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Zhu F, He P, Jiang W, Afridi SK, Xu H, Alahmad M, Alvin Huang YW, Qiu W, Wang G, Tang C. Astrocyte-secreted C3 signaling impairs neuronal development and cognition in autoimmune diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 240:102654. [PMID: 38945516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) arises from primary astrocytopathy induced by autoantibodies targeting the astroglial protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4), leading to severe neurological sequelae such as vision loss, motor deficits, and cognitive decline. Mounting evidence has shown that dysregulated activation of complement components contributes to NMO pathogenesis. Complement C3 deficiency has been shown to protect against hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, AD) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, MS). However, whether inhibiting the C3 signaling can ameliorate cognitive dysfunctions in NMO remains unclear. In this study, we found that the levels of C3a, a split product of C3, significantly correlate with cognitive impairment in our patient cohort. In response to the stimulation of AQP4 autoantibodies, astrocytes were activated to secrete complement C3, which inhibited the development of cultured neuronal dendritic arborization. NMO mouse models exhibited reduced adult hippocampal newborn neuronal dendritic and spine development, as well as impaired learning and memory functions, which could be rescued by decreasing C3 levels in astrocytes. Mechanistically, we found that C3a engaged with C3aR to impair neuronal development by dampening β-catenin signalling. Additionally, inhibition of the C3-C3aR-GSK3β/β-catenin cascade restored neuronal development and ameliorated cognitive impairments. Collectively, our results suggest a pivotal role of the activation of the C3-C3aR network in neuronal development and cognition through mediating astrocyte and adult-born neuron communication, which represents a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune-related cognitive impairment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Pengyan He
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Shabbir Khan Afridi
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Maali Alahmad
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yu-Wen Alvin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Changyong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China.
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Srivastava T, Nguyen H, Haden G, Diba P, Sowa S, LaNguyen N, Reed-Dustin W, Zhu W, Gong X, Harris EN, Baltan S, Back SA. TSG-6-Mediated Extracellular Matrix Modifications Regulate Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2215232024. [PMID: 38569926 PMCID: PMC11112645 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2215-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans containing link domains modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) to regulate cellular homeostasis and can also sensitize tissues/organs to injury and stress. Hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) injury disrupts cellular homeostasis by activating inflammation and attenuating regeneration and repair pathways. In the brain, the main component of the ECM is the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA), but whether HA modifications of the ECM regulate cellular homeostasis and response to H-I injury is not known. In this report, employing both male and female mice, we demonstrate that link-domain-containing proteoglycan, TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), is active in the brain from birth onward and differentially modifies ECM HA during discrete neurodevelopmental windows. ECM HA modification by TSG-6 enables it to serve as a developmental switch to regulate the activity of the Hippo pathway effector protein, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), in the maturing brain and in response to H-I injury. Mice that lack TSG-6 expression display dysregulated expression of YAP1 targets, excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1; glutamate-aspartate transporter) and 2 (EAAT2; glutamate transporter-1). Dysregulation of YAP1 activation in TSG-6-/- mice coincides with age- and sex-dependent sensitization of the brain to H-I injury such that 1-week-old neonates display an anti-inflammatory response in contrast to an enhanced proinflammatory injury reaction in 3-month-old adult males but not females. Our findings thus support that a key regulator of age- and sex-dependent H-I injury response in the mouse brain is modulation of the Hippo-YAP1 pathway by TSG-6-dependent ECM modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taasin Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gage Haden
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Parham Diba
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Steven Sowa
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Norah LaNguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - William Reed-Dustin
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Xi Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Selva Baltan
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Stephen A Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
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Sun R, Tang MY, Yang D, Zhang YY, Xu YH, Qiao Y, Yu B, Cao SX, Wang H, Huang HQ, Zhang H, Li XM, Lian H. C3aR in the medial prefrontal cortex modulates the susceptibility to LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors through glutamatergic neuronal excitability. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 236:102614. [PMID: 38641040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Complement activation and prefrontal cortical dysfunction both contribute to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD), but their interplay in MDD is unclear. We here studied the role of complement C3a receptor (C3aR) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and its influence on depressive-like behaviors induced by systematic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) administration. C3aR knockout (KO) or intra-mPFC C3aR antagonism confers resilience, whereas C3aR expression in mPFC neurons makes KO mice susceptible to LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Importantly, the excitation and inhibition of mPFC neurons have opposing effects on depressive-like behaviors, aligning with increased and decreased excitability by C3aR deletion and activation in cortical neurons. In particular, inhibiting mPFC glutamatergic (mPFCGlu) neurons, the main neuronal subpopulation expresses C3aR, induces depressive-like behaviors in saline-treated WT and KO mice, but not in LPS-treated KO mice. Compared to hypoexcitable mPFCGlu neurons in LPS-treated WT mice, C3aR-null mPFCGlu neurons display hyperexcitability upon LPS treatment, and enhanced excitation of mPFCGlu neurons is anti-depressant, suggesting a protective role of C3aR deficiency in these circumstances. In conclusion, C3aR modulates susceptibility to LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors through mPFCGlu neuronal excitability. This study identifies C3aR as a pivotal intersection of complement activation, mPFC dysfunction, and depression and a promising therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Research Center of System Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yu Tang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yi Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Heng Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Research Center of System Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Xia Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Qian Huang
- Clinical Research Center, The second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lian
- Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Research Center of System Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
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Budding K, Bos JW, Dijkxhoorn K, de Zeeuw E, Bloemenkamp LM, Zekveld EM, Groen EJN, Jacobs BC, Huizinga R, Goedee HS, Cats EA, Leusen JHW, van den Berg LH, Hack CE, van der Pol WL. IgM anti-GM2 antibodies in patients with multifocal motor neuropathy target Schwann cells and are associated with early onset. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:100. [PMID: 38632654 PMCID: PMC11025174 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a rare, chronic immune-mediated polyneuropathy characterized by asymmetric distal limb weakness. An important feature of MMN is the presence of IgM antibodies against gangliosides, in particular GM1 and less often GM2. Antibodies against GM1 bind to motor neurons (MNs) and cause damage through complement activation. The involvement of Schwann cells (SCs), expressing GM1 and GM2, in the pathogenesis of MMN is unknown. METHODS Combining the data of our 2007 and 2015 combined cross-sectional and follow-up studies in Dutch patients with MMN, we evaluated the presence of IgM antibodies against GM1 and GM2 in serum from 124 patients with MMN and investigated their binding to SCs and complement-activating properties. We also assessed the relation of IgM binding and complement deposition with clinical characteristics. RESULTS Thirteen out of 124 patients (10%) had a positive ELISA titer for IgM anti-GM2. Age at onset of symptoms was significantly lower in MMN patients with anti-GM2 IgM. IgM binding to SCs correlated with IgM anti-GM2 titers. We found no correlation between IgM anti-GM2 titers and MN binding or with IgM anti-GM1 titers. IgM binding to SCs decreased upon pre-incubation of serum with soluble GM2, but not with soluble GM1. IgM anti-GM2 binding to SCs correlated with complement activation, as reflected by increased C3 fixation on SCs and C5a formation in the supernatant. CONCLUSION Circulating IgM anti-GM2 antibodies define a subgroup of patients with MMN that has an earlier onset of disease. These antibodies probably target SCs specifically and activate complement, similarly as IgM anti-GM1 on MNs. Our data indicate that complement activation by IgM antibodies bound to SCs and MNs underlies MMN pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Budding
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W Bos
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Dijkxhoorn
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth de Zeeuw
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lauri M Bloemenkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M Zekveld
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Huizinga
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A Cats
- Department of Neurology, Gelre Hospital, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Ludo van der Pol
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Wang T, Sobue A, Watanabe S, Komine O, Saido TC, Saito T, Yamanaka K. Dimethyl fumarate improves cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in mice with Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:55. [PMID: 38383481 PMCID: PMC10882778 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation substantially contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Studies have reported that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) attenuates neuroinflammation in the mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. METHODS The effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a clinically used drug to activate the Nrf2 pathway, on neuroinflammation were analyzed in primary astrocytes and AppNL-G-F (App-KI) mice. The cognitive function and behavior of DMF-administrated App-KI mice were evaluated. For the gene expression analysis, microglia and astrocytes were directly isolated from the mouse cerebral cortex by magnetic-activated cell sorting, followed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS DMF treatment activated some Nrf2 target genes and inhibited the expression of proinflammatory markers in primary astrocytes. Moreover, chronic oral administration of DMF attenuated neuroinflammation, particularly in astrocytes, and reversed cognitive dysfunction presumably by activating the Nrf2-dependent pathway in App-KI mice. Furthermore, DMF administration inhibited the expression of STAT3/C3 and C3 receptor in astrocytes and microglia isolated from App-KI mice, respectively, suggesting that the astrocyte-microglia crosstalk is involved in neuroinflammation in mice with AD. CONCLUSION The activation of astrocytic Nrf2 signaling confers neuroprotection in mice with AD by controlling neuroinflammation, particularly by regulating astrocytic C3-STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, our study has implications for the repositioning of DMF as a drug for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Medical Interactive Research and Academia Industry Collaboration Center, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan.
