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Manohar SM. Shedding Light on Intracellular Proteins using Flow Cytometry. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1693-1707. [PMID: 38831173 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular protein abundance is routinely measured in mammalian cells using population-based techniques such as western blotting which fail to capture single cell protein levels or using fluorescence microscopy which is although suitable for single cell protein detection but not for rapid analysis of large no. of cells. Flow cytometry offers rapid, high-throughput, multiparameter-based analysis of intracellular protein expression in statistically significant no. of cells at single cell resolution. In past few decades, customized assays have been developed for flow cytometric detection of specific intracellular proteins. This review discusses the scope of flow cytometry for intracellular protein detection in mammalian cells along with specific applications. Technological advancements to overcome the limitations of traditional flow cytometry for the same are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal M Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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2
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Víšková P, Ištvánková E, Ryneš J, Džatko Š, Loja T, Živković ML, Rigo R, El-Khoury R, Serrano-Chacón I, Damha MJ, González C, Mergny JL, Foldynová-Trantírková S, Trantírek L. In-cell NMR suggests that DNA i-motif levels are strongly depleted in living human cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1992. [PMID: 38443388 PMCID: PMC10914786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
I-Motifs (iM) are non-canonical DNA structures potentially forming in the accessible, single-stranded, cytosine-rich genomic regions with regulatory roles. Chromatin, protein interactions, and intracellular properties seem to govern iM formation at sites with i-motif formation propensity (iMFPS) in human cells, yet their specific contributions remain unclear. Using in-cell NMR with oligonucleotide iMFPS models, we monitor iM-associated structural equilibria in asynchronous and cell cycle-synchronized HeLa cells at 37 °C. Our findings show that iMFPS displaying pHT < 7 under reference in vitro conditions occur predominantly in unfolded states in cells, while those with pHT > 7 appear as a mix of folded and unfolded states depending on the cell cycle phase. Comparing these results with previous data obtained using an iM-specific antibody (iMab) reveals that cell cycle-dependent iM formation has a dual origin, and iM formation concerns only a tiny fraction (possibly 1%) of genomic sites with iM formation propensity. We propose a comprehensive model aligning observations from iMab and in-cell NMR and enabling the identification of iMFPS capable of adopting iM structures under physiological conditions in living human cells. Our results suggest that many iMFPS may have biological roles linked to their unfolded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Víšková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ištvánková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ryneš
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Džatko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 11, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Loja
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lenarčič Živković
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Riccardo Rigo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Department, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto El-Khoury
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Israel Serrano-Chacón
- Instituto de Química Física 'Blas Cabrera', CSIC, C/Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A0B8, Canada
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Química Física 'Blas Cabrera', CSIC, C/Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire d'Optique & Biosciences, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Inserm, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Silvie Foldynová-Trantírková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Trantírek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Wang S, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Liu M, Gao Q, Zhang C. Harnessing the potential of HLA-G in cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and prospects. J Transl Med 2024; 22:130. [PMID: 38310272 PMCID: PMC10838004 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockades have been prized in circumventing and ablating the impediments posed by immunosuppressive receptors, reaching an exciting juncture to be an innovator in anticancer therapy beyond traditional therapeutics. Thus far, approved immune checkpoint blockades have principally targeted PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 with exciting success in a plethora of tumors and yet are still trapped in dilemmas of limited response rates and adverse effects. Hence, unveiling new immunotherapeutic targets has aroused immense scientific interest in the hope of expanding the clinical application of immune checkpoint blockades to scale new heights. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, is enriched on various malignant cells and is involved in the hindrance of immune effector cells and the facilitation of immunosuppressive cells. HLA-G stands out as a crucial next-generation immune checkpoint showing great promise for the benefit of cancer patients. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the expression pattern and immunological functions of HLA-G, as well as its interaction with well-characterized immune checkpoints. Since HLA-G can be shed from the cell surface or released by various cells as free soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) or as part of extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely HLA-G-bearing EVs (HLA-GEV), we discuss the potential of sHLA-G and HLA-GEV as predictive biomarkers. This review also addresses the advancement of HLA-G-based therapies in preclinical and clinical settings, with a focus on their clinical application in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yueqiang Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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4
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Nunthanasup N, Ketprasit N, Noulsri E, Palasuwan A, Combes V, Kulkeaw K, Palasuwan D. Thrombopoietin-independent generation of platelet-like particles from megakaryoblastic cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22553. [PMID: 38110522 PMCID: PMC10728061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of megakaryoblastic leukemia MEG-01 cells can help reveal the mechanisms of thrombopoiesis. However, conventional in vitro activation of platelet release from MEG-01 cells requires thrombopoietin, which is costly. Here, we aim to develop a more straightforward and affordable method. Synchronization of the MEG-01 cells was initially performed using serum-free culture, followed by spontaneous cell differentiation in the presence of serum. Different stages of megakaryoblast differentiation were classified based on cell morphology, DNA content, and cell cycle. The MEG-01 cells released platelet-like particles at a level comparable to that of the thrombopoietin-activated MEG-01 cells. The platelet-like particles were distinguishable from PLP-derived extracellular vesicles and could express P-selectin following ADP activation. Importantly, the platelet-like particles induced fibrin clotting in vitro using platelet-poor plasma. Therefore, this thrombopoietin-independent cell synchronization method is an effective and straightforward method for studying megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntiporn Nunthanasup
- Program in Clinical Hematology Sciences, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nutpakal Ketprasit
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Egarit Noulsri
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Attakorn Palasuwan
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Valery Combes
- Malaria and Microvesicles Research Group, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Kasem Kulkeaw
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Duangdao Palasuwan
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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5
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Jeon M, Schmitt DL, Kyoung M, An S. Size-Specific Modulation of a Multienzyme Glucosome Assembly during the Cell Cycle. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:461-470. [PMID: 37876499 PMCID: PMC10591302 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes in glucose metabolism have been subjected to numerous studies, revealing the importance of their biological roles during the cell cycle. However, due to the lack of viable experimental strategies for measuring enzymatic activities particularly in living human cells, it has been challenging to address whether their enzymatic activities and thus anticipated glucose flux are directly associated with cell cycle progression. It has remained largely elusive how human cells regulate glucose metabolism at a subcellular level to meet the metabolic demands during the cell cycle. Meanwhile, we have characterized that rate-determining enzymes in glucose metabolism are spatially organized into three different sizes of multienzyme metabolic assemblies, termed glucosomes, to regulate the glucose flux between energy metabolism and building block biosynthesis. In this work, we first determined using cell synchronization and flow cytometric techniques that enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged phosphofructokinase is adequate as an intracellular biomarker to evaluate the state of glucose metabolism during the cell cycle. We then applied fluorescence single-cell imaging strategies and discovered that the percentage of Hs578T cells showing small-sized glucosomes is drastically changed during the cell cycle, whereas the percentage of cells with medium-sized glucosomes is significantly elevated only in the G1 phase, but the percentage of cells showing large-sized glucosomes is barely or minimally altered along the cell cycle. Should we consider our previous localization-function studies that showed assembly size-dependent metabolic roles of glucosomes, this work strongly suggests that glucosome sizes are modulated during the cell cycle to regulate glucose flux between glycolysis and building block biosynthesis. Therefore, we propose the size-specific modulation of glucosomes as a behind-the-scenes mechanism that may explain functional association of glucose metabolism with the cell cycle and, thereby, their metabolic significance in human cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Jeon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC); 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Danielle L. Schmitt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC); 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Minjoung Kyoung
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC); 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
- Program
in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Songon An
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC); 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
- Program
in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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6
