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Lin J, Sun AR, Li J, Yuan T, Cheng W, Ke L, Chen J, Sun W, Mi S, Zhang P. A Three-Dimensional Co-Culture Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis Pannus Tissue. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:764212. [PMID: 34869276 PMCID: PMC8638776 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.764212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) co-culture models have closer physiological cell composition and behavior than traditional 2D culture. They exhibit pharmacological effects like in vivo responses, and therefore serve as a high-throughput drug screening model to evaluate drug efficacy and safety in vitro. In this study, we created a 3D co-culture environment to mimic pathological characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pannus tissue. 3D scaffold was constructed by bioprinting technology with synovial fibroblasts (MH7A), vascular endothelial cells (EA.hy 926) and gelatin/alginate hydrogels. Cell viability was observed during 7-day culture and the proliferation rate of co-culture cells showed a stable increase stage. Cell-cell interactions were evaluated in the 3D printed scaffold and we found that spheroid size increased with time. TNF-α stimulated MH7A and EA.hy 926 in 3D pannus model showed higher vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (ANG) protein expression over time. For drug validation, methotrexate (MTX) was used to examine inhibition effects of angiogenesis in 3D pannus co-culture model. In conclusion, this 3D co-culture pannus model with biological characteristics may help the development of anti-RA drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jietao Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Antonia RuJia Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianying Yuan
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqing Ke
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Mi
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Medical Bioactive Materials, Shenzhen, China
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Achudhan D, Liu SC, Lin YY, Lee HP, Wang SW, Huang WC, Wu YC, Kuo YH, Tang CH. Antcin K inhibits VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14022. [PMID: 34841538 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan that exhibits anti-inflammatory biological activities. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic inflammation and angiogenesis driven by proinflammatory cytokines reflect the severity of the disease. Although biological treatments have improved the outlook for RA, no healing exists. Moreover, the available pharmacotherapies do not work for all patients and drug safety is a major consideration. Investigations into plant-based medicines hope to reveal better, more tolerable agents. We examined whether Antcin K, a phytosterol isolated from A. cinnamomea, has anti-angiogenic activity in RA. The GSE12021 gene dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was examined for levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in 10 RA and 10 osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue samples. In clinical samples, VEGF expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and ELISA in normal and RA synovial tissue, as well as OA and RA synovial fluid. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and control tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histological changes; Safranin O/Fast Green staining examined histopathological changes and evidence of bone erosion. Human RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) were incubated with Antcin K and cell viability was examined by the MTT assay. VEGF mRNA expression was detected in RASFs using qPCR. Antcin K significantly inhibited VEGF expression and ameliorates endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) migration and tube formation in RASFs by downregulating the phospholipase C-γ/protein kinase C-α pathway. Antcin K also induced anti-angiogenic effects in human RASFs without cytotoxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Analysis of GEO dataset samples and human synovial fluids or synovial tissues revealed higher VEGF levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) samples compared with osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy control samples. VEGF levels were also higher in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) than in healthy controls. Antcin K markedly suppressed VEGF expression in human RA synovial fibroblasts and inhibited the migration and tube formation of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by downregulating the phospholipase C-γ/protein kinase C-α pathway. Further investigations are warranted to examine the effects of Antcin K in other angiogenesis-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Achudhan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yen-You Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ping Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Biotechnology Department, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Biotechnology Department, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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3
