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Yang X, Shi F, Zhang J, Gao H, Chen S, Olatosi B, Weissman S, Li X. Vaccination status and disease severity of COVID-19 in different phases of the pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2353491. [PMID: 38832632 PMCID: PMC11152109 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2353491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the clinical profile and the impact of vaccination status on various health outcomes among COVID-19 patients diagnosed in different phases of the pandemic, during which several variants of concern (VOCs) circulated in South Carolina (SC). The current study included 861,526 adult COVID-19 patients diagnosed between January 2021 and April 2022. We extracted their information about demographic characteristics, vaccination, and clinical outcomes from a statewide electronic health record database. Multiple logistic regression models were used to compare clinical outcomes by vaccination status in different pandemic phases, accounting for key covariates (e.g. historical comorbidities). A reduction in mortality was observed among COVID-19 patients during the whole study period, although there were fluctuations during the Delta and Omicron dominant periods. Compared to non-vaccinated patients, full-vaccinated COVID-19 patients had lower mortality in all dominant variants, including Pre-alpha (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.33; 95%CI: 0.15-0.72), Alpha (aOR: 0.58; 95%CI: 0.42-0.82), Delta (aOR: 0.28; 95%CI: 0.25-0.31), and Omicron (aOR: 0.29; 95%CI: 0.26-0.33) phases. Regarding hospitalization, full-vaccinated parties showed lower risk of hospitalization than non-vaccinated patients in Delta (aOR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.41-0.47) and Omicron (aOR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.50-0.57) dominant periods. The findings demonstrated the protection effect of the COVID-19 vaccines against all VOCs, although some of the full-vaccinated population still have symptoms to varying degrees from COVID-19 disease at different phases of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Fanghui Shi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Haoyuan Gao
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Shujie Chen
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sharon Weissman
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Yang X, Zhang J, Chen S, Liu Z, Poland GA, Olatosi B, Weissman S, Li X. COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections Among People With HIV: A Statewide Cohort Analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 97:107-116. [PMID: 39250644 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify COVID-19 breakthrough infections among people with HIV (PWH) across different phases of the pandemic and explore whether differential immune dysfunctions are associated with breakthrough infections. DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective population-based cohort study used data from an integrated electronic health record (EHR) database in South Carolina (SC). Breakthrough infection was defined as the first COVID-19 diagnosis documented in the state agency after the date an individual was fully vaccinated (ie, 2 doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 or Moderna/mRNA-1273, or 1 dose of Janssen/Ad26.COV2.S) through June 14, 2022. We analyzed the risk and associated factors of the outcome using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Among 7596 fully vaccinated PWH, the overall rate of breakthrough infections was 118.95 cases per 1000 person-years. When compared with the alpha-dominant period, the breakthrough infection rate was higher during both delta-dominant (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.81) and omicron-dominant (HR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.73 to 4.73) periods. Individuals who received a booster dose had a lower likelihood of breakthrough infections (HR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.24). There was no association of breakthrough infections with degree of HIV viral suppression, but a higher CD4 count was significantly associated with fewer breakthroughs among PWH (>500 vs <200 cells/mm3: HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.94). CONCLUSIONS In our PWH population, the incidence of breakthrough infections was high (during both delta-dominant and omicron-dominant periods) and mainly associated with the absence of a booster dose in patients older than 50 years, with comorbidities and low CD4 count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Shujie Chen
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Ziang Liu
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; and
| | - Sharon Weissman
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Xiaoming Li
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Pather S, Charpentier N, van den Ouweland F, Rizzi R, Finlayson A, Salisch N, Muik A, Lindemann C, Khanim R, Abduljawad S, Smith ER, Gurwith M, Chen RT. A Brighton Collaboration standardized template with key considerations for a benefit-risk assessment for the Comirnaty COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Vaccine 2024; 42:126165. [PMID: 39197299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of VAccines by TechnolOgy (BRAVATO) Working Group evaluates the safety and other key features of new platform technology vaccines, including nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) vaccines. This manuscript uses the BRAVATO template to report the key considerations for a benefit-risk assessment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA-based vaccine BNT162b2 (Comirnaty®, or Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) including the subsequent Original/Omicron BA.1, Original/Omicron BA.4-5 and Omicron XBB.1.5 variant-adapted vaccines developed by BioNTech and Pfizer to protect against COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Initial Emergency Use Authorizations or conditional Marketing Authorizations for the original BNT162b2 vaccine were granted based upon a favorable benefit-risk assessment taking into account clinical safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy data, which was subsequently reconfirmed for younger age groups, and by real world evidence data. In addition, the favorable benefit-risk assessment was maintained for the bivalent vaccines, developed against newly arising SARS-CoV-2 variants, with accumulating clinical trial data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily R Smith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
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Shoham S. Convalescent Plasma for Immunocompromised Patients. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 39117848 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is an important therapeutic option for immunocompromised patients with COVID-19. Such patients are at increased risk for serious complications of infection and may also develop a unique syndrome of persistent infection. This article reviews the rationale for CCP utilization in immunocompromised patients and the evidence for its value in immunosuppressed patients with both acute and persistent COVID-19. Both historical precedence and understanding of the mechanisms of action of antibody treatment support this use, as do several lines of evidence derived from case series, comparative studies, randomized trials, and systematic reviews of the literature. A summary of recommendations from multiple practice guidelines is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument St., Room 447, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Moreno Echevarria F, Caputo M, Camp D, Reddy S, Achenbach CJ. Incidence and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in the early Omicron variant era among vaccinated and boosted individuals in Chicago. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302338. [PMID: 39102410 PMCID: PMC11299831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe and effective against infection and severe COVID-19 disease worldwide. Certain co-morbid conditions cause immune dysfunction and may reduce immune response to vaccination. In contrast, those with co-morbidities may practice infection prevention strategies. Thus, the real-world clinical impact of co-morbidities on SARS-CoV-2 infection in the recent post-vaccination period is not well established. This study was performed to understand the epidemiology of Omicron breakthrough infection and evaluate associations with number of comorbidities in a vaccinated and boosted population. METHODS AND FINDINGS A retrospective clinical cohort study was performed utilizing the Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse. Our study population was identified as fully vaccinated adults with at least one booster. The primary risk factor of interest was the number of co-morbidities. The primary outcome was the incidence and time to the first positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test in the Omicron predominant era. Multivariable Cox modeling analyses to determine the hazard of SARS-CoV-2 infection were stratified by calendar time (Period 1: January 1 -June 30, 2022; Period 2: July 1 -December 31, 2022) due to violations in the proportional hazards assumption. In total, 133,191 patients were analyzed. During Period 1, having 3+ comorbidities was associated with increased hazard for breakthrough (HR = 1.16 CI 1.08-1.26). During Period 2 of the study, having 2 comorbidities (HR = 1.45 95% CI 1.26-1.67) and having 3+ comorbidities (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.51-1.97) were associated with increased hazard for Omicron breakthrough. Older age was associated with decreased hazard in Period 1 of follow-up. Interaction terms for calendar time indicated significant changes in hazard for many factors between the first and second halves of the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Omicron breakthrough is common with significantly higher risk for our most vulnerable patients with multiple co-morbidities. Age plays an important role in breakthrough infection with the highest incidence among young adults, which may be due to age-related behavioral factors. These findings reflect real-world differences in immunity and exposure risk behaviors for populations vulnerable to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Moreno Echevarria
- Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mathew Caputo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel Camp
- Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susheel Reddy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Achenbach
- Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Durier C, Ninove L, van der Werf S, Lefebvre M, Desaint C, Bauer R, Attia M, Lecompte AS, Lachatre M, Maakaroun-Vermesse Z, Nicolas JF, Verdon R, Kiladjian JJ, Loubet P, Schmidt-Mutter C, Corbin V, Ansart S, Melica G, Resch M, Netzer E, Kherabi Y, Tardieu R, Lelièvre JD, Tartour E, Meyer L, de Lamballerie X, Launay O. Incidence of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine symptomatic breakthrough infections during Omicron circulation in adults with or without infection prior to vaccination. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104886. [PMID: 38494117 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections were frequently reported during circulation of the Omicron variant. The ANRS|MIE CoviCompareP study investigated these infections in adults vaccinated and boosted with BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] and with/without SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination. METHODS In the first half of 2021, healthy adults (aged 18-45, 65-74 and 75 or older) received either one dose of BNT162b2 (n = 120) if they had a documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection at least five months previously, or two doses (n = 147) if they had no history confirmed by negative serological tests. A first booster dose was administered at least 6 months after the primary vaccination, and a second booster dose, if any, was reported in the database. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the European (D614G) strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant were assessed up to 28 days after the first booster dose. A case-control analysis was performed for the 252 participants who were followed up in 2022, during the Omicron waves. RESULTS From January to October 2022, 78/252 (31%) had a documented symptomatic breakthrough infection after full vaccination: 21/117 (18%) in those who had been infected before vaccination vs. 57/135 (42%) in those who had not. In a multivariate logistic regression model, factors associated with a lower risk of breakthrough infection were older age, a higher number of booster doses, and higher levels of Omicron BA.1 NAb titers in adults with infection before vaccination, but not in those without prior infection. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the need to consider immune markers of protection in association with infection and vaccination history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laetitia Ninove
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR 3569 CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Centre National de Référence Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Paris, France
| | - Maeva Lefebvre
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre de prévention des maladies infectieuses et transmissibles CHU de Nantes - CIC1413 Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Corinne Desaint
- INSERM US19, Villejuif, France; INSERM CIC 1417 Cochin Pasteur, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Innovative Clinical Research Network in Vaccinology, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Mikael Attia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR 3569 CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Centre National de Référence Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lecompte
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Centre de prévention des maladies infectieuses et transmissibles CHU de Nantes - CIC1413 Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Lachatre
- INSERM CIC 1417 Cochin Pasteur, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Innovative Clinical Research Network in Vaccinology, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zoha Maakaroun-Vermesse
- Centre de Vaccination CHU de Tours, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1415, INSERM, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France; CHU Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Renaud Verdon
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Caen, Dynamicure INSERM, UMR 1311, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kiladjian
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, INSERM, CIC1427, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Paul Loubet
- VBMI, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, CHU Nîmes, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Violaine Corbin
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INSERM CIC1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Giovanna Melica
- Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, APHP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, INSERM CIC 1430, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Yousra Kherabi
- INSERM CIC 1417 Cochin Pasteur, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Innovative Clinical Research Network in Vaccinology, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Eric Tartour
- APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, INSERM U970, PARCC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM US19, Villejuif, France; INSERM, CESP U1018, Université Paris Saclay, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Launay
- INSERM CIC 1417 Cochin Pasteur, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Innovative Clinical Research Network in Vaccinology, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Lakin KS, Wu Y, Gordon JK, Kwakkenbos L, Carrier ME, Henry RS, Denton CP, Mouthon L, Spiera RF, Thombs BD. COVID-19 vaccinations and infections among individuals with systemic sclerosis: A Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network (SPIN) Cohort study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 67:152453. [PMID: 38851172 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE We previously surveyed adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc) regarding COVID-19 vaccination in April-May 2021. The objective of the present study was to update through June-July 2022 and assess self-reported (1) COVID-19 vaccination rates, including boosters; (2) vaccine-related adverse events; (3) peri‑vaccination immunosuppressive medication management; (4) vaccine hesitancy; and (5) prevalence and severity of COVID-19 infections. METHODS In April-May 2021 and June-July 2022, SPIN Cohort participants completed surveys on COVID-19 vaccination and infection. Primary vaccine series was defined according to the standard for each COVID-19 vaccine; additional vaccine administrations were considered booster doses. Fully vaccinated was defined as having completed a primary vaccine series and at least one booster dose. RESULTS 544 participants completed the 2021 survey only, 101 the 2022 survey only, and 388 both surveys. Among 489 participants with 2022 data, 437 (89 %) had received both primary and booster vaccines. Among all 1,033 participants, 960 (93 %) received at least one dose. At least one adverse reaction was reported by 34 % (330 of 960 participants) following first, 48 % (314 of 657 participants) following second, and 34 % (147 of 437 participants) following booster vaccine doses (primarily sore arm and fatigue); no severe adverse reactions were reported. SSc symptom worsening was reported in 6 % (53 of 960) after the first, 6 % after the second (39 of 657), and 4 % (17 of 437) after the booster dose. Of participants taking methotrexate or mycophenolate (including Cellcept or Myfortic), 34 of 266 (13 %) reported that they temporarily stopped or decreased their medication at the first dose, 32 of 215 (15 %) at the second dose, and 28 of 148 (19 %) for booster vaccination. Of 52 individuals not fully vaccinated with primary and booster doses in 2022, 29 (56 %) reported worry about vaccine related SSc flares. 172 of 489 (35 %) 2022 participants reported a history of at least one COVID-19 infection; 114 (66 %) occurred after receiving at least a primary vaccine series. Among initial COVID-19 infections, 9 (5 %) were asymptomatic, 66 (38 %) involved mild symptoms, 82 (48 %) moderate symptoms, and 15 (9 %) required hospitalization. CONCLUSION Most people with SSc in the study were fully vaccinated, and most continued their methotrexate or mycophenolate post-primary and booster vaccinations. Over half of vaccine-hesitant participants were concerned regarding risk of SSc flare; however, few vaccinated participants reported this. These data may be useful for counselling people with SSc regarding COVID-19 vaccine safety and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin Wu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Linda Kwakkenbos
