1
|
Cho IH, Choi KJ, Choi J, Lee K, Ly SY. Trace assay of insulin in a pharmacy drug with a paste electrode. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1279-1284. [PMID: 35701570 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a voltammetric assay of insulin using a DNA immobilized onto a carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNPE), the peak potential of which was 0.2 V, vs. Ag/AgCl on the CNPE. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave (SW) stripping voltammetry parameters of the optimized conditions were determined. Low analytical working ranges of 10-80 ugL-1 CV and 0.01-0.1 ngL-1 SW were attained. The precision of the insulin concentration of 0.01 ugL-1 was 0.14 (n = 15) RSD using the optimum conditions, in which the detection limit was 0.004 ngL-1 (6.9 × 10-12 M) (S/N = 3) using only an accumulation time of 400 s. The developed method was applied to determine insulin in a pharmacy drug from analytical-grade chemicals (from Aldrich).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Hea Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, 145 Anam ro, Seong buk gu Seoul, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Choi
- Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang ro, Nowon gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Choi
- Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang ro, Nowon gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lee
- Biosensor Research Institute, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, no won gu, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Suw Young Ly
- Biosensor Research Institute, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, no won gu, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Wang W, Xu C, Duan H, Tian X, Zhang D. Potential genetic biomarkers are found to be associated with both cognitive function and blood pressure: a bivariate genome-wide association analysis. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
3
|
McCormick N, O’Connor MJ, Yokose C, Merriman TR, Mount DB, Leong A, Choi HK. Assessing the Causal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Hyperuricemia and Gout Using Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:2096-2104. [PMID: 33982892 PMCID: PMC8568618 DOI: 10.1002/art.41779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperuricemia is closely associated with insulin resistance syndrome (and its many cardiometabolic sequelae); however, whether they are causally related has long been debated. We undertook this study to investigate the potential causal nature and direction between insulin resistance and hyperuricemia, along with gout, by using bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. METHODS We used genome-wide association data (n = 288,649 for serum urate [SU] concentration; n = 763,813 for gout risk; n = 153,525 for fasting insulin) to select genetic instruments for 2-sample MR analyses, using multiple MR methods to address potential pleiotropic associations. We then used individual-level, electronic medical record-linked data from the UK Biobank (n = 360,453 persons of European ancestry) to replicate our analyses via single-sample MR analysis. RESULTS Genetically determined SU levels, whether inferred from a polygenic score or strong individual loci, were not associated with fasting insulin concentrations. In contrast, genetically determined fasting insulin concentrations were positively associated with SU levels (0.37 mg/dl per log-unit increase in fasting insulin [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.15, 0.58]; P = 0.001). This persisted in outlier-corrected (β = 0.56 mg/dl [95% CI 0.45, 0.67]) and multivariable MR analyses adjusted for BMI (β = 0.69 mg/dl [95% CI 0.53, 0.85]) (P < 0.001 for both). Polygenic scores for fasting insulin were also positively associated with SU level among individuals in the UK Biobank (P < 0.001). Findings for gout risk were bidirectionally consistent with those for SU level. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence to clarify core questions about the close association between hyperuricemia and insulin resistance syndrome: hyperinsulinemia leads to hyperuricemia but not the other way around. Reducing insulin resistance could lower the SU level and gout risk, whereas lowering the SU level (e.g., allopurinol treatment) is unlikely to mitigate insulin resistance and its cardiometabolic sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie McCormick
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond BC Canada
| | - Mark J. O’Connor
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
| | - Chio Yokose
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham AL
| | - David B. Mount
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Aaron Leong
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA USA
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond BC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Honerkamp-Smith G, Xu R. Three measures of explained variation for correlated survival data under the proportional hazards mixed-effects model. Stat Med 2016; 35:4153-65. [PMID: 27241815 PMCID: PMC5012918 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Measures of explained variation are useful in scientific research, as they quantify the amount of variation in an outcome variable of interest that is explained by one or more other variables. We develop such measures for correlated survival data, under the proportional hazards mixed-effects model. Because different approaches have been studied in the literature outside the classical linear regression model, we investigate three measures R(2) , Rres2, and ρ(2) that quantify three different population coefficients. We show that although the three population measures are not the same, they reflect similar amounts of variation explained by the predictors. Among the three measures, we show that R(2) , which is the simplest to compute, is also consistent for the first population measure under the usual asymptotic scenario when the number of clusters tends to infinity. The other two measures, on the other hand, all require that in addition the cluster sizes be large. We study the properties of the measures both analytically and through simulation studies. We illustrate their different usage on a multi-center clinical trial and a recurrent events data set. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronghui Xu
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Kyvik KO, Duan H, Zhang D, Pang Z, Hjelmborg J, Tan Q, Kruse T, Dalgård C. Longitudinal Investigation into Genetics in the Conservation of Metabolic Phenotypes in Danish and Chinese Twins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162805. [PMID: 27618179 PMCID: PMC5019416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal twin studies on long term conservation of individual metabolic phenotypes can help to explore the genetic and environmental basis in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and metabolic health. We performed a longitudinal twin study on 12 metabolic phenotypes from Danish twins followed up for 12 years and Chinese twins traced for 7 years. The study covered a relatively large sample of 502 pairs of Danish adult twins with a mean age at intake of 38 years and a total of 181 Chinese adult twin pairs with a mean baseline age of 39.5 years. Bivariate twin models were fitted to the longitudinal measurements taken at two time points (at baseline and follow-up) to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to phenotype variation and correlation at and between the two time points. High genetic components in the regulation of intra-individual phenotype correlation or stability over time were estimated in both Danish (h2>0.75 except fasting blood glucose) and Chinese (h2>0.72 except blood pressure) twins; moderate to high genetic contribution to phenotype variation at the two time points were also estimated except for the low genetic regulation on glucose in Danish and on blood pressure in Chinese twins. Meanwhile the bivariate twin models estimated shared environmental contributions to the variance and covariance in fasting blood glucose in Danish twins, and in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Chinese twins. Overall, our longitudinal twin study on long-term stability of metabolic phenotypes in Danish and Chinese twins identified a common pattern of high genetic control over phenotype conservation, and at the same time revealed population-specific patterns of genetic and common environmental regulation on the variance as well as covariance of glucose and blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Li