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Abenza JF, Rossetti L, Mouelhi M, Burgués J, Andreu I, Kennedy K, Roca-Cusachs P, Marco S, García-Ojalvo J, Trepat X. Mechanical control of the mammalian circadian clock via YAP/TAZ and TEAD. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209120. [PMID: 37378613 PMCID: PMC10308087 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous circadian clocks exist in nearly every mammalian cell type. These cellular clocks are subjected to a multilayered regulation sensitive to the mechanochemical cell microenvironment. Whereas the biochemical signaling that controls the cellular circadian clock is increasingly well understood, mechanisms underlying regulation by mechanical cues are largely unknown. Here we show that the fibroblast circadian clock is mechanically regulated through YAP/TAZ nuclear levels. We use high-throughput analysis of single-cell circadian rhythms and apply controlled mechanical, biochemical, and genetic perturbations to study the expression of the clock gene Rev-erbα. We observe that Rev-erbα circadian oscillations are disrupted with YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation. By targeted mutations and overexpression of YAP/TAZ, we show that this mechanobiological regulation, which also impacts core components of the clock such as Bmal1 and Cry1, depends on the binding of YAP/TAZ to the transcriptional effector TEAD. This mechanism could explain the impairment of circadian rhythms observed when YAP/TAZ activity is upregulated, as in cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Abenza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leone Rossetti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malèke Mouelhi
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Burgués
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ion Andreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Keith Kennedy
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Marco
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi García-Ojalvo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Woranush W, Moskopp ML, Noll T, Dieterich P. Quantifying and mathematical modelling of the influence of soluble adenylate cyclase on cell cycle in human endothelial cells with Bayesian inference. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5887-5900. [DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Warunya Woranush
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Mats Leif Moskopp
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
- Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Charité Academic Teaching Hospital, Klinik für Neurochirurgie Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Noll
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Peter Dieterich
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
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Burnett CA, Wong AT, Vasquez CA, McHugh CA, Yeo GW, Komor AC. Examination of the Cell Cycle Dependence of Cytosine and Adenine Base Editors. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:923718. [PMID: 35910415 PMCID: PMC9333457 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.923718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Base editors (BEs) are genome editing agents that install point mutations with high efficiency and specificity. Due to their reliance on uracil and inosine DNA damage intermediates (rather than double-strand DNA breaks, or DSBs), it has been hypothesized that BEs rely on more ubiquitous DNA repair pathways than DSB-reliant genome editing methods, which require processes that are only active during certain phases of the cell cycle. We report here the first systematic study of the cell cycle-dependence of base editing using cell synchronization experiments. We find that nickase-derived BEs (which introduce DNA backbone nicks opposite the uracil or inosine base) function independently of the cell cycle, while non-nicking BEs are highly dependent on S-phase (DNA synthesis phase). We found that synchronization in G1 (growth phase) during the process of cytosine base editing causes significant increases in C•G to A•T “byproduct” introduction rates, which can be leveraged to discover new strategies for precise C•G to A•T base editing. We observe that endogenous expression levels of DNA damage repair pathways are sufficient to process base editing intermediates into desired editing outcomes, and the process of base editing does not significantly perturb transcription levels. Overall, our study provides mechanistic data demonstrating the robustness of nickase-derived BEs for performing genome editing across the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A. Burnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ashley T. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Carlos A. Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Colleen A. McHugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexis C. Komor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexis C. Komor,
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Stahl-Meyer J, Holland LKK, Liu B, Maeda K, Jäättelä M. Lysosomal Changes in Mitosis. Cells 2022; 11:875. [PMID: 35269496 PMCID: PMC8909281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery demonstrating that the leakage of cathepsin B from mitotic lysosomes assists mitotic chromosome segregation indicates that lysosomal membrane integrity can be spatiotemporally regulated. Unlike many other organelles, structural and functional alterations of lysosomes during mitosis remain, however, largely uncharted. Here, we demonstrate substantial differences in lysosomal proteome, lipidome, size, and pH between lysosomes that were isolated from human U2OS osteosarcoma cells either in mitosis or in interphase. The combination of pharmacological synchronization and mitotic shake-off yielded ~68% of cells in mitosis allowing us to investigate mitosis-specific lysosomal changes by comparing cell populations that were highly enriched in mitotic cells to those mainly in the G1 or G2 phases of the cell cycle. Mitotic cells had significantly reduced levels of lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1 and the active forms of lysosomal cathepsin B protease. Similar trends were observed in levels of acid sphingomyelinase and most other lysosomal proteins that were studied. The altered protein content was accompanied by increases in the size and pH of LAMP2-positive vesicles. Moreover, mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics of purified lysosomes revealed elevated levels of sphingolipids, especially sphingomyelin and hexocylceramide, and lysoglyserophospholipids in mitotic lysosomes. Interestingly, LAMPs and acid sphingomyelinase have been reported to stabilize lysosomal membranes, whereas sphingomyelin and lysoglyserophospholipids have an opposite effect. Thus, the observed lysosomal changes during the cell cycle may partially explain the reduced lysosomal membrane integrity in mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Lya Katrine Kauffeldt Holland
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.K.K.H.); (B.L.); (K.M.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Li B, Zhang Z, Wan C. Identification of Microproteins in Hep3B Cells at Different Cell Cycle Stages. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1052-1060. [PMID: 35199523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microproteins are generated from small open reading frames and turn out to play various vital biological functions. As an essential biological event of eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is involved in cell replication and division. For such a highly regulated event, microproteins associated with cell cycle regulation remained unclarified. Utilizing a combination of bottom-up and top-down proteomics, we analyzed microproteins at specific cell cycle stages of Hep3B cells. A total of 657 microproteins were identified under three cell cycle stages, including 151 in the G0/G1 stage, 163 in the S stage, and 132 in the G2/M stage. The annotation of these microproteins showed their cell cycle-specific functions, such as translation, nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, and the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle. Meanwhile, more than 50% of identified microproteins were ncRNA-encoded. These nonannotated novel microproteins contain several function domains, such as the nucleoside diphosphate kinase domain, the high mobility group domain, and the DNA-binding domain. This suggested the potential functions of these novel microproteins in specific cell cycle stages. This study presented a large-scale profile of microproteins at different cell cycle stages from Hep3B and may provide new perspectives on the regulation mechanism of the cell cycle. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data were deposited to ProteomeXchange using the identifier PXD030286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Wan
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chiu LLY, Subedar OD, Waldman SD. Cell Cycle Synchronization of Primary and Cultured Articular Chondrocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2579:111-123. [PMID: 36045202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2736-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle synchronization allows cells in a culture, originally at different stages of the cell cycle, to be brought to the same phase. It is normally performed by applying cell cycle arresting chemical agents to cells cultured in monolayer. While effective, isolated chondrocytes tend to dedifferentiate when cultured in monolayer and typically require 3D culturing methods to ensure phenotypic stability. Here, we describe both the conventional cell cycle synchronization method for cells in monolayer culture and an adapted method of synchronizing primary chondrocytes directly during the cell isolation process to limit potential dedifferentiation. Different methods including serum-starvation and treatment with thymidine, nocodazole, aphidicolin, and RO-3306 can synchronize the chondrocytes at different discrete phases. A cell purity of more than 90% in the S phase can be achieved with simultaneous cell isolation and synchronization using double thymidine treatment, generating a population of synchronized chondrocytes that show increased matrix synthesis when subsequently cultured in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine L Y Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Omar D Subedar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Subedar OD, Chiu LLY, Waldman SD. Cell Cycle Synchronization of Primary Articular Chondrocytes Enhances Chondrogenesis. Cartilage 2021; 12:526-535. [PMID: 30971093 PMCID: PMC8461165 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519841677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although tissue engineering is a promising option for articular cartilage repair, it has been challenging to generate functional cartilaginous tissue. While the synthetic response of chondrocytes can be influenced by various means, most approaches treat chondrocytes as a homogeneous population that would respond similarly. However, isolated cells heterogeneously progress through the cell cycle, which can affect macromolecular biosynthesis. As it is possible to synchronize cells within discrete cell cycle phases, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cell cycle synchronization on the chondrogenic potential of primary articular chondrocytes. DESIGN Different methods of cell synchronization (serum starvation, thymidine, nocodazole, aphidicolin, and RO-3306) were tested for their ability to synchronize primary articular chondrocytes during the process of cell isolation. Cells (unsynchronized and synchronized) were then encapsulated in alginate gels, cultured for 4 weeks, and analyzed for their structural and biochemical properties. RESULTS The double-thymidine method yielded the highest level of cell purity, with cells synchronized in S phase. While the cells started to lose synchronization after 24 hours, tissue constructs developed from initially S phase synchronized cells had significantly higher glycosaminoglycan and collagen II amounts than those developed using unsynchronized cells. CONCLUSIONS Initial synchronization led to long-term changes in cartilaginous tissue formation. This effect was postulated to be due to the rapid auto-induction of TGF-βs by actively dividing S phase cells, thereby stimulating chondrogenesis. Cell synchronization methods may also be applied in conjunction with redifferentiation methods to improve the chondrogenic potential of dedifferentiated or diseased chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar D. Subedar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loraine L. Y. Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Stephen D. Waldman, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Kerr Hall South, KHS 241N, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3.