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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Yao Y, Chang Y, Li S, Zhu J, Wu Y, Jiang X, Li L, Liu R, Ma R, Li G. Complement C3a Receptor Antagonist Alleviates Tau Pathology and Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits in P301S Mice. Brain Res Bull 2023:110685. [PMID: 37330021 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Human tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are a major class of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular deposition of pathological hyperphosphorylated forms of Tau protein. Complement system is composed of many proteins, which form a complex regulatory network to modulate the immune activity in the brain. Emerging studies have demonstrated a critical role of complement C3a receptor (C3aR) in the development of tauopathy and AD. The underlying mechanisms by which C3aR activation mediates tau hyperphosphorylation in tauopathies, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we observed that the expression of C3aR is upregulated in the brains of P301S mice - a mouse model of tauopathy and AD. Pharmacologic blockade of C3aR ameliorates synaptic integrity and reduced tau hyperphosphorylation in P301S mice. Besides, the administration of C3aR antagonist (C3aRA: SB 290157) improved spatial memory as tested in the Morris water maze. Moreover, C3a receptor antagonist inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation by regulating p35/CDK5 signaling. In summary, results suggest that the C3aR plays an essential role in the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau and behavioral deficits in P301S mice. C3aR could be a feasible therapeutic target for the treatment of tauopathy disorders, including AD. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yanmin Chang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ruitian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Pekna M, Siqin S, de Pablo Y, Stokowska A, Torinsson Naluai Å, Pekny M. Astrocyte Responses to Complement Peptide C3a are Highly Context-Dependent. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1233-1241. [PMID: 36097103 PMCID: PMC10030406 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform a range of homeostatic and regulatory tasks that are critical for normal functioning of the central nervous system. In response to an injury or disease, astrocytes undergo a pronounced transformation into a reactive state that involves changes in the expression of many genes and dramatically changes astrocyte morphology and functions. This astrocyte reactivity is highly dependent on the initiating insult and pathological context. C3a is a peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the third complement component. C3a has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects, stimulate neural plasticity and promote astrocyte survival but can also contribute to synapse loss, Alzheimer's disease type neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. To test the hypothesis that C3a elicits differential effects on astrocytes depending on their reactivity state, we measured the expression of Gfap, Nes, C3ar1, C3, Ngf, Tnf and Il1b in primary mouse cortical astrocytes after chemical ischemia, after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as in control naïve astrocytes. We found that C3a down-regulated the expression of Gfap, C3 and Nes in astrocytes after ischemia. Further, C3a increased the expression of Tnf and Il1b in naive astrocytes and the expression of Nes in astrocytes exposed to LPS but did not affect the expression of C3ar1 or Ngf. Jointly, these results provide the first evidence that the complement peptide C3a modulates the responses of astrocytes in a highly context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sumen Siqin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Episomal Persistent DNA in Cancer and Chronic Diseases, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Evans R, Watkins LM, Hawkins K, Santiago G, Demetriou C, Naughton M, Dittmer M, Rees MI, Fitzgerald D, Morgan BP, Neal JW, Howell OW. Complement activation and increased anaphylatoxin receptor expression are associated with cortical grey matter lesions and the compartmentalised inflammatory response of multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1094106. [PMID: 37032838 PMCID: PMC10073739 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1094106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extent of cortical pathology is an important determinant of multiple sclerosis (MS) severity. Cortical demyelination and neurodegeneration are related to inflammation of the overlying leptomeninges, a more inflammatory CSF milieu and with parenchymal microglia and astroglia activation. These are all components of the compartmentalised inflammatory response. Compartmentalised inflammation is a feature of progressive MS, which is not targeted by disease modifying therapies. Complement is differentially expressed in the MS CSF and complement, and complement receptors, are associated with demyelination and neurodegeneration. Methods To better understand if complement activation in the leptomeninges is associated with underlying cortical demyelination, inflammation, and microglial activation, we performed a neuropathological study of progressive MS (n = 22, 14 females), neuroinflammatory (n = 8), and non-neurological disease controls (n = 10). We then quantified the relative extent of demyelination, connective tissue inflammation, complement, and complement receptor positive microglia/macrophages. Results Complement was elevated at the leptomeninges, subpial, and within and around vessels of the cortical grey matter. The extent of complement C1q immunoreactivity correlated with connective tissue infiltrates, whilst activation products C4d, Bb, and C3b associated with grey matter demyelination, and C3a receptor 1+ and C5a receptor 1+ microglia/macrophages closely apposed C3b labelled cells. The density of C3a receptor 1+ and C5a receptor 1+ cells was increased at the expanding edge of subpial and leukocortical lesions. C5a receptor 1+ cells expressed TNFα, iNOS and contained puncta immunoreactive for proteolipid protein, neurofilament and synaptophysin, suggesting their involvement in grey matter lesion expansion. Interpretation The presence of products of complement activation at the brain surfaces, their association with the extent of underlying pathology and increased complement anaphylatoxin receptor positive microglia/macrophages at expanding cortical grey matter lesions, could represent a target to modify compartmentalised inflammation and cortical demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian Evans
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis M. Watkins
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen Hawkins
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Constantinos Demetriou
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Naughton
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Dittmer
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. Rees
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise Fitzgerald
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- School of Medicine, UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Neal
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Owain W. Howell
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Owain W. Howell,
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9
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Saez-Calveras N, Brewster AL, Stuve O. The validity of animal models to explore the pathogenic role of the complement system in multiple sclerosis: A review. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1017484. [PMID: 36311030 PMCID: PMC9606595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1017484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been extensively used to characterize the disease mechanisms in MS, as well as to identify potential pharmacologic targets for this condition. In recent years, the immune complement system has gained increased attention as an important effector in the pathogenesis of MS. Evidence from histological, serum, and CSF studies of patients supports an involvement of complement in both relapsing-remitting and progressive MS. In this review, we discuss the history and advances made on the use of MS animal models to profile the effects of the complement system in this condition. The first studies that explored the complement system in the context of MS used cobra venom factor (CVF) as a complement depleting agent in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) Lewis rats. Since then, multiple mice and rat models of MS have revealed a role of C3 and the alternative complement cascade in the opsonization and phagocytosis of myelin by microglia and myeloid cells. Studies using viral vectors, genetic knockouts and pharmacologic complement inhibitors have also shown an effect of complement in synaptic loss. Antibody-mediated EAE models have revealed an involvement of the C1 complex and the classical complement as an effector of the humoral response in this disease. C1q itself may also be involved in modulating microglia activation and oligodendrocyte differentiation in these animals. In addition, animal and in vitro models have revealed that multiple complement factors may act as modulators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, evidence gathered from mice models suggests that the membrane attack complex (MAC) may even exert protective roles in the chronic stages of EAE. Overall, this review summarizes the importance of MS animal models to better characterize the role of the complement system and guide future therapeutic approaches in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Saez-Calveras
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Amy L. Brewster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Olaf Stuve,
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10