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirsten Ohm Kyvik
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, and Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Haiping Duan
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Jacob Hjelmborg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Qihua Tan
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Kruse
- Unit of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
VEJRAZKOVA D, LUKASOVA P, VANKOVA M, BRADNOVA O, VACINOVA G, VCELAK J, CIRMANOVA V, ANDELOVA K, KREJCI H, BENDLOVA B. Gestational Diabetes – Metabolic Risks of Adult Women With Respect to Birth Weight. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S135-45. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance and other components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are connected with birth weight. Low and high birth weight is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, the mechanism is not clear. In this study, we evaluated the association between birth weight and anthropometric as well as biochemical components of MetS in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in comparison with control women. In part of the GDM group, we re-evaluated metabolic changes over 5-8 years. Anthropometry, blood pressure, glucose metabolism during the 3-h oGTT, lipid profile, uric acid, thyroid hormones, and liver enzymes were assessed. From the analyzed components of MetS in adult women we proved the association of low birth weight (birth weight <25th percentile) with glucose processing, in particular among women with a history of GDM. Low birth weight GDM women revealed significantly higher postchallenge insulin secretion and lower peripheral insulin sensitivity. Re-examinations indicate this association persists long after delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. VEJRAZKOVA
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Estourgie-van Burk GF, Bartels M, Boomsma DI. A Twin-Sibling Study on Early Growth and Hormone Levels in Adolescents. Behav Genet 2015; 45:283-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
9
|
Li H, Xu R, Peng X, Wang Y, Wang T. Association of glucokinase regulatory protein polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and fasting plasma glucose: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3935-42. [PMID: 23307301 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) which binds to glucokinase (GCK) in the nucleus and inhibits its activity in the presence of fructose-6-phosphate is critical for glucose metabolism. In the past few years, a number of case-control studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between the GCKR polymorphism and type 2 diabetes (T2D) since it was first identified to be associated with fasting plasma glucose levels, insulin resistance through genome-wide association approach. After that, a number of studies reported that the rs780094 polymorphism in GCKR has been implicated in T2D risk. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed a meta-analysis of 19 studies involving a total of 298,977 subjects for GCKR rs780094 to evaluate its effect on genetic susceptibility for T2D. In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for T2D of the rs780094 polymorphism was 1.11 (95 % CI: 1.07-1.14, P < 10(-5)). Significant results were also observed using dominant (OR = 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.34, P < 10(-5)) or recessive genetic model (OR = 1.20, 95 % CI: 1.12-1.28, P < 10(-5)). Significant results were found in Asians and Caucasians when stratified by ethnicity. Besides, the polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with increased fasting plasma glucose level. There was strong evidence of heterogeneity, which largely disappeared after stratification by ethnicity. This meta-analysis suggests that the rs780094 polymorphism in GCKR is associated with elevated T2D risk, but these associations vary in different ethnic populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanpin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Been LF, Hatfield JL, Shankar A, Aston CE, Ralhan S, Wander GS, Mehra NK, Singh JR, Mulvihill JJ, Sanghera DK. A low frequency variant within the GWAS locus of MTNR1B affects fasting glucose concentrations: genetic risk is modulated by obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:944-951. [PMID: 21558052 PMCID: PMC3155734 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two common variants (rs1387153, rs10830963) in MTNR1B have been reported to have independent effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels with increased risk to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In this investigation, we report the association of these two variants, and an additional variant (rs1374645) within the GWAS locus of MTNR1B with FBG, 2h glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA IR), β-cell function (HOMA B), and T2D in our sample of Asian Sikhs from India. Our cohort comprised 2222 subjects [1201 T2D, 1021 controls]. None of these SNPs was associated with T2D in this cohort. Our data also could not confirm association of rs1387153 and rs10830963 with FBG phenotype. However, upon stratifying data according to body mass index (BMI) (low ≤ 25 kg/m(2) and high > 25 kg/m(2)) in normoglycemic subjects (n = 1021), the rs1374645 revealed a strong association with low FBG levels in low BMI group (β = -0.073, p = 0.002, Bonferroni p = 0.01) compared to the high BMI group (β = 0.015, p = 0.50). We also detected a strong evidence of interaction between rs1374645 and BMI with respect to FBG levels (p = 0.002). Our data provide new information about the significant impact of another MTNR1B variant on FBG levels that appears to be modulated by BMI. Future confirmation on independent datasets and functional studies will be required to define the role of this variant in fasting glucose variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. F. Been
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J. L. Hatfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - A. Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - C. E. Aston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- General Clinical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - S. Ralhan
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - G. S. Wander
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N. K. Mehra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - J. R. Singh
- Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - J. J. Mulvihill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - D. K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sluyter F, Keijser JN, Boomsma DI, van Doornen LJP, van den Oord EJCG, Snieder H. Genetics of testosterone and the aggression-hostility-anger (AHA) syndrome: a study of middle-aged male twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.3.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the genetic contribution to the variation in testosterone and the aggression-hostility-anger (AHA) syndrome in middle-aged twins. Moreover, the relation between testosterone and this syndrome, and possible common genetic mechanisms were investigated. Towards this end, blood samples were collected at two time points; the AHA syndrome was measured using three questionnaires: the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory with seven subscales, the Jenkins Activity Survey and the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Scale. The results showed substantial heritabilities for testosterone (approximately 60%) and moderate to fair heritabilities for the nine measures of the AHA syndrome (23–53%). The best fitting model for testosterone at two time points included a small age component and additive genetic and unique environmental factors, while a multivariate analysis of the nine AHA subscales resulted in an independent pathway model with two common additive genetic and two common unique environmental factors. No correlation between the common genetic factor influencing testosterone and the AHA subscales was found. We did, however, detect a negative correlation between the common environmental factor underlying testosterone and both common environmental factors influencing the nine AHA subscales, which may reflect a tendency for testosterone levels to rise and hostility to drop (or vice versa) after repeatedly experiencing success (or failure). Twin Research (2000) 3, 266–276.