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Eve Carrier
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard S Henry
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher P Denton
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, London, UK
| | - Luc Mouthon
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence Maladies Autoimmunes et Autoinflammatoires Systémiques Rares d'Ile de France, de l'Est et de l'Ouest, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Centre, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Brett D Thombs
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Hamilton KW, Hua E, Dutcher L, Fernandez Lynch H, Junker P, Doucette AG, Werner D, Kannel EZ, Civitello T, Gabriel P, Ahya VN, Jacobs DA, Garfall A, Pratz K, Degnan KO, Blumberg EA, Capozzi D, Craig E, Takach P, Payne AS, Geara A, Koenig H, Holzman L, Tebas P. Implementation of an Approach to Equitable Allocation of SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Preexposure Prophylaxis: Experience From a Single Medical Center. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae388. [PMID: 39100528 PMCID: PMC11297503 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies for preexposure prophylaxis (SMA-PrEP) offered patients who were immunocompromised another option for protection. However, SMA-PrEP posed administrative, operational, and ethical challenges for health care facilities, resulting in few patients receiving them. Although the first SMA-PrEP medication, tixagevimab and cilgavimab, had its authorization revoked due to compromised in vitro efficacy, new SMA-PrEP medications are currently completing clinical trials. This article provides an operational framework for administrative organization, patient identification and prioritization, equitable medication allocation, medication ordering and administration, and patient tracking. Methods A retrospective cohort study evaluating our hospital's SMA-PrEP administration strategy was performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with receipt of SMA-PrEP. Results Despite the barriers in administering this medication and the scarcity of resources, our hospital was able to administer at least 1 dose of SMA-PrEP to 1359 of 5902 (23.0%) eligible patients. Even with the steps taken to promote equitable allocation, multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that there were still differences by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. As compared with patients who identified as Black, patients who identified as White (odds ratio [OR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.46-2.33), Asian (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.03-2.46), and Hispanic (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.02-2.44) were more likely to receive SMA-PrEP. When compared with patients with low socioeconomic status, patients with high socioeconomic status (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.78) were more likely to be allocated SMA-PrEP. Conclusions Despite efforts to mitigate health care disparities, differences by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status still arose in patients receiving SMA-PrEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Hamilton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elvis Hua
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren Dutcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Holly Fernandez Lynch
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Junker
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail G Doucette
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle Werner
- Clinical Practices of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ethan Z Kannel
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Civitello
- University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Gabriel
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vivek N Ahya
- Clinical Practices of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dina A Jacobs
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alfred Garfall
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keith Pratz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen O Degnan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily A Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donna Capozzi
- Oncology Pharmacy and Investigational Drug Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ethan Craig
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Takach
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abdallah Geara
- Division of Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helen Koenig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence Holzman
- Division of Renal, Electrolyte, and Hypertension, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Protopapas K, Thomas K, Moschopoulos CD, Oktapoda E, Marousi E, Marselou E, Stamoulis N, Filis C, Kazakou P, Oikonomopoulou C, Zampetas G, Efstratiadou O, Chavatza K, Kavatha D, Antoniadou A, Papadopoulos A. Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections after Booster SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in a Greek Cohort of People Living with HIV during the Delta and Omicron Waves. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1614. [PMID: 39062187 PMCID: PMC11274973 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been proven effective in protecting against severe COVID-19; however, they show variable efficacy against symptomatic infection and disease transmission. We studied the breakthrough COVID-19 infection (BTI) after booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV (PWH). METHODS This was a retrospective, single-center, descriptive cohort study involving PWH, who were followed in the HIV Clinic of "Attikon" University Hospital in Athens, Greece. A BTI was defined as a case of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least 14 days after the third (booster) vaccine dose. RESULTS We studied 733 PWH [males: 89%, mean age: 45.2 ± 11.3 years, mean BMI: 26.1 ± 4.1, HIV stage at diagnosis (CDC classification): A/B/C = 80/9/11%, MSM: 72.6%] with well-controlled HIV infection. At least one comorbidity was recorded in 54% of cases. A history of ≥1 vaccination was reported by 90%, with 75% having been vaccinated with ≥3 vaccines. Four hundred and two (55%) PWH had a history of COVID-19 and 302 (41.2%) had a BTI, with only 15 (3.7%) needing hospitalization. Only one patient was admitted to the ICU, and no death was reported. Regarding BTI after booster dose, increased age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99, per 1-year increase), and COVID-19 infection prior to booster dose (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21-0.68) were associated with a lower likelihood for BTI, whereas higher BMI (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08) and MSM as a mode of HIV transmission were associated with increased risk (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.47-4.56). The incidence rate of total COVID-19 and BTI followed the epidemic curve of the general population, with the highest incidence recorded in June 2022. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of PWH with well-controlled HIV infection experienced a BTI, with the majority of them having mild infection. These data, which include the period of Omicron variant predominance, confirm the importance of vaccination in the protection against severe COVID-19.
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Lee SB, Dai R, French E, Anzalone JA, Olex AL, Ge J, Schissel M, Agarwal G, Vinson A, Madhira V, Mannon RB. Risk factors for severe outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 through the waves of the pandemic: Comparing patients with and without solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2024:e14333. [PMID: 38980969 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is no longer a public health emergency, certain patients remain at risk of severe outcomes. To better understand changing risk profiles, we studied the risk factors for patients with and without solid organ transplantation (SOT) through the various waves of the pandemic. METHODS Using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative we studied a cohort of adult patients testing positive for COVID-19 between January 1, 2020, and May 2, 2022. We separated the data into waves of COVID-19 as defined by the Centers for Disease Control. In our primary outcome, we used multivariable survival analysis to look at various risk factors for hospitalization in those with and without SOT. RESULTS A total of 3,570,032 patients were captured. We found an overall risk attenuation of adverse COVID-19-associated outcomes over time. In both non-SOT and SOT populations, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and congestive heart failure were risk factors for hospitalization. For SOT specifically, longer time periods between transplant and COVID-19 were protective and age was a risk factor. Notably, asthma was not a risk factor for major adverse renal cardiovascular events, hospitalization, or mortality in either group. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a longitudinal view of the risks associated with adverse COVID-related outcomes amongst SOT and non-SOT patients, and how these risk factors evolved over time. Our work will help inform providers and policymakers to better target high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Canada
| | - Ran Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Evan French
- Virginia Commonwealth University Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jerrod A Anzalone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Amy L Olex
- Virginia Commonwealth University Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jin Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Makayla Schissel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gaurav Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amanda Vinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Roslyn B Mannon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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11
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Khorramnia S, Navidi Z, Orandi A, Iravani MM, Orandi A, Malekabad ES, Moghadam SHP. Tixagevimab/cilgavimab prophylaxis against COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION AND RESEARCH 2024; 38:136-144. [PMID: 38904088 PMCID: PMC11228381 DOI: 10.4285/ctr.24.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Tix/Cil) shows promise as a prophylactic treatment against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). This study was performed to assess the effectiveness of Tix/Cil for preexposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 in this population. Methods We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase databases to identify articles relevant to our study up to December 15, 2023. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (ver. 3.0) was used for data analysis. Results The meta-analysis included seven eligible retrospective studies, encompassing a total of 4,026 SOTRs. The analysis revealed significant differences in SOTRs who received Tix/Cil preexposure prophylaxis relative to those who did not. Specifically, these differences were observed in the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (odds ratio [OR], 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.60), hospitalization (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.08-0.70), and intensive care unit admission (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-0.22). However, mortality rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.06). Conclusions The evidence supporting the effectiveness of Tix/Cil as preexposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 in SOTRs is of a low to moderate level. Further high-quality research is necessary to understand its effects on this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khorramnia
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zia Navidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Orandi
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mohajeri Iravani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Paramedical Faculty, Hajar Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Orandi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Sanmartin F, Magrini E, Rando E, Giacomo PD, Dusina A, Matteini E, Carbone A, Puma G, Leanza GM, Frondizi F, Innocenti I, Maiuro G, Liotti FM, Santangelo R, Laurenti L, Cingolani A. A 67-Year-Old Man with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) on Maintenance Therapy with Ibrutinib with Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection Unresponsive to Antiviral Treatments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2024; 25:e941165. [PMID: 38943241 PMCID: PMC11332969 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.941165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection can persist in immunocompromised patients with hematological malignancies, despite antiviral treatment. This report is of a 67-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), secondary hypogammaglobulinemia, and thrombocytopenia on maintenance therapy with ibrutinib, with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection unresponsive to antiviral treatment, including remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), and tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Evusheld). CASE REPORT The patient was admitted to our hospital 3 times. During his first hospitalization, he was treated with 5-day course of remdesivir and intravenous steroids; however, antigen and molecular nasopharyngeal swabs were persistently positive, and he was discharged home. Due to respiratory worsening, he was rehospitalized, and despite being treated initially with tixagevimab/cilgavimab, and subsequently with a remdesivir course of 5 days, SARS-CoV-2 tests remained persistently positive. During his third hospital stay, our patient was subjected to combined therapy with remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for 5 days, obtaining a significant reduction of viral load at both antigen and molecular testing. As an ultimate attempt to achieve a negative status before discharge, a 10-day course of combined remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was administered, with a temporary reduction of viral load, followed by a sudden increase immediately after the discontinuation of Paxlovid. Due to worsening hematological disease and bacterial over-infections, the patient gradually worsened until death. CONCLUSIONS This is an emblematic case of correlation between persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunosuppression status in hematological hosts. In these patients, the viral load remains high, favoring the evolution of the virus, and the immunodeficiency makes it difficult to identify the appropriate therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Sanmartin
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Magrini
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rando
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Del Giacomo
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Dusina
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Matteini
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carbone
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Puma
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Maria Leanza
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Frondizi
- Department of Safety and Bioethics – Infectious Diseases Section, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Idanna Innocenti
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maiuro
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flora Marzia Liotti
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Santangelo
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Laurenti
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cingolani
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Ruta S, Popescu CP, Matei L, Grancea C, Paun AM, Oprea C, Sultana C. SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in People Living with HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:663. [PMID: 38932392 PMCID: PMC11209143 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressed individuals, such as people living with HIV (PLWH), remain vulnerable to severe COVID-19. We analyzed the persistence of specific SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immune responses in a retrospective, cross-sectional study in PLWH on antiretroviral therapy. Among 104 participants, 70.2% had anti-S IgG antibodies, and 55.8% had significant neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant in a surrogate virus neutralization test. Only 38.5% were vaccinated (8.76 ± 4.1 months prior), all displaying anti-S IgG, 75% with neutralizing antibodies and anti-S IgA. Overall, 29.8% of PLWH had no SARS-CoV-2 serologic markers; they displayed significantly lower CD4 counts and higher HIV viral load. Severe immunosuppression (present in 12.5% of participants) was linked to lower levels of detectable anti-S IgG (p = 0.0003), anti-S IgA (p < 0.0001) and lack of neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant (p < 0.0001). T-cell responses were present in 86.7% of tested participants, even in those lacking serological markers. In PLWH without severe immunosuppression, neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses persisted for up to 9 months post-infection or vaccination. Advanced immunosuppression led to diminished humoral immune responses but retained specific cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ruta
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (C.O.); (C.S.)
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Corneliu Petru Popescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (C.O.); (C.S.)
- Dr. Victor Babes Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lilia Matei
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Camelia Grancea
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Adrian Marius Paun
- Dr. Victor Babes Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristiana Oprea
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (C.O.); (C.S.)
- Dr. Victor Babes Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Camelia Sultana
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (C.O.); (C.S.)
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania; (L.M.); (C.G.)