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Yi L, Ke J, Liu J, Lai H, Lv Y, Peng C, Zhi Y, Du Q, Liu L, Wang P, Zhou H, Dong Y. Sinomenine increases adenosine A 2A receptor and inhibits NF-κB to inhibit arthritis in adjuvant-induced-arthritis rats and fibroblast-like synoviocytes through α7nAChR. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:1113-1120. [PMID: 34425026 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0121-024rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN) is a clinical drug for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. Our previous study found SIN inhibited inflammation via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in macrophages in vitro. Adenosine receptor A2A has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive function. However, the mechanisms of SIN acting on α7nAChR and the effect on adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) in RA are not clear. In the present study, the effects of SIN on adjuvant-induced-arthritis (AIA) rats in vivo and on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in vitro were investigated. Indomethacin (Indo) and methotrexate (MTX), the clinical anti-arthritis drugs, were used as controls. Nicotine (Nic), a specific agonist of α7nAChR, was used as a control for targeting α7nAChR. Alpha-bungarotoxin (α-BTX), the antagonist of α7nAChR or small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to block or knock down α7nAChR. Results showed that SIN decreased arthritis index, hind paw volume, erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and serum TNF-α in AIA rats, and α-BTX attenuated the earlier-mentioned effects of SIN and Nic, but not Indo and MTX. The expressions of A2A R in synovium declined in AIA rats, but remarkably increased after the intervention of SIN. The expression of A2A R decreased by LPS or TNF-α, but increased by SIN; cAMP also increased by SIN in FLSs in vitro. SIN inhibited the expression of MCP-1, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor in LPS-induced FLSs. SIN inhibited the activation of NF-κB. Meanwhile, α-BTX or α7nAChR siRNA blocked the earlier-mentioned effects of SIN in FLSs. Results suggested the expressions of A2A R in synovium and FLSs are negatively correlated with the arthritis progression of AIA rats and the activation of FLSs. SIN increases A2A R and inhibits the activation of NF-κB pathway via α7nAChR in AIA rats and FLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Ke
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Gaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Gaozhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huili Lai
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Lv
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chong Peng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingkun Zhi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qun Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Peixun Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, P.R. China.,International Institute of Translation Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Dong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Cantatore FP, Maruotti N, Corrado A, Ribatti D. Anti-angiogenic effects of biotechnological therapies in rheumatic diseases. Biologics 2017; 11:123-128. [PMID: 29276377 PMCID: PMC5733924 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s143674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Angiogenesis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of numerous rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and vasculitides. Therefore, the inhibition of pathological angiogenesis may be considered a useful therapeutical approach in these rheumatic diseases. Methods This review article is based on a literature research about the role of biotechnological therapies in angiogenesis inhibition. Results and conclusions Several evidences have demonstrated a role for biotechnological therapies in angiogenesis inhibition. Nevertheless, further research and clinical trials are needed to better quantify the real impact of biotechnological therapies on pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia
| | - Nicola Maruotti
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia
| | - Addolorata Corrado
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School.,National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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Alaarg A, Pérez-Medina C, Metselaar JM, Nahrendorf M, Fayad ZA, Storm G, Mulder WJM. Applying nanomedicine in maladaptive inflammation and angiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 119:143-158. [PMID: 28506745 PMCID: PMC5682240 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and angiogenesis drive the development and progression of multiple devastating diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Though these diseases have very different phenotypic consequences, they possess several common pathophysiological features in which monocyte recruitment, macrophage polarization, and enhanced vascular permeability play critical roles. Thus, developing rational targeting strategies tailored to the different stages of the journey of monocytes, from bone marrow to local lesions, and their extravasation from the vasculature in diseased tissues will advance nanomedicine. The integration of in vivo imaging uniquely allows studying nanoparticle kinetics, accumulation, clearance, and biological activity, at levels ranging from subcellular to an entire organism, and will shed light on the fate of intravenously administered nanomedicines. We anticipate that convergence of nanomedicines, biomedical engineering, and life sciences will help to advance clinically relevant therapeutics and diagnostic agents for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Alaarg