Collapse
|
12
|
Simonis-Bik AMC, Eekhoff EMW, Diamant M, Boomsma DI, Heine RJ, Dekker JM, Willemsen G, van Leeuwen M, de Geus EJC. The Heritability of HbA1c and Fasting Blood Glucose in Different Measurement Settings. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 11:597-602. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.11.6.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn an extended twin study we estimated the heritability of fasting HbA1c and blood glucose levels. Blood glucose was assessed in different settings (at home and in the clinic). We tested whether the genetic factors influencing fasting blood glucose levels overlapped with those influencing HbA1c and whether the same genetic factors were expressed across different settings. Fasting blood glucose was measured at home and during two visits to the clinic in 77 healthy families with same-sex twins and siblings, aged 20 to 45 years. HbA1c was measured during the first clinic visit. A 4-variate genetic structural equation model was used that estimated the heritability of each trait and the genetic correlations among traits. Heritability explained 75% of the variance in HbA1c. The heritability of fasting blood glucose was estimated at 66% at home and lower in the clinic (57% and 38%). Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly correlated across settings (0.34 <r< 0.54), mostly due to a common set of genes that explained between 53% and 95% of these correlations. Correlations between HbA1c and fasting blood glucoses were low (0.11 <r< 0.23) and genetic factors influencing HbA1c and fasting glucose were uncorrelated. These results suggest that in healthy adults the genes influencing HbA1c and fasting blood glucose reflect different aspects of the glucose metabolism. As a consequence these two glycemic parameters can not be used interchangeably in diagnostic procedures or in studies attempting to find genes for diabetes. Both contribute unique (genetic) information.
Collapse
|
13
|
Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC, van Baal GCM, Koopmans JR. A religious upbringing reduces the influence of genetic factors on disinhibition: Evidence for interaction between genotype and environment on personality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.2.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInformation on personality, on anxiety and depression and on several aspects of religion was collected in 1974 Dutch families consisting of adolescent and young adult twins and their parents. Analyses of these data showed that differences between individuals in religious upbringing, in religious affiliation and in participation in church activities are not influenced by genetic factors. The familial resemblance for different aspects of religion is high, but can be explained entirely by environmental influences common to family members. Shared genes do not contribute to familial resemblances in religion. The absence of genetic influences on variation in several dimensions of religion is in contrast to findings of genetic influences on a large number of other traits that were studied in these twin families. Differences in religious background are associated with differences in personality, especially in Sensation Seeking. Subjects with a religious upbringing, who are currently religious and who engage in church activities score lower on the scales of the Sensation Seeking Questionnaire. The most pronounced effect is on the Disinhibition scale. The resemblances between twins for the Disinhibition scale differ according to their religious upbringing. Receiving a religious upbringing seems to reduce the influence of genetic factors on Disinhibition, especially in males.
Collapse
|
14
|
Barker A, Sharp SJ, Timpson NJ, Bouatia-Naji N, Warrington NM, Kanoni S, Beilin LJ, Brage S, Deloukas P, Evans DM, Grontved A, Hassanali N, Lawlor DA, Lecoeur C, Loos RJ, Lye SJ, McCarthy MI, Mori TA, Ndiaye NC, Newnham JP, Ntalla I, Pennell CE, St Pourcain B, Prokopenko I, Ring SM, Sattar N, Visvikis-Siest S, Dedoussis GV, Palmer LJ, Froguel P, Smith GD, Ekelund U, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C. Association of genetic Loci with glucose levels in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of over 6,000 children. Diabetes 2011; 60:1805-12. [PMID: 21515849 PMCID: PMC3114379 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether associations of common genetic variants recently identified for fasting glucose or insulin levels in nondiabetic adults are detectable in healthy children and adolescents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose were genotyped in six studies of children and adolescents of European origin, including over 6,000 boys and girls aged 9-16 years. We performed meta-analyses to test associations of individual SNPs and a weighted risk score of the 16 loci with fasting glucose. RESULTS Nine loci were associated with glucose levels in healthy children and adolescents, with four of these associations reported in previous studies and five reported here for the first time (GLIS3, PROX1, SLC2A2, ADCY5, and CRY2). Effect sizes were similar to those in adults, suggesting age-independent effects of these fasting glucose loci. Children and adolescents carrying glucose-raising alleles of G6PC2, MTNR1B, GCK, and GLIS3 also showed reduced β-cell function, as indicated by homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Analysis using a weighted risk score showed an increase [β (95% CI)] in fasting glucose level of 0.026 mmol/L (0.021-0.031) for each unit increase in the score. CONCLUSIONS Novel fasting glucose loci identified in genome-wide association studies of adults are associated with altered fasting glucose levels in healthy children and adolescents with effect sizes comparable to adults. In nondiabetic adults, fasting glucose changes little over time, and our results suggest that age-independent effects of fasting glucose loci contribute to long-term interindividual differences in glucose levels from childhood onwards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Barker
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (MRC CAiTE), University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- CNRS UMR 8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - Nicole M. Warrington
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Lawrence J. Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Soren Brage
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, U.K
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (MRC CAiTE), University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | | | - Neelam Hassanali
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (MRC CAiTE), University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Cecile Lecoeur
- CNRS UMR 8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Lye
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Trevor A. Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye
- “Cardiovascular Genetics” Research Unit, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France
| | - John P. Newnham
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Susan M. Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | | | | | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Lille Nord de France University, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (MRC CAiTE), University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K
- Corresponding author: Claudia Langenberg,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jensen AC, Barker A, Kumari M, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Hingorani AD, Wareham NJ, Tabák AG, Witte DR, Langenberg C. Associations of common genetic variants with age-related changes in fasting and postload glucose: evidence from 18 years of follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort. Diabetes 2011; 60:1617-23. [PMID: 21441441 PMCID: PMC3292338 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the general, nondiabetic population, fasting glucose increases only slightly over time, whereas 2-h postload glucose shows a much steeper age-related rise. The reasons underlying these different age trajectories are unknown. We investigated whether common genetic variants associated with fasting and 2-h glucose contribute to age-related changes of these traits. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 5,196 nondiabetic participants of the Whitehall II cohort (aged 40-78 years) attending up to four 5-yearly oral glucose tolerance tests. A genetic score was calculated separately for fasting and 2-h glucose, including 16 and 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively. Longitudinal modeling with age centered at 55 years was used to study the effects of each genotype and genetic score on fasting and 2-h glucose and their interactions with age, adjusting for sex and time-varying BMI. RESULTS The fasting glucose genetic score was significantly associated with fasting glucose with a 0.029 mmol/L (95% CI 0.023-0.034) difference (P = 2.76 × 10(-21)) per genetic score point, an association that remained constant over time (age interaction P = 0.17). Two-hour glucose levels differed by 0.076 mmol/L (0.047-0.105) per genetic score point (P = 3.1 × 10(-7)); notably, this effect became stronger with increasing age by 0.006 mmol/L (0.003-0.009) per genetic score point per year (age interaction P = 3.0 × 10(-5)), resulting in diverging age trajectories by genetic score. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variants contribute to the age-related rise of 2-h glucose levels, whereas associations of variants for fasting glucose are constant over time, in line with stable age trajectories of fasting glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Barker