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14
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Mateo-Urdiales A, Fabiani M, Mayer F, Sacco C, Belleudi V, Da Cas R, Fotakis EA, De Angelis L, Cutillo M, Petrone D, Morciano C, Cannone A, Del Manso M, Riccardo F, Bella A, Menniti-Ippolito F, Pezzotti P, Spila Alegiani S, Massari M. Risk of breakthrough infection and hospitalisation after COVID-19 primary vaccination by HIV status in four Italian regions during 2021. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1569. [PMID: 38862939 PMCID: PMC11165887 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As of 2024, vaccination remains the main mitigation measure against COVID-19, but there are contradictory results on whether people living with HIV (PLWH) are less protected by vaccines than people living without HIV (PLWoH). In this study we compared the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation following full vaccination in PLWH and PLWoH. METHODS We linked data from the vaccination registry, the COVID-19 surveillance system and from healthcare/pharmacological registries in four Italian regions. We identified PLWH fully vaccinated (14 days post completion of the primary cycle) and matched them at a ratio of 1:4 with PLWoH by week of vaccine administration, age, sex, region of residence and comorbidities. Follow-up started on January 24, 2021, and lasted for a maximum of 234 days. We used the Kaplan-Meier estimator to calculate the cumulative incidence of infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in both groups, and we compared risks using risk differences and ratios taking PLWoH as the reference group. RESULTS We matched 42,771 PLWH with 171,084 PLWoH. The overall risk of breakthrough infection was similar in both groups with a rate ratio (RR) of 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI):0.80-1.53). The absolute difference between groups at the end of the study period was 8.28 events per 10,000 person-days in the PLWH group (95%CI:-18.43-40.29). There was a non-significant increase the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation among PLWH (RR:1.90; 95%CI:0.93-3.32) which corresponds to 6.73 hospitalisations per 10,000 individuals (95%CI: -0.57 to 14.87 per 10,000). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest PLWH were not at increased risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 hospitalisation following a primary cycle of mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Fabiani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Mayer
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Sacco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Programme on Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valeria Belleudi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Da Cas
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanouil Alexandros Fotakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Programme on Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi De Angelis
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Cutillo
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Petrone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Morciano
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cannone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Del Manso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Riccardo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Massari
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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15
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Ennis SL, Levvey BJ, Shingles HV, Lee SJ, Snell GI, Gardiner BJ. COVID-19 infection is mild and has minimal impact on lung function in well vaccinated and widely treated lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:944-953. [PMID: 38408548 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.02.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has become a common infection affecting lung transplant recipients (LTR), who are at high risk for poor outcomes. Outcomes early in the pandemic were poor, but since the rollout of vaccination and novel COVID-19 treatments, outcomes of LTR have not been well described. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on the clinical course and lung function trajectory in an Australian cohort of LTR. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected from LTR with confirmed COVID-19 managed at Alfred Health, between August 2020 and December 2022. Baseline demographics, COVID-19 disease details (including severity) and spirometry pre- and postinfection have been analyzed. RESULTS A total of 279 LTR were included. The cohort was comorbid, but well vaccinated, with 275/279 (98.6%) having ≥2 COVID-19 vaccines at symptom onset. Severe disease occurred in only 17 cases (6%) and overall mortality was very low (4%). Prompt treatment with antivirals, particularly remdesevir (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04-0.81, p = 0.02) and vaccination (OR 0.24, CI 0.08-0.81, p = 0.01), was protective. There was not a clinically significant drop in lung function post-COVID-19 with the median absolute decline in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) being 40 ml (IQR 5-120 ml, p < 0.001), with a decline of >10% occurring in only 42 patients (17%). After multivariate adjustment, only rejection before COVID-19 was significantly associated with FEV1 decline afterward (OR 3.74, 1.12-11.86, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In our highly COVID-19 vaccinated, promptly treated LTR, the majority of COVID-19 infections were mild and did not result in a clinically significant decline in lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Ennis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Bronwyn J Levvey
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen V Shingles
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue J Lee
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand and Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory I Snell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley J Gardiner
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Sato H, Nagatani K, Minota S. Diminished antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in rheumatoid arthritis compared to metabolic disorders following the primary series of vaccinations and its recovery with a booster: A single-center prospective observational study. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15203. [PMID: 38924257 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM To compare antibody responses after vaccinations between patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and patients with metabolic disorders (MD). The study places special emphasis on understanding how common diseases affect antibody responses in individuals with RA within real-world settings. METHODS The participants were 117 patients with RA (66 with RA only and 51 with RA and MD) and 37 patients with MD who received both the primary series of vaccinations and a booster. Antibody titers were compared after the primary series of vaccinations and a booster, and factors influencing the antibody response were assessed. RESULTS Following the primary series of vaccinations, a significant reduction in antibody titers was observed in patients with longer days between vaccination and antibody measurement, the use of IL-6 inhibitors, selective T cell co-stimulation modulators, and methotrexate. Comorbid MD did not exhibit significant influences on antibody response in RA. Notably, the presence of RA itself was not significant in multivariate linear regression analysis. After the administration of the booster, however, day between vaccination and antibody measurement, the use of IL-6 inhibitor, and methotrexate no longer remained significant. Only the use of selective T cell co-stimulation modulators retained its significance. CONCLUSIONS MD did not exhibit a significant impact on antibody responses in RA patients. The reduced antibody response following the primary series in RA patients appeared to be attributed more to specific RA medications rather than to the disease itself. Booster vaccines are vital in restoring the antibody response in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsuya Nagatani
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiji Minota
- Nasu-Kogen Clinic, Nasu-Shiobara, Tochigi, Japan
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Aihara R, Umemura K, Katada Y, Nakagawa S, Kobayashi T, Hatano E, Date H, Nagao M, Terada T. Investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection status in solid organ transplant recipients treated with tixagevimab/cilgavimab. J Infect Chemother 2024:S1341-321X(24)00139-9. [PMID: 38777151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tixagevimab and cilgavimab (T/C) are neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that can be used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, their neutralizing activity against recent variants was reduced, raising concerns regarding the emergence of breakthrough coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to investigate the status of the COVID-19 breakthrough after T/C administration. METHODS We retrospectively investigated breakthrough COVID-19 in SOT recipients administered T/C at Kyoto University Hospital, Japan, from November 2022 to March 2023. Patients were monitored for 6 months after T/C administration. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction or antigen tests. The monthly incidence rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection were calculated using the person-time method. RESULTS T/C were administered to 67 SOT recipients (liver, 16; lung, 36; and kidney, 15), of whom five were infected with SARS-CoV-2. All five cases were classified as mild, and none of these patients required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) or died. All infected individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after March 2023, when T/C-resistant subvariant strains became predominant. The monthly incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection, calculated using the person-time method, suggested an increasing trend. CONCLUSIONS During the T/C-resistant variant epidemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified even after T/C administration, suggesting that the prophylactic effects of T/C were invalid. Therefore, emerging variants must be carefully monitored and characterized to determine appropriate antiviral strategies, such as the use of suitable neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ririka Aihara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Umemura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Mizuno Y, Nakasone W, Nakamura M, Otaki JM. In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation of the Molecular Mimicry of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein by Common Short Constituent Sequences (cSCSs) in the Human Proteome: Toward Safer Epitope Design for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:539. [PMID: 38793790 PMCID: PMC11125730 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spike protein sequences in SARS-CoV-2 have been employed for vaccine epitopes, but many short constituent sequences (SCSs) in the spike protein are present in the human proteome, suggesting that some anti-spike antibodies induced by infection or vaccination may be autoantibodies against human proteins. To evaluate this possibility of "molecular mimicry" in silico and in vitro, we exhaustively identified common SCSs (cSCSs) found both in spike and human proteins bioinformatically. The commonality of SCSs between the two systems seemed to be coincidental, and only some cSCSs were likely to be relevant to potential self-epitopes based on three-dimensional information. Among three antibodies raised against cSCS-containing spike peptides, only the antibody against EPLDVL showed high affinity for the spike protein and reacted with an EPLDVL-containing peptide from the human unc-80 homolog protein. Western blot analysis revealed that this antibody also reacted with several human proteins expressed mainly in the small intestine, ovary, and stomach. Taken together, these results showed that most cSCSs are likely incapable of inducing autoantibodies but that at least EPLDVL functions as a self-epitope, suggesting a serious possibility of infection-induced or vaccine-induced autoantibodies in humans. High-risk cSCSs, including EPLDVL, should be excluded from vaccine epitopes to prevent potential autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Mizuno
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Nakasone
- Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Unit, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Morikazu Nakamura
- Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Unit, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Joji M. Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan
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19
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Nakamura N, Kobashi Y, Kim KS, Park H, Tani Y, Shimazu Y, Zhao T, Nishikawa Y, Omata F, Kawashima M, Yoshida M, Abe T, Saito Y, Senoo Y, Nonaka S, Takita M, Yamamoto C, Kawamura T, Sugiyama A, Nakayama A, Kaneko Y, Jeong YD, Tatematsu D, Akao M, Sato Y, Iwanami S, Fujita Y, Wakui M, Aihara K, Kodama T, Shibuya K, Iwami S, Tsubokura M. Modeling and predicting individual variation in COVID-19 vaccine-elicited antibody response in the general population. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2024; 3:e0000497. [PMID: 38701055 PMCID: PMC11068210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
As we learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines are one of the most important tools in infectious disease control. To date, an unprecedentedly large volume of high-quality data on COVID-19 vaccinations have been accumulated. For preparedness in future pandemics beyond COVID-19, these valuable datasets should be analyzed to best shape an effective vaccination strategy. We are collecting longitudinal data from a community-based cohort in Fukushima, Japan, that consists of 2,407 individuals who underwent serum sampling two or three times after a two-dose vaccination with either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Using the individually reconstructed time courses of the vaccine-elicited antibody response based on mathematical modeling, we first identified basic demographic and health information that contributed to the main features of the antibody dynamics, i.e., the peak, the duration, and the area under the curve. We showed that these three features of antibody dynamics were partially explained by underlying medical conditions, adverse reactions to vaccinations, and medications, consistent with the findings of previous studies. We then applied to these factors a recently proposed computational method to optimally fit an "antibody score", which resulted in an integer-based score that can be used as a basis for identifying individuals with higher or lower antibody titers from basic demographic and health information. The score can be easily calculated by individuals themselves or by medical practitioners. Although the sensitivity of this score is currently not very high, in the future, as more data become available, it has the potential to identify vulnerable populations and encourage them to get booster vaccinations. Our mathematical model can be extended to any kind of vaccination and therefore can form a basis for policy decisions regarding the distribution of booster vaccines to strengthen immunity in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Nakamura
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yurie Kobashi
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hirata Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kwang Su Kim
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Science System Simulation, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Mathematics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyeongki Park
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Tani
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzo Shimazu
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tianchen Zhao
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishikawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hirata Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Fumiya Omata
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hirata Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Moe Kawashima
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Toshiki Abe
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Senoo
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Nonaka
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Morihito Takita
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Proteomics Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Proteomics Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Nakayama
- Proteomics Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Kaneko
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yong Dam Jeong
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Mathematics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Daiki Tatematsu
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Marwa Akao
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoya Iwanami
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujita
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Wakui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Shibuya
- Soma Medical Center of Vaccination for COVID-19, Fukushima, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Iwami
- interdisciplinary Biology Laboratory (iBLab), Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
- Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tsubokura
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hirata Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
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20
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Santos CS, Chen JP, Nikiphorou E, Tseng CW, Gutiérrez CET, Tan AL, Nune A, Kadam E, Kuwana M, Day J, Saha S, Velikova T, Lilleker JB, Caballero-Uribe CV, Sen P, Chinoy H, Aggarwal R, Agarwal V, Gupta L, Chen YM. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease flares in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: result from COVAD e-survey study. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:805-817. [PMID: 38470502 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-024-05542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been suggested as a possible trigger of disease flares in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, factors associated with disease flares remain unknown. This study aimed to identify factors associated with breakthrough infection (BIs) and disease flares in patients with RA following COVID-19. We analysed data from RA patients who participated in the COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune diseases (COVAD) study. Demographic data, patient-reported outcomes, comorbidities, pharmacologic treatment and details regarding disease flares were extracted from the COVAD database. Factors associated with disease flare-ups were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The analysis comprised 1928 patients with RA who participated in the COVAD study. Younger age, Caucasian ethnicity, comorbidities with obstructive chronic pulmonary disease and asthma were associated with COVID-19 breakthrough infection. Moreover, younger age (odds ratio (OR): 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-0.99, p < 0.001), ethnicity other than Asian, past history of tuberculosis (OR: 3.80, 95% CI 1.12-12.94, p = 0.033), treatment with methotrexate (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.56-4.17, p < 0.001), poor global physical health (OR: 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.15, p = 0.044) and mental health (OR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.87-0.95, p < 0.001) were independent factors associated disease flares in patients with RA. Our study highlights the impact of socio-demographic factors, clinical characteristics and mental health on disease flares in patients with RA. These insights may help determine relevant strategies to proactively manage RA patients at risk of flares.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-Peng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Elena Nikiphorou