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Kasama T, Isozaki T, Takahashi R, Miwa Y. Clinical effects of tocilizumab on cytokines and immunological factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:301-306. [PMID: 27085681 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is one of the crucial proinflammatory cytokines. The dysregulation of IL-6 plays a pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is involved in several of the common clinical manifestations associated with active RA. Recent therapies targeting IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have resulted in clinical improvements in signs and symptoms, disability and quality of life in patients with early and long-standing RA. Because it has been demonstrated that cytokines and inflammatory/immunological factors appear to be important and sensitive mediators in RA patients treated with tocilizumab and with anti-TNF biologics, it is important to investigate whether tocilizumab administration has any effect(s) on the profiles of cytokines and inflammatory/immunological factors and whether these changes correlate with the clinical improvement in RA disease activity. In this review, we discuss the effects on cytokine regulation and the differentiation of immune cells, especially T cells, after tocilizumab therapy in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Showa University Kototoyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Berberine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in rats associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects. Inflammation 2015; 37:1789-98. [PMID: 24803296 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and joint destruction. In this study, we explored the effect of berberine on rats with bovine type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model for RA. Following treatment, berberine attenuates arthritic scores and suppresses collagen-specific immune responses in CIA rats. Compared with the un-treated CIA group, berberine reversed pathological changes, which showed a significant improvement in synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were obviously reduced in the sera of berberine-treated rats (all P<0.05). Moreover, berberine showed marked inhibition of the expression of VEGF and CD34 (all P<0.05). Interestingly, berberine significantly suppresses p-ERK, p-p38 and p-JNK activation (all P<0.05), which may partially explain the anti-RA activity of berberine. These results suggest that berberine ameliorates CIA in rats associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects, which might be of great therapeutic value for RA.
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8
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Russo RC, Garcia CC, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA. The CXCL8/IL-8 chemokine family and its receptors in inflammatory diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:593-619. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.894886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Koyama K, Hatsushika K, Ando T, Sakuma M, Wako M, Kato R, Haro H, Sugiyama H, Hamada Y, Ogawa H, Nakao A. Imatinib mesylate both prevents and treats the arthritis induced by type II collagen antibody in mice. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-007-0592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Gałecki P, Gałecka E, Maes M, Orzechowska A, Berent D, Talarowska M, Bobińska K, Lewiński A, Bieńkiewicz M, Szemraj J. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGFA) polymorphisms may serve as prognostic factors for recurrent depressive disorder development. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 45:117-24. [PMID: 23673188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent depressive disorder (rDD) is a multifactorial disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the factors that have been suggested to play a role in the etiology and/or development of this disease. Limited information related to the role of VEGFA gene polymorphism in depressive disorder is available. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between VEGFA gene polymorphisms (+405G/C; rs2010963, +936C/T; rs 3025039), VEGFA gene expression, and its serum protein levels in rDD in the Caucasian population. In the current study, 268 patients and 200 healthy controls of the Caucasian origin were involved. Genotyping and gene expression were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of circulating serum VEGF levels. The distribution of VEGFA polymorphism +405G/C differed significantly between rDD patients and healthy subjects. The results of this study indicated that the C allele and CC genotype of VEGFA are risk factors for rDD. Haplotypes CC and TG are the important factors for depression development. Further, VEGFA mRNA expression and VEGF levels were higher in rDD patients than in controls. The VEGFA gene polymorphism may serve as a prognostic factor for rDD development. Our study showed higher levels of both VEGFA mRNA in the peripheral blood cells and serum VEGF in patients diagnosed with rDD than in healthy controls. The obtained results suggest VEGF and the gene encoding the molecule play a role in the etiology of the disease and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, Poland.