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13
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Teye EK, Lu S, Chen F, Yang W, Abraham T, Stairs DB, Wang HG, Yochum GS, Brodsky RA, Pu JJ. PIGN spatiotemporally regulates the spindle assembly checkpoint proteins in leukemia transformation and progression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19022. [PMID: 34561473 PMCID: PMC8463542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class N (PIGN) has been linked to the suppression of chromosomal instability. The spindle assembly checkpoint complex is responsible for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis to prevent chromosomal instability. In this study, the novel role of PIGN as a regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint was unveiled in leukemic patient cells and cell lines. Transient downregulation or ablation of PIGN resulted in impaired mitotic checkpoint activation due to the dysregulated expression of spindle assembly checkpoint-related proteins including MAD1, MAD2, BUBR1, and MPS1. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of PIGN restored the expression of MAD2. PIGN regulated the spindle assembly checkpoint by forming a complex with the spindle assembly checkpoint proteins MAD1, MAD2, and the mitotic kinase MPS1. Thus, PIGN could play a vital role in the spindle assembly checkpoint to suppress chromosomal instability associated with leukemic transformation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K Teye
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Shasha Lu
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrui Yang
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Institute of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Douglas B Stairs
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory S Yochum
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Pu
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. .,University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N Campbell Avenue, #1968C, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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14
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Guo YF, Duan JJ, Wang J, Li L, Wang D, Liu XZ, Yang J, Zhang HR, Lv J, Yang YJ, Yang ZY, Cai J, Liao XM, Tang T, Huang TT, Wu F, Yang XY, Wen Q, Bian XW, Yu SC. Inhibition of the ALDH18A1-MYCN positive feedback loop attenuates MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma growth. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/531/eaax8694. [PMID: 32075946 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax8694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma (NB) is characterized by poor prognosis, and directly targeting MYCN has proven challenging. Here, we showed that aldehyde dehydrogenase family 18 member A1 (ALDH18A1) exerts profound impacts on the proliferation, self-renewal, and tumorigenicity of NB cells and is a potential risk factor in patients with NB, especially those with MYCN amplification. Mechanistic studies revealed that ALDH18A1 could both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulate MYCN expression, with MYCN reciprocally transactivating ALDH18A1 and thus forming a positive feedback loop. Using molecular docking and screening, we identified an ALDH18A1-specific inhibitor, YG1702, and demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of ALDH18A1 was sufficient to induce a less proliferative phenotype and confer tumor regression and prolonged survival in NB xenograft models, providing therapeutic insights into the disruption of this reciprocal regulatory loop in MYCN-amplified NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Guo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiang-Jie Duan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xun-Zhou Liu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hua-Rong Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiao Cai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xue-Mei Liao
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xian-Yan Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China. .,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of the Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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15
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Chung KP, Huang YL, Chen YJ, Juan YH, Hsu CL, Nakahira K, Huang YT, Lin MW, Wu SG, Shih JY, Chang YL, Yu CJ. Multi-kinase framework promotes proliferation and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma through activation of dynamin-related protein 1. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:560-578. [PMID: 33152171 PMCID: PMC7858280 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), encoded by the DNM1L gene, in regulating the growth of cancer cells of various origins. However, the regulation, function, and clinical significance of DRP1 remain undetermined in lung adenocarcinoma. Our study shows that the expression and activation of DRP1 are significantly correlated with proliferation and disease extent, as well as an increased risk of postoperative recurrence in stage I to stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma. Loss of DRP1 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines leads to an altered mitochondrial morphology, fewer copies of mitochondrial DNA, decreased respiratory complexes, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, the proliferation and invasion are both suppressed in DRP1-depleted lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Our data further revealed that DRP1 activation through serine 616 phosphorylation is regulated by ERK/AKT and CDK2 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Collectively, we propose the multikinase framework in activating DRP1 in lung adenocarcinoma to promote the malignant properties. Biomarkers related to mitochondrial reprogramming, such as DRP1, can be used to evaluate the risk of postoperative recurrence in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Pin Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Juan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Wei Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Gin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuan Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Leong Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical Park Hospital, Zhubei City, Taiwan
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16
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Chen C, Enomoto A, Weng L, Taki T, Shiraki Y, Mii S, Ichihara R, Kanda M, Koike M, Kodera Y, Takahashi M. Complex roles of the actin-binding protein Girdin/GIV in DNA damage-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4303-4317. [PMID: 32875699 PMCID: PMC7648047 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin‐binding protein Girdin is a hub protein that interacts with multiple proteins to regulate motility and Akt and trimeric G protein signaling in cancer cells. Girdin expression correlates with poor outcomes in multiple human cancers. However, those findings are not universal, as they depend on study conditions. Those data suggest that multiple aspects of Girdin function and its role in tumor cell responses to anticancer therapeutics must be reconsidered. In the present study, we found that Girdin is involved in DNA damage‐induced cancer cell apoptosis. An esophageal cancer cell line that exhibited high Girdin expression showed a marked sensitivity to UV‐mediated DNA damage compared to a line with low Girdin expression. When transcriptional activation of endogenous Girdin was mediated by an engineered CRISPR/Cas9 activation system, sensitivity to DNA damage increased in both stationary and migrating HeLa cancer cells. High Girdin expression was associated with dysregulated cell cycle progression and prolonged G1 and M phases. These features were accompanied by p53 activation, which conceivably increases cancer cell vulnerability to UV exposure. These data highlight the importance of understanding complex Girdin functions that influence cancer cell sensitivity to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Liang Weng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiraki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ichihara
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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17
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Ullah M, Aoudjeghout W, Pimpie C, Pocard M, Mirshahi M. Mitosis in Cancer Cell Increases Immune Resistance via High Expression of HLA-G and PD-L1. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092661. [PMID: 32961872 PMCID: PMC7564851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a result of "aggressive" division and uncontrolled proliferation of the abnormal cells that survive attack by immune cells. We investigated the expression of HLA-G and PD-L1 with the different stages of cancer cell division along with their role in the interaction of immune cells in vitro. Ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) and chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K-562) are used for this study. The correlation of protein expression with percentage of cells in each phase (G1, S and G2 phase) was evaluated through FACS. Cells were synchronized in G1, G2 and mitotic phase to evaluate gene (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (FACS). Real-time immune cell attack (RTICA) analysis with PBMCs (peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells) and cancer cells were performed. We found that cells expressing higher levels of HLA-G and PD-L1 are mainly in G2 phase and those expressing lower levels are mainly in G1 phase. Evidently, the higher expression of the two proteins was observed when synchronized in mitotic phase as compared to low expression when synchronized in G1 phase. RTICA analysis showed the presence of HLA-G delayed the lysis of the cells. In conclusion, the cancer cell can escape from immune cells in division stage that suggests the impact of mitosis index for cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Sato H, Singer RH, Greally JM. Quantitative Kinetic Analyses of Histone Turnover Using Imaging and Flow Cytometry. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3738. [PMID: 33043098 PMCID: PMC7546534 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic histone changes occur as a central part of chromatin regulation. Deposition of histone variants and post-translational modifications of histones are strongly associated with properties of chromatin status. Characterizing the kinetics of histone variants allows important insights into transcription regulation, chromatin maintenance and other chromatin properties. Here we provide a protocol of quantitative and sensitive approaches to test the timing of incorporation and dissociation of histones using a two-color SNAP-labeling system, labelling pre-existing and newly-incorporated histones distinctly. Together with cell cycle synchronization methods and cell cycle markers, this approach enables a pulse-chase analysis to determine the turnover of histone variants during the cell cycle, detected using imaging or flow cytometry methods at single cell resolution. As well as testing global histone turnover, cell cycle-dependent cellular localization of histone variants can be also addressed using imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert H. Singer
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn. VA 20147, USA
| | - John M. Greally
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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19
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Klotho Exerts an Emerging Role in Cytokinesis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091048. [PMID: 32899868 PMCID: PMC7565453 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Klotho gene functions as an anti-aging gene. A previous klotho-knockout mice study indicated that neither male nor female gametocytes could accomplish the first meiotic division. It suggested that Klotho might regulate cell division. In this study, we determined the roles of Klotho in cytokinesis in cultural human cells (HEK293 and HeLa) and in zebrafish embryos. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry analysis, and a zebrafish model were used in this study. The results showed that Klotho is located in the midbody, which correlated with cytokinesis related kinases, Aurora kinase B and citron kinases, in the late stage of cytokinesis. There was a spatial correlation between the abscission site and the location of Klotho in the cytokinesis bridge. A three-dimensional structural reconstruction study demonstrated there was a spatial correlation among Klotho, Aurora kinase B, and citron kinases in the midbody. In addition, Klotho depletion inactivated Aurora kinases; it was also indicated that Klotho depletion caused aberrant cell cycle and delayed cytokinesis in a cell model. The study with zebrafish embryos suggested that klotho knockdown caused early embryo development abnormality due to dysregulated cytokinesis. In conclusion, Klotho might have a critical role in cytokinesis regulation by interacting with the cytokinesis related kinases.