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Eric J. Brunner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Adam G. Tabák
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Corresponding authors: Claudia Langenberg, ; Daniel R. Witte, ; or Adam G. Tabák,
| | - Daniel R. Witte
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
- Corresponding authors: Claudia Langenberg, ; Daniel R. Witte, ; or Adam G. Tabák,
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
- Corresponding authors: Claudia Langenberg, ; Daniel R. Witte, ; or Adam G. Tabák,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Renström F, Shungin D, Johansson I, Florez JC, Hallmans G, Hu FB, Franks PW. Genetic predisposition to long-term nondiabetic deteriorations in glucose homeostasis: Ten-year follow-up of the GLACIER study. Diabetes 2011; 60:345-54. [PMID: 20870969 PMCID: PMC3012192 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether recently discovered genetic loci associated with hyperglycemia also predict long-term changes in glycemic traits. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen fasting glucose-raising loci were genotyped in middle-aged adults from the Gene x Lifestyle interactions And Complex traits Involved in Elevated disease Risk (GLACIER) Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from northern Sweden. Genotypes were tested for association with baseline fasting and 2-h postchallenge glycemia (N = 16,330), and for changes in these glycemic traits during a 10-year follow-up period (N = 4,059). RESULTS Cross-sectional directionally consistent replication with fasting glucose concentrations was achieved for 12 of 16 variants; 10 variants were also associated with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and 7 were independently associated with 2-h postchallenge glucose concentrations. In prospective analyses, the effect alleles at four loci (GCK rs4607517, ADRA2A rs10885122, DGKB-TMEM195 rs2191349, and G6PC2 rs560887) were nominally associated with worsening fasting glucose concentrations during 10-years of follow-up. MTNR1B rs10830963, which was predictive of elevated fasting glucose concentrations in cross-sectional analyses, was associated with a protective effect on postchallenge glucose concentrations during follow-up; however, this was only when baseline fasting and 2-h glucoses were adjusted for. An additive effect of multiple risk alleles on glycemic traits was observed: a weighted genetic risk score (80th vs. 20th centiles) was associated with a 0.16 mmol/l (P = 2.4 × 10⁻⁶) greater elevation in fasting glucose and a 64% (95% CI: 33-201%) higher risk of developing IFG during 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that genetic profiling might facilitate the early detection of persons who are genetically susceptible to deteriorating glucose control; studies of incident type 2 diabetes and discrete cardiovascular end points will help establish whether the magnitude of these changes is clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frida Renström
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - the MAGIC Investigators
- Metabolic Disease Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, U.K
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Paul W. Franks,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Giolo SR, Pereira AC, de Andrade M, Krieger JE, Soler JP. Evaluating gene by sex and age interactions on cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian families. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:132. [PMID: 20854676 PMCID: PMC2955567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In family studies, it is important to evaluate the impact of genes and environmental factors on traits of interest. In particular, the relative influences of both genes and the environment may vary in different strata of the population of interest, such as young and old individuals, or males and females. METHODS In this paper, extensions of the variance components model are used to evaluate heterogeneity in the genetic and environmental variance components due to the effects of sex and age (the cutoff between young and old was 43 yrs). The data analyzed were from 81 Brazilian families (1,675 individuals) of the Baependi Family Heart Study. RESULTS The models allowing for heterogeneity of variance components by sex suggest that genetic and environmental variances are not different in males and females for diastolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol, independent of the covariates included in the models. However, for systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and triglycerides, the evidence for heterogeneity was dependent on the covariates in the model. For instance, in the presence of sex and age covariates, heterogeneity in the genetic variance component was suggested for fasting glucose. But, for systolic blood pressure, there was no evidence of heterogeneity in any of the two variance components. Except for the LDL-cholesterol, models allowing for heterogeneity by age provide evidence of heterogeneity in genetic variance for triglycerides and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was evidence of heterogeneity in environmental variance in fasting glucose and HDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that heterogeneity in trait variances should not be ignored in the design and analyses of gene-finding studies involving these traits, as it may generate additional information about gene effects, and allow the investigation of more sophisticated models such as the model including sex-specific oligogenic variance components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suely R Giolo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - José E Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia P Soler
- Department of Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shared genetic factors in the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and cardiovascular risk factors. J Affect Disord 2010; 122:247-52. [PMID: 19674795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to investigate the extent to which shared genetic and shared environmental factors play a role in the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The analyses included 2383 individuals from a genetically isolated population in the Netherlands (mean age 48.7 years (standard deviation 15.1), percentage of women 56.9%). Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma, glucose levels, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL, LDL) and total cholesterol levels. RESULTS Overall, we found that HADS-D was significantly correlated to total cholesterol levels (correlation coefficient [rho]=0.05), and inversely associated to HDL (rho=-0.06). Statistically significant genetic correlations (rho(G)) were found between CES-D scores and total plasma cholesterol (rho(G)=0.30), LDL (rho(G)=0.31) and total cholesterol/HDL ratios (rho(G)=0.25). For HADS-D scores, a significant genetic correlation was found with total cholesterol/HDL ratios (rho(G)=0.27). Environmental correlations (rho(E)) with an opposite direction were found between CES-D and both total cholesterol (rho(E)=-0.16) and LDL (rho(E)=-0.15). LIMITATION By adjusting for sibship, we are taking into account environmental effects, however we cannot exclude dominance variance. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that there is evidence for shared genetic factors contributing to the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and lipid levels. This finding suggests a joint genetic pathogenesis. Future research is encouraged to assess susceptibility genes for mood disorders to be studied for cardiovascular disorders and vice versa.