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Blockade of cannabinoid receptors reduces inflammation, leukocyte accumulation and neovascularization in a model of sponge-induced inflammatory angiogenesis. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:811-21. [PMID: 23722450 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis depends on a complex interaction between cellular networks and mediators. The endocannabinoid system and its receptors have been shown to play a role in models of inflammation. Here, we investigated whether blockade of cannabinoid receptors may interfere with inflammatory angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyester-polyurethane sponges were implanted in C57Bl/6j mice. Animals received doses (3 and 10 mg/kg/daily, s.c.) of the cannabinoid receptor antagonists SR141716A (CB1) or SR144528 (CB2). Implants were collected at days 7 and 14 for cytokines, hemoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase measurements, as indices of inflammation, angiogenesis, neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, respectively. Histological and morphometric analysis were also performed. RESULTS Cannabinoid receptors expression in implants was detected from day 4 after implantation. Treatment with CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists reduced cellular influx into sponges at days 7 and 14 after implantation, although CB1 receptor antagonist were more effective at blocking leukocyte accumulation. There was a reduction in TNF-α, VEGF, CXCL1/KC, CCL2/JE, and CCL3/MIP-1α levels, with increase in CCL5/RANTES. Both treatments reduced neovascularization. Dual blockade of cannabinoid receptors resulted in maximum inhibition of inflammatory angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of cannabinoid receptors reduced leukocyte accumulation, inflammation and neovascularization, suggesting an important role of endocannabinoids in sponge-induced inflammatory angiogenesis both via CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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12
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Edwards CK, Green JS, Volk HD, Schiff M, Kotzin BL, Mitsuya H, Kawaguchi T, Sakata KM, Cheronis J, Trollinger D, Bankaitis-Davis D, Dinarello CA, Norris DA, Bevilacqua MP, Fujita M, Burmester GR. Combined anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy and DMARD therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients reduces inflammatory gene expression in whole blood compared to DMARD therapy alone. Front Immunol 2012; 3:366. [PMID: 23264777 PMCID: PMC3525111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic assessment of gene expression for diagnosis and monitoring in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may provide a readily available and useful method to detect subclinical disease progression and follow responses to therapy with disease modifying anti-rheumatic agents (DMARDs) or anti-TNF-α therapy. We used quantitative real-time PCR to compare peripheral blood gene expression profiles in active (“unstable”) RA patients on DMARDs, stable RA patients on DMARDs, and stable RA patients treated with a combination of a disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drug (DMARD) and an anti-TNF-α agent (infliximab or etanercept) to healthy human controls. The expression of 48 inflammatory genes were compared between healthy controls (N = 122), unstable DMARD patients (N = 18), stable DMARD patients (N = 26), and stable patients on combination therapy (N = 20). Expression of 13 genes was very low or undetectable in all study groups. Compared to healthy controls, patients with unstable RA on DMARDs exhibited increased expression of 25 genes, stable DMARD patients exhibited increased expression of 14 genes and decreased expression of five genes, and combined therapy patients exhibited increased expression of six genes and decreased expression of 10 genes. These findings demonstrate that active RA is associated with increased expression of circulating inflammatory markers whereas increases in inflammatory gene expression are diminished in patients with stable disease on either DMARD or anti-TNF-α therapy. Furthermore, combination DMARD and anti-TNF-α therapy is associated with greater reductions in circulating inflammatory gene expression compared to DMARD therapy alone. These results suggest that assessment of peripheral blood gene expression may prove useful to monitor disease progression and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl K Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA ; Department of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
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Strunk J, Rumbaur C, Albrecht K, Neumann E, Müller-Ladner U. Linking systemic angiogenic factors (VEGF, angiogenin, TIMP-2) and Doppler ultrasound to anti-inflammatory treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 80:270-3. [PMID: 23098925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate an association between synovial Doppler flow and serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin and TIMP-2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis during anti-inflammatory treatment with glucocorticoids and TNF-α inhibitors. METHODS Inflamed wrists of 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were examined by two independent ultrasound investigators prior to and at days 3, 7, 14 and 42 after the initiation of treatment with glucocorticoids in therapy-naïve patients or after the beginning of a therapy with a TNF-α inhibitor in patients with DMARD failure. Quantitative three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of synovial vascularization was compared at each visit with serum levels of VEGF, angiogenin and TIMP-2. RESULTS In the glucocorticoid group, synovial Doppler signals decreased significantly at day 3 (-44%; P=0.003) in comparison to a delayed decrease in the TNF-α inhibitor group after 6 weeks (-46%; P=0.001). A significant reduction of serum VEGF levels could be determined with a delay of 1 week after the decrease of Doppler activity but no correlation was found between both parameters (rho: P=0.7; r=-0.03). Angiogenin concentrations decreased in the TNF group and increased in the GC group. Levels of TIMP-2 did not change significantly in both groups. CONCLUSION The decrease of serum VEGF levels under treatment with glucocorticoids or TNF-α inhibitors followed the reduction of the intra-articular synovial Doppler flow. This result supports the idea that the reduction of synovial perfusion due to anti-inflammatory treatment is not regulated by systemic VEGF, but that the inflamed joints are the source for circulating VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strunk
- Krankenhaus Porz am Rhein, Abteilung für Rheumatologie, Urbacher Weg 19, 51149 Köln, Germany.