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20
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Moudgil A, Wilkinson MN, Chen X, He J, Cammack AJ, Vasek MJ, Lagunas T, Qi Z, Lalli MA, Guo C, Morris SA, Dougherty JD, Mitra RD. Self-Reporting Transposons Enable Simultaneous Readout of Gene Expression and Transcription Factor Binding in Single Cells. Cell 2020; 182:992-1008.e21. [PMID: 32710817 PMCID: PMC7510185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity confounds in situ assays of transcription factor (TF) binding. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) deconvolves cell types from gene expression, but no technology links cell identity to TF binding sites (TFBS) in those cell types. We present self-reporting transposons (SRTs) and use them in single-cell calling cards (scCC), a novel assay for simultaneously measuring gene expression and mapping TFBS in single cells. The genomic locations of SRTs are recovered from mRNA, and SRTs deposited by exogenous, TF-transposase fusions can be used to map TFBS. We then present scCC, which map SRTs from scRNA-seq libraries, simultaneously identifying cell types and TFBS in those same cells. We benchmark multiple TFs with this technique. Next, we use scCC to discover BRD4-mediated cell-state transitions in K562 cells. Finally, we map BRD4 binding sites in the mouse cortex at single-cell resolution, establishing a new method for studying TF biology in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Moudgil
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael N Wilkinson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuhua Chen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - June He
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander J Cammack
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Vasek
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomás Lagunas
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zongtai Qi
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew A Lalli
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chuner Guo
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Viol L, Hata S, Pastor-Peidro A, Neuner A, Murke F, Wuchter P, Ho AD, Giebel B, Pereira G. Nek2 kinase displaces distal appendages from the mother centriole prior to mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201907136. [PMID: 32211891 PMCID: PMC7055001 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal appendages (DAs) of the mother centriole are essential for the initial steps of ciliogenesis in G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. DAs are released from centrosomes in mitosis by an undefined mechanism. Here, we show that specific DAs lose their centrosomal localization at the G2/M transition in a manner that relies upon Nek2 kinase activity to ensure low DA levels at mitotic centrosomes. Overexpression of active Nek2A, but not kinase-dead Nek2A, prematurely displaced DAs from the interphase centrosomes of immortalized retina pigment epithelial (RPE1) cells. This dramatic impact was also observed in mammary epithelial cells with constitutively high levels of Nek2. Conversely, Nek2 knockout led to incomplete dissociation of DAs and cilia in mitosis. As a consequence, we observed the presence of a cilia remnant that promoted the asymmetric inheritance of ciliary signaling components and supported cilium reassembly after cell division. Together, our data establish Nek2 as an important kinase that regulates DAs before mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Viol
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Centre, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Hata
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Pastor-Peidro
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Murke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony D. Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Centre, German Cancer Research Centre-Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Pérez-Posada A, Dudin O, Ocaña-Pallarès E, Ruiz-Trillo I, Ondracka A. Cell cycle transcriptomics of Capsaspora provides insights into the evolution of cyclin-CDK machinery. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008584. [PMID: 32176685 PMCID: PMC7098662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression through the cell cycle in eukaryotes is regulated on multiple levels. The main driver of the cell cycle progression is the periodic activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. In parallel, transcription during the cell cycle is regulated by a transcriptional program that ensures the just-in-time gene expression. Many core cell cycle regulators are widely conserved in eukaryotes, among them cyclins and CDKs; however, periodic transcriptional programs are divergent between distantly related species. In addition, many otherwise conserved cell cycle regulators have been lost and independently evolved in yeast, a widely used model organism for cell cycle research. For a better understanding of the evolution of the cell cycle regulation in opisthokonts, we investigated the transcriptional program during the cell cycle of the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki, a unicellular species closely related to animals. We developed a protocol for cell cycle synchronization in Capsaspora cultures and assessed gene expression over time across the entire cell cycle. We identified a set of 801 periodic genes that grouped into five clusters of expression over time. Comparison with datasets from other eukaryotes revealed that the periodic transcriptional program of Capsaspora is most similar to that of animal cells. We found that orthologues of cyclin A, B and E are expressed at the same cell cycle stages as in human cells and in the same temporal order. However, in contrast to human cells where these cyclins interact with multiple CDKs, Capsaspora cyclins likely interact with a single ancestral CDK1-3. Thus, the Capsaspora cyclin-CDK system could represent an intermediate state in the evolution of animal-like cyclin-CDK regulation. Overall, our results demonstrate that Capsaspora could be a useful unicellular model system for animal cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-Posada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Ocaña-Pallarès
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrej Ondracka
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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23
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Bayarmagnai B, Perrin L, Esmaeili Pourfarhangi K, Graña X, Tüzel E, Gligorijevic B. Invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation is enhanced in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227116. [PMID: 31533971 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of tumor cell invasion and metastasis includes assembly of invadopodia, protrusions capable of degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). The effect of cell cycle progression on invadopodia has not been elucidated. In this study, by using invadopodia and cell cycle fluorescent markers, we show in 2D and 3D cultures, as well as in vivo, that breast carcinoma cells assemble invadopodia and invade into the surrounding ECM preferentially during the G1 phase. The expression (MT1-MMP, also known as MMP14, and cortactin) and localization (Tks5; also known as SH3PXD2A) of invadopodia components are elevated in G1 phase, and cells synchronized in G1 phase exhibit significantly higher ECM degradation compared to the cells synchronized in S phase. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p27kip1 (also known as CDKN1B) localizes to the sites of invadopodia assembly. Overexpression and stable knockdown of p27kip1 lead to contrasting effects on invadopodia turnover and ECM degradation. Taken together, these findings suggest that expression of invadopodia components, as well as invadopodia function, are linked to cell cycle progression, and that invadopodia are controlled by cell cycle regulators. Our results caution that this coordination between invasion and cell cycle must be considered when designing effective chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battuya Bayarmagnai
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Louisiane Perrin
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Xavier Graña
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Fels Research Institute for Cancer Biology and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Bojana Gligorijevic
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA .,Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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24
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Tsai MC, Lin SH, Hidayah K, Lin CI. Equol Pretreatment Protection of SH-SY5Y Cells against Aβ (25-35)-Induced Cytotoxicity and Cell-Cycle Reentry via Sustaining Estrogen Receptor Alpha Expression. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102356. [PMID: 31623342 PMCID: PMC6835339 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid formation in the brain is one of the characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease. Exposure to this peptide may result in reentry into the cell cycle leading to cell death. The phytoestrogen equol has similar biological effects as estrogen without the side effects. This study investigated the possible mechanism of the neuron cell-protecting effect of equol during treatment with Aβ. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with either 1 μM S-equol or 10 nM 17β-estradiol for 24 h prior to 1 μM Aβ (25–35) exposure. After 24 h exposure to Aβ (25–35), a significant reduction in cell survival and a reentry into the cell cycle process accompanied by increased levels of cyclin D1 were observed. The expressions of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and its coactivator, steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), were also significantly downregulated by Aβ (25–35) in parallel with activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. However, pretreatment of cells with S-equol or 17β-estradiol reversed these effects. Treatment with the ER antagonist, ICI-182,780 (1 μM), completely blocked the effects of S-equol and 17β-estradiol on cell viability, ERα, and ERK1/2 after Aβ (25–35) exposure. These data suggest that S-equol possesses a neuroprotective potential as it effectively antagonizes Aβ (25–35)-induced cell cytotoxicity and prevents cell cycle reentry in SH-SY5Y cells. The mechanism underlying S-equol neuroprotection might involve ERα-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chao Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan.
| | - Shyh-Hsiang Lin
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan.
- Master Program in Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan.
| | - Kiswatul Hidayah
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-I Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Kainan University, Taoyuan 33857, Taiwan.