Collapse
|
19
|
Reiling E, van ’t Riet E, Groenewoud MJ, Welschen LMC, van Hove EC, Nijpels G, Maassen JA, Dekker JM, ’t Hart LM. Combined effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in GCK, GCKR, G6PC2 and MTNR1B on fasting plasma glucose and type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1866-70. [PMID: 19533084 PMCID: PMC2723681 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Variation in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) within the normal range is a known risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Several reports have shown that genetic variation in the genes for glucokinase (GCK), glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR), islet-specific glucose 6 phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (G6PC2) and melatonin receptor type 1B (MTNR1B) is associated with FPG. In this study we examined whether these loci also contribute to type 2 diabetes susceptibility. METHODS A random selection from the Dutch New Hoorn Study was used for replication of the association with FGP (2,361 non-diabetic participants). For the genetic association study we extended the study sample with 2,628 participants with type 2 diabetes. Risk allele counting was used to calculate a four-gene risk allele score for each individual. RESULTS Variants of the GCK, G6PC2 and MTNR1B genes but not GCKR were associated with FPG (all, p <or= 0.001; GCKR, p = 0.23). Combining these four genes in a risk allele score resulted in an increase of 0.05 mmol/l (0.04-0.07) per additional risk allele (p = 2 x 10(-13)). Furthermore, participants with less than three or more than five risk alleles showed significantly different type 2 diabetes susceptibility compared with the most common group with four risk alleles (OR 0.77 [0.65-0.93], p = 0.005 and OR 2.05 [1.50-2.80], p = 4 x 10(-6) respectively). The age at diagnosis was also significantly associated with the number of risk alleles (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS A combined risk allele score for single-nucleotide polymorphisms in four known FPG loci is significantly associated with FPG and HbA(1c) in a Dutch population-based sample of non-diabetic participants. Carriers of low or high numbers of risk alleles show significantly different risks for type 2 diabetes compared with the reference group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Reiling
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E. van ’t Riet
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M. J. Groenewoud
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L. M. C. Welschen
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E. C. van Hove
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G. Nijpels
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. A. Maassen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. M. Dekker
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L. M. ’t Hart
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu GF, Riese H, Spector TD, Mangino M, O'Dell SD, Stolk RP, Snieder H. Bivariate genetic modelling of the response to an oral glucose tolerance challenge: a gene x environment interaction approach. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1048-55. [PMID: 19288074 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Twin and family studies have shown the importance of genetic factors influencing fasting and 2 h glucose and insulin levels. However, the genetics of the physiological response to a glucose load has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS We studied 580 monozygotic and 1,937 dizygotic British female twins from the Twins UK Registry. The effects of genetic and environmental factors on fasting and 2 h glucose and insulin levels were estimated using univariate genetic modelling. Bivariate model fitting was used to investigate the glucose and insulin responses to a glucose load, i.e. an OGTT. RESULTS The genetic effect on fasting and 2 h glucose and insulin levels ranged between 40% and 56% after adjustment for age and BMI. Exposure to a glucose load resulted in the emergence of novel genetic effects on 2 h glucose independent of the fasting level, accounting for about 55% of its heritability. For 2 h insulin, the effect of the same genes that already influenced fasting insulin was amplified by about 30%. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Exposure to a glucose challenge uncovers new genetic variance for glucose and amplifies the effects of genes that already influence the fasting insulin level. Finding the genes acting on 2 h glucose independently of fasting glucose may offer new aetiological insight into the risk of cardiovascular events and death from all causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Souren NY, Paulussen ADC, Loos RJF, Gielen M, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Zeegers MP. Anthropometry, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey: heritabilities. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2107-16. [PMID: 17694296 PMCID: PMC2039867 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We determined the genetic contribution of 18 anthropometric and metabolic risk factors of type 2 diabetes using a young healthy twin population. METHODS Traits were measured in 240 monozygotic (MZ) and 138 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged 18 to 34 years. Twins were recruited from the Belgian population-based East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey, which is characterised by its accurate zygosity determination and extensive collection of perinatal and placental data, including information on chorionicity. Heritability was estimated using structural equation modelling implemented in the Mx software package. RESULTS Intra-pair correlations of the anthropometric and metabolic characteristics did not differ between MZ monochorionic and MZ dichorionic pairs; consequently heritabilities were estimated using the classical twin approach. For body mass, BMI and fat mass, quantitative sex differences were observed; genetic variance explained 84, 85 and 81% of the total variation in men and 74, 75 and 70% in women, respectively. Heritability estimates of the waist-to-hip ratio, sum of four skinfold thicknesses and lean body mass were 70, 74 and 81%, respectively. The heritability estimates of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and beta cell function, as well as insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 levels were 67, 49, 48, 62 and 47%, in that order. Finally, for total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, triacylglycerol, NEFA and leptin levels, genetic factors explained 75, 78, 76, 79, 58, 37 and 53% of the total variation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Genetic factors explain the greater part of the variation in traits related to obesity, glucose intolerance/insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Y. Souren
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - A. D. C. Paulussen
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Academic Hospital Maastricht, Division of Clinical Genetics, Joseph Bechlaan 113, 6229 GR Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R. J. F. Loos
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Gielen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - G. Beunen
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Fagard
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C. Derom
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Vlietinck
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. P. Zeegers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weedon MN, Clark VJ, Qian Y, Ben-Shlomo Y, Timpson N, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Pembrey ME, Ring S, Wilkin TJ, Voss LD, Jeffery AN, Metcalf B, Ferrucci L, Corsi AM, Murray A, Melzer D, Knight B, Shields B, Smith GD, Hattersley AT, Di Rienzo A, Frayling TM. A common haplotype of the glucokinase gene alters fasting glucose and birth weight: association in six studies and population-genetics analyses. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:991-1001. [PMID: 17186458 PMCID: PMC1698701 DOI: 10.1086/509517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting glucose is associated with future risk of type 2 diabetes and ischemic heart disease and is tightly regulated despite considerable variation in quantity, type, and timing of food intake. In pregnancy, maternal fasting glucose concentration is an important determinant of offspring birth weight. The key determinant of fasting glucose is the enzyme glucokinase (GCK). Rare mutations of GCK cause fasting hyperglycemia and alter birth weight. The extent to which common variation of GCK explains normal variation of fasting glucose and birth weight is not known. We aimed to comprehensively define the role of variation of GCK in determination of fasting glucose and birth weight, using a tagging SNP (tSNP) approach and studying 19,806 subjects from six population-based studies. Using 22 tSNPs, we showed that the variant rs1799884 is associated with fasting glucose at all ages in the normal population and exceeded genomewide levels of significance (P=10-9). rs3757840 was also highly significantly associated with fasting glucose (P=8x10-7), but haplotype analysis revealed that this is explained by linkage disequilibrium (r2=0.2) with rs1799884. A maternal A allele at rs1799884 was associated with a 32-g (95% confidence interval 11-53 g) increase in offspring birth weight (P=.002). Genetic variation influencing birth weight may have conferred a selective advantage in human populations. We performed extensive population-genetics analyses to look for evidence of recent positive natural selection on patterns of GCK variation. However, we found no strong signature of positive selection. In conclusion, a comprehensive analysis of common variation of the glucokinase gene shows that this is the first gene to be reproducibly associated with fasting glucose and fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bougnères P. Editorial: genotypic and phenotypic complexity at the insulin variable number of tandem repeats locus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:4246-9. [PMID: 17088439 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