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Hu W, Xia LJ, Chen FH, Wu FR, Tang J, Chen CZ, Jiang S, Chen HH. Recombinant human endostatin inhibits adjuvant arthritis by down-regulating VEGF expression and suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β production. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:827-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Isozaki T, Otsuka K, Sato M, Takahashi R, Wakabayashi K, Yajima N, Miwa Y, Kasama T. Synergistic induction of CX3CL1 by interleukin-1β and interferon-γ in human lung fibroblasts: involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling pathways. Transl Res 2011; 157:64-70. [PMID: 21256458 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CX3CL1 (fractalkine), a membrane-bound chemokine that induces both the adhesion and the migration of leukocytes, is involved in the recruitment of cells into tissues undergoing inflammatory responses. To explore the regulation of CX3CL1 in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, CX3CL1 expression in lung fibroblasts was examined. Normal human fibroblasts were obtained from Promocell (Lonza Walkersville Inc, Md) and were incubated in the presence or absence of various inflammatory stimuli. Culture supernatants were collected, and the soluble CX3CL1 levels were determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of CX3CL1 mRNA transcripts in lung fibroblasts was assessed using quantitative TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. Interleukin (IL)-1β or interferon (IFN)-γ individually induced negligible soluble CX3CL1 secretion by human lung fibroblasts after 24 h. However, the combination of IL-1β and IFN-γ induced dramatic increases in both soluble CX3CL1 protein and mRNA transcripts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Synergistic up-regulation of cell-associated CX3CL1 protein also was observed after treatment with IL-1β and IFN-γ. The secretion and expression of lung fibroblast-derived CX3CL1 were markedly reduced by specific inhibitors of the STAT-1 transcription factor. These findings suggest that lung fibroblasts are an important cellular source of CX3CL1 and may play a role in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Moon SJ, Park MK, Oh HJ, Lee SY, Kwok SK, Cho ML, Ju JH, Park KS, Kim HY, Park SH. Engagement of toll-like receptor 3 induces vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Korean J Intern Med 2010; 25:429-35. [PMID: 21179282 PMCID: PMC2997973 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2010.25.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Angiogenesis, which is a critical step in the initiation and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), involves pro-angiogenic factors, including interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We investigated the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in the regulation of pro-angiogenic factors in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). METHODS FLS were isolated from RA synovial tissues and stimulated with the TLR3 ligand, poly (I:C). The levels of VEGF and IL-8 in the culture supernatants were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the mRNA levels were assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression patterns of VEGF and IL-8 in the RA synovium and osteoarthritis (OA) synovium were compared using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression levels of TLR3, VEGF, and IL-8 were significantly higher in the RA synovium than in the OA synovium. VEGF and IL-8 production were increased in the culture supernatants of RA FLS stimulated with poly (I:C), and the genes for these proteins were up-regulated at the transcriptional level after poly (I:C) treatment. Treatment with inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), i.e., pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and parthenolide, abrogated the stimulatory effect of poly (I:C) on the production of VEGF and IL-8 in RA FLS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the activation of TLR3 in RA FLS promotes the production of proangiogenic factors, in a process that is mediated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, targeting the TLR3 pathway may be a promising approach to preventing pathologic angiogenesis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institute of Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jwa Oh