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Zhang MM, Guo MX, Zhang QP, Chen XQ, Li NZ, Liu Q, Cheng J, Wang SL, Xu GH, Li CF, Zhu JX, Yi LT. IL-1R/C3aR signaling regulates synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex of depression. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:90. [PMID: 35715851 PMCID: PMC9205119 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder is characterized by not only monoamine neurotransmitters deficiencies but also persistent neuroinflammation. The complement system is an attractive therapeutic target for various inflammation-related diseases due to its early activation in inflammatory processes. Results In the present study, the dynamic alteration of complement C3 and its receptor C3aR during the occurrence of depression and the mechanism of astrocyte-microglia IL-1R/C3/C3aR on synaptic pruning were investigated. The proteomic analysis firstly showed that chronic stress caused an elevation of C3. GO analysis indicated that complement system-mediated synaptic pruning signaling was involved in depression. The dynamic observation indicated that C3/C3aR was activated in the early onset and throughout the course of depression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chronic stress. In contrast, C3aR blockade inhibited the hyperactivation of microglial APT2/DHHC7 palmitoylation cycle, which mediated the translocation of STAT3 and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, C3aR blockade also attenuated the synaptic pruning and enhanced the synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Moreover, the blockade of IL-1R/NF-κB signaling pathway reduced the release of C3 from astrocyte. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that astrocyte-microglia IL-1R/C3/C3aR activation causes the abnormal synaptic pruning in depression, and suggests that the activation of complement C3/C3aR may be particularly helpful in predicting the onset stage of depression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00832-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Xia Guo
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Zhi Li
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Le Wang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Pozo-Rodrigálvarez A, Li Y, Stokowska A, Wu J, Dehm V, Sourkova H, Steinbusch H, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Pekny M, Pekna M. C3a Receptor Signaling Inhibits Neurodegeneration Induced by Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768198. [PMID: 34975856 PMCID: PMC8718687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic neonatal encephalopathy due to perinatal asphyxia is the leading cause of brain injury in newborns. Clinical data suggest that brain inflammation induced by perinatal insults can persist for years. We previously showed that signaling through the receptor for complement peptide C3a (C3aR) protects against cognitive impairment induced by experimental perinatal asphyxia. To investigate the long-term neuropathological effects of hypoxic-ischemic injury to the developing brain and the role of C3aR signaling therein, we subjected wildtype mice, C3aR deficient mice, and mice expressing biologically active C3a in the CNS to mild hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on postnatal day 9. We found that such injury triggers neurodegeneration and pronounced reactive gliosis in the ipsilesional hippocampus both of which persist long into adulthood. Transgenic expression of C3a in reactive astrocytes reduced hippocampal neurodegeneration and reactive gliosis. In contrast, neurodegeneration and microglial cell density increased in mice lacking C3aR. Intranasal administration of C3a for 3 days starting 1 h after induction of hypoxia-ischemia reduced neurodegeneration and reactive gliosis in the hippocampus of wildtype mice. We conclude that neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury leads to long-lasting neurodegeneration. This neurodegeneration is substantially reduced by treatment with C3aR agonists, conceivably through modulation of reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pozo-Rodrigálvarez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - YiXian Li
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Dehm
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hana Sourkova
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastrich, Netherlands.,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Budding K, Johansen LE, Van de Walle I, Dijkxhoorn K, de Zeeuw E, Bloemenkamp LM, Bos JW, Jansen MD, Curial CAD, Silence K, de Haard H, Blanchetot C, Van de Ven L, Leusen JHW, Pasterkamp RJ, van den Berg LH, Hack CE, Boross P, van der Pol WL. Anti-C2 Antibody ARGX-117 Inhibits Complement in a Disease Model for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 9:9/1/e1107. [PMID: 34759020 PMCID: PMC8587732 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To determine the role of complement in the disease pathology of multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), we investigated complement activation, and inhibition, on binding of MMN patient-derived immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neuron (MN) model for MMN. Methods iPSC-derived MNs were characterized for the expression of complement receptors and membrane-bound regulators, for the binding of circulating IgM anti-GM1 from patients with MMN, and for subsequent fixation of C4 and C3 on incubation with fresh serum. The potency of ARGX-117, a novel inhibitory monoclonal antibody targeting C2, to inhibit fixation of complement was assessed. Results iPSC-derived MNs moderately express the complement regulatory proteins CD46 and CD55 and strongly expressed CD59. Furthermore, MNs express C3aR, C5aR, and complement receptor 1. IgM anti-GM1 antibodies in serum from patients with MMN bind to MNs and induce C3 and C4 fixation on incubation with fresh serum. ARGX-117 inhibits complement activation downstream of C4 induced by patient-derived anti-GM1 antibodies bound to MNs. Discussion Binding of IgM antibodies from patients with MMN to iPSC-derived MNs induces complement activation. By expressing complement regulatory proteins, particularly CD59, MNs are protected against complement-mediated lysis. Yet, because of expressing C3aR, the function of these cells may be affected by complement activation upstream of membrane attack complex formation. ARGX-117 inhibits complement activation upstream of C3 in this disease model for MMN and therefore represents an intervention strategy to prevent harmful effects of complement in MMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Budding
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lill Eva Johansen
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Van de Walle
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Dijkxhoorn
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth de Zeeuw
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lauri M Bloemenkamp
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W Bos
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc D Jansen
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Chantall A D Curial
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Silence
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans de Haard
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christophe Blanchetot
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Van de Ven
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Boross
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W Ludo van der Pol
- From the Center for Translational Immunology (K.B., K.D., E.Z., L.M.B., J.H.W.L., C.E.H., P.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (L.E.J., L.M.B., J.W.B., M.D.J., C.A.D.C., L.H.B., W.L.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center; Department of Translational Neuroscience (L.E.J., L.M.B., R.J.P.), University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7 (I.W., K.S., H.H., C.B., L.V.), Zwijnaarde, Belgium; and Prothix (C.E.H., P.B.), Leiden, the Netherlands.
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13
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Ror2 mediates chronic post-thoracotomy pain by inducing the transformation of A1/A2 reactive astrocytes in rats. Cell Signal 2021; 89:110183. [PMID: 34728368 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ror2 plays an important role in neuronal development, neuronal plasticity, and neuropathic pain. In our previous pilot study, we found that Ror2 and GFAP (a marker of astrocytes) protein levels increased in thoracic dorsal root ganglia from postoperative day (POD) 7 to POD 21 in rats with chronic post-thoracotomy pain (CPTP). In the present study, we aimed to further explore the roles of Ror2 and activated astrocytes during CPTP development. Ror2, c-JUN, and C3aR levels increased and the activated astrocytes were mainly expressed as the A1 phenotype in the spinal cord dorsal horn of the rats with CPTP. The knockdown of Ror2 in the spinal cord astrocytes alleviated thoracotomy-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia as well as reverted the A1/A2 ratio of the reactive astrocytes, downregulating the expression of c-JUN and C3aR in rats with CPTP. These results suggest that Ror2 in the spinal cord astrocytes mediates the transformation of A1/A2 reactive astrocytes via regulating the expressions of the c-JUN and C3aR in CPTP. Furthermore, the suppression of Ror2 could be utilized as a new strategy to help prevent CPTP.
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14
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Targeting Complement C3a Receptor to Improve Outcome After Ischemic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2626-2637. [PMID: 34379293 PMCID: PMC8437837 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability. No efficient therapy is currently available, except for the removal of the occluding blood clot during the first hours after symptom onset. Loss of function after stroke is due to cell death in the infarcted tissue, cell dysfunction in the peri-infarct region, as well as dysfunction and neurodegeneration in remote brain areas. Plasticity responses in spared brain regions are a major contributor to functional recovery, while secondary neurodegeneration in remote regions is associated with depression and impedes the long-term outcome after stroke. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia is the leading cause of neurological disability resulting from birth complications. Despite major progress in neonatal care, approximately 50% of survivors develop complications such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy or epilepsy. The C3a receptor (C3aR) is expressed by many cell types including neurons and glia. While there is a body of evidence for its deleterious effects in the acute phase after ischemic injury to the adult brain, C3aR signaling contributes to better outcome in the post-acute and chronic phase after ischemic stroke in adults and in the ischemic immature brain. Here we discuss recent insights into the novel roles of C3aR signaling in the ischemic brain with focus on the therapeutic opportunities of modulating C3aR activity to improve the outcome after ischemic stroke and birth asphyxia.