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
- Rheumatology Department, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chi-Wei Tseng
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Carlos Enrique Toro Gutiérrez
- Reference Center for Osteoporosis, Rheumatology and Dermatology, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ai Lyn Tan
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Arvind Nune
- Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust, Southport, PR8 6PN, UK
| | - Esha Kadam
- Seth Gordhandhas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edwards Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Masataka Kuwana
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Jessica Day
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sreoshy Saha
- Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - James B Lilleker
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | | | - Parikshit Sen
- Maulana Azad Medical College, 2-Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Hector Chinoy
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Rohit Aggarwal
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Latika Gupta
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medical Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Lee JE, Kim J, Hwang M, Kim YH, Chung MJ, Jeong WG, Jeong YJ. Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection in Hospitalized Immunocompromised Patients. Korean J Radiol 2024; 25:481-492. [PMID: 38627873 PMCID: PMC11058431 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and imaging characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in hospitalized immunocompromised patients in comparison with immunocompetent patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study analyzed consecutive adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 who received at least one dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at two academic medical centers between June 2021 and December 2022. Immunocompromised patients (with active solid organ cancer, active hematologic cancer, active immune-mediated inflammatory disease, status post solid organ transplantation, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome) were compared with immunocompetent patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of immune status on severe clinical outcomes (in-hospital death, mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit admission), severe radiologic pneumonia (≥ 25% of lung involvement), and typical CT pneumonia. RESULTS Of 2218 patients (mean age, 69.5 ± 16.1 years), 274 (12.4%), and 1944 (87.6%) were immunocompromised an immunocompetent, respectively. Patients with active solid organ cancer and patients status post solid organ transplantation had significantly higher risks for severe clinical outcomes (adjusted odds ratio = 1.58 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.01-2.47], P = 0.042; and 3.12 [95% CI, 1.47-6.60], P = 0.003, respectively). Patient status post solid organ transplantation and patients with active hematologic cancer were associated with increased risks for severe pneumonia based on chest radiographs (2.96 [95% CI, 1.54-5.67], P = 0.001; and 2.87 [95% CI, 1.50-5.49], P = 0.001, respectively) and for typical CT pneumonia (9.03 [95% CI, 2.49-32.66], P < 0.001; and 4.18 [95% CI, 1.70-10.25], P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION Immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 breakthrough infection showed an increased risk of severe clinical outcome, severe pneumonia based on chest radiographs, and typical CT pneumonia. In particular, patients status post solid organ transplantation was specifically found to be associated with a higher risk of all three outcomes than hospitalized immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Chung
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Costiniuk CT, Lee T, Singer J, Galipeau Y, Arnold C, Langlois MA, Needham J, Jenabian MA, Burchell AN, Samji H, Chambers C, Walmsley S, Ostrowski M, Kovacs C, Tan DHS, Harris M, Hull M, Brumme ZL, Lapointe HR, Brockman MA, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Samarani S, Lebouché B, Angel JB, Routy JP, Cooper CL, Anis AH. Correlates of Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in People with HIV: Results from the CIHR CTN 328 Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:447. [PMID: 38793698 PMCID: PMC11125718 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 breakthrough infection (BTI) can occur despite vaccination. Using a multi-centre, prospective, observational Canadian cohort of people with HIV (PWH) receiving ≥2 COVID-19 vaccines, we compared the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG levels 3 and 6 months post second dose, as well as 1 month post third dose, in PWH with and without BTI. BTI was defined as positivity based on self-report measures (data up to last study visit) or IgG data (up to 1 month post dose 3). The self-report measures were based on their symptoms and either a positive PCR or rapid antigen test. The analysis was restricted to persons without previous COVID-19 infection. Persons without BTI remained COVID-19-naïve until ≥3 months following the third dose. Of 289 participants, 92 developed BTI (31.5 infections per 100 person-years). The median days between last vaccination and BTI was 128 (IQR 67, 176), with the most cases occurring between the third and fourth dose (n = 59), corresponding to the Omicron wave. In analyses adjusted for age, sex, race, multimorbidity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and obesity, a lower IgG S/RBD (log10 BAU/mL) at 1 month post dose 3 was significantly associated with BTI, suggesting that a lower IgG level at this time point may predict BTI in this cohort of PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital—Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (B.L.); (J.-P.R.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (T.L.); (J.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (A.H.A.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (T.L.); (J.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (A.H.A.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Y.G.); (C.A.); (M.-A.L.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Corey Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Y.G.); (C.A.); (M.-A.L.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Y.G.); (C.A.); (M.-A.L.); (J.B.A.)
| | - Judy Needham
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (T.L.); (J.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (A.H.A.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada;
| | - Ann N. Burchell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada;
| | - Hasina Samji
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.S.); (Z.L.B.); (M.A.B.)
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Catharine Chambers
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada;
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada;
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada;
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Clinical Sciences Division, Department of Immunology, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada;
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada;
| | - Darrell H. S. Tan
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada;
- Institute of Public Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M6, Canada
| | - Marianne Harris
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Mark Hull
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.S.); (Z.L.B.); (M.A.B.)
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Hope R. Lapointe
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Mark A. Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.S.); (Z.L.B.); (M.A.B.)
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (M.H.); (M.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (T.L.); (J.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Enrico Mandarino
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (T.L.); (J.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital—Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (B.L.); (J.-P.R.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital—Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (B.L.); (J.-P.R.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jonathan B. Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Y.G.); (C.A.); (M.-A.L.); (J.B.A.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital—Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (S.S.); (B.L.); (J.-P.R.)
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Curtis L. Cooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
| | - Aslam H. Anis
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (T.L.); (J.N.); (S.M.); (E.M.); (A.H.A.)
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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23
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Poulakou G, Royer PJ, Evgeniev N, Evanno G, Shneiker F, Marcelin AG, Vanhove B, Duvaux O, Marot S, Calvez V. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 glyco-humanized polyclonal antibody XAV-19: phase II/III randomized placebo-controlled trial shows acceleration to recovery for mild to moderate patients with COVID-19. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330178. [PMID: 38694503 PMCID: PMC11061480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction XAV-19 is a glyco-humanized swine polyclonal antibody targeting SARS-CoV-2 with high neutralizing activity. The safety and clinical efficacy of XAV-19 were investigated in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Methods This phase II/III, multicentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of XAV-19 in patients with a seven-point WHO score of 2 to 4 at randomization, i.e., inpatients with COVID-19 requiring or not requiring low-flow oxygen therapy, and outpatients not requiring oxygen (EUROXAV trial, NCT04928430). Adult patients presenting in specialized or emergency units with confirmed COVID-19 and giving their consent to participate in the study were randomized to receive 150 mg of XAV-19 or placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with aggravation within 8 days after treatment, defined as a worsening of the seven-point WHO score of at least one point between day 8 and day 1 (inclusion). The neutralization activity of XAV-19 against variants circulating during the trial was tested in parallel. Results From March 2021 to October 2022, 279 patients received either XAV-19 (N = 140) or placebo (N = 139). A slow enrollment and a low rate of events forced the termination of the premature trial. XAV-19 was well tolerated. Underpowered statistics did not allow the detection of any difference in the primary endpoint between the two groups or in stratified groups. Interestingly, analysis of the time to improvement (secondary endpoint) showed that XAV-19 significantly accelerated the recovery for patients with a WHO score of 2 or 3 (median at 7 days vs. 14 days, p = 0.0159), and even more for patients with a WHO score of 2 (4 days vs. 14 days, p = 0.0003). The neutralizing activity against Omicron and BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4/5, and BQ.1.1 subvariants was shown. Discussion In this randomized placebo- controlled trial with premature termination, reduction of aggravation by XAV-19 at day 8 in patients with COVID-19 was not detectable. However, a significant reduction of the time to improvement for patients not requiring oxygen was observed. XAV-19 maintained a neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Altogether, these data support a possible therapeutic interest for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 requiring anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT04928430; https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/about.html (EudraCT), identifier 2020-005979-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfallia Poulakou
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolay Evgeniev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Complex Oncology Center, Russe, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Marot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France
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24
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Schiff AE, Wang X, Patel NJ, Kawano Y, Hanberg JL, Kowalski EN, Cook CE, Vanni KM, Qian G, Bade KJ, Saavedra AA, Srivatsan S, Williams ZK, Venkat RK, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA. Immunomodulators and risk for breakthrough COVID-19 after third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:680-682. [PMID: 38199795 PMCID: PMC11009046 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-225162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Schiff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naomi J Patel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yumeko Kawano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hanberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily N Kowalski
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire E Cook
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen Mm Vanni
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katarina J Bade
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alene A Saavedra
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shruthi Srivatsan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary K Williams
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Zachary S Wallace
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Moreno-Echevarria FM, Caputo MT, Camp DM, Reddy S, Achenbach CJ. Incidence and risk factors of omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection among vaccinated and boosted individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.03.24305293. [PMID: 38633797 PMCID: PMC11023664 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.24305293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective against infection and severe COVID-19 disease worldwide. Certain co-morbid conditions cause immune dysfunction and may reduce immune response to vaccination. In contrast, those with co-morbidities may practice infection prevention strategies. Thus, the real-world clinical impact of co-morbidities on SARS-CoV-2 infection in the recent post-vaccination period is not well established. We performed this study to understand the epidemiology of Omicron breakthrough infection and evaluate associations with number of comorbidities in a vaccinated and boosted population. Methods and Findings We performed a retrospective clinical cohort study utilizing the Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse. Our study population was identified as fully vaccinated adults with at least one booster. The primary risk factor of interest was the number of co-morbidities. Our primary outcome was incidence and time to first positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test in the Omicron predominant era. We performed multivariable analyses stratified by calendar time using Cox modeling to determine hazard of SARS-CoV-2. In total, 133,191 patients were analyzed. Having 3+ comorbidities was associated with increased hazard for breakthrough (HR=1.2 CI 1.2-1.6). During the second half of the study, having 2 comorbidities (HR= 1.1 95% CI 1.02-1.2) and having 3+ comorbidities (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-1.9) were associated with increased hazard for Omicron breakthrough. Older age was associated with decreased hazard in the first 6 months of follow-up. Interaction terms for calendar time indicated significant changes in hazard for many factors between the first and second halves of the follow-up period. Conclusions Omicron breakthrough is common with significantly higher risk for our most vulnerable patients with multiple co-morbidities. Age related behavioral factors play an important role in breakthrough infection with the highest incidence among young adults. Our findings reflect real-world differences in immunity and exposure risk behaviors for populations vulnerable to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathew T. Caputo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Daniel M. Camp
- Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Susheel Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Chad J. Achenbach
- Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
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26
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Faherty EAG, Wilkins KJ, Jones S, Challa A, Qin Q, Chan LE, Olson-Chen C, Tarleton JL, Liebman MN, Mariona F, Hill EL, Patel RC. Pregnancy Outcomes among Pregnant Persons after COVID-19 Vaccination: Assessing Vaccine Safety in Retrospective Cohort Analysis of U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:289. [PMID: 38543923 PMCID: PMC10975285 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing severe illness, including among pregnant persons. The vaccines appear to be safe in pregnancy, supporting a continuously favorable overall risk/benefit profile, though supportive data for the U.S. over different periods of variant predominance are lacking. We sought to analyze the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with COVID-19 vaccinations in the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants' dominant periods (constituting 50% or more of each pregnancy) for pregnant persons in a large, nationally sampled electronic health record repository in the U.S. Our overall analysis included 311,057 pregnant persons from December 2020 to October 2023 at a time when there were approximately 3.6 million births per year. We compared rates of preterm births and stillbirths among pregnant persons who were vaccinated before or during pregnancy to persons vaccinated after pregnancy or those who were not vaccinated. We performed a multivariable Poisson regression with generalized estimated equations to address data site heterogeneity for preterm births and unadjusted exact models for stillbirths, stratified by the dominant variant period. We found lower rates of preterm birth in the majority of modeled periods (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] range: 0.42 to 0.85; p-value range: <0.001 to 0.06) and lower rates of stillbirth (IRR range: 0.53 to 1.82; p-value range: <0.001 to 0.976) in most periods among those who were vaccinated before or during pregnancy compared to those who were vaccinated after pregnancy or not vaccinated. We largely found no adverse associations between COVID-19 vaccination and preterm birth or stillbirth; these findings reinforce the safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and bolster confidence for pregnant persons, providers, and policymakers in the importance of COVID-19 vaccination for this group despite the end of the public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. G. Faherty
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Wilkins
- Biostatistics Program, Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Sara Jones
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Anup Challa
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA;
| | - Qiuyuan Qin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (Q.Q.); (E.L.H.)