24
|
Santos RLP, Zillikens MC, Rivadeneira FR, Pols HAP, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM, Aulchenko YS. Heritability of fasting glucose levels in a young genetically isolated population. Diabetologia 2006; 49:667-72. [PMID: 16465511 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The heritability of fasting glucose levels in Northern European populations has been examined previously in twins and samples of small pedigrees. In this study the heritability of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was estimated in participants in the Erasmus Rucphen Family study, who were members of a single pedigree from a young genetic isolate. We also studied the relationship between FPG and components of the metabolic syndrome. METHODS FPG, lipid, blood pressure and body composition measurements were completed for 852 participants without diabetic medication. The most significant predictors of FPG were used as covariates in heritability estimation. The sibship effect, which is a composite of genetic dominance and shared early-life environmental effects, was included as a random effect. RESULTS The age- and sex-adjusted heritability of log normal-transformed FPG was 36.6%. When further adjusted for metabolic risk factors, namely body composition parameters, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and cholesterol: HDL ratio, the heritability estimate rose to 42.8%. After adjustment for the sibship effect, the additive component of heritability was estimated to be 28.3% (age- and sex-adjusted) and 24.9% (full model). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Genes control a significant proportion of the variance in FPG levels. Adjustment for other metabolic risk factors did not substantially change the heritability estimate, which suggests that a large part of the variance in FPG levels is due to genes that act through pathways that are independent of those controlling body composition, blood pressure and lipid levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L P Santos
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gene by sex interaction in the etiology of coronary heart disease and the preceding metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 17:153-61. [PMID: 17306735 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite decades of research, the genetic basis of coronary heart disease and its metabolic risk factors is poorly understood. Few studies consider that sex may modify the effect of gene variants on disease. Investigation of gene by sex interaction may help to elucidate underlying genetic susceptibilities and explain the sexual dimorphism of these complex traits. AIMS The aim of this review is to summarize evidence for gene by sex interaction in the etiology of coronary heart disease and the metabolic syndrome. DATA SYNTHESIS Published literature was examined in the areas of familial aggregation of coronary heart disease; heritability of body mass, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia; genome-wide linkage analysis in humans and rodents; and large-scale genetic association studies. Possible mechanisms of gene by sex interaction are discussed including X-linked inheritance, confounding by risk factors and the effect of sex hormones. CONCLUSIONS The strongest evidence for gene by sex interaction in relation to coronary heart disease and the metabolic syndrome is in the etiology of body mass, insulin resistance and possibly dyslipidemia. Genetic studies of these traits would benefit from taking sex differences into account. Alternative mechanisms underlying gene by sex interaction, besides obvious sex hormone differences, should be considered.
Collapse
|
26
|
Freedman BI, Rich SS, Sale MM, Heiss G, Djoussé L, Pankow JS, Province MA, Rao DC, Lewis CE, Chen YDI, Beck SR. Genome-wide scans for heritability of fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations in hypertensive families. Diabetologia 2005; 48:661-8. [PMID: 15747111 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The heritability of fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations in non-diabetic members of multiplex hypertensive families is unknown. METHODS We calculated the familial aggregation of fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations and performed a genome-wide scan to assess whether quantitative trait loci contribute to these phenotypes in 2,412 non-diabetic individuals from 1,030 families enrolled in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) in the Family Blood Pressure Program. RESULTS The heritability (+/-SE) of fasting serum insulin was 0.47+/-0.085 in European Americans and 0.28+/-0.08 in African Americans (p<0.0001 for both), after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. A genome-wide scan for fasting serum insulin yielded a maximum log of the odds (LOD) score of 2.36 on chromosome 5 at 20 cM (p=0.0004) in European Americans, and an LOD score of 2.28 on chromosome 19 at 11 cM (p=0.0004) in African Americans. The heritability of fasting serum glucose was 0.5109+/-0.08 in the former and 0.29+/-0.09 in the latter (p<0.0003 for both) after adjusting for age, sex and BMI. A genome-wide scan for fasting serum glucose revealed a maximum LOD score of 2.07 on chromosome 5 at 26 cM (p=0.0009) in European Americans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These analyses demonstrate the marked heritability of fasting serum insulin and glucose concentrations in families enriched for the presence of members with hypertension. They suggest that genes associated with fasting serum insulin concentration are present on chromosomes 19 and 5, and that genes associated with fasting serum glucose concentration are on chromosome 5, in families enriched for hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, The Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1053, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Diabetes is a worldwide disease. Epidemiological data indicates that the degree and duration of hyperglycaemia is associated with the microvascular and macrovascular complications of disease. Glycated haemoglobin at baseline is a significant predictor of retinopathy, as well as proteinuria, amputation and survival. Intensive blood glucose control with either sulphonylureas, metformin or insulin substantially decreases the risk of microvascular complications. There are no thresholds within the diabetic range of blood glucose for risk of microvascular complications. To reduce risk, we should aim for normal blood glucose levels. Mortality correlates with several parameters of glucose control, but notably with the coefficient of variation of fasting glucose, a marker of glucose instability. Postprandial hyperglycaemia is also another independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Glucose sensors have considerable potential for monitoring changes in blood glucose concentration. Protein glycation is widespread and glycation of haemoglobin (HbA1c) probably reflects level of glycation of other proteins. Levels of advanced glycation end products could be valuable in assessing the risk of progression to diabetic complications. The fact that a glycated protein, the glycated haemoglobin, is now widely used to estimate glucose control in diabetes emphasizes the importance of the impact of ambient blood glucose on protein levels, structure and function on the clinical outcome of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Valeri
- Department of Diabetes and Immunology, Queen Mary University, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dos Santos C, Fallin D, Le Stunff C, LeFur S, Bougnères P. INS VNTR is a QTL for the insulin response to oral glucose in obese children. Physiol Genomics 2004; 16:309-13. [PMID: 14657411 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dos Santos, Christine, Daniele Fallin, Catherine Le Stunff, Sophie LeFur, and Pierre Bougnères. INS VNTR is a QTL for the insulin response to oral glucose in obese children. Physiol Genomics 16: 309-313, 2004. First published December 2, 2003; 10.1152/ physiolgenomics.00024.2003.— We performed a genotype-phenotype association study to examine whether the insulin VNTR ( INS VNTR) polymorphism located in the insulin gene promoter was associated with changes in insulin response to oral glucose. Two classes of INS VNTR alleles are observed in Caucasians, the “short” class I and the “long” class III. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations and indices of insulin secretion (IGI) and sensitivity (ISI) were measured using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 387 obese children aged 12 ± 0.1 yr with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 30.6 kg/m2 (161% of the normal mean). During OGTT, plasma insulin and IGI were 20–30% higher in I/I obese children vs. III carriers ( P < 0.01). A general linear model adjusting for age, sex, and puberty was also used to evaluate the influence of the VNTR genotype on the BMI-IGI ( P = 0.07) and the BMI-ISI ( P < 0.006) relationships. The INS VNTR can therefore be considered a quantitative trait locus influencing glucose-stimulated insulin physiology in obese juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dos Santos