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15
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Pekna M, Pekny M. The Complement System: A Powerful Modulator and Effector of Astrocyte Function in the Healthy and Diseased Central Nervous System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071812. [PMID: 34359981 PMCID: PMC8303424 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an effector arm of the innate immune system that plays a critical role in tissue inflammation, the elimination of pathogens and the clearance of dead cells and cell debris, has emerged as a regulator of many processes in the central nervous system, including neural cell genesis and migration, control of synapse number and function, and modulation of glial cell responses. Complement dysfunction has also been put forward as a major contributor to neurological disease. Astrocytes are neuroectoderm-derived glial cells that maintain water and ionic homeostasis, and control cerebral blood flow and multiple aspects of neuronal functioning. By virtue of their expression of soluble as well as membrane-bound complement proteins and receptors, astrocytes are able to both send and receive complement-related signals. Here we review the current understanding of the multiple functions of the complement system in the central nervous system as they pertain to the modulation of astrocyte activity, and how astrocytes use the complement system to affect their environment in the healthy brain and in the context of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-31-786-3581
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia
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16
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Wei Y, Chen T, Bosco DB, Xie M, Zheng J, Dheer A, Ying Y, Wu Q, Lennon VA, Wu LJ. The complement C3-C3aR pathway mediates microglia-astrocyte interaction following status epilepticus. Glia 2021; 69:1155-1169. [PMID: 33314324 PMCID: PMC7936954 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gliosis is a histopathological characteristic of epilepsy that comprises activated microglia and astrocytes. It is unclear whether or how crosstalk occurs between microglia and astrocytes in the evolution of epilepsy. Here, we report in a mouse model of status epilepticus, induced by intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid (KA), sequential activation of microglia and astrocytes and their close spatial interaction in the hippocampal CA3 region. Microglial ablation reduced astrocyte activation and their upregulation of complement C3. When compared to wild-type mice, both C3-/- and C3aR-/- mice had significantly less microglia-astrocyte interaction in response to KA-induced status epilepticus. Additionally, KA-injected C3-/- mice had significantly less histochemical evidence of neurodegeneration. The results suggest that the C3-C3aR pathway contributes to KA-induced neurodegeneration by mediating microglia-astrocyte communication. The C3-C3aR pathway may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wei
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yanlu Ying
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Vanda A. Lennon
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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17
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Pozo-Rodrigálvarez A, Ollaranta R, Skoog J, Pekny M, Pekna M. Hyperactive Behavior and Altered Brain Morphology in Adult Complement C3a Receptor Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:604812. [PMID: 33692783 PMCID: PMC7937871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.604812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The C3a receptor (C3aR) is a seven trans-membrane domain G-protein coupled receptor with a range of immune modulatory functions. C3aR is activated by the third complement component (C3) activation derived peptide C3a and a neuropeptide TLQP-21. In the central nervous system (CNS), C3aR is expressed by neural progenitors, neurons as well as glial cells. The non-immune functions of C3aR in the adult CNS include regulation of basal neurogenesis, injury-induced neural plasticity, and modulation of glial cell activation. In the developing brain, C3aR and C3 have been shown to play a role in neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal migration with potential implications for autism spectrum disorder, and adult C3aR deficient (C3aR−/−) mice were reported to exhibit subtle deficit in recall memory. Here, we subjected 3 months old male C3aR−/− mice to a battery of behavioral tests and examined their brain morphology. We found that the C3aR−/− mice exhibit a short-term memory deficit and increased locomotor activity, but do not show any signs of autistic behavior as assessed by self-grooming behavior. We also found regional differences between the C3aR−/− and wild-type (WT) mice in the morphology of motor and somatosensory cortex, as well as amygdala and hippocampus. In summary, constitutive absence of C3aR signaling in mice leads to neurodevelopmental abnormalities that persist into adulthood and are associated with locomotive hyperactivity and altered cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pozo-Rodrigálvarez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roosa Ollaranta
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Skoog
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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18
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Fatoba O, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Complement cascade functions during brain development and neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2085-2109. [PMID: 33599083 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement system, an essential tightly regulated innate immune system, is a key regulator of normal central nervous system (CNS) development and function. However, aberrant complement component expression and activation in the brain may culminate into marked neuroinflammatory response, neurodegenerative processes and cognitive impairment. Over the years, complement-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and complement-driven neurodegeneration have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of CNS disorders. This review describes how complement system contributes to normal brain development and function. We also discuss how pathologic insults such as misfolded proteins, lipid droplet/lipid droplet-associated protein or glycosaminoglycan accumulation could trigger complement-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and neurodegenerative process in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, age-related macular degeneration and neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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19
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory autoimmune disease caused by antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expressed on astrocytes. Binding of AQP4-specific antibodies (NMO-IgG) triggers activation of the complement cascade, which is responsible for astrocyte loss and secondary demyelination. Although the role for the cytolytic complement proteins in astrocyte destruction in NMO is well established, little is known regarding the initial phase of astrocyte injury. In this issue of the JCI, Chen and colleagues evaluated the precytolytic phase when NMO-IgG binds astrocytes in vivo in the absence of exogenous complement. NMO-IgG alone caused astrocyte activation and AQP4 loss. Surprisingly, microglia, CNS-resident innate immune cells that produce endogenous complement, were required for clinical manifestations of disease, a finding that suggests microglia may serve as a therapeutic target in NMO.
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21
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Park JW, Kim JE, Choi YJ, Kang MJ, Choi HJ, Bae SJ, Hong JT, Lee H, Hwang DY. Deficiency of complement component 3 may be linked to the development of constipation in FVB/N-C3 em1Hlee /Korl mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21221. [PMID: 33337564 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000376r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in complement component 3 (C3) expression has been reported to be linked to several bowel diseases including Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis; however, the association with constipation has never been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between C3 regulation and constipation development using a C3 deficiency model. To achieve these, alterations in stool excretion, transverse colon histological structure, and mucin secretion were analyzed in FVB/N-C3em1Hlee /Korl (C3 knockout, C3 KO) mice with the deletion of 11 nucleotides in exon 2 of the C3 gene. The stool excretion parameters, gastrointestinal transit, and intestine length were remarkably decreased in C3 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, although there was no specific change in feeding behavior. Furthermore, C3 KO mice showed a decrease in mucosal and muscle layer thickness, alterations in crypt structure, irregular distribution of goblet cells, and an increase of mucin droplets in the transverse colon. Mucin secretion was suppressed, and they accumulated in the crypts of C3 KO mice. In addition, the constipation phenotypes detected during C3 deficiency were confirmed in FVB/N mice treated with C3 convertase inhibitor (rosmarinic acid (RA)). Similar phenotypes were observed with respect to stool excretion parameters, gastrointestinal transit, intestine length, alterations in crypt structure, and mucin secretion in RA-treated FVB/N mice. Therefore, the results of the present study provide the first scientific evidence that C3 deficiency may play an important role in the development of constipation phenotypes in C3 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Mi Ju Kang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jun Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Su Ji Bae
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
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22
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Li W, Liu J, Tan W, Zhou Y. The role and mechanisms of Microglia in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3059-3065. [PMID: 34400876 PMCID: PMC8364446 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune neurological disease that can cause blindness and disability. As the major mediators in the central nervous system, microglia plays key roles in immunological regulation in neuroinflammatory diseases, including NMOSD. Microglia can be activated by interleukin (IL)-6 and type I interferons (IFN-Is) during NMOSD, leading to signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation. Moreover, complement C3a secreted from activated astrocytes may induce the secretion of complement C1q, inflammatory cytokines and progranulin (PGRN) by microglia, facilitating injury to microglia, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in an autocrine or paracrine manner. These processes involving activated microglia ultimately promote the pathological course of NMOSD. In this review, recent research progress on the roles of microglia in NMOSD pathogenesis is summarized, and the mechanisms of microglial activation and microglial-mediated inflammation, and the potential research prospects associated with microglial activation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yedi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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23
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Zheng JM, Wang SS, Tian X, Che DJ. Sustained activation of C3aR in a human podocyte line impairs the morphological maturation of the cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5326-5338. [PMID: 33174024 PMCID: PMC7646996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The C3a receptor (C3aR) has been reported to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of cellular structure development. Expression of C3aR has been reported in podocytes; however, data concerning the role of C3aR in podocyte morphology is scarce. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of C3aR activation on the architectural development of podocytes. An immortal human podocyte line (HPC) was transfected with a C3a expression lentivirus vector or recombinant C3a. SB290157 was used to block the activation of C3aR. The expression of C3a in HPC cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISAs. Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the podocytes. The adhesive ability of HPC cells was analyzed using an attachment assay. RT-qPCR, cyto-immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of the adhesion-associated genes. The expression levels of carboxypeptidases in HPC cells was also detected by RT-qPCR. Compared with the untransfected and control virus-transfected HPC cells, the C3a-overexpressing cells (HPC-C3a) failed to expand their cell bodies and develop an arborized appearance in the process of maturation, which the control cells exhibited. In addition, HPC-C3a cells presented with decreased adhesive capacity, altered focal adhesion (FA) plaques and decreased expression of FA-associated genes. These effects were blocked by a C3aR antagonist; however, the addition of purified C3a could not completely mimic the effects of C3a overexpression. Furthermore, HPC cells expressed carboxypeptidases, which have been reported to be able to inactivate C3a. In summary, the results demonstrated that sustained C3aR activation impaired the morphological maturation of HPC cells, which may be associated with the altered expression of FA-associated genes and impaired FA. Since chronic complement activation has been reported in renal diseases, which indicate sustained C3aR activation in renal cells, including podocytes and podocyte progenitors, the possible role of C3aR in the dysregulation of podocyte architecture and podocyte regeneration requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Min Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - De-Jun Che
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