| | - Lauren E. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Courtney Olson-Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Tarleton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | | | - Federico Mariona
- Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, MI 48124, USA;
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Elaine L. Hill
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (Q.Q.); (E.L.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
| | - Rena C. Patel
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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27
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Valencia I, Lumpuy-Castillo J, Magalhaes G, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Lorenzo Ó, Peiró C. Mechanisms of endothelial activation, hypercoagulation and thrombosis in COVID-19: a link with diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:75. [PMID: 38378550 PMCID: PMC10880237 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Early since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical and scientific community were aware of extra respiratory actions of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Endothelitis, hypercoagulation, and hypofibrinolysis were identified in COVID-19 patients as subsequent responses of endothelial dysfunction. Activation of the endothelial barrier may increase the severity of the disease and contribute to long-COVID syndrome and post-COVID sequelae. Besides, it may cause alterations in primary, secondary, and tertiary hemostasis. Importantly, these responses have been highly decisive in the evolution of infected patients also diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), who showed previous endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential triggers of endothelial activation related to COVID-19 and COVID-19 under diabetic milieu. Several mechanisms are induced by both the viral particle itself and by the subsequent immune-defensive response (i.e., NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, vasoactive peptides, cytokine storm, NETosis, activation of the complement system). Alterations in coagulation mediators such as factor VIII, fibrin, tissue factor, the von Willebrand factor: ADAMST-13 ratio, and the kallikrein-kinin or plasminogen-plasmin systems have been reported. Moreover, an imbalance of thrombotic and thrombolytic (tPA, PAI-I, fibrinogen) factors favors hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis. In the context of DM, these mechanisms can be exacerbated leading to higher loss of hemostasis. However, a series of therapeutic strategies targeting the activated endothelium such as specific antibodies or inhibitors against thrombin, key cytokines, factor X, complement system, the kallikrein-kinin system or NETosis, might represent new opportunities to address this hypercoagulable state present in COVID-19 and DM. Antidiabetics may also ameliorate endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. By improving the microvascular pathology in COVID-19 and post-COVID subjects, the associated comorbidities and the risk of mortality could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Valencia
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, IIS Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28009, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jairo Lumpuy-Castillo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre On Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giselle Magalhaes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Vascular Pharmacology and Metabolism (FARMAVASM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre On Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Vascular Pharmacology and Metabolism (FARMAVASM), IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Feys S, Lagrou K, Lauwers HM, Haenen K, Jacobs C, Brusselmans M, Debaveye Y, Hermans G, Hoenigl M, Maertens J, Meersseman P, Peetermans M, Spriet I, Vandenbriele C, Vanderbeke L, Vos R, Van Wijngaerden E, Wilmer A, Wauters J. High Burden of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Severely Immunocompromised Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:361-370. [PMID: 37691392 PMCID: PMC10874259 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a frequent superinfection in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and is associated with increased mortality rates. The increasing proportion of severely immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 who require mechanical ventilation warrants research into the incidence and impact of CAPA during the vaccination era. METHODS We performed a retrospective, monocentric, observational study. We collected data from adult patients with severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of University Hospitals Leuven, a tertiary referral center, between 1 March 2020 and 14 November 2022. Probable or proven CAPA was diagnosed according to the 2020 European Confederation for Medical Mycology/International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ECMM/ISHAM) criteria. RESULTS We included 335 patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage sampling was performed in 300 (90%), and CAPA was diagnosed in 112 (33%). The incidence of CAPA was 62% (50 of 81 patients) in European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Mycosis Study Group Education and Research Consortium (MSGERC) host factor-positive patients, compared with 24% (62 of 254) in host factor-negative patients. The incidence of CAPA was significantly higher in the vaccination era, increasing from 24% (57 of 241) in patients admitted to the ICU before October 2021 to 59% (55 of 94) in those admitted since then. Both EORTC/MSGERC host factors and ICU admission in the vaccination era were independently associated with CAPA development. CAPA remained an independent risk factor associated with mortality risk during the vaccination era. CONCLUSIONS The presence of EORTC/MSGERC host factors for invasive mold disease is associated with increased CAPA incidence and worse outcome parameters, and it is the main driver for the significantly higher incidence of CAPA in the vaccination era. Our findings warrant investigation of antifungal prophylaxis in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Feys
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Moon Lauwers
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Haenen
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cato Jacobs
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marius Brusselmans
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Center (L-BioStat), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Debaveye
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hermans
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Excellence Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Bio TechMed, Graz, Austria
- Translational Medical Mycology Research Group, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Peetermans
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandenbriele
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Vanderbeke
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Vos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Van Wijngaerden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Wilmer
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Silva EE, Moioffer SJ, Hassert M, Berton RR, Smith MG, van de Wall S, Meyerholz DK, Griffith TS, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Defining Parameters That Modulate Susceptibility and Protection to Respiratory Murine Coronavirus MHV1 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:563-575. [PMID: 38149923 PMCID: PMC10872354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience variable disease susceptibility, and patients with comorbidities such as sepsis are often hospitalized for COVID-19 complications. However, the extent to which initial infectious inoculum dose determines disease outcomes and whether this can be used for immunological priming in a genetically susceptible host has not been completely defined. We used an established SARS-like murine model in which responses to primary and/or secondary challenges with murine hepatitis virus type 1 (MHV-1) were analyzed. We compared the response to infection in genetically susceptible C3H/HeJ mice, genetically resistant C57BL/6J mice, and genetically diverse, variably susceptible outbred Swiss Webster mice. Although defined as genetically susceptible to MHV-1, C3H/HeJ mice displayed decreasing dose-dependent pathological changes in disease severity and lung infiltrate/edema, as well as lymphopenia. Importantly, an asymptomatic dose (500 PFU) was identified that yielded no measurable morbidity/mortality postinfection in C3H/HeJ mice. Polymicrobial sepsis induced via cecal ligation and puncture converted asymptomatic infections in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice to more pronounced disease, modeling the impact of sepsis as a comorbidity to β-coronavirus infection. We then used low-dose infection as an immunological priming event in C3H/HeJ mice, which provided neutralizing Ab-dependent, but not circulating CD4/CD8 T cell-dependent, protection against a high-dose MHV-1 early rechallenge. Together, these data define how infection dose, immunological status, and comorbidities modulate outcomes of primary and secondary β-coronavirus infections in hosts with variable susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvia E Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Roger R Berton
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Matthew G Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Yang X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Chen S, Olatosi B, Poland GA, Weissman S, Li X. COVID-19 breakthrough infections among people living with and without HIV: A statewide cohort analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 139:21-27. [PMID: 38013151 PMCID: PMC10842358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to characterize and compare COVID-19 breakthrough infections between people living with and without HIV across different phases of the pandemic. METHODS Using statewide HIV cohort data, the study population included adult residents in South Carolina (SC) (>18 years old) who were fully vaccinated between January 02, 2021 and April 14, 2022 when Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants were circulating in SC. We used the Cox proportional hazard model to investigate the association between HIV infection and breakthrough infection, adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS Among 2,144,415 vaccinated individuals, 8,335 were people living with HIV (PLWH) and 2,136,080 were people without HIV (PWoH). After propensity score matching, HIV infection was not significantly associated with breakthrough infection rate. However, when comparing breakthrough infections among individuals without any booster dose, PLWH had a higher risk of breakthrough infections (adjusted Hazard Ration: 1.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.39). Compared to PWoH, PLWH with high levels of clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4) count or viral suppression were not associated with breakthrough infections. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support a broad conclusion that COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is lower among PLWH, while we did find that PLWH had a higher risk of breakthrough infection compared to PWoH if they did not receive a booster dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Ziang Liu
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Shujie Chen
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, USA
| | - Sharon Weissman
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA; South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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31
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Zhan H, Xie Y, Liu Y, Cheng L, Xu Y, Qu X, Li C, Guo X, Li H, Wang Y, Dai E, Wang L, Gao H, Li Y. Omicron BA.4/5 neutralization and cell-mediated immune responses in relation to baseline immune status and breakthrough infection among PLWH: A follow-up cohort study. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29446. [PMID: 38345110 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on hybrid immunity (vaccination plus breakthrough infection [BI]), especially cell-mediated responses to Omicron among immunosuppressed patients. We aim to investigate humoral and cellular responses to Omicron BA.4/5 among people living with HIV (PLWH) with/without BIs, the most prevalent variant of concern after the reopening of China. Based on our previous study, we enrolled 77 PLWH with baseline immune status of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 specific antibodies after inactivated vaccination. "Correlates of protection," including serological immunoassays, T cell phenotypes and memory B cells (MBC) were determined in PLWH without and with BI, together with 16 PLWH with reinfections. Higher inhibition rate of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against BA.4/5 was elicited among PLWH with BI than those without. Omicron-reactive IL4+ CD8+ T cells were significantly elevated in PLWH experienced postvaccine infection contrasting with those did not. NAb towards wild type at baseline was associated with prolonged negative conversion time for PLWH whereas intermediate MBCs serve as protecting effectors. We uncovered that hybrid immunity intensified more protection on BA.4/5 than vaccination did. Strengthened surveillance on immunological parameters and timely clinical intervention on PLWH deficient in protection would reduce the severity and mortality in the context of coexistence with new Omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Xie
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiaojing Qu
- Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xinru Guo
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Erhei Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of AIDS, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Huixia Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism of Major Infectious Diseases and New Technology of Diagnosis and Treatment, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Sun J, Zheng Q, Anzalone AJ, Abraham AG, Olex AL, Zhang Y, Mathew J, Safdar N, Haendel MA, Segev D, Islam JY, Singh JA, Mannon RB, Chute CG, Patel RC, Kirk GD. Effectiveness of mRNA Booster Vaccine Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Severe Outcomes Among Persons With and Without Immune Dysfunction: A Retrospective Cohort Study of National Electronic Medical Record Data in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae019. [PMID: 38379569 PMCID: PMC10878052 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Real-world evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) booster effectiveness among patients with immune dysfunction are limited. Methods We included data from patients in the United States National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) who completed ≥2 doses of mRNA vaccination between 10 December 2020 and 27 May 2022. Immune dysfunction conditions included human immunodeficiency virus infection, solid organ or bone marrow transplant, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. We defined incident COVID-19 BTI as positive results from laboratory tests or diagnostic codes 14 days after at least 2 doses of mRNA vaccination; and severe COVID-19 BTI as hospitalization, invasive cardiopulmonary support, and/or death. We used propensity scores to match boosted versus nonboosted patients and evaluated hazards of incident and severe COVID-19 BTI using Cox regression after matching. Results Among patients without immune dysfunction, the relative effectiveness of booster (3 doses) after 6 months from the primary (2 doses) vaccination against BTI ranged from 69% to 81% during the Delta-predominant period and from 33% to 39% during the Omicron-predominant period. Relative effectiveness against BTI was lower among patients with immune dysfunction but remained statistically significant in both periods. Boosted patients had lower risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization (hazard ratios [HR] ranged from 0.5 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .48-.53] to 0.63 [95% CI, .56-.70]), invasive cardiopulmonary support, or death (HRs ranged from 0.46 [95% CI, .41-.52] to 0.63 [95% CI, .50-.79]) during both periods. Conclusions Booster vaccines remain effective against severe COVID-19 BTI throughout the Delta- and Omicron-predominant periods, regardless of patients' immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qulu Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfred J Anzalone
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy L Olex
- Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jomol Mathew
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa A Haendel
- Center for Health Artificial Intelligence, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Dorry Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Y Islam
- Center for Immunization and Infection in Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Roslyn B Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christopher G Chute
- Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rena C Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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33