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Unité 561 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, René Descartes University, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kessel L, Hougaard JL, Kyvik KO, Sander B, Sørensen TIA, Larsen M. Corneal fluorescence in relation to genetic and environmental factors: a twin study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 81:508-13. [PMID: 14510800 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2003.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal fluorescence is believed to be caused by advanced glycation end products formed by non-enzymatic glycation on corneal proteins. The purpose of the present twin study was to examine whether the process is related to genetic or environmental factors. METHODS Corneal fluorescence was measured in 59 monozygotic and 54 dizygotic twin pairs. The influences of genetic and environmental factors were estimated using structural equation modelling. RESULTS Interindividual variation in corneal fluorescence was attributable to environmental factors, whereas the effect of genetic factors was of little or no significance. Corneal fluorescence correlated significantly with smoking habits (r = 0.38) and the 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test response (r = 0.27), and increased with age (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Fluorophore accumulation in the cornea was attributable to age and environmental effects, of which smoking was the most conspicuous identifiable factor, although glucose was also of relevance. However, the greater part of interindividual variation in corneal fluorescence remains unexplained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Kessel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schousboe K, Visscher PM, Henriksen JE, Hopper JL, Sørensen TIA, Kyvik KO. Twin study of genetic and environmental influences on glucose tolerance and indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1276-83. [PMID: 12898014 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2003] [Revised: 04/29/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Family and twin studies have reported different estimates of the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the quantitative traits glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Our aims were to estimate these relative influences in a large sample of twins from the population and to assess the effect of age. METHODS In this population-based, cross-sectional study we gave an oral glucose tolerance test to 317 women and 290 men who were same-sex healthy twin pairs between 18 to 67 years of age. The genetic, common environmental and individual environmental variance components for fasting and 120-min glucose and for fasting and 30-min insulin as well as the linear effects of age on these components were estimated by multivariate analysis (using the software FISHER). RESULTS In women and men the heritability for fasting glucose was 12 and 38%, for 120-min glucose it was 38 and 43%, for fasting insulin it was 54 and 37%, and for 30-min insulin it was 57 and 47%, respectively. Under the assumption of no non-additive genetic effects (no intra- or inter-gene interaction) there was no strong evidence for common environmental effects, barring significant effects for fasting glucose in women. Heritability decreased with age for 120-min glucose in women and fasting insulin in men, whereas it increased for 120-min glucose in men. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION This study indicates a limited additive genetic influence on the result of an OGTT, possibly with sex-specific age effects, and generally little or no influence of the common environment. Accordingly, there is a considerable individual environmental variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Schousboe
- The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that genetic factors contribute to coronary artery disease (CAD). Currently, family history collection and interpretation is the best method for identifying individuals with genetic susceptibility to CAD. Family history reflects not only genetic susceptibility, but also interactions between genetic, environmental, cultural, and behavioral factors. Stratification of familial risk into different risk categories (e.g., average, moderate, or high) is possible by considering the number of relatives affected with CAD and their degree of relationship, the ages of CAD onset, the occurrence of associated conditions, and the gender of affected relatives. Familial risk stratification should improve standard CAD risk assessment methods and treatment guidelines (e.g., Framingham CAD risk prediction score and Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines). Individuals with an increased familial risk for CAD should be targeted for aggressive risk factor modification. Individuals with a high familial risk might also benefit from early detection strategies and biochemical and DNA-based testing, which can further refine risk for CAD. In addition, individuals with the highest familial risk might have mendelian disorders associated with a large magnitude of risk for premature CAD. In these cases, referral for genetic evaluation should be considered, including pedigree analysis, risk assessment, genetic counseling and education, discussion of available genetic tests, and recommendations for risk-appropriate screening and preventive interventions. Research is needed to assess the feasibility, clinical validity, clinical utility, and ethical, legal, and social issues of an approach that uses familial risk stratification and genetic evaluation to enhance CAD prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren T Scheuner
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Associate Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CDC Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wareham NJ, Franks PW, Harding AH. Establishing the role of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31:553-66. [PMID: 12227119 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(02)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The descriptive epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and findings from cohort studies suggest that this disorder originates in large part from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Determining the details of these interactions using the nested case-control design may be optimal, but is a long-term and expensive strategy. Quicker and cheaper results may be obtained by studying interaction on the quantitative traits that underlie diabetes; however, the power of such studies to detect interaction is highly dependent on the precision with which non-genetic exposures are measured. Unraveling these interactions will undoubtedly shed light on the etiology of diabetes and will, we hope, lead to opportunities for targeted prevention. Recent studies in high-risk groups such as people with impaired glucose tolerance suggest that the incidence of diabetes can be reduced by more than 50% by interventions aimed at changing dietary and physical activity behavior [39,40]; however, it may be that individuals with a particular genotype are particularly susceptible to the negative metabolic consequences of sedentary living, and that they conversely, therefore, would have most to gain from a targeted preventive intervention program. Understanding how to detect these individuals and which environmental factors a program should attempt to manipulate is a major goal of studies that attempt to unravel gene-environment interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Wareham
- University of Cambridge, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2SR, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Snieder H, Sawtell PA, Ross L, Walker J, Spector TD, Leslie RD. HbA(1c) levels are genetically determined even in type 1 diabetes: evidence from healthy and diabetic twins. Diabetes 2001; 50:2858-63. [PMID: 11723071 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