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Huang P, Zhou Q, Lin Q, Lin L, Wang H, Chen X, Jiang S, Fu H, Deng Y. Complement C3a induces axonal hypomyelination in the periventricular white matter through activation of WNT/β-catenin signal pathway in septic neonatal rats experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:495-514. [PMID: 31622511 PMCID: PMC8018074 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of periventricular white matter (PWM) damage (PWMD) induced by neonatal sepsis. Because the complement cascade is implicated in inflammatory response, this study was carried out to determine whether C3a is involved in PWMD, and, if so, whether it would induce axonal hypomyelination. Furthermore, we explored if C3a would act through its C3a receptor (C3aR) and thence inhibit maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) via the WNT/β-catenin signal pathway. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats aged 1 day were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). C3a was upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes in the PWM up to 7 days after LPS injection. Concomitantly, enhanced C3aR expression was observed in NG2+ oligodendrocytes (OLs). Myelin proteins including CNPase, PLP, MBP and MAG were significantly reduced in the PWM of 28-day septic rats. The number of PLP+ and MBP+ cells was markedly decreased. By electron microscopy, myelin sheath thickness was thinner and the average g-ratios were higher. This was coupled with an increase in number of NG2+ cells and decreased number of CC1+ cells. Olig1, Olig2 and SOX10 protein expression was significantly reduced in the PWM after LPS injection. Very strikingly, C3aRa administration for the first 7 days could reverse the above-mentioned pathological alterations in the PWM of septic rats. When incubated with C3a, expression of MBP, CNPase, PLP, MAG, Olig1, Olig2, SOX10 and CC1 in primary cultured OPCs was significantly downregulated as opposed to increased NG2. Moreover, WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway was found to be implicated in inhibition of OPCs maturation and differentiation induced by C3a in vitro. As a corollary, it is speculated that C3a in the PWM of septic rats is closely associated with the disorder of OPCs differentiation and maturation through WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, which would contribute ultimately to axonal hypomyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Huang
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
| | - Qiuping Zhou
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006GuangdongChina
| | - Qiongyu Lin
- Department of critical care medicineJieyang People's HospitalJieyang522000GuangdongChina
| | - Lanfen Lin
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- Department of critical care medicineGuangdong Second Provincial General HospitalGuangzhou510317GuangdongChina
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- Affiliated South China HospitalSourthern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital)Guangzhou510515GuangdongChina
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou5105063GuangdongChina
| | - Shuqi Jiang
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
- School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510006GuangdongChina
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of AnatomyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan430072HubeiChina
| | - Yiyu Deng
- Department of Critical Care and EmergencyGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080GuangdongChina
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25
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El Gaamouch F, Audrain M, Lin WJ, Beckmann N, Jiang C, Hariharan S, Heeger PS, Schadt EE, Gandy S, Ehrlich ME, Salton SR. VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 modulates microglial function through C3aR1 signaling pathways and reduces neuropathology in 5xFAD mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:4. [PMID: 31924226 PMCID: PMC6954537 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiomic studies by several groups in the NIH Accelerating Medicines Partnership for Alzheimer's Disease (AMP-AD) identified VGF as a major driver of Alzheimer's disease (AD), also finding that reduced VGF levels correlate with mean amyloid plaque density, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Braak scores. VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 activates the complement C3a receptor-1 (C3aR1), predominantly expressed in the brain on microglia. However, it is unclear how mouse or human TLQP-21, which are not identical, modulate microglial function and/or AD progression. METHODS We performed phagocytic/migration assays and RNA sequencing on BV2 microglial cells and primary microglia isolated from wild-type or C3aR1-null mice following treatment with TLQP-21 or C3a super agonist (C3aSA). Effects of intracerebroventricular TLQP-21 delivery were evaluated in 5xFAD mice, a mouse amyloidosis model of AD. Finally, the human HMC3 microglial cell line was treated with human TLQP-21 to determine whether specific peptide functions are conserved from mouse to human. RESULTS We demonstrate that TLQP-21 increases motility and phagocytic capacity in murine BV2 microglial cells, and in primary wild-type but not in C3aR1-null murine microglia, which under basal conditions have impaired phagocytic function compared to wild-type. RNA sequencing of primary microglia revealed overlapping transcriptomic changes induced by treatment with TLQP-21 or C3a super agonist (C3aSA). There were no transcriptomic changes in C3aR1-null or wild-type microglia exposed to the mutant peptide TLQP-R21A, which does not activate C3aR1. Most of the C3aSA- and TLQP-21-induced differentially expressed genes were linked to cell migration and proliferation. Intracerebroventricular TLQP-21 administration for 28 days via implanted osmotic pump resulted in a reduction of amyloid plaques and associated dystrophic neurites and restored expression of subsets of Alzheimer-associated microglial genes. Finally, we found that human TLQP-21 activates human microglia in a fashion similar to activation of murine microglia by mouse TLQP-21. CONCLUSIONS These data provide molecular and functional evidence suggesting that mouse and human TLQP-21 modulate microglial function, with potential implications for the progression of AD-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida El Gaamouch
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Medical Research Center of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Noam Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Siddharth Hariharan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Sema4, Stamford, CT 06902 USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
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26
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Zhang LY, Pan J, Mamtilahun M, Zhu Y, Wang L, Venkatesh A, Shi R, Tu X, Jin K, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Microglia exacerbate white matter injury via complement C3/C3aR pathway after hypoperfusion. Theranostics 2020; 10:74-90. [PMID: 31903107 PMCID: PMC6929610 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation participates in white matter injury after cerebral hypoperfusion. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we explore whether activated microglia aggravate white matter injury via complement C3-C3aR pathway after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) underwent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 7, 14, and 28 days. Cerebral vessel density and blood flow were examined by synchrotron radiation angiography and three-dimensional arterial spin labeling. Neurobehavioral assessments, CLARITY imaging, and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate activation of microglia and C3-C3aR pathway. Furthermore, C3aR knockout mice were used to establish the causal relationship of C3-C3aR signaling on microglia activation and white matter injury after hypoperfusion. Results: Cerebral vessel density and blood flow were reduced after hypoperfusion (p<0.05). Spatial learning and memory deficits and white matter injury were shown (p<0.05). These impairments were correlated with aberrant microglia activation and an increase in the number of reactive microglia adhering to and phagocytosed myelin in the hypoperfusion group (p<0.05), which were accompanied by the up-regulation of complement C3 and its receptors C3aR (p<0.05). Genetic deletion of C3ar1 significantly inhibited aberrant microglial activation and reversed white matter injury after hypoperfusion (p<0.05). Furthermore, the C3aR antagonist SB290157 decreased the number of microglia adhering to myelin (p<0.05), attenuated white matter injury and cognitive deficits in chronic hypoperfusion rats (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that aberrant activated microglia aggravate white matter injury via C3-C3aR pathway during chronic hypoperfusion. These findings indicate C3aR plays a critical role in mediating neuroinflammation and white matter injury through aberrant microglia activation, which provides a novel therapeutic target for the small vessel disease and vascular dementia.
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27
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The Role of Complement C3a Receptor in Stroke. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:467-473. [PMID: 31102134 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a key regulator of the innate immune response against diseased tissue that functions across multiple organ systems. Dysregulation of complement contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological diseases including stroke. The C3a anaphylatoxin, via its cognate C3a receptor (C3aR), mediates inflammation by promoting breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the massive infiltration of leukocytes into ischemic brain in experimental stroke models. Studies utilizing complement deficient mice as well as pharmacologic C3aR antagonists have shown a reduction in tissue injury and mortality in murine stroke models. The development of tissue-specific C3aR knockout mice and more specific C3aR antagonists is warranted to facilitate our understanding of the role of the C3aR in brain ischemia with the ultimate goal of clinical translation of therapies targeting C3aR in stroke patients.
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28
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Brennan FH, Jogia T, Gillespie ER, Blomster LV, Li XX, Nowlan B, Williams GM, Jacobson E, Osborne GW, Meunier FA, Taylor SM, Campbell KE, MacDonald KP, Levesque JP, Woodruff TM, Ruitenberg MJ. Complement receptor C3aR1 controls neutrophil mobilization following spinal cord injury through physiological antagonism of CXCR2. JCI Insight 2019; 4:98254. [PMID: 31045582 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers an acute-phase response that leads to systemic inflammation and rapid mobilization of bone marrow (BM) neutrophils into the blood. These mobilized neutrophils then accumulate in visceral organs and the injured spinal cord where they cause inflammatory tissue damage. The receptor for complement activation product 3a, C3aR1, has been implicated in negatively regulating the BM neutrophil response to tissue injury. However, the mechanism via which C3aR1 controls BM neutrophil mobilization, and also its influence over SCI outcomes, are unknown. Here, we show that the C3a/C3aR1 axis exerts neuroprotection in SCI by acting as a physiological antagonist against neutrophil chemotactic signals. We show that C3aR1 engages phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, to restrain C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2-driven BM neutrophil mobilization following trauma. These findings are of direct clinical significance as lower circulating neutrophil numbers at presentation were identified as a marker for improved recovery in human SCI. Our work thus identifies C3aR1 and its downstream intermediary, PTEN, as therapeutic targets to broadly inhibit neutrophil mobilization/recruitment following tissue injury and reduce inflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trisha Jogia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | | | - Xaria X Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Bianca Nowlan
- Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute
| | | | | | - Geoff W Osborne
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frederic A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Kate E Campbell
- Orthopaedic Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Princess Alexandra Hospital - Southside Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kelli Pa MacDonald
- Antigen Presentation and Immunoregulation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Australia
| | | | | | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine.,Trauma, Critical Care and Recovery, Brisbane Diamantina Health Partners, Brisbane, Australia
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29
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The Novel C5aR Antagonist DF3016A Protects Neurons Against Ischemic Neuroinflammatory Injury. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:163-174. [PMID: 30953275 PMCID: PMC6570783 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) constitutively expresses complement (C) membrane receptors and complement proteins, including the component C5a. This is a crucial terminal effector of the C cascade, mostly involved in pain and neuroinflammatory conditions. Aberrant activation of C5a protein and its receptor C5aR has been reported to play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, with important clinical consequences. Here we have investigated the effects of DF3016A, a novel selective C5aR antagonist, able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), on cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD/R), a neuroinflammation-related process. We demonstrated that a mild ischemic insult induces an early upregulation of C5aR associated with the over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the over-expression of the transcriptional regulatory factor miR-181. Furthermore, we report the first experimental evidence of the effect of DF3016A, modulating complement component C5a, on neurons in a model of injury. Interestingly, DF3016A protects neuronal viability by restoring intracellular calcium levels, thus opposing the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and miR-181 expression. Based on our results, we suggest that DF3016A is a novel C5aR antagonist promoting protective effects against OGD/R-induced damage that could be a new therapeutic approach to controlling CNS neuroinflammatory conditions.