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Heylen J, Vanbiervliet Y, Maertens J, Rijnders B, Wauters J. Acute Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 45:69-87. [PMID: 38211628 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Among all clinical manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is the most acute presentation. IPA is caused by Aspergillus hyphae invading the pulmonary tissue, causing either tracheobronchitis and/or bronchopneumonia. The degree of fungal invasion into the respiratory tissue can be seen as a spectrum, going from colonization to deep tissue penetration with angio-invasion, and largely depends on the host's immune status. Patients with prolonged, severe neutropenia and patients with graft-versus-host disease are at particularly high risk. However, IPA also occurs in other groups of immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised patients, like solid organ transplant recipients or critically ill patients with severe viral disease. While a diagnosis of proven IPA is challenging and often warranted by safety and feasibility, physicians must rely on a combination of clinical, radiological, and mycological features to assess the likelihood for the presence of IPA. Triazoles are the first-choice regimen, and the choice of the drug should be made on an individual basis. Adjunctive therapy such as immunomodulatory treatment should also be taken into account. Despite an improving and evolving diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium, the burden and mortality of IPA still remains high. This review aims to give a comprehensive and didactic overview of the current knowledge and best practices regarding the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of acute IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannes Heylen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri Vanbiervliet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Wauters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Höft MA, Burgers WA, Riou C. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in people with HIV. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:184-196. [PMID: 37821620 PMCID: PMC10806256 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the intersection of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. People with HIV (PWH) are a heterogeneous group that differ in their degree of immune suppression, immune reconstitution, and viral control. While COVID-19 in those with well-controlled HIV infection poses no greater risk than that for HIV-uninfected individuals, people with advanced HIV disease are more vulnerable to poor COVID-19 outcomes. COVID-19 vaccines are effective and well tolerated in the majority of PWH, though reduced vaccine efficacy, breakthrough infections and faster waning of vaccine effectiveness have been demonstrated in PWH. This is likely a result of suboptimal humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination. People with advanced HIV may also experience prolonged infection that may give rise to new epidemiologically significant variants, but initiation or resumption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively clear persistent infection. COVID-19 vaccine guidelines reflect these increased risks and recommend prioritization for vaccination and additional booster doses for PWH who are moderately to severely immunocompromised. We recommend continued research and monitoring of PWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in areas with a high HIV burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine A Höft
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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35
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New J, Cham J, Smith L, Puglisi L, Huynh T, Kurian S, Bagsic S, Fielding R, Hong L, Reddy P, Eum KS, Martin A, Barrick B, Marsh C, Quigley M, Nicholson LJ, Pandey AC. Effects of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents on postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, antibody response, and serological cytokine profile. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008233. [PMID: 38296596 PMCID: PMC10831464 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite immunization, patients on antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents have a heightened risk of COVID-19 infection. However, accurately attributing this risk to specific medications remains challenging. METHODS An observational cohort study from December 11, 2020 to September 22, 2022, within a large healthcare system in San Diego, California, USA was designed to identify medications associated with greatest risk of postimmunization SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adults prescribed WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classified antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications were matched (by age, sex, race, and number of immunizations) with control patients not prescribed these medications yielding a population of 26 724 patients for analysis. From this population, 218 blood samples were collected from an enrolled subset to assess serological response and cytokine profile in relation to immunization. RESULTS Prescription of WHO ATC classified antineoplastic and immunomodulatory agents was associated with elevated postimmunization SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.63). While multiple immunization doses demonstrated a decreased association with postimmunization SARS-CoV-2 infection risk, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory treated patients with four doses remained at heightened risk (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.43). Risk variation was identified among medication subclasses, with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibiting monoclonal antibodies, calcineurin inhibitors, and CD20 monoclonal antibody inhibitors identified to associate with increased risk of postimmunization SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antineoplastic and immunomodulatory treated patients also displayed a reduced IgG antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 epitopes alongside a unique serum cytokine profile. CONCLUSIONS Antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications associate with an elevated risk of postimmunization SARS-CoV-2 infection in a drug-specific manner. This comprehensive, unbiased analysis of all WHO ATC classified antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications identifies medications associated with greatest risk. These findings are crucial in guiding and refining vaccination strategies for patients prescribed these treatments, ensuring optimized protection for this susceptible population in future COVID-19 variant surges and potentially for other RNA immunization targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob New
- Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason Cham
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lana Smith
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leah Puglisi
- Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tridu Huynh
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sunil Kurian
- Scripps Organ Transplantation Research & Biorepository, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Russel Fielding
- Strategy & Planning, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lee Hong
- Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Priya Reddy
- Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ki Suk Eum
- Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rheumatology, Veterans Administration Pacific Islands Healthcare System, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Allison Martin
- Scripps Organ Transplantation Research & Biorepository, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bethany Barrick
- Scripps Organ Transplantation Research & Biorepository, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Marsh
- Scripps Organ Transplantation Research & Biorepository, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Laura J Nicholson
- Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amitabh C Pandey
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Medicine, Southeast Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Nash D, Srivastava A, Shen Y, Penrose K, Kulkarni SG, Zimba R, You W, Berry A, Mirzayi C, Maroko A, Parcesepe AM, Grov C, Robertson MM. Seroincidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to and during the rollout of vaccines in a community-based prospective cohort of U.S. adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:644. [PMID: 38182731 PMCID: PMC10770061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used repeat serologic testing to estimate infection rates and risk factors in two overlapping cohorts of SARS-CoV-2 N protein seronegative U.S. adults. One mostly unvaccinated sub-cohort was tracked from April 2020 to March 2021 (pre-vaccine/wild-type era, n = 3421), and the other, mostly vaccinated cohort, from March 2021 to June 2022 (vaccine/variant era, n = 2735). Vaccine uptake was 0.53% and 91.3% in the pre-vaccine and vaccine/variant cohorts, respectively. Corresponding seroconversion rates were 9.6 and 25.7 per 100 person-years. In both cohorts, sociodemographic and epidemiologic risk factors for infection were similar, though new risk factors emerged in the vaccine/variant era, such as having a child in the household. Despite higher incidence rates in the vaccine/variant cohort, vaccine boosters, masking, and social distancing were associated with substantially reduced infection risk, even through major variant surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W. 125th St., 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Avantika Srivastava
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanhan Shen
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate Penrose
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah G Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Zimba
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - William You
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Berry
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Chloe Mirzayi
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Maroko
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela M Parcesepe
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian Grov
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - McKaylee M Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
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Lee JE, Jin KN, Hong H, Jeong YJ, Yoon SH. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines Over Time Against Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes Related to Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Radiology 2024; 310:e231928. [PMID: 38259210 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background The impact of waning vaccine effectiveness on the severity of COVID-19-related findings discovered with radiologic examinations remains underexplored. Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines over time against severe clinical and radiologic outcomes related to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Materials and Methods This multicenter retrospective study included patients in the Korean Imaging Cohort of COVID-19 database who were hospitalized for COVID-19 between June 2021 and December 2022. Patients who had received at least one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were categorized based on the time elapsed between diagnosis and their last vaccination. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness against a composite of severe clinical outcomes (invasive ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or in-hospital death) and severe radiologic pneumonia (≥25% of lung involvement), and odds ratios (ORs) were compared between patients vaccinated within 90 days of diagnosis and those vaccinated more than 90 days before diagnosis. Results Of 4196 patients with COVID-19 (mean age, 66 years ± 17 [SD]; 2132 [51%] women, 2064 [49%] men), the ratio of severe pneumonia since their most recent vaccination was as follows: 90 days or less, 18% (277 of 1527); between 91 and 120 days, 22% (172 of 783); between 121 and 180 days, 27% (274 of 1032); between 181 and 240 days, 32% (159 of 496); and more than 240 days, 31% (110 of 358). Patients vaccinated more than 240 days before diagnosis showed increased odds of severe clinical outcomes compared with patients vaccinated within 90 days (OR = 1.94 [95% CI: 1.16, 3.24]; P = .01). Similarly, patients vaccinated more than 240 days before diagnosis showed increased odds of severe pneumonia on chest radiographs compared with patients vaccinated within 90 days (OR = 1.65 [95% CI: 1.13, 2.40]; P = .009). No difference in odds of severe clinical outcomes (P = .13 to P = .68) or severe pneumonia (P = .15 to P = .86) were observed between patients vaccinated 91-240 days before diagnosis and those vaccinated within 90 days of diagnosis. Conclusion Vaccine effectiveness against severe clinical outcomes and severe pneumonia related to SARS-CoV-2 infection gradually declined, with increased odds of both observed in patients vaccinated more than 240 days before diagnosis. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Wells in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Eun Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea (J.E.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.N.J.); Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.H.); Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea (Y.J.J.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea (S.H.Y.)
| | - Kwang Nam Jin
- From the Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea (J.E.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.N.J.); Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.H.); Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea (Y.J.J.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea (S.H.Y.)
| | - Hyunsook Hong
- From the Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea (J.E.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.N.J.); Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.H.); Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea (Y.J.J.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea (S.H.Y.)
| | - Yeon Joo Jeong
- From the Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea (J.E.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.N.J.); Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.H.); Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea (Y.J.J.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea (S.H.Y.)
| | - Soon Ho Yoon
- From the Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea (J.E.L.); Department of Radiology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (K.N.J.); Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea (H.H.); Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea (Y.J.J.); and Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea (S.H.Y.)
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Shi F, Zhang J, Yang X, Gao H, Chen S, Weissman S, Olatosi B, Li X. COVID-19 Testing Among People with HIV: A Population Level Analysis Based on Statewide Data in South Carolina. AIDS Behav 2023:10.1007/s10461-023-04244-4. [PMID: 38109020 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) are at an elevated risk of developing severe COVID-19 outcomes because of compromised immunity and more comorbidities. However, existing literature suggests a lower rate of COVID-testing among PWH. This study aimed to explore the temporal trend of county-level COVID-19 testing rate and multi-level predictors of COVID-19 ever-testing among PWH in South Carolina (SC). Leveraging linked statewide HIV and COVID-19 datasets, we defined the study population as all adult (18 + years) PWH who were alive on March 2020 and living in SC. PWH with a COVID-19 testing record between March 2020 and October 2021 were defined as COVID-19 ever-testers. Logistic regression and generalized mixed models were used to investigate the association of PWH's demographic profile, HIV clinical characteristics (e.g., CD4 count, viral load), comorbidities, and social factors with COVID-19 testing among PWH. Among 15,660 adult PWH, 8,005 (51.12%) had ever tested for COVID-19 during the study period (March 2020-October 2021). PWH with older age, being male, and Hispanics were less likely to take COVID-19 testing, while men who have sex with men or injection drug users were more likely to take COVID-19 testing. PWH with higher recent viral load (10,000-100,000 copies/ml vs. <200 copies/ml: adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.55-0.75) and lower CD4 counts (> 350 cells/mm3 vs. <200 cells/mm3: AOR: 1.25, 95%CI: 1.09-1.45) had lower odds for COVID-19 testing. Additionally, PWH with lower comorbidity burden and those living in rural areas were less likely to be tested for COVID-19. Differences in COVID-19 test-seeking behaviors were observed among PWH in the current study, which could help provide empirical evidence to inform the prioritization of further disease monitoring and targeted intervention. More efforts on building effective surveillance and screening systems are needed to allow early case detection and curbing disease transmission among older, male, Hispanic, and immune-suppressed PWH, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Shi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US.
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, US.
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US.