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25
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Komaravolu RK, Waltmann MD, Konaniah E, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. ApoER2 (Apolipoprotein E Receptor-2) Deficiency Accelerates Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence via Cytokinesis Impairment and Promotes Fibrotic Neointima After Vascular Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2132-2144. [PMID: 31412739 PMCID: PMC6761011 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide studies showed that mutation in apoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor-2) is additive with ε4 polymorphism in the APOE gene on cardiovascular disease risk in humans. ApoE or apoER2 deficiency also accelerates atherosclerosis lesion necrosis in hypercholesterolemic mice and promotes neointima formation after vascular injury. This study tests the hypothesis that apoE and apoER2 modulate vascular occlusive diseases through distinct mechanisms. Approach and Results: Carotid endothelial denudation induced robust neointima formation in both apoE-/- and apoER2-deficient Lrp8-/- mice. The intima in apoE-/- mice was rich in smooth muscle cells, but the intima in Lrp8-/- mice was cell-poor and rich in extracellular matrix. Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from apoE-/- mice were hyperplastic whereas Lrp8-/- smooth muscle cells showed reduced proliferation but responded robustly to TGF (transforming growth factor)-β-induced fibronectin synthesis indicative of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which was confirmed by increased β-galactosidase activity, p16INK4a immunofluorescence, and number of multinucleated cells. Western blot analysis of cell cycle-associated proteins showed that apoER2 deficiency promotes cell cycle arrest at the metaphase/anaphase. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that apoER2 interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. In the absence of apoER2, PP2A-C (protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit) failed to interact with CDC20 (cell-division cycle protein 20) thus resulting in inactive anaphase-promoting complex and impaired cell cycle exit. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that apoER2 participates in APC (anaphase-promoting complex)/CDC20 complex formation during mitosis, and its absence impedes cytokinesis abscission thereby accelerating premature cell senescence and vascular disease. This mechanism is distinct from apoE deficiency, which causes smooth muscle cell hyperplasia to accelerate vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Komaravolu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Meaghan D. Waltmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - David Y. Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237
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26
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Sato H, Wu B, Delahaye F, Singer RH, Greally JM. Retargeting of macroH2A following mitosis to cytogenetic-scale heterochromatic domains. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1810-1823. [PMID: 31110057 PMCID: PMC6548134 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How macroH2A, a histone variant involved in silencing gene expression, is inherited from parent to daughter cells is unclear. Using a combination of imaging, biochemical, and genomic approaches, Sato et al. describe how newly synthesized macroH2A is incorporated predominantly in the G1 phase of human mitosis, targeting heterochromatic regions. The heritability of chromatin states through cell division is a potential contributor to the epigenetic maintenance of cellular memory of prior states. The macroH2A histone variant has properties of a regulator of epigenetic cell memory, including roles controlling gene silencing and cell differentiation. Its mechanisms of regional genomic targeting and maintenance through cell division are unknown. Here, we combined in vivo imaging with biochemical and genomic approaches to show that human macroH2A is incorporated into chromatin in the G1 phase of the cell cycle following DNA replication. The newly incorporated macroH2A retargets the same large heterochromatic domains where macroH2A was already enriched in the previous cell cycle. It remains heterotypic, targeting individual nucleosomes that do not already contain a macroH2A molecule. The pattern observed resembles that of a new deposition of centromeric histone variants during the cell cycle, indicating mechanistic similarities for macrodomain-scale regulation of epigenetic properties of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Sato
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert H Singer
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY .,Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - John M Greally
- Center for Epigenomics and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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27
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Legionella pneumophila translocated translation inhibitors are required for bacterial-induced host cell cycle arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3221-3228. [PMID: 30718423 PMCID: PMC6386690 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820093116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle machinery controls diverse cellular pathways and is tightly regulated. Misregulation of cell division plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many disease processes. Various microbial pathogens interfere with the cell cycle machinery to promote host cell colonization. Although cell cycle modulation is a common theme among pathogens, the role this interference plays in promoting diseases is unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that the G1 and G2/M phases of the host cell cycle are permissive for Legionella pneumophila replication, whereas S phase provides a toxic environment for bacterial replication. In this study, we show that L. pneumophila avoids host S phase by blocking host DNA synthesis and preventing cell cycle progression into S phase. Cell cycle arrest upon Legionella contact is dependent on the Icm/Dot secretion system. In particular, we found that cell cycle arrest is dependent on the intact enzymatic activity of translocated substrates that inhibits host translation. Moreover, we show that, early in infection, the presence of these translation inhibitors is crucial to induce the degradation of the master regulator cyclin D1. Our results demonstrate that the bacterial effectors that inhibit translation are associated with preventing entry of host cells into a phase associated with restriction of L. pneumophila Furthermore, control of cyclin D1 may be a common strategy used by intracellular pathogens to manipulate the host cell cycle and promote bacterial replication.
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28
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Oomen ME, Hansen AS, Liu Y, Darzacq X, Dekker J. CTCF sites display cell cycle-dependent dynamics in factor binding and nucleosome positioning. Genome Res 2019; 29:236-249. [PMID: 30655336 PMCID: PMC6360813 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241547.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) plays a key role in the formation of topologically associating domains (TADs) and loops in interphase. During mitosis TADs are absent, but how TAD formation is dynamically controlled during the cell cycle is not known. Several contradicting observations have been made regarding CTCF binding to mitotic chromatin using both genomics- and microscopy-based techniques. Here, we have used four different assays to address this debate. First, using 5C, we confirmed that TADs and CTCF loops are readily detected in interphase, but absent during prometaphase. Second, ATAC-seq analysis showed that CTCF sites display greatly reduced accessibility and lose the CTCF footprint in prometaphase, suggesting loss of CTCF binding and rearrangement of the nucleosomal array around the binding motif. In contrast, transcription start sites remain accessible in prometaphase, although adjacent nucleosomes can also become repositioned and occupy at least a subset of start sites during mitosis. Third, loss of site-specific CTCF binding was directly demonstrated using CUT&RUN. Histone modifications and histone variants are maintained in mitosis, suggesting a role in bookmarking of active CTCF sites. Finally, live-cell imaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and single molecule tracking showed that almost all CTCF chromatin binding is lost in prometaphase. Combined, our results demonstrate loss of CTCF binding to CTCF sites during prometaphase and rearrangement of the chromatin landscape around CTCF motifs. This, combined with loss of cohesin, would contribute to the observed loss of TADs and CTCF loops during mitosis and reveals that CTCF sites, key architectural cis-elements, display cell cycle stage–dependent dynamics in factor binding and nucleosome positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E Oomen
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Anders S Hansen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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29
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A single-cell micro-trench platform for automatic monitoring of cell division and apoptosis after chemotherapeutic drug administration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18042. [PMID: 30575776 PMCID: PMC6303304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells vary in their dynamic response to external stimuli, due to stochastic fluctuations and non-uniform progression through the cell cycle. Hence, single-cell studies are required to reveal the range of heterogeneity in their responses to defined perturbations, which provides detailed insight into signaling processes. Here, we present a time-lapse study using arrays of micro-trenches to monitor the timing of cell division and apoptosis in non-adherent cells at the single-cell level. By employing automated cell tracking and division detection, we precisely determine cell cycle duration and sister-cell correlations for hundreds of individual cells in parallel. As a model application we study the response of leukemia cells to the chemostatic drug vincristine as a function of cell cycle phase. The time-to-death after drug addition is found to depend both on drug concentration and cell cycle phase. The resulting timing and dose-response distributions were reproduced in control experiments using synchronized cell populations. Interestingly, in non-synchronized cells, the time-to-death intervals for sister cells appear to be correlated. Our study demonstrates the practical benefits of micro-trench arrays as a platform for high-throughput, single-cell time-lapse studies on cell cycle dependence, correlations and cell fate decisions in general.
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30
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Boutin ME, Voss TC, Titus SA, Cruz-Gutierrez K, Michael S, Ferrer M. A high-throughput imaging and nuclear segmentation analysis protocol for cleared 3D culture models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11135. [PMID: 30042482 PMCID: PMC6057966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging and subsequent segmentation analysis in three-dimensional (3D) culture models are complicated by the light scattering that occurs when collecting fluorescent signal through multiple cell and extracellular matrix layers. For 3D cell culture models to be usable for drug discovery, effective and efficient imaging and analysis protocols need to be developed that enable high-throughput data acquisition and quantitative analysis of fluorescent signal. Here we report the first high-throughput protocol for optical clearing of spheroids, fluorescent high-content confocal imaging, 3D nuclear segmentation, and post-segmentation analysis. We demonstrate nuclear segmentation in multiple cell types, with accurate identification of fluorescently-labeled subpopulations, and develop a metric to assess the ability of clearing to improve nuclear segmentation deep within the tissue. Ultimately this analysis pipeline allows for previously unattainable segmentation throughput of 3D culture models due to increased sample clarity and optimized batch-processing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Boutin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA.
| | - Ty C Voss
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Steven A Titus
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Kennie Cruz-Gutierrez
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Sam Michael
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
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31
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Fisi V, Kátai E, Orbán J, Dossena S, Miseta A, Nagy T. O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Transiently Elevates in HeLa Cells during Mitosis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061275. [PMID: 29861440 PMCID: PMC6100377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc modification influences many cellular mechanisms, including carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and protein degradation. Multiple studies also showed that cell cycle might be modulated by O-GlcNAc. Although the role of O-GlcNAc in the regulation of some cell cycle processes such as mitotic spindle organization or histone phosphorylation is well established, the general behaviour of O-GlcNAc regulation during cell cycle is still controversial. In this study, we analysed the dynamic changes of overall O-GlcNAc levels in HeLa cells using double thymidine block. O-GlcNAc levels in G1, S, G2 and M phase were measured. We observed that O-GlcNAc levels are significantly increased during mitosis in comparison to the other cell cycle phases. However, this change could only be detected when mitotic cells were enriched by harvesting round shaped cells from the G2/M fraction of the synchronized cells. Our data verify that O-GlcNAc is elevated during mitosis, but also emphasize that O-GlcNAc levels can significantly change in a short period of time. Thus, selection and collection of cells at specific cell-cycle checkpoints is a challenging, but necessary requirement for O-GlcNAc studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Fisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - Emese Kátai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - József Orbán
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs H7624, Hungary.