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30
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Significance of Complement System in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2019; 10:429-462. [PMID: 31011487 PMCID: PMC6457046 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity, typically conferring protection via eliminating pathogens and accumulating debris. However, the defensive function of the complement system can exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative responses in various pathological conditions. Cumulative evidence indicates that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, as the depletion of certain complement components or the inhibition of complement activation could reduce ischemic brain injury. Although multiple candidates modulating or inhibiting complement activation show massive potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke, the clinical availability of complement inhibitors remains limited. The complement system is also involved in neural plasticity and neurogenesis during cerebral ischemia. Thus, unexpected side effects could be induced if the systemic complement system is inhibited. In this review, we highlighted the recent concepts and discoveries of the roles of different kinds of complement components, such as C3a, C5a, and their receptors, in both normal brain physiology and the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed the current development of complement-targeted therapy for ischemic stroke and discussed the challenges of bringing these therapies into the clinic. The design of future experiments was also discussed to better characterize the role of complement in both tissue injury and recovery after cerebral ischemia. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how complement components exert their functions in different stages of ischemic stroke to optimize the intervention of targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- 3Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Druart M, Le Magueresse C. Emerging Roles of Complement in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:573. [PMID: 31496960 PMCID: PMC6712161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins that have long been known to participate to the immune defence against pathogens and to the removal of damaged cells. Their role, however, extends beyond immunity and clearance of altered "self" components in the periphery. In particular, complement proteins can be induced by all cell types in the brain. Recent discoveries highlight the role of complement in normal and pathological brain development. Specifically, the complement system mediates synaptic pruning, a developmental process whereby supernumerary synapses are eliminated in the immature brain. The complement system has been implicated in pathological synapse elimination in schizophrenia, West Nile virus infection, and lupus, all of which are associated with psychiatric manifestations. Complement also contributes to synapse loss in neurodegenerative conditions. This review provides a brief overview of the well-studied role of complement molecules in immunity. The contribution of complement to embryonic and adult neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and developmental synaptic elimination in the normal brain is reviewed. We discuss the role of complement in synapse loss in psychiatric and neurological diseases and evaluate the therapeutic potential of complement-targeting drugs for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Druart
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Le Magueresse
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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32
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McCarthy JD, Cao Q, Winsor N, Van Limbergen J, Stadnyk AW. The anaphylatoxin C3a primes model colonic epithelial cells for expression of inflammatory mediators through Gαi. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:125-132. [PMID: 30261438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have identified that complement becomes activated during inflammation of the intestines yet it is unclear what roles the split complement molecules play. The epithelium, in particular, may be impacted and accordingly, we first discovered that colonic cell lines indeed possess the C5aR. Here we examined whether these cells also possess the C3aR. We determined that T84, HT-29 and Caco2 all possess C3aR mRNA and protein; T84 and HT29 were used to further explore the consequence of C3a binding the C3aR. C3a led to increased mRNA for CXCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL11. Polarized T84 monolayers responded to apically applied C3a with increased CXCL8 mRNA more rapidly than if the C3a was applied basolaterally. Polarized monolayers also increased permeability when treated with C3a. ERK1/2 was activated by C3a and the increase in CXCL8 mRNA was ERK-dependent in both T84 and HT-29. C3a resulted in activation of Gαi, determined by the ERK1/2 signal showing sensitivity to pertussis toxin. The transmembrane signal was further mapped to include Ras and c-Raf. Finally, we show that the C3aR is expressed by primary cells in mouse enteroids. We conclude that complement activation will contribute to the epithelial response during inflammation through C3a binding to the C3aR including by priming the cells to upregulate mRNA for selected chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Room 7-C, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Room 7-C, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Winsor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Room 7-C, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Johan Van Limbergen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Room 7-C, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, 5850 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Andrew W Stadnyk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Room 7-C, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, 5850 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
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33
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Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Tatlisumak T, Pekna M. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis-A new target in stroke? Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:45-55. [PMID: 30025833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute insult to the central nervous system (CNS) that triggers a sequence of responses in the acute, subacute as well as later stages, with prominent involvement of astrocytes. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in the acute stage of stroke limit the tissue damage and contribute to the restoration of homeostasis. Astrocytes also control many aspects of neural plasticity that is the basis for functional recovery. Here, we discuss the concept of intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) and the complement system as two handles on the astrocyte responses to injury that both present attractive opportunities for novel treatment strategies modulating astrocyte functions and reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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34
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Coulthard LG, Hawksworth OA, Conroy J, Lee JD, Woodruff TM. Complement C3a receptor modulates embryonic neural progenitor cell proliferation and cognitive performance. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:176-181. [PMID: 30449309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complement system of innate immunity is emerging as a novel player in neurodevelopmental processes. The receptor for C3a, C3aR, shares a close evolutionary and functional relationship with C5a receptors. Whilst the C5a receptor, C5aR1, has been demonstrated to promote embryonic neural stem cell proliferation, little is known about the role of C3aR in this process. Here we show that C3aR is expressed in a similar manner to C5aR1 in mice, at the apical pole of the embryonic ventricular zone, though it has an opposing function. Using in utero delivery of C3aR agonist and antagonist compounds to the embryonic ventricle, we demonstrate that C3aR functions to decrease proliferation of apical neural progenitor cells (NPC). Intriguingly, C3aR-/- animals also have altered NPC proliferation, but demonstrate an opposing phenotype to animals subjected to pharmacological blockade of C3aR. Finally, despite a grossly normal development of C3aR-/- animals, cognitive behavioural testing of adult mice showed subtle deficits in recall memory. These data demonstrate that in addition to C5a, C3a also has a critical role in the normal development of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Coulthard
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Owen A Hawksworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jacinta Conroy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Hernandez MX, Jiang S, Cole TA, Chu SH, Fonseca MI, Fang MJ, Hohsfield LA, Torres MD, Green KN, Wetsel RA, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ. Prevention of C5aR1 signaling delays microglial inflammatory polarization, favors clearance pathways and suppresses cognitive loss. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:66. [PMID: 28923083 PMCID: PMC5604420 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic inhibition of C5aR1, a receptor for the complement activation proinflammatory fragment, C5a, suppressed pathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. To validate that the effect of the antagonist was specifically via C5aR1 inhibition, mice lacking C5aR1 were generated and compared in behavior and pathology. In addition, since C5aR1 is primarily expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage, and only to a lesser extent on endothelial cells and neurons in brain, gene expression in microglia isolated from adult brain at multiple ages was compared across all genotypes. METHODS C5aR1 knock out mice were crossed to the Arctic AD mouse model, and characterized for pathology and for behavior performance in a hippocampal dependent memory task. CX3CR1GFP and CCR2RFP reporter mice were bred to C5aR1 sufficient and knockout wild type and Arctic mice to enable sorting of microglia (GFP-positive, RFP-negative) isolated from adult brain at 2, 5, 7 and 10 months of age followed by RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS A lack of C5aR1 prevented behavior deficits at 10 months, although amyloid plaque load was not altered. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no CCR2+ monocytes/macrophages near the plaques in the Arctic brain with or without C5aR1. Microglia were sorted from infiltrating monocytes (GFP and RFP-positive) for transcriptome analysis. RNA-seq analysis identified inflammation related genes as differentially expressed, with increased expression in the Arctic mice relative to wild type and decreased expression in the Arctic/C5aR1KO relative to Arctic. In addition, phagosomal-lysosomal gene expression was increased in the Arctic mice relative to wild type but further increased in the Arctic/C5aR1KO mice. A decrease in neuronal complexity was seen in hippocampus of 10 month old Arctic mice at the time that correlates with the behavior deficit, both of which were rescued in the Arctic/C5aR1KO. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with microglial polarization in the absence of C5aR1 signaling reflecting decreased induction of inflammatory genes and enhancement of degradation/clearance pathways, which is accompanied by preservation of CA1 neuronal complexity and hippocampal dependent cognitive function. These results provide links between microglial responses and loss of cognitive performance and, combined with the previous pharmacological approach to inhibit C5aR1 signaling, support the potential of this receptor as a novel therapeutic target for AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Hernandez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tracy A Cole
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Present Address: Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria I Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Melody J Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria D Torres
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Abstract
There is an increasing recognition that inflammation plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and the prototypic neuroinflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Differential immune responses involving the adaptive versus the innate immune system are observed at various stages of neurodegenerative diseases, and may not only drive disease processes but could serve as therapeutic targets. Ongoing investigations into the specific inflammatory mechanisms that play roles in disease causation and progression have revealed lessons about inflammation-driven neurodegeneration that can be applied to other neurodegenerative diseases. An increasing number of immunotherapeutic strategies that have been successful in MS are now being applied to other neurodegenerative diseases. Some approaches suppress CNS immune mechanisms, while others harness the immune system to clear deleterious products and cells. This Review focuses on the mechanisms by which inflammation, mediated either by the peripheral immune response or by endogenous CNS immune mechanisms, can affect CNS neurodegeneration.