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institute of Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institute of Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institute of Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Su Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Isozaki T, Kasama T, Takahashi R, Odai T, Wakabayashi K, Kanemitsu H, Nohtomi K, Takeuchi HT, Matsukura S, Tezuka M. Synergistic induction of CX3CL1 by TNF alpha and IFN gamma in osteoblasts from rheumatoid arthritis: involvement of NF-kappa B and STAT-1 signaling pathways. J Inflamm Res 2008; 1:19-28. [PMID: 22096344 PMCID: PMC3218717 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the regulation of CX3CL1 in inflammatory bone diseases, CX3CL1 expression by osteoblasts (OB) was examined. Human OB isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, osteoarthritis patients, and normal individuals were incubated in the presence of cytokines. Soluble CX3CL1 levels were determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of CX3CL1 mRNA was examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interferon (IFN)-γ alone RA OB induced negligible CX3CL1 secretion, the combination of TNF-α and IFN-γ induced dramatic increases in both soluble CX3CL1 protein and mRNA transcripts. This synergistic effect was more pronounced in OB from RA than in OB from either osteoarthritis or normal individuals. The expression of CX3CL1 was markedly reduced by specific inhibitors of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) or STAT-1 transcription factor. These findings suggest that osteoblasts are an important cellular source of CX3CL1 and may play roles in inflammatory bone/joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, and the Department of Orthopedics, Denencyofu Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Koyama K, Hatsushika K, Ando T, Sakuma M, Wako M, Kato R, Haro H, Sugiyama H, Hamada Y, Ogawa H, Nakao A. Imatinib mesylate both prevents and treats the arthritis induced by type II collagen antibody in mice. Mod Rheumatol 2007; 17:306-10. [PMID: 17694264 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-007-0592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is associated with joint destruction. Imatinib mesylate (imatinib) is an inhibitor that specifically targets a set of protein tyrosine kinase, such as abl, c-kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and it is widely used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The purpose of the present study is to determine whether imatinib can provide benefit in the arthritis induced by anti-collagen type II antibody (CAIA) in mice, a model that provides an opportunity to study the effector inflammatory phase of arthritis without involving the priming phase of the immune responses. Mice treated with intraperitoneal administration of imatinib (1 or 10 mg/kg) prior to the development of CAIA displayed significant reductions in the severity of CAIA as assessed by arthritis score, histology, and synovial PDGF and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. In addition, treatment of the mice that had developed CAIA with intraperitoneal administration of imatinib (1 or 10 mg/kg) inhibited the progression of arthritis as assessed by those parameters. These results suggest that imatinib prevents and treats CAIA. Imatinib may thus have both a preventive and therapeutic potential for the joint inflammation at the effector stage of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Koyama
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Kasama T, Isozaki T, Odai T, Matsunawa M, Wakabayashi K, Takeuchi HT, Matsukura S, Adachi M, Tezuka M, Kobayashi K. Expression of angiopoietin-1 in osteoblasts and its inhibition by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Transl Res 2007; 149:265-73. [PMID: 17466926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial component of bone remodeling under both normal and pathophysiological conditions. Among the various mediators that regulate the angiogenic process is the angiopoietin (Ang) family of growth factors. Ang-1 stabilizes new blood vessels by recruiting surrounding mesenchymal cells and promoting their differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas Ang-2 is a natural antagonist of Ang-1 and can inhibit angiogenesis. The expression of Ang-1 and Ang-2 in human osteoblasts (hOBs) isolated from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and from healthy individuals has been examined. After incubation in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the culture supernatants were assayed for Ang using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, expression of Ang protein and mRNA was examined using immunohistochemical techniques and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. It was found that hOBs expressed Ang-1 but not Ang-2 protein, and cultured hOBs from RA and OA patients and from healthy individuals all spontaneously secreted significant amounts of Ang-1 in the absence of any stimulation. Although stimulation with TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma had little or no effect on Ang-1 secretion, costimulation with IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha dose- and time-dependently diminished secretion of Ang-1 from hOBs. This inhibitory effect was mediated in part by nuclear factor-kappa B via upregulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and