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Song C, Wang L, Wu X, Wang K, Xie D, Xiao Q, Li S, Jiang K, Liao L, Yates JR, Lee JD, Yang Q. PML Recruits TET2 to Regulate DNA Modification and Cell Proliferation in Response to Chemotherapeutic Agent. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2475-2489. [PMID: 29735542 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancer. Failure to demethylate and to consequently reactivate methylation-silenced genes in cancer contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance, yet the regulatory mechanisms of DNA demethylation in response to chemotherapeutic agents remain unclear. Here, we show that promyelocytic leukemia (PML) recruits ten-eleven translocation dioxygenase 2 (TET2) to regulate DNA modification and cell proliferation in response to chemotherapeutic agents. TET2 was required by multiple chemotherapeutic agents (such as doxorubicin) to prmote 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) formation. Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, followed by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, identified potential binding partners of TET2, of which PML mostly enhanced 5hmC formation. PML physically bound to TET2 via the PML C-terminal domain and recruited TET2 to PML-positive nuclear bodies. This interaction was disrupted by the PML-RARA t(15;17) mutation, which stems from chromosomal translocation between DNA encoding the C-terminal domain of PML and the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene. In response to chemotherapeutic drugs, PML recruited TET2, regulated DNA modification, reactivated methylation-silenced genes, and impaired cell proliferation. Knockout of PML abolished doxorubicin-promoted DNA modification. In addition, PML and TET2 levels positively correlated with improved overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer. These findings shed insight into the regulatory mechanisms of DNA modification in response to chemotherapeutic agents.Significance: Promyeloctic leukemia protein recruits TET2, regulating DNA modification and cell proliferation in response to chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res; 78(10); 2475-89. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Song
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lujian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jiing-Dwan Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Qingkai Yang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Sepulveda G, Antkowiak M, Brust-Mascher I, Mahe K, Ou T, Castro NM, Christensen LN, Cheung L, Jiang X, Yoon D, Huang B, Jao LE. Co-translational protein targeting facilitates centrosomal recruitment of PCNT during centrosome maturation in vertebrates. eLife 2018; 7:34959. [PMID: 29708497 PMCID: PMC5976437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells, centrosomes guide the formation of the bipolar spindle that segregates chromosomes during mitosis. At mitosis onset, centrosomes maximize microtubule-organizing activity by rapidly expanding the pericentriolar material (PCM). This process is in part driven by the large PCM protein pericentrin (PCNT), as its level increases at the PCM and helps recruit additional PCM components. However, the mechanism underlying the timely centrosomal enrichment of PCNT remains unclear. Here, we show that PCNT is delivered co-translationally to centrosomes during early mitosis by cytoplasmic dynein, as evidenced by centrosomal enrichment of PCNT mRNA, its translation near centrosomes, and requirement of intact polysomes for PCNT mRNA localization. Additionally, the microtubule minus-end regulator, ASPM, is also targeted co-translationally to mitotic spindle poles. Together, these findings suggest that co-translational targeting of cytoplasmic proteins to specific subcellular destinations may be a generalized protein targeting mechanism. Before a cell divides, it creates a copy of its genetic material (DNA) and evenly distributes it between the new ‘daughter’ cells with the help of a complex called the mitotic spindle. This complex is made of long cable-like protein chains called microtubules. To ensure that each daughter cell receives an equal amount of DNA, structures known as centrosomes organize the microtubules during the division process. Centrosomes have two rigid cores, called centrioles, which are surrounded by a matrix of proteins called the pericentriolar material. It is from this material that the microtubules are organized. The pericentriolar material is a dynamic structure and changes its size by assembling and disassembling its protein components. The larger the pericentriolar material, the more microtubules can form. Before a cell divides, it rapidly expands in a process called centrosome maturation. A protein called pericentrin initiates the maturation by helping to recruit other proteins to the centrosome. Pericentrin molecules are large, and it takes the cell between 10 and 20 minutes to make each one. Nevertheless, the cell can produce and deliver large quantities of pericentrin to the centrosome in a matter of minutes. We do not yet know how this happens. To investigate this further, Sepulveda, Antkowiak, Brust-Mascher et al. used advanced microscopy to study zebrafish embryos and human cells grown in the laboratory. The results showed that cells build and transport pericentrin at the same time. Cells use messenger RNA molecules as templates to build proteins. These feed into protein factories called ribosomes, which assemble the building blocks in the correct order. Rather than waiting for the pericentrin production to finish, the cell moves the active factories to the centrosome with the help of a molecular motor called dynein. By the time the pericentrin molecules are completely made by ribosomes, they are already at the centrosome, ready to help with the recruitment of other proteins during centrosome maturation. These findings improve our understanding of centrosome maturation. The next step is to find out how the cell coordinates this process with the recruitment of other proteins to the centrosome. It is also possible that the cell uses similar processes to deliver other proteins to different parts of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Sepulveda
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Mark Antkowiak
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Karan Mahe
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Tingyoung Ou
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Noemi M Castro
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Lana N Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Lee Cheung
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Xueer Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Daniel Yoon
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Li-En Jao
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, United States
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Enhancing Electrotransfection Efficiency through Improvement in Nuclear Entry of Plasmid DNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 11:263-271. [PMID: 29858061 PMCID: PMC5992438 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope is a physiological barrier to electrogene transfer. To understand different mechanisms of the nuclear entry for electrotransfected plasmid DNA (pDNA), the current study investigated how manipulation of the mechanisms could affect electrotransfection efficiency (eTE), transgene expression level (EL), and cell viability. In the investigation, cells were first synchronized at G2-M phase prior to electrotransfection so that the nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) occurred before pDNA entered the cells. The NEBD significantly increased the eTE and the EL while the cell viability was not compromised. In the second experiment, the cells were treated with a nuclear pore dilating agent (i.e., trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol). The treatment could increase the EL, but had only minor effects on eTE. Furthermore, the treatment was more cytotoxic, compared with the cell synchronization. In the third experiment, a nuclear targeting sequence (i.e., SV40) was incorporated into the pDNA prior to electrotransfection. The incorporation was more effective than the cell synchronization for enhancing the EL, but not the eTE, and the effectiveness was cell type dependent. Taken together, the data described above suggested that synchronization of the NEBD could be a practical approach to improving electrogene transfer in all dividing cells.
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35
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Abstract
The increasing role of all types of regulatory RNAs in the orchestration of cellular programs has enhanced the development of a variety of techniques that allow its precise detection, quantification, and functional scrutiny. Recent advances in imaging and fluoresecent in situ hybridization (FISH) methods have enabled the utilization of user-friendly protocols that provide highly sensitive and accurate detection of ribonucleic acid molecules at both the single cell and subcellular levels. We herein describe the approach originally developed by Stellaris®, in which the target RNA molecule is fluoresecently labeled with multiple tiled complementary probes each carrying a fluorophore, thus improving sensitivity and reducing the chance of false positives. We have applied this method to the detection of nascent RNAs that partake of special regulatory structures called R loops. Their growing role in active gene expression regulation (Aguilera and Garcia-Muse, Mol Cell 46:115-124, 2012; Ginno et al., Mol Cell 45:814-825, 2012; Sun et al., Science 340:619-621, 2013; Bhatia et al., Nature 511:362-365, 2014) imposes the use of a combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques for the detailed analysis of the transcripts involved. Therefore, their study is a good example to illustrate how RNA FISH, combined with transcriptional arrest and/or cell synchronization, permits localization and temporal characterization of potentially regulatory RNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soler
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Boque-Sastre
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sonia Guil
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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36
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Synthetic mRNA with Superior Properties that Mimics the Intracellular Fates of Natural Histone mRNA. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1428:93-114. [PMID: 27236794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3625-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since DNA and histone levels must be closely balanced for cell survival, histone expressions are highly regulated. The regulation of replication-dependent histone expression is mainly achieved at the mRNA level, as the mRNAs are rapidly removed when DNA replication is inhibited during S-phase. Histone mRNA degradation initiates with addition of multiple uridines (oligouridylation) following the 3' stem-loop (SL) catalyzed by terminal uridyltransferase (TUTase). Previous studies showed that histone mRNA degradation occurs through both 5' → 3' and 3' → 5' processes, but the relative contributions are difficult to dissect due to lack of established protocols. The translational efficiency and stability of synthetic mRNA in both cultured cells and whole animals can be improved by structural modifications at the both 5' and 3' termini. In this chapter, we present methods of utilizing modified cap dinucleotide analogs to block 5' → 3' degradation of a reporter mRNA containing canonical histone mRNA 3' SL and monitoring how oligouridylation and 3' → 5' degradation occur. Protocols are presented for synthesis of reporter mRNA containing the histone 3' SL and modified cap analogs, monitoring mRNA stability and unidirectional degradation either from 5' or 3' termini, and detection of oligo(U) tracts from degradation products by either traditional or deep sequencing.