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Doolen S, Cook J, Riedl M, Kitto K, Kohsaka S, Honda CN, Fairbanks CA, Taylor BK, Vulchanova L. Complement 3a receptor in dorsal horn microglia mediates pronociceptive neuropeptide signaling. Glia 2017; 65:1976-1989. [PMID: 28850719 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The complement 3a receptor (C3aR1) participates in microglial signaling under pathological conditions and was recently shown to be activated by the neuropeptide TLQP-21. We previously demonstrated that TLQP-21 elicits hyperalgesia and contributes to nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity through an unknown mechanism in the spinal cord. Here we determined that this mechanism requires C3aR1 and that microglia are the cellular target for TLQP-21. We propose a novel neuroimmune signaling pathway involving TLQP-21-induced activation of microglial C3aR1 that then contributes to spinal neuroplasticity and neuropathic pain. This unique dual-ligand activation of C3aR1 by a neuropeptide (TLQP-21) and an immune mediator (C3a) represents a potential broad-spectrum mechanism throughout the CNS for integration of neuroimmune crosstalk at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0298
| | - Jennifer Cook
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Maureen Riedl
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Kelley Kitto
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | | | - Christopher N Honda
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.,Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.,Departments of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0298
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
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Grajales-Esquivel E, Luz-Madrigal A, Bierly J, Haynes T, Reis ES, Han Z, Gutierrez C, McKinney Z, Tzekou A, Lambris JD, Tsonis PA, Del Rio-Tsonis K. Complement component C3aR constitutes a novel regulator for chick eye morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 428:88-100. [PMID: 28576690 PMCID: PMC5726978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement components have been implicated in a wide variety of functions including neurogenesis, proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, cancer, and more recently early development and regeneration. Following our initial observations indicating that C3a/C3aR signaling induces chick retina regeneration, we analyzed its role in chick eye morphogenesis. During eye development, the optic vesicle (OV) invaginates to generate a bilayer optic cup (OC) that gives rise to the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and neural retina. We show by immunofluorescence staining that C3 and the receptor for C3a (the cleaved and active form of C3), C3aR, are present in chick embryos during eye morphogenesis in the OV and OC. Interestingly, C3aR is mainly localized in the nuclear compartment at the OC stage. Loss of function studies at the OV stage using morpholinos or a blocking antibody targeting the C3aR (anti-C3aR Ab), causes eye defects such as microphthalmia and defects in the ventral portion of the eye that result in coloboma. Such defects were not observed when C3aR was disrupted at the OC stage. Histological analysis demonstrated that microphthalmic eyes were unable to generate a normal optic stalk or a closed OC. The dorsal/ventral patterning defects were accompanied by an expansion of the ventral markers Pax2, cVax and retinoic acid synthesizing enzyme raldh-3 (aldh1a3) domains, an absence of the dorsal expression of Tbx5 and raldh-1 (aldh1a1) and a re-specification of the ventral RPE to neuroepithelium. In addition, the eyes showed overall decreased expression of Gli1 and a change in distribution of nuclear β-catenin, suggesting that Shh and Wnt pathways have been affected. Finally, we observed prominent cell death along with a decrease in proliferating cells, indicating that both processes contribute to the microphthalmic phenotype. Together our results show that C3aR is necessary for the proper morphogenesis of the OC. This is the first report implicating C3aR in eye development, revealing an unsuspected hitherto regulator for proper chick eye morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Agustin Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA; Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Bierly
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Tracy Haynes
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Christian Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Zachary McKinney
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Apostolia Tzekou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology, Miami University and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University (CVSMU), Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Quell KM, Karsten CM, Kordowski A, Almeida LN, Briukhovetska D, Wiese AV, Sun J, Ender F, Antoniou K, Schröder T, Schmudde I, Berger JL, König P, Vollbrandt T, Laumonnier Y, Köhl J. Monitoring C3aR Expression Using a Floxed tdTomato-C3aR Reporter Knock-in Mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28626064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C3a exerts multiple biologic functions through activation of its cognate C3a receptor. C3-/- and C3aR-/- mice have been instrumental in defining important roles of the C3a/C3aR axis in the regulation of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, allergic asthma, autoimmune nephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Surprisingly little is known about C3aR expression and function in immune and stromal cells. To close this gap, we generated a floxed tandem-dye Tomato (tdTomato)-C3aR reporter knock-in mouse, which we used to monitor C3aR expression in cells residing in the lung, airways, lamina propria (LP) of the small intestine, brain, visceral adipose tissue, bone marrow (BM), spleen, and the circulation. We found a strong expression of tdTomato-C3aR in the brain, lung, LP, and visceral adipose tissue, whereas it was minor in the spleen, blood, BM, and the airways. Most macrophage and eosinophil populations were tdTomato-C3aR+ Interestingly, most tissue eosinophils and some macrophage populations expressed C3aR intracellularly. BM-derived dendritic cells (DCs), lung-resident cluster of differentiation (CD) 11b+ conventional DCs (cDCs) and monocyte-derived DCs, LP CD103+, and CD11b+ cDCs but not pulmonary CD103+ cDCs and splenic DCs were tdTomato-C3aR+ Surprisingly, neither BM, blood, lung neutrophils, nor mast cells expressed C3aR. Similarly, all lymphoid-derived cells were tdTomato-C3aR-, except some LP-derived type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Pulmonary and LP-derived epithelial cells expressed at best minor levels of C3aR. In summary, we provide novel insights into the expression pattern of C3aR in mice. The floxed C3aR knock-in mouse will help to reliably track and conditionally delete C3aR expression in experimental models of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Quell
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Anna Kordowski
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | | | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Anna V Wiese
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Fanny Ender
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Konstantina Antoniou
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Torsten Schröder
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Inken Schmudde
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Johann L Berger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Tillman Vollbrandt
- Cell Analysis Core Facility, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; and
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany;
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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40
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Novel insights into the expression pattern of anaphylatoxin receptors in mice and men. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:44-58. [PMID: 28600003 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxins (AT) C3a and C5a play important roles as mediators of inflammation. Further, they regulate and control multiple innate and adaptive immune responses through binding and activation of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors, i.e. C3a receptor (C3aR), C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and C5a receptor 2 (C5aR2), although the latter lacks important sequence motifs for G protein-coupling. Based on their pleiotropic functions, they contribute not only to tissue homeostasis but drive, perpetuate and resolve immune responses in many inflammatory diseases including infections, malignancies, autoimmune as well as allergic diseases. During the past few years, transcriptome expression data provided detailed insights into AT receptor tissue mRNA expression. In contrast, our understanding of cellular AT receptor expression in human and mouse tissues under steady and inflammatory conditions is still sketchy. Ligand binding studies, flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analyses convincingly demonstrated tissue-specific C5aR1 expression in various cells of myeloid origin. However, a detailed map for C3aR or C5aR2 expression in human or mouse tissue cells is still lacking. Also, reports about AT expression in lymphoid cells is still controversial. To understand the multiple roles of the ATs in the innate and adaptive immune networks, a detailed understanding of their receptor expression in health and disease is required. Recent findings obtained with novel GFP or tdTomato AT-receptor knock-in mice provide detailed insights into their expression pattern in tissue immune and stroma cells. Here, we will provide an update about our current knowledge of AT receptor expression pattern in humans and mice.
