biological compounds. Consequently, comprehensive analysis of several molecular components like polar primary metabolites next to lipids or proteins require multiple aliquots to enable the specific extraction procedures required to cover these diverse compound classes. This multi-parallel sample handling of different sample aliquots is therefore not only more sample intensive, it also requires more time and effort to obtain the required extracts. RESULTS To circumvent large sample amounts, distributed into several aliquots for the comprehensive extraction of most relevant biological compounds, we developed a simple, robust and reproducible two-phase liquid-liquid extraction protocol. This one-step extraction protocol allows for the analysis of polar-, semi-polar and hydrophobic metabolites, next to insoluble or precipitated compounds, including proteins, starch and plant cell wall components, from a single sample. The method is scalable regarding the used sample amounts but also the employed volumes and can be performed in microcentrifuge tubes, enabling high throughput analysis. The obtained fractions are fully compatible with common analytical methods, including spectroscopic, chromatographic and mass spectrometry-based techniques. To document the utility of the described protocol, we used 25 mg of Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaves for the generation of multi-omics data sets, covering lipidomics, metabolomics and proteomics. The obtained data allowed us to measure and annotate more than 200 lipid compounds, 100 primary metabolites, 50 secondary metabolites and 2000 proteins. CONCLUSIONS The described extraction protocol provides a simple and straightforward method for the efficient extraction of lipids, metabolites and proteins from minute amounts of a single sample, enabling the targeted but also untargeted high-throughput analyses of diverse biological tissues and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Jessica Jüppner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Bajdzienko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Yeats T, Vellosillo T, Sorek N, Ibáñez A, Bauer S. Rapid Determination of Cellulose, Neutral Sugars, and Uronic Acids from Plant Cell Walls by One-step Two-step Hydrolysis and HPAEC-PAD. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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