HbA(1c), a measure of blood glucose regulation, reflects glucose levels in the preceding months. In diabetes, HbA(1c) levels predict the risk of microvascular complications. The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic factors could influence HbA(1c) levels in normal subjects and type 1 diabetic patients. We performed a classical twin study of HbA(1c) in healthy nondiabetic female twins and 42 monozygotic (MZ) and 47 dizygotic (DZ) pairs. Interclass correlations (r) were higher in MZ (r = 0.77) compared with DZ (r = 0.53) twin pairs, suggesting a substantial genetic effect; this was confirmed by quantitative genetic model fitting. Additive genetic effects (heritability) explained 62% (95% CI 47-75) of population variance in HbA(1c); the remainder was attributable to the influence of unique environment (23% [15-36]) and age (14% [5-28]). Multivariate modeling showed that genetic factors also have a substantial influence on fasting glucose levels (51%). However, HbA(1c) heritability could not be explained by genes in common with fasting glucose. In the patients with type 1 diabetes, HbA(1c) levels were correlated in 33 MZ twins concordant for diabetes (r = 0.68; P < 0.001) but also in 45 MZ twins discordant for the disease (r = 0.52; P < 0.001). These significant correlations for HbA(1c) in both concordant and discordant pairs indicate a diabetes-independent familial effect. Thus, HbA(1c) levels are largely genetically determined and independent of the genes influencing fasting glucose. Even in type 1 diabetes, familial (i.e., diabetes-independent) factors influence protein glycation, implying that familial factors may explain, in part, the risk for microvascular complications, as indicated by high HbA(1c) levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Snieder
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
We studied the influence of genetic factors on individual differences in morningness-eveningness in a sample of Dutch twin families. Data were collected from adolescent twins (mean age 17.8 yr) and their parents (mean age of fathers 48.0 yr and of mothers 46.0 yr) and a sample of older twins (mean age 46.5 yr). Scores on morningness-eveningness were rated on a 5-point scale. Parents were more morning oriented than their children, and women were more morning oriented than men. With a twin-family study, separation of genetic and environmental influences on variation in morningness-eveningness is possible. Including parents and older twins in the study makes it possible to explore generation differences in these effects. The correlation between monozygotic twins was more than twice the correlation between dizygotic twins. This indicates that genetic effects may not operate in an additive manner. Therefore, a model that included genetic dominance was explored. Biometrical model fitting showed no sex differences for the magnitude of genetic and environmental factors. The total heritability--the sum of additive and nonadditive genetic influences--for morningness-eveningness was 44% for the younger generation and 47% for the older generation. However, the genetic correlation between the generations turned out to be lower than 0.5, suggesting that different genes for morningness-eveningness are expressed in both generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kareinen A, Viitanen L, Halonen P, Lehto S, Laakso M. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance cluster in families with early-onset coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1346-52. [PMID: 11498464 DOI: 10.1161/hq0801.093655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a multifactorial disease caused by environmental and genetic factors. CHD clusters in families, but it is not known whether susceptibility to early-onset CHD is associated with the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, we determined the levels of cardiovascular risk factors among siblings with and without severe early-onset CHD drawn from 101 Finnish families. Probands with CHD, compared with their siblings without CHD, had, respectively, higher 2-hour insulin levels (475.7 versus 331.8 pmol/L, P=0.011) and 2-hour insulin areas (796.2 versus 640.4 pmol/L per hour, P=0.031) in an oral glucose tolerance test, lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (1.22 versus 1.42 mmol/L, P=0.001), higher total triglyceride levels (1.91 versus 1.68 mmol/L, P=0.018), higher very low density lipoprotein triglyceride levels (1.25 versus 1.06 mmol/L, P=0.011), and higher fibrinogen levels (3.8 versus 3.4 g/L, P= 0.008). No significant differences were found in cardiovascular risk factors between affected siblings and probands with CHD. Environmental or lifestyle factors did not differ between siblings with or without early-onset CHD. We conclude that cardiovascular risk factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome (hyperinsulinemia, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, high total and very low density lipoprotein triglycerides, and high fibrinogen) are likely to contribute indirectly to early-onset CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kareinen
- Department of Medicine, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review the current evidence in support of genetic factors underlying the clustering of components of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals. It has become clear that individual features of the metabolic syndrome are partially determined by familial factors some of which are unique to a given component and others that are shared among several features. A few candidate genes, encoding proteins of glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism, lipolytic cascade, fatty acid intestinal absorption, glucocorticoid metabolism, haemostasis and blood pressure, have been associated with a clustering of metabolic abnormalities, although the functional significance of these associations remains to be established. Furthermore, genetic polymorphisms, such as those detected at several lipoprotein metabolism loci, can modulate the relationships between different components of the metabolic syndrome. An overfeeding study conducted on identical twins has demonstrated that genetic factors play an important role in the responsiveness to changing energy balance conditions. Leptin receptor, beta2 adrenergic receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms have been associated with an augmented clustering of metabolic abnormalities in response to overfeeding. Gene-gene interaction effects between markers of the alpha2A, beta2 and beta3 adrenergic receptor genes on components of the metabolic syndrome have been described. Genetic factors also seem to modify the responsiveness of metabolic syndrome features to endurance training. A growing understanding of the genetic architecture of the metabolic syndrome may help in the prevention of this condition. The reduction of excess body fat, the most common clinical feature among the cluster of metabolic abnormalities, should be the focus of the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Ukkola
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808-4124, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Le Stunff C, Fallin D, Schork NJ, Bougnères P. The insulin gene VNTR is associated with fasting insulin levels and development of juvenile obesity. Nat Genet 2000; 26:444-6. [PMID: 11101842 DOI: 10.1038/82579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In millions of people, obesity leads to type 2 diabetes (T2D; also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). During the early stages of juvenile obesity, the increase of insulin secretion in proportion to accumulated fat balances insulin resistance and protects patients from hyperglycaemia. After several decades, however,beta-cell function deteriorates and T2D develops in approximately 20% of obese patients. In modern societies, obesity has thus become the leading risk factor for T2D (ref. 5). The factors that predispose obese patients to alteration of insulin secretion upon gaining weight remain unknown. To determine which genetic factors predispose obese patients to beta-cell dysfunction, and possibly T2D, we studied single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the region of the insulin gene (INS) among 615 obese children. We found that, in the early phase of obesity, alleles of the INS variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) locus are associated with different effects of body fatness on insulin secretion. Young obese patients homozygous for class I VNTR alleles secrete more insulin than those with other genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Le Stunff
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Schork NJ, Spector TD. Twins. Novel uses to study complex traits and genetic diseases. Trends Genet 2000; 16:131-4. [PMID: 10689354 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(99)01946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The challenge faced by research into the genetic basis of complex disease is to identify genes of small relative effect against a background of substantial genetic and environmental variation. This has focused interest on a classical epidemiological design: the study of twins. Through their precise matching for age, the common family environment and background environmental variation, studying diseases in non-identical twins provides a means to enhance the power of conventional strategies to detect genetic influence through linkage and association. The unique matching of identical twins provides researchers with ways to isolate the function of individual genes involved in disease together with approaches to understanding how genes and the environment interact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J MacGregor
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|