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37
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Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation regulates RECQL4 pathway choice and ubiquitination in DNA double-strand break repair. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2039. [PMID: 29229926 PMCID: PMC5725494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathway choice within DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is a tightly regulated process to maintain genome integrity. RECQL4, deficient in Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome, promotes the two major DSB repair pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Here we report that RECQL4 promotes and coordinates NHEJ and HR in different cell cycle phases. RECQL4 interacts with Ku70 to promote NHEJ in G1 when overall cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity is low. During S/G2 phases, CDK1 and CDK2 (CDK1/2) phosphorylate RECQL4 on serines 89 and 251, enhancing MRE11/RECQL4 interaction and RECQL4 recruitment to DSBs. After phosphorylation, RECQL4 is ubiquitinated by the DDB1-CUL4A E3 ubiquitin ligase, which facilitates its accumulation at DSBs. Phosphorylation of RECQL4 stimulates its helicase activity, promotes DNA end resection, increases HR and cell survival after ionizing radiation, and prevents cellular senescence. Collectively, we propose that RECQL4 modulates the pathway choice of NHEJ and HR in a cell cycle-dependent manner. DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is a tightly regulated process that can occur via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Here, the authors investigate how RECQL4 modulates DSB repair pathway choice by differentially regulating NHEJ and HR in a cell cycle-dependent manner.
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38
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He L, Sneider A, Chen W, Karl M, Prasath V, Wu PH, Mattson G, Wirtz D. Mammalian Cell Division in 3D Matrices via Quantitative Confocal Reflection Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286363 DOI: 10.3791/56364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of how mammalian cell division is regulated in a 3D environment remains largely unexplored despite its physiological relevance and therapeutic significance. Possible reasons for the lack of exploration are the experimental limitations and technical challenges that render the study of cell division in 3D culture inefficient. Here, we describe an imaging-based method to efficiently study mammalian cell division and cell-matrix interactions in 3D collagen matrices. Cells labeled with fluorescent H2B are synchronized using the combination of thymidine blocking and nocodazole treatment, followed by a mechanical shake-off technique. Synchronized cells are then embedded into a 3D collagen matrix. Cell division is monitored using live-cell microscopy. The deformation of collagen fibers during and after cell division, which is an indicator of cell-matrix interaction, can be monitored and quantified using quantitative confocal reflection microscopy. The method provides an efficient and general approach to study mammalian cell division and cell-matrix interactions in a physiologically relevant 3D environment. This approach not only provides novel insights into the molecular basis of the development of normal tissue and diseases, but also allows for the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Alexandra Sneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Weitong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Michelle Karl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Vishnu Prasath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Pei-Hsun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Gunnar Mattson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University; Departments of Oncology and Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine;
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39
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Pravinsagar P, Im SW, Jang YJ. Pathogenic effect of a cell-penetrating anti-dsDNA autoantibody through p38 signaling pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation in mesangial cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1401557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Pravinsagar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Im
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ju Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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40
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Gaj T, Staahl BT, Rodrigues GMC, Limsirichai P, Ekman FK, Doudna JA, Schaffer DV. Targeted gene knock-in by homology-directed genome editing using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and AAV donor delivery. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e98. [PMID: 28334779 PMCID: PMC5499784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizing the full potential of genome editing requires the development of efficient and broadly applicable methods for delivering programmable nucleases and donor templates for homology-directed repair (HDR). The RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease can be introduced into cells as a purified protein in complex with a single guide RNA (sgRNA). Such ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) can facilitate the high-fidelity introduction of single-base substitutions via HDR following co-delivery with a single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide. However, combining RNPs with transgene-containing donor templates for targeted gene addition has proven challenging, which in turn has limited the capabilities of the RNP-mediated genome editing toolbox. Here, we demonstrate that combining RNP delivery with naturally recombinogenic adeno-associated virus (AAV) donor vectors enables site-specific gene insertion by homology-directed genome editing. Compared to conventional plasmid-based expression vectors and donor templates, we show that combining RNP and AAV donor delivery increases the efficiency of gene addition by up to 12-fold, enabling the creation of lineage reporters that can be used to track the conversion of striatal neurons from human fibroblasts in real time. These results thus illustrate the potential for unifying nuclease protein delivery with AAV donor vectors for homology-directed genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett T Staahl
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gonçalo M C Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Freja K Ekman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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41
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Host Cell S Phase Restricts Legionella pneumophila Intracellular Replication by Destabilizing the Membrane-Bound Replication Compartment. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02345-16. [PMID: 28830950 PMCID: PMC5565972 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02345-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila grows within cells ranging from environmental amoebae to human macrophages. In spite of this conserved strategy of pathogenesis, identification of host factors that restrict L. pneumophila intracellular replication has not been extended outside components of the mammalian innate immune response. We performed a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) screen against more than 50% of the Drosophila melanogaster annotated open reading frames (ORFs) to identify host cell factors that restrict L. pneumophila. The majority of analyzed dsRNAs that stimulated L. pneumophila intracellular replication were directed against host proteins involved in protein synthesis or cell cycle control. Consistent with disruption of the cell cycle stimulating intracellular replication, proteins involved in translation initiation also resulted in G1 arrest. Stimulation of replication was dependent on the stage of cell cycle arrest, as dsRNAs causing arrest during S phase had an inhibitory effect on intracellular replication. The inhibitory effects of S phase arrest could be recapitulated in a human cell line, indicating that cell cycle control of L. pneumophila replication is evolutionarily conserved. Synchronized HeLa cell populations in S phase and challenged with L. pneumophila failed to progress through the cell cycle and were depressed for supporting intracellular replication. Poor bacterial replication in S phase was associated with loss of the vacuole membrane barrier, resulting in exposure of bacteria to the cytosol and their eventual degradation. These results are consistent with the model that S phase is inhibitory for L. pneumophila intracellular survival as a consequence of failure to maintain the integrity of the membrane surrounding intracellular bacteria. Legionella pneumophila has the ability to replicate within human macrophages and amoebal hosts. Here, we report that the host cell cycle influences L. pneumophila intracellular replication. Our data demonstrate that the G1 and G2/M phases of the host cell cycle are permissive for bacterial replication, while S phase is toxic for the bacterium. L. pneumophila replicates poorly within host cells present in S phase. The inability of L. pneumophila to replicate relies on its failure to control the integrity of its vacuole, leading to cytosolic exposure of the bacteria and eventual degradation. The data presented here argue that growth-arrested host cells that are encountered by L. pneumophila in either the environment or within human hosts are ideal targets for intracellular replication because their transit through S phase is blocked.
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42
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Huang G, Kaufman AJ, Xu K, Manova K, Singh B. Squamous cell carcinoma-related oncogene (SCCRO) neddylates Cul3 protein to selectively promote midbody localization and activity of Cul3 KLHL21 protein complex during abscission. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15254-15265. [PMID: 28620047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma-related oncogene (SCCRO)/DCUN1D1, a component of the neddylation E3 complex, regulates the activity of the cullin-RING-ligase type of ubiquitination E3s by promoting neddylation of cullin family members. Studies have shown that SCCRO regulates proliferation in vitro and in vivo Here we show that inactivation of SCCRO results in prolonged mitotic time because of delayed and/or failed abscission. The effects of SCCRO on abscission involve its role in neddylation and localization of Cul3 to the midbody. The Cul3 adaptor KLHL21 mediates the effects of SCCRO on abscission, as it fails to localize to the midbody in SCCRO-deficient cells during abscission, and its inactivation resulted in phenotypic changes identical to SCCRO inactivation. Ubiquitination-promoted turnover of Aurora B at the midbody was deficient in SCCRO- and KLHL21-deficient cells, suggesting that it is the target of Cul3KLHL21 at the midbody. Correction of abscission delays in SCCRO-deficient cells with addition of an Aurora B inhibitor at the midbody stage suggests that Aurora B is the target of SCCRO-promoted Cul3KLHL21 activity. The activity of other Cul3-anchored complexes, including Cul3KLHL9/KLHL13, was intact in SCCRO-deficient cells, suggesting that SCCRO selectively, rather than collectively, neddylates cullins in vivo Combined, these findings support a model in which the SCCRO, substrate, and substrate adaptors cooperatively provide tight control of neddylation and cullin-RING-ligase activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochang Huang
- From the Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Epithelial Cancer Biology and
| | - Andrew J Kaufman
- From the Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Epithelial Cancer Biology and
| | - Ke Xu
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Katia Manova
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Bhuvanesh Singh
- From the Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Epithelial Cancer Biology and
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Jinesh GG, Kamat AM. Blebbishields and mitotic cells exhibit robust macropinocytosis. Biofactors 2017; 43:181-186. [PMID: 27671897 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells can survive and undergo transformation after apoptosis by initiating robust endocytosis. Endocytosis in-turn drives formation of serpentine filopodia, which promote construction of blebbishields from apoptotic bodies. However, the status and role of macropinocytosis in blebbishields is not known. Here, we show by scanning electron microscopy and by macropinocytosis assays that blebbishields exhibit robust macropinocytosis. Inhibiting dynamin-mediated endocytosis does not affect macropinocytosis in blebbishields or in mitotic cells. In addition, inhibiting macropinocytosis did not inhibit construction of blebbishields from apoptotic bodies. Thus, although apoptotic cancer stem cells exhibit robust macropinocytosis, macropinocytosis is not essential to generate blebbishields, although it may play other roles in blebbishield biology. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):181-186, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
The cell division cycle is controlled by a complex regulatory network which ensures that the phases of the cell cycle are executed in the right order. This regulatory network receives signals from the environment, monitors the state of the DNA, and decides timings of cell cycle events. The underlying transcriptional and post-translational regulatory interactions lead to complex dynamical responses, such as the oscillations in the levels of cell cycle proteins driven by intertwined biochemical reactions. A cell moves between different phases of its cycle similar to a dynamical system switching between its steady states. The complex molecular network driving these phases has been investigated in previous computational systems biology studies. Here, we review the critical physiological and molecular transitions that occur in the cell cycle and discuss the role of mathematical modeling in elucidating these transitions and understand cell cycle synchronization.