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
| | - Xueying Yang
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, US
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
| | - Haoyuan Gao
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
| | - Shujie Chen
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
| | - Sharon Weissman
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Department of Health Services, Policy, and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, US
- Big Data Health Science Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, US
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Mozaffari E, Chandak A, Gottlieb RL, Chima-Melton C, Read SH, Jiang H, Chiang M, Lee E, Gupta R, Berry M, Kalil AC. Remdesivir Reduced Mortality in Immunocompromised Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Across Variant Waves: Findings From Routine Clinical Practice. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1626-1634. [PMID: 37556727 PMCID: PMC10724457 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunocompromised patients are at high risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and death, yet treatment strategies for immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19 reflect variations in clinical practice. In this comparative effectiveness study, we investigated the effect of remdesivir treatment on inpatient mortality among immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19 across all variants of concern (VOC) periods. METHODS Data for immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19 between December 2020 and April 2022 were extracted from the US PINC AITM Healthcare Database. Patients who received remdesivir within 2 days of hospitalization were matched 1:1 using propensity score matching to patients who did not receive remdesivir. Additional matching criteria included admission month, age group, and hospital. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the effect of remdesivir on risk of 14- and 28-day mortality during VOC periods. RESULTS A total of 19 184 remdesivir patients were matched to 11 213 non-remdesivir patients. Overall, 11.1% and 17.7% of remdesivir patients died within 14 and 28 days, respectively, compared with 15.4% and 22.4% of non-remdesivir patients. Remdesivir was associated with a reduction in mortality at 14 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval, .62-.78) and 28 days (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, .68-.83). The survival benefit remained significant during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods. CONCLUSIONS Prompt initiation of remdesivir in immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19 is associated with significant survival benefit across all variant waves. These findings provide much-needed evidence relating to the effectiveness of a foundational treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients among a high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert L Gottlieb
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Baylor Scott & White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Baylor Scott & White The Heart Hospital, Plano, Texas, USA
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mel Chiang
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Berry
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Andre C Kalil
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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40
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Punj M, Desai A, Hashash JG, Farraye FA, Castillo PR. COVID-19 breakthrough infections and sleep disorders: A population-based propensity matched analysis. Sleep Med X 2023; 6:100089. [PMID: 37881352 PMCID: PMC10594631 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2023.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Examine risks for breakthrough COVID-19 infections in vaccinated patients with selected sleep disorders. Methods Real-time search and analysis using the TriNetX platform to evaluate risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infections (BTI) for patients having ICD-10 diagnoses relating to insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, and inadequate sleep. The sleep disorder and control cohorts underwent propensity matching including factors for age, gender, race, ethnicity, and multiple co-morbid conditions. Results Of 24,720 patients identified as having a sleep disturbance relating to insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, or inadequate sleep, 815 (3.2 %) were found to have a developed a BTI. There was a significant increased risk of BTI noted between the sleep disorder and control cohorts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.40, 95 % confidence interval (CI) of 1.23-1.58). Subgroup analysis showed an elevated risk for BTI receiving two doses (aOR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.24-1.89) versus three doses (aOR 1.45, 95 % CI 1.24-1.69). Patients with the sleep disturbance were not found to be at an increased risk of hospitalization, intubation, death, or composite outcome of death and intubation. Conclusion The presence of having a diagnosis of insomnia, circadian rhythm disorder, or inadequate sleep was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aakash Desai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jana G. Hashash
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis A. Farraye
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pablo R. Castillo
- Department of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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41
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Qu MM, Song B, Yang BP, Wang Z, Yu M, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Song JW, Fan X, Xu R, Zhang JY, Zhou CB, Du F, Wang FS, Huang HH, Jiao YM. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection on HIV Reservoirs and T-Cell Immune Recovery in 3-Dose Vaccinated People Living with HIV. Viruses 2023; 15:2427. [PMID: 38140668 PMCID: PMC10748120 DOI: 10.3390/v15122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are a vulnerable population with a higher risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); therefore, vaccination is recommended as a priority. Data on viral reservoirs and immunologic outcomes for PLWH breakthrough infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection on hematological parameters, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir size, and T-cell recovery in PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) after SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination. The results indicated that during breakthrough infection, booster vaccination with homologous and heterologous vaccines was safe in PLWH after receiving two doses of inactivated vaccination. The absolute CD4 counts decreased in the heterologous group, whereas the CD8 counts decreased in the homologous booster group after breakthrough infection in PLWH. Breakthrough infection increased HIV reservoirs and was associated with increased T-cell activation in PLWH who received virally suppressed ART and a 3-dose vaccination. According to our data, the breakthrough infection of SARS-CoV-2 may put PLWH at a greater risk for increased HIV reservoirs, even if these individuals were virally suppressed with ART after 3-dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Bao-Peng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Zerui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Minrui Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Fengxia Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China; (M.-M.Q.)
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Pasquini Z, Toschi A, Casadei B, Pellegrini C, D'Abramo A, Vita S, Beccacece A, Bussini L, Chionsini MC, Dentale N, Cantiani A, Lazzarotto T, Bartoletti M, Nicastri E, Zinzani P, Giannella M, Viale P. Dual combined antiviral treatment with remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients with impaired humoral immunity and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41:904-911. [PMID: 37452579 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite global vaccination efforts, immunocompromized patients remain at high risk for COVID-19-associated morbidity. In particular, patients with impaired humoral immunity have shown a high risk of persistent infection. We report a case series of adult patients with B cell malignancies and/or undergoing B cell targeting therapies with persisting SARS-CoV-2 infection and treated with a combination antiviral therapy of remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, in three Italian tertiary academic hospitals. A total of 14 patients with impaired adaptive humoral immunity and prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection were treated with the dual antiviral therapy. The median age was 60 (IQR 56-68) years, and 11 were male. Twelve patients had B cell lymphoma, one patient had chronic lymphocytic leukemia and one patient had multiple sclerosis. Thirteen out of 14 patients had received prior B cell-targeting therapies, consisting of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in 11 patients, and chimeric antigen receptor T therapy in 2 patients. The median time between diagnosis and therapy start was 42.0 (IQR 35-46) days. Seven patients had mild, 6 moderate and one severe disease. Nine patients had signs of interstitial pneumonitis on chest computed tomography scans before treatment. The median duration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and remdesivir combination therapy was 10 days. All patients showed resolution of COVID-19-related symptoms after a median of 6 (IQR 4-11) days and viral clearance after 9 (IQR 5-11) days. Combination therapy with remdesivir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is a promising treatment option for persistent COVID-19 in immunocompromized patients with humoral immunity impairment, worthy of prospective comparative trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Pasquini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Toschi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Casadei
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Pellegrini
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Abramo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Bussini
- Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Chionsini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Dentale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Cantiani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Bartoletti
- Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maddalena Giannella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Viale
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Khawaja F, Angelidakis G, Feldman A, Ravi V, Woodman E, Bhatti M, Ariza‐Heredia E, Elhajj P, Spallone A, Jiang Y, Chemaly RF. COVID-19 in cancer patients: The impact of vaccination on outcomes early in the pandemic. Cancer Med 2023; 12:22006-22022. [PMID: 38063366 PMCID: PMC10757141 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the development of effective and safe vaccines was of utmost importance to protect vulnerable individuals, including cancer patients. Studies comparing the clinical outcomes of cancer patients with or without vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have not demonstrated clear benefit. We aimed to determine the protective effects of COVID-19 vaccination by comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated cancer patients after the initial phase of vaccine roll-out and to identify risk factors associated with hospitalization, severe COVID-19, and 30-day COVID-19 attributable mortality. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of cancer patients with COVID-19 diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction on nasal swabs between January 1, 2021 and July 30, 2021. Outcomes of interest included hospitalization, severe COVID-19, and 30-day COVID-19 attributable mortality. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with clinical outcomes, using vaccination status as a variable of interest in all models. RESULTS Key risk factors, such as age ≥ 60 years; comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and lung diseases; and specific cancer types (leukemia and lymphoma) were independently associated with hospital admission for COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and 30-day COVID-19 attributable mortality in cancer patients regardless of their vaccination status. Vaccinated patients were protected against severe COVID-19 but with no impact on hospitalization or mortality due to COVID-19. CONCLUSION Our study highlights a significant benefit of COVID-19 vaccination for cancer patients-specifically its protection against severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Khawaja
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Georgios Angelidakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Adina Feldman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Vinod Ravi
- Data‐Driven Determinants for COVID‐19 Oncology Discovery Effort (D3CODE) TeamThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Eric Woodman
- Data‐Driven Determinants for COVID‐19 Oncology Discovery Effort (D3CODE) TeamThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Micah Bhatti
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ella Ariza‐Heredia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Peter Elhajj
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Amy Spallone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Roy F. Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee HealthThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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Teran RA, Gagner A, Gretsch S, Lauritsen J, Galanto D, Walblay K, Ruestow P, Korban C, Pacilli M, Kern D, Black SR, Tabidze I. SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Risk in Persons with HIV, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2020-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2257-2265. [PMID: 37877555 PMCID: PMC10617359 DOI: 10.3201/eid2911.230577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding if persons with HIV (PWH) have a higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection may help tailor future COVID-19 public health guidance. To determine whether HIV infection was associated with increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, we followed adult residents of Chicago, Illinois, USA, with SARS-CoV-2 longitudinally from their first reported infection through May 31, 2022. We matched SARS-CoV-2 laboratory data and COVID-19 vaccine administration data to Chicago's Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System. Among 453,587 Chicago residents with SARS-CoV-2, a total of 5% experienced a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, including 192/2,886 (7%) PWH and 23,642/450,701 (5%) persons without HIV. We observed higher SARS-CoV-2 reinfection incidence rates among PWH (66 [95% CI 57-77] cases/1,000 person-years) than PWOH (50 [95% CI 49-51] cases/1,000 person-years). PWH had a higher adjusted rate of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection (1.46, 95% CI 1.27-1.68) than those without HIV. PWH should follow the recommended COVID-19 vaccine schedule, including booster doses.
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Venkat R, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA. Considerations for Pharmacologic Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the COVID-19 Era: a Narrative Review. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2023; 25:236-245. [PMID: 37597102 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-023-01111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the impact of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on COVID-19 severity and vaccine immunogenicity and to discuss COVID-19 outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RECENT FINDINGS Rituximab is associated with severe COVID-19 and impaired vaccine immunogenicity via its B cell-depleting mechanism. JAK inhibitors and glucocorticoids have been modestly associated with severe COVID-19 and impaired vaccine immunogenicity. TNF inhibitors may have a protective effect against severe COVID-19 and do not appear to affect vaccine immunogenicity. Clinical trials have shown improved seroconversion and antibody titers when methotrexate is held around vaccine doses, but this may yield increased risk of RA flare. Patients with RA are also impacted by DMARD disruption, RA flares, and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 after COVID-19 infection. Given the risks of COVID-19, rituximab should be used with caution in RA. Holding methotrexate doses around COVID-19 vaccination improves immunogenicity but may increase RA flare risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Mongan Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, #6016U, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Mehta G, Riva A, Ballester MP, Uson E, Pujadas M, Carvalho-Gomes Â, Sahuco I, Bono A, D’Amico F, Viganò R, Diago E, Lanseros BT, Inglese E, Vazquez DM, Sharma R, Tsou HLP, Harris N, Broekhoven A, Kikkert M, Morales SPT, Myeni SK, Riveiro-Barciela M, Palom A, Zeni N, Brocca A, Cussigh A, Cmet S, Escudero-García D, Stocco M, Natola LA, Ieluzzi D, Paon V, Sangiovanni A, Farina E, di Benedetto C, Sánchez-Torrijos Y, Lucena-Varela A, Román E, Sánchez E, Sánchez-Aldehuelo R, López-Cardona J, Canas-Perez I, Eastgate C, Jeyanesan D, Morocho AE, Di Cola S, Lapenna L, Zaccherini G, Bongiovanni D, Zanaga P, Sayaf K, Hossain S, Crespo J, Robles-Díaz M, Madejón A, Degroote H, Fernández J, Korenjak M, Verhelst X, García-Samaniego J, Andrade RJ, Iruzubieta P, Wright G, Caraceni P, Merli M, Patel VC, Gander A, Albillos A, Soriano G, Donato MF, Sacerdoti D, Toniutto P, Buti M, Duvoux C, Grossi PA, Berg T, Polak WG, Puoti M, Bosch-Comas A, Belli L, Burra P, Russo FP, Coenraad M, Calleja JL, Perricone G, Berenguer M, Claria J, Moreau R, Arroyo V, Angeli P, Sánchez C, Ampuero J, Piano S, Chokshi S, Jalan R. Serological response and breakthrough infection after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cirrhosis and post-liver transplant. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0273. [PMID: 37870985 PMCID: PMC10586829 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine hesitancy and lack of access remain major issues in disseminating COVID-19 vaccination to liver patients globally. Factors predicting poor response to vaccination and risk of breakthrough infection are important data to target booster vaccine programs. The primary aim of the current study was to measure humoral responses to 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Secondary aims included the determination of factors predicting breakthrough infection. METHODS COVID-19 vaccination and Biomarkers in cirrhosis And post-Liver Transplantation is a prospective, multicenter, observational case-control study. Participants were recruited at 4-10 weeks following first and second vaccine doses in cirrhosis [n = 325; 94% messenger RNA (mRNA) and 6% viral vaccine], autoimmune liver disease (AILD) (n = 120; 77% mRNA and 23% viral vaccine), post-liver transplant (LT) (n = 146; 96% mRNA and 3% viral vaccine), and healthy controls (n = 51; 72% mRNA, 24% viral and 4% heterologous combination). Serological end points were measured, and data regarding breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected. RESULTS After adjusting by age, sex, and time of sample collection, anti-Spike IgG levels were the lowest in post-LT patients compared to cirrhosis (p < 0.0001), AILD (p < 0.0001), and control (p = 0.002). Factors predicting reduced responses included older age, Child-Turcotte-Pugh B/C, and elevated IL-6 in cirrhosis; non-mRNA vaccine in AILD; and coronary artery disease, use of mycophenolate and dysregulated B-call activating factor, and lymphotoxin-α levels in LT. Incident infection occurred in 6.6%, 10.6%, 7.4%, and 15.6% of cirrhosis, AILD, post-LT, and control, respectively. The only independent factor predicting infection in cirrhosis was low albumin level. CONCLUSIONS LT patients present the lowest response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In cirrhosis, the reduced response is associated with older age, stage of liver disease and systemic inflammation, and breakthrough infection with low albumin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Mehta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Heath, University College London, London, UK
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonio Riva
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Pilar Ballester
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Uson
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pujadas
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ângela Carvalho-Gomes
- Hepatology, HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Hepatology & Liver Transplant Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- Ciberehd, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ivan Sahuco
- Hepatology, HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Hepatology & Liver Transplant Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- Ciberehd, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ariadna Bono