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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Calame DG, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Wetsel RA. Innate and adaptive immunologic functions of complement in the host response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1407-1417. [PMID: 27476791 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a leading cause of foodborne-illness associated mortality that has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to several significant outbreaks. It has also served as a model organism for the study of intracellular pathogens. For these reasons the host response to L. monocytogenes has long been the subject of investigation. A potent innate and adaptive immune response is required for containment and clearance of L. monocytogenes. However, some elements of this response, such as type 1 interferons, can be detrimental to the host. Recent studies have revealed novel functions for the complement system, an ancient arm of innate immunity, in this process. Here we review the role of complement in the host response to L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Calame
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States; University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Astrocyte-Microglia Cross Talk through Complement Activation Modulates Amyloid Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:577-89. [PMID: 26758846 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2117-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing evidence supports a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we identified a neuron-glia signaling pathway whereby Aβ acts as an upstream activator of astroglial nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), leading to the release of complement C3, which acts on the neuronal C3a receptor (C3aR) to influence dendritic morphology and cognitive function. Here we report that astrocytic complement activation also regulates Aβ dynamics in vitro and amyloid pathology in AD mouse models through microglial C3aR. We show that in primary microglial cultures, acute C3 or C3a activation promotes, whereas chronic C3/C3a treatment attenuates, microglial phagocytosis and that the effect of chronic C3 exposure can be blocked by cotreatment with a C3aR antagonist and by genetic deletion of C3aR. We further demonstrate that Aβ pathology and neuroinflammation in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice are worsened by astroglial NF-κB hyperactivation and resulting C3 elevation, whereas treatment with the C3aR antagonist (C3aRA) ameliorates plaque load and microgliosis. Our studies define a complement-dependent intercellular cross talk in which neuronal overproduction of Aβ activates astroglial NF-κB to elicit extracellular release of C3. This promotes a pathogenic cycle by which C3 in turn interacts with neuronal and microglial C3aR to alter cognitive function and impair Aβ phagocytosis. This feedforward loop can be effectively blocked by C3aR inhibition, supporting the therapeutic potential of C3aR antagonists under chronic neuroinflammation conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The complement pathway is activated in Alzheimer's disease. Here we show that the central complement factor C3 secreted from astrocytes interacts with microglial C3a receptor (C3aR) to mediate β-amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in AD mouse models. Our study provides support for targeting C3aR as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Lian H, Zheng H. Signaling pathways regulating neuron-glia interaction and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 136:475-91. [PMID: 26546579 PMCID: PMC4720533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. They play critical roles in neuronal homeostasis through their physical properties and neuron-glia signaling pathways. Astrocytes become reactive in response to neuronal injury and this process, referred to as reactive astrogliosis, is a common feature accompanying neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrogliosis represents a continuum of pathobiological processes and is associated with morphological, functional, and gene expression changes of varying degrees. There has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the signaling pathways regulating glial biology and pathophysiology in recent years. Here, we attempt to provide an unbiased review of some of the well-known players, namely calcium, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor β, NFκB, and complement, in mediating neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions as well as in Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the role of astrocytic NFκB and calcium as well as astroglial secreted factors, including proteoglycans, TGFβ, and complement in mediating neuronal function and AD pathogenesis through direct interaction with neurons and through cooperation with microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University College of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Wu F, Zou Q, Ding X, Shi D, Zhu X, Hu W, Liu L, Zhou H. Complement component C3a plays a critical role in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment into the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 26822321 PMCID: PMC4731990 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is becoming increasingly recognized as a key participant in many neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Complement-deficient animals exhibit reduced neuroinflammation. METHODS In the present study, we administered intracerebroventricularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic local infection of the brain and investigated the role of key complement component C3 in brain vasculature endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment. The degree of neutrophil infiltration was determined by esterase staining. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were measured using intravital microscopy. Cerebral endothelial activation was evaluated using real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Neutrophil infiltration into the brain cortex and hippocampus was significantly reduced in C3(-/-) mice and C3aR(-/-) mice but not in C6(-/-) mice. We detected markedly attenuated leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the brain microvasculature of C3(-/-) mice. Accordingly, in response to LPS administration, the brain microvasculature in these mice had decreased expression of P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Depletion of C3 from the circulation also caused reduction in VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression and leukocyte recruitment, suggesting that C3 in the circulation contributed to brain endothelial activation. Furthermore, C3(-/-) mice exhibited decreased leukocyte recruitment into the brain upon tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. C3a activated the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and induced the upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in murine primary cerebral endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence that C3a plays a critical role in cerebral endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment during inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610083, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaodan Ding
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institute of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, JS, 210029, China.
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46
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Alawieh A, Elvington A, Tomlinson S. Complement in the Homeostatic and Ischemic Brain. Front Immunol 2015; 6:417. [PMID: 26322048 PMCID: PMC4533015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a component of the immune system involved in both recognition and response to pathogens, and it is implicated in an increasing number of homeostatic and disease processes. It is well documented that reperfusion of ischemic tissue results in complement activation and an inflammatory response that causes post-reperfusion injury. This occurs following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and triggers secondary damage that extends beyond the initial infarcted area, an outcome that has rationalized the use of complement inhibitors as candidate therapeutics after stroke. In the central nervous system, however, recent studies have revealed that complement also has essential roles in synaptic pruning, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. In the context of recovery after stroke, these apparent divergent functions of complement may account for findings that the protective effect of complement inhibition in the acute phase after stroke is not always maintained in the subacute and chronic phases. The development of effective stroke therapies based on modulation of the complement system will require a detailed understanding of complement-dependent processes in both early neurodegenerative events and delayed neuro-reparatory processes. Here, we review the role of complement in normal brain physiology, the events initiating complement activation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the contribution of complement to both injury and recovery. We also discuss how the design of future experiments may better characterize the dual role of complement in recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alawieh
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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47
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Shinjyo N, de Pablo Y, Pekny M, Pekna M. Complement Peptide C3a Promotes Astrocyte Survival in Response to Ischemic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3076-3087. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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48
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Nytrova P, Potlukova E, Kemlink D, Woodhall M, Horakova D, Waters P, Havrdova E, Zivorova D, Vincent A, Trendelenburg M. Complement activation in patients with neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:185-91. [PMID: 25109258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of complement has been demonstrated in experimental models of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), however, only few studies have analysed complement components longitudinally in NMO patients. We measured serum or plasma concentrations of anti-C1q antibodies and complement split products C3a and C4a and soluble C5b-9 in patients with NMO, multiple sclerosis and healthy controls. NMO patients had higher levels of C3a and anti-C1q antibodies than healthy controls. C3a levels correlated with disease activity, neurological disability and aquaporin-4 IgG in NMO patients suggesting a role of the alternative pathway of complement in the pathogenesis of NMO and supporting the strategy of therapeutic complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nytrova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eliska Potlukova
- Third Department of Medicine, General University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Kemlink
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Woodhall
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dana Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Waters
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Zivorova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Mueller-Ortiz SL, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. The receptor for the complement C3a anaphylatoxin (C3aR) provides host protection against Listeria monocytogenes-induced apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1278-89. [PMID: 24981453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive intracellular bacterium that is acquired through tainted food and may lead to systemic infection and possible death. Despite the importance of the innate immune system in fighting L. monocytogenes infection, little is known about the role of complement and its activation products, including the potent C3a anaphylatoxin. In a model of systemic L. monocytogenes infection, we show that mice lacking the receptor for C3a (C3aR(-/-)) are significantly more sensitive to infection compared with wild-type mice, as demonstrated by decreased survival, increased bacterial burden, and increased damage to their livers and spleens. The inability of the C3aR(-/-) mice to clear the bacterial infection was not caused by defective macrophages or by a reduction in cytokines/chemokines known to be critical in the host response to L. monocytogenes, including IFN-γ and TNF-α. Instead, TUNEL staining, together with Fas, active caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression data, indicates that the increased susceptibility of C3aR(-/-) mice to L. monocytogenes infection was largely caused by increased L. monocytogenes-induced apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid cells in the spleen that are required for ultimate clearance of L. monocytogenes, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These findings reveal an unexpected function of C3a/C3aR signaling during the host immune response that suppresses Fas expression and caspase-3 activity while increasing Bcl-2 expression, thereby providing protection to both myeloid and lymphoid cells against L. monocytogenes-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - John E Morales
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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50
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Fairbanks CA, Peterson CD, Speltz RH, Riedl MS, Kitto KF, Dykstra JA, Braun PD, Sadahiro M, Salton SR, Vulchanova L. The VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 contributes to inflammatory and nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity. Pain 2014; 155:1229-1237. [PMID: 24657450 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
VGF (nonacronymic) is a granin-like protein that is packaged and proteolytically processed within the regulated secretory pathway. VGF and peptides derived from its processing have been implicated in neuroplasticity associated with learning, memory, depression, and chronic pain. In sensory neurons, VGF is rapidly increased following peripheral nerve injury and inflammation. Several bioactive peptides generated from the C-terminus of VGF have pronociceptive spinal effects. The goal of the present study was to examine the spinal effects of the peptide TLQP-21 and determine whether it participates in spinal mechanisms of persistent pain. Application of exogenous TLQP-21 induced dose-dependent thermal hyperalgesia in the warm-water immersion tail-withdrawal test. This hyperalgesia was inhibited by a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, as well as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. We used immunoneutralization of TLQP-21 to determine the function of the endogenous peptide in mechanisms underlying persistent pain. In mice injected intradermally with complete Freund adjuvant, intrathecal treatment with anti-TLQP-21 immediately prior to or 5hours after induction of inflammation dose-dependently inhibited tactile hypersensitivity and thermal hyperalgesia. Intrathecal anti-TL21 administration also attenuated the development and maintenance of tactile hypersensitivity in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. These results provide evidence that endogenous TLQP-21 peptide contributes to the mechanisms of spinal neuroplasticity after inflammation and nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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