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Synchronization and Desynchronization of Cells by Interventions on the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1524:77-95. [PMID: 27815897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6603-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that sequentially and continuously monitor cell cycle progression thereby contributing to the preservation of genetic stability. Among them, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents the occurrence of abnormal divisions by halting the metaphase to anaphase transition following the detection of erroneous microtubules-kinetochore attachment(s). Most synchronization strategies are based on the activation of cell cycle checkpoints to enrich the population of cells in a specific phase of the cell cycle. Here, we develop a two-step protocol of sequential cell synchronization and desynchronization employing antimitotic SAC-inducing agents (i.e., nocodazole or paclitaxel) in combination with the depletion of the SAC kinase MPS1. We describe cytofluorometric and time-lapse videomicroscopy methods to detect cell cycle progression, including the assessment of cell cycle distribution, quantification of mitotic cell fraction, and analysis of single cell fate profile of living cells. We applied these methods to validate the synchronization-desynchronization protocol and to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the impact of SAC inactivation on the activity of antimitotic agents.
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Wu KX, Phuektes P, Kumar P, Goh GYL, Moreau D, Chow VTK, Bard F, Chu JJH. Human genome-wide RNAi screen reveals host factors required for enterovirus 71 replication. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13150. [PMID: 27748395 PMCID: PMC5071646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic enterovirus without antivirals or vaccine, and its host-pathogen interactions remain poorly understood. Here we use a human genome-wide RNAi screen to identify 256 host factors involved in EV71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Enrichment analyses reveal overrepresentation in processes like mitotic cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. We have carried out orthogonal experiments to characterize the roles of selected factors involved in cell cycle regulation and endoplasmatic reticulum-associated degradation. We demonstrate nuclear egress of CDK6 in EV71 infected cells, and identify CDK6 and AURKB as resistance factors. NGLY1, which co-localizes with EV71 replication complexes at the endoplasmatic reticulum, supports EV71 replication. We confirm importance of these factors for EV71 replication in a human neuronal cell line and for coxsackievirus A16 infection. A small molecule inhibitor of NGLY1 reduces EV71 replication. This study provides a comprehensive map of EV71 host factors and reveals potential antiviral targets. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes a spectrum of symptoms including neurological disease. To improve our understanding of EV71-host interactions, Wu et al. here perform a genome-wide RNAi screen, which implicates cell cycle regulation and ER-associated degradation as important factors in EV71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Yen Lin Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tak Kwong Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
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Jin C, Qin T, Barton MC, Jelinek J, Issa JPJ. Minimal role of base excision repair in TET-induced global DNA demethylation in HEK293T cells. Epigenetics 2016; 10:1006-13. [PMID: 26440216 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1091145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of 5-methylcytosine by TET family proteins can induce DNA replication-dependent (passive) DNA demethylation and base excision repair (BER)-based (active) DNA demethylation. The balance of active vs. passive TET-induced demethylation remains incompletely determined. In the context of large scale DNA demethylation, active demethylation may require massive induction of the DNA repair machinery and thus compromise genome stability. To study this issue, we constructed a tetracycline-controlled TET-induced global DNA demethylation system in HEK293T cells. Upon TET overexpression, we observed induction of DNA damage and activation of a DNA damage response; however, BER genes are not upregulated to promote DNA repair. Depletion of TDG (thymine DNA glycosylase) or APEX1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1), two key BER enzymes, enhances rather than impairs global DNA demethylation, which can be explained by stimulated proliferation. By contrast, growth arrest dramatically blocks TET-induced global DNA demethylation. Thus, in the context of TET-induction in HEK293T cells, the DNA replication-dependent passive mechanism functions as the predominant pathway for global DNA demethylation. In the same context, BER-based active demethylation is markedly restricted by limited BER upregulation, thus potentially preventing a disastrous DNA damage response to extensive active DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Jin
- a Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology; Temple University ; Philadelphia , PA USA.,b Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis ; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
| | - Taichun Qin
- c Department of Cancer Biology ; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
| | - Michelle Craig Barton
- b Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis ; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- a Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology; Temple University ; Philadelphia , PA USA
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- a Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology; Temple University ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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An integrated system for synchronous culture of animal cells under controlled conditions. Biotechniques 2016; 61:129-36. [PMID: 27625207 DOI: 10.2144/000114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle has fundamental effects on cell cultures and their products. Tools to synchronize cultured cells allow the study of cellular physiology and metabolism at particular cell cycle phases. However, cells are most often arrested by methods that alter their homeostasis and are then cultivated in poorly controlled environments. Cell behavior could then be affected by the synchronization method and culture conditions used, and not just by the particular cell cycle phase under study. Moreover, only a few viable cells are recovered. Here, we designed an integrated system where a large number of cells from a controlled bioreactor culture is separated by centrifugal elutriation at high viabilities. In contrast to current elutriation methods, cells are injected directly from a bioreactor into an injection loop, allowing the introduction of a large number of cells into the separation chamber without stressful centrifugation. A low pulsation peristaltic pump increases the stability of the elutriation chamber. Using this approach, a large number of healthy cells at each cell cycle phase were obtained, allowing their direct inoculation into fully instrumented bioreactors. Hybridoma cells synchronized and cultured in this system behaved as expected for a synchronous culture.
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Growth of the Mammalian Golgi Apparatus during Interphase. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2344-59. [PMID: 27325676 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00046-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the cell cycle, genetic materials and organelles are duplicated to ensure that there is sufficient cellular content for daughter cells. While Golgi growth in interphase has been observed in lower eukaryotes, the elaborate ribbon structure of the mammalian Golgi apparatus has made it challenging to monitor. Here we demonstrate the growth of the mammalian Golgi apparatus in its protein content and volume during interphase. Through ultrastructural analyses, physical growth of the Golgi apparatus was revealed to occur by cisternal elongation of the individual Golgi stacks. By examining the timing and regulation of Golgi growth, we established that Golgi growth starts after passage through the cell growth checkpoint at late G1 phase and continues in a manner highly correlated with cell size growth. Finally, by identifying S6 kinase 1 as a major player in Golgi growth, we revealed the coordination between cell size and Golgi growth via activation of the protein synthesis machinery in early interphase.
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Peretz Y, Eren N, Kohl A, Hen G, Yaniv K, Weisinger K, Cinnamon Y, Sela-Donenfeld D. A new role of hindbrain boundaries as pools of neural stem/progenitor cells regulated by Sox2. BMC Biol 2016; 14:57. [PMID: 27392568 PMCID: PMC4938926 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compartment boundaries are an essential developmental mechanism throughout evolution, designated to act as organizing centers and to regulate and localize differently fated cells. The hindbrain serves as a fascinating example for this phenomenon as its early development is devoted to the formation of repetitive rhombomeres and their well-defined boundaries in all vertebrates. Yet, the actual role of hindbrain boundaries remains unresolved, especially in amniotes. Results Here, we report that hindbrain boundaries in the chick embryo consist of a subset of cells expressing the key neural stem cell (NSC) gene Sox2. These cells co-express other neural progenitor markers such as Transitin (the avian Nestin), GFAP, Pax6 and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The majority of the Sox2+ cells that reside within the boundary core are slow-dividing, whereas nearer to and within rhombomeres Sox2+ cells are largely proliferating. In vivo analyses and cell tracing experiments revealed the contribution of boundary Sox2+ cells to neurons in a ventricular-to-mantle manner within the boundaries, as well as their lateral contribution to proliferating Sox2+ cells in rhombomeres. The generation of boundary-derived neurospheres from hindbrain cultures confirmed the typical NSC behavior of boundary cells as a multipotent and self-renewing Sox2+ cell population. Inhibition of Sox2 in boundaries led to enhanced and aberrant neural differentiation together with inhibition in cell-proliferation, whereas Sox2 mis-expression attenuated neurogenesis, confirming its significant function in hindbrain neuronal organization. Conclusions Data obtained in this study deciphers a novel role of hindbrain boundaries as repetitive pools of neural stem/progenitor cells, which provide proliferating progenitors and differentiating neurons in a Sox2-dependent regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0277-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Peretz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Noa Eren
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ayelet Kohl
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gideon Hen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Karen Weisinger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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