- Hepatology, HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Hepatology & Liver Transplant Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- Ciberehd, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico D’Amico
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Infectious Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaela Viganò
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Diago
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, IDIPHIM, Madrid, Spain
- Central Unit of Clinical Research and Clinical Trials, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Tormo Lanseros
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, IDIPHIM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Inglese
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Rajni Sharma
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Hio Lam Phoebe Tsou
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Nicola Harris
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Annelotte Broekhoven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shessy P. Torres Morales
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Adriana Palom
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Valle de Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Zeni
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brocca
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Annarosa Cussigh
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Cmet
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Stocco
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Veronica Paon
- Azienda Ospedaiera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona Italy
| | - Angelo Sangiovanni
- Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Farina
- Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara di Benedetto
- Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Yolanda Sánchez-Torrijos
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Lucena-Varela
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Román
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- EUI-Sant Pau School of Nursing, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Sánchez
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Sánchez-Aldehuelo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia López-Cardona
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Dhaarica Jeyanesan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Simone Di Cola
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Lapenna
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccherini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Deborah Bongiovanni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Zanaga
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Units, Azienda Ospedale Università’ di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Sayaf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Units, Azienda Ospedale Università’ di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabir Hossain
- Mid & South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon, UK
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
- Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robles-Díaz
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Madejón
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, CIBERehd, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Degroote
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
- Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Belgium
- European Reference Network (ERN)RARE-LIVER
| | - Javier Fernández
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomèdica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
- Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Belgium
- European Reference Network (ERN)RARE-LIVER
| | - Javier García-Samaniego
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, CIBERehd, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
- Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Gavin Wright
- Mid & South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Basildon, UK
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Semeiotics, Liver and Alcohol-related Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Vishal C Patel
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amir Gander
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Agustín Albillos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Soriano
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Francesca Donato
- Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - David Sacerdoti
- Azienda Ospedaiera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona Italy
| | - Pierluigi Toniutto
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Buti
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Valle de Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Duvoux
- Department of Hepatogy-Liver Transplant Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital-APHP, Paris Est University, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Antonio Grossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, ASST Sette Laghim, Varese, Italy
| | - Thomas Berg
- European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL)
| | - Wojciech G. Polak
- Department of Surgery, Division of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Massimo Puoti
- University of Milano Bicocca, Infectious Diseases Niguarda Great Metropolitan Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bosch-Comas
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Belli
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Units, Azienda Ospedale Università’ di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant Units, Azienda Ospedale Università’ di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Minneke Coenraad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - José Luis Calleja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, IDIPHIM, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Perricone
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Berenguer
- Hepatology, HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Hepatology & Liver Transplant Unit, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- Ciberehd, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Claria
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd) and Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Moreau
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
- INSERM and Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
- APHP, Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF CLIF), EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Heath, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Wilkinson B, Patel KS, Smith K, Walker R, Wang C, Greene AM, Smith G, Smith ER, Gurwith M, Chen RT. A Brighton Collaboration standardized template with key considerations for a benefit/risk assessment for the Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine (NVX-CoV2373), a recombinant spike protein vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant to prevent disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Vaccine 2023; 41:6762-6773. [PMID: 37739888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Novavax, a global vaccine company, began evaluating NVX-CoV2373 in human studies in May 2020 and the pivotal placebo-controlled phase 3 studies started in November 2020; five clinical studies provided adult and adolescent clinical data for over 31,000 participants who were administered NVX-CoV2373. This extensive data has demonstrated a well-tolerated response to NVX-CoV2373 and high vaccine efficacy against mild, moderate, or severe COVID-19 using a two-dose series (Dunkle et al., 2022) [1], (Heath et al., 2021) [2], (Keech et al., 2020) [3], (Mallory et al., 2022) [4]. The most common adverse events seen after administration with NVX-CoV2373 were injection site tenderness, injection site pain, fatigue, myalgia, headache, malaise, arthralgia, nausea, or vomiting. In addition, immunogenicity against variants of interest (VOI) and variants of concern (VOC) was established with high titers of ACE2 receptor-inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies in these studies (EMA, 2022) [5], (FDA, 2023) [6]. Further studies on correlates of protection determined that titers of anti-Spike IgG and neutralizing antibodies correlated with efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 established in clinical trials (p < 0.001 for recombinant protein vaccine and p = 0.005 for mRNA vaccines for IgG levels) (Fong et al., 2022) [7]. Administration of a booster dose of the recombinant protein vaccine approximately 6 months following the primary two-dose series resulted in substantial increases in humoral antibodies against both the prototype strain and all evaluated variants, similar to or higher than the antibody levels observed in phase 3 studies that were associated with high vaccine efficacy (Dunkle et al., 2022) [1], (Mallory et al., 2022) [4]. These findings, together with the well tolerated safety profile, support use of the recombinant protein vaccine as primary series and booster regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily R Smith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, a program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
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48
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Lee JM, Figueroa A, Sachithanandham J, Li M, Connolly CM, Shapiro JR, Chen Y, Jones M, Dhara VG, Towns M, Lee JS, Peralta SR, Milstone AM, Betenbaugh M, Debes AK, Blankson J, Sitaras I, Yoon S, Thompson EA, Bingham CO, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Bailey JR. Three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induce class-switched antibody responses in inflammatory arthritis patients on immunomodulatory therapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1266370. [PMID: 38022602 PMCID: PMC10646683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to medication-induced immunosuppression that impairs host defenses. The aim of this study was to assess antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in IA patients receiving immunomodulatory therapies. Adults with IA were enrolled through the Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center and compared with healthy controls (HC). Paired plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected prior to and 30 days or 6 months following the first two doses of mRNA vaccines (D2; HC=77 and IA=31 patients), or 30 days following a third dose of mRNA vaccines (D3; HC=11 and IA=96 patients). Neutralizing antibody titers, total binding antibody titers, and B cell responses to vaccine and Omicron variants were analyzed. Anti-Spike (S) IgG and S-specific B cells developed appropriately in most IA patients following D3, with reduced responses to Omicron variants, and negligible effects of medication type or drug withholding. Neutralizing antibody responses were lower compared to healthy controls after both D2 and D3, with a small number of individuals demonstrating persistently undetectable neutralizing antibody levels. Most IA patients respond as well to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines as immunocompetent individuals by the third dose, with no evidence of improved responses following medication withholding. These data suggest that IA-associated immune impairment may not hinder immunity to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M. Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexis Figueroa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maggie Li
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Caoilfhionn M. Connolly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Janna R. Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yiqun Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Jones
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marilyn Towns
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John S. Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Peralta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aaron M. Milstone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda K. Debes
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joel Blankson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steve Yoon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clifton O. Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Justin R. Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Wang Y, Zhao B, Zhang X, Zhang X, Gao F, Yuan X, Ren X, Li M, Liu D. How immune breakthroughs could slow disease progression and improve prognosis in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246751. [PMID: 37936709 PMCID: PMC10627193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous infections and vaccinations have produced preexisting immunity, which differs from primary infection in the organism immune response and may lead to different disease severities and prognoses when reinfected. Objectives The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the impact of immune breakthroughs on disease progression and prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1513 COVID-19 patients in Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center from January 2020 to November 2022. All patients were divided into the no immunity group (primary infection and unvaccinated, n=1102) and the immune breakthrough group (previous infection or vaccination, n=411). The immune breakthrough group was further divided into the natural immunity subgroup (n=73), the acquired immunity subgroup (n=322) and the mixed immunity subgroup (n=16). The differences in clinical and outcome data and T lymphocyte subsets and antibody levels between two groups or between three subgroups were compared by ANOVA, t test and chi-square test, and the relationship between T lymphocyte subsets and antibody levels and the disease progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients was assessed by univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results The total critical rate and the total mortality rate were 2.11% and 0.53%, respectively. The immune breakthrough rate was 27.16%. In the no immunity group, the critical rate and the mortality rate were all higher, and the coronavirus negative conversion time was longer than those in the immune breakthrough group. The differences in the critical rate and the coronavirus negative conversion time between the two groups were all statistically significant (3.72% vs. 0.24%, 14.17 vs. 11.90 days, all p<0.001). In addition, in the no immunity group, although lymphocyte counts and T subsets at admission were higher, all of them decreased consistently and significantly and were significantly lower than those in the immune breakthrough group at the same time from the first week to the fourth week after admission (all p<0.01). The total antibody levels and specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels increased gradually and were always significantly lower than those in the immune breakthrough group at the same time from admission to the fourth week after admission (all p<0.001). Moreover, in the natural immunity subgroup, lymphocyte counts and T subsets at admission were the highest, and total antibody levels and specific IgG levels at admission were the lowest. Then, all of them decreased significantly and were the lowest among the three subgroups at the same time from admission to one month after admission (total antibody: from 546.07 to 158.89, IgG: from 6.00 to 3.95) (all p<0.001). Those in the mixed immunity subgroup were followed by those in the acquired immunity subgroup. While lymphocyte counts and T subsets in these two subgroups and total antibody levels (from 830.84 to 1008.21) and specific IgG levels (from 6.23 to 7.51) in the acquired immunity subgroup increased gradually, total antibody levels (from 1100.82 to 908.58) and specific IgG levels (from 7.14 to 6.58) in the mixed immunity subgroup decreased gradually. Furthermore, T lymphocyte subsets and antibody levels were negatively related to disease severity, prognosis and coronavirus negative conversion time. The total antibody, specific IgM and IgG levels showed good utility for predicting critical COVID-19 patients and dead COVID-19 patients. Conclusion Among patients with COVID-19 patients, immune breakthroughs resulting from previous infection or vaccination, could decelerate disease progression and enhance prognosis by expediting host cellular and humoral immunity to accelerate virus clearance, especially in individuals who have been vaccinated and previously infected. Clinical trial registry Chinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR2000034563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Bennan Zhao
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinic Centre of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinic Centre of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengjiao Gao
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinic Centre of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinic Centre of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ren
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinic Centre of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoquan Li
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dafeng Liu
- The First Ward of Internal Medicine, Public Health Clinic Centre of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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50
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Schiff AE, Wang X, Patel NJ, Kawano Y, Kowalski EN, Cook CE, Vanni KM, Qian G, Bade KJ, Saavedra AA, Srivatsan S, Williams ZK, Venkat RK, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA. Immunomodulators and risk for breakthrough infection after third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cohort study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.08.23296717. [PMID: 37873462 PMCID: PMC10592996 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.08.23296717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate COVID-19 breakthrough infection after third mRNA vaccine dose among patients with RA by immunomodulator drug class, and we hypothesized that CD20 inhibitors (CD20i) would have higher risk for breakthrough COVID-19 vs. TNF inhibitors (TNFi). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study investigating breakthrough COVID-19 among RA patients at Mass General Brigham in Boston, MA, USA. Patients were followed from the date of 3rd vaccine dose until breakthrough COVID-19, death, or end of follow-up (18/Jan/2023). Covariates included demographics, lifestyle, comorbidities, and prior COVID-19. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate breakthrough COVID-19 risk by immunomodulator drug class. We used propensity score (PS) overlap-weighting to compare users of CD20i vs. TNFi. Results We analyzed 5781 patients with RA that received 3 mRNA vaccine doses (78.8% female, mean age 64.2 years). During mean follow-up of 12.8 months, 1173 (20.2%) had breakthrough COVID_19. Use of CD20i (adjusted HR 1.74, 95%CI 1.30-2.33) and glucocorticoid monotherapy (adjusted HR 1.47, 95%CI 1.09-1.98) were each associated with breakthrough COVID-19 compared to TNFi use. In the PS overlap-weighted analysis, CD20i users also had higher breakthrough COVID-19 risk than TNFi users (HR 1.62, 95%CI 1.02-2.56). A sensitivity analysis excluding patients with cancer or interstitial lung disease yielded similar findings. Conclusions We identified CD20i and glucocorticoid monotherapy as risk factors for breakthrough COVID-19 among patients with RA after a 3rd vaccine dose. This contemporary study highlights the real-world impact of blunted immune responses in these subgroups and the need for effective risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E. Schiff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
| | - Naomi J. Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (Rheumatology Associates, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yumeko Kawano
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily N. Kowalski
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
| | - Claire E. Cook
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (Rheumatology Associates, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114)
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (The Mongan Institute, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1600, Boston, MA, 02114)
| | - Kathleen M.M. Vanni
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
| | - Grace Qian
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
| | - Katarina J. Bade
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
| | - Alene A. Saavedra
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
| | - Shruthi Srivatsan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (Rheumatology Associates, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114)
| | - Zachary K. Williams
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (Rheumatology Associates, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114)
| | - Rathnam K. Venkat
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA (145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111)
| | - Zachary S. Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (Rheumatology Associates, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (The Mongan Institute, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1600, Boston, MA, 02114)
| | - Jeffrey A. Sparks
- ivision of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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