enhanced synthesis of nitric oxide. Taken together, these findings suggest that OBs are an important cellular source of Ang-1 and may modulate bone remodeling through regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Cho ML, Ju JH, Kim HR, Oh HJ, Kang CM, Jhun JY, Lee SY, Park MK, Min JK, Park SH, Lee SH, Kim HY. Toll-like receptor 2 ligand mediates the upregulation of angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/CXCL8 in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Immunol Lett 2007; 108:121-8. [PMID: 17182109 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by infiltrations of inflammatory cells accompanied by neovascularization in the joint. We hypothesized that cell activation via the toll-like receptor (TLR) may be involved in the induction of angiogenic molecules, which are relevant to the pathogenesis of RA. RA fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) were stimulated with TLR-2 ligand bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN), TLR-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and various cytokines. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IL-8 were measured by ELISA in culture supernatants; mRNA levels were assessed by RT-PCR and real time PCR. The levels of TLR-2, VEGF and IL-8 were analyzed by dual immunohistochemistry in RA synovium and compared with osteoarthritis (OA). Regulation of MyD88, IRAK4, IRAK1, IRAK-M and TRAF-6 mRNA expression levels by PGN were analyzed by RT-PCR. Phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha was evaluated by western blotting. Levels of VEGF and IL-8 were upregulated in culture supernatants of RA FLS stimulated with PGN, similar to the levels of IL-1beta and IL-17 stimulation. Neutralization of TLR-2 with a blocking monoclonal antibody significantly reduced both VEGF and IL-8 levels (P<0.05), which reflected the functional relevance of TLR-2 activation to the induction of VEGF and IL-8 production. Downstream intracellular signaling following TLR-2 stimulation involved MyD88-IRAK-4-TRAF-6 pathways, resulting in NF-kappaB activation. Thus, TLR-2 activation in RA FLS by microbial constituents could be involved in the induction of VEGF and IL-8 and thereby promote inflammation either directly or via angiogenesis. This possibly contributes to the perpetuation of synovitis in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-La Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Rheumatism Research Center (RhRC), Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA. Genetics of sarcoidosis: candidate genes and genome scans. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY 2007; 4:108-16. [PMID: 17202299 PMCID: PMC2647608 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200607-141jg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen class II allele associations and T-cell receptor beta chain bias in sarcoidosis suggest a specific disease-triggering antigen exposure in a genetically susceptible host. The cause of sarcoidosis has been elusive, but genetics provides one of the few promising avenues to further our understanding. We review the association studies and genome scans used to identify the genes involved in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Iannuzzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) with organ cultured Descemet membrane (DM) in a human cadaver eye model and a patient with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. METHODS In 10 human cadaver eyes and 1 patient eye, a 3.5-mm clear corneal tunnel incision was made. The anterior chamber was filled with air, and the DM was stripped off from the posterior stroma. From organ-cultured donor corneo-scleral rims, 9.0-mm-diameter "DM rolls" were harvested. Each donor DM roll was inserted into a recipient anterior chamber, positioned onto the posterior stroma, and kept in position by completely filling the anterior chamber with air for 30 minutes. RESULTS In all recipient eyes, the donor DM maintained its position after a 30-minute air-fill of the anterior chamber followed by an air-liquid exchange. In the patient's eye, 1 week after transplantation, best-corrected visual acuity was 1.0 (20/20) with the patient's preoperative refraction, and the endothelial cell density averaged 2350 cells/mm. CONCLUSION DMEK may provide quick visual rehabilitation in the treatment of corneal endothelial disorders by transplantation of an organ-cultured DM transplanted through a clear corneal tunnel incision. DMEK may be a highly accessible procedure to corneal surgeons, because donor DM sheets can be prepared from preserved corneo-scleral rims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China.
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Malemud CJ. Growth hormone, VEGF and FGF: involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 375:10-9. [PMID: 16893535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology, is characterized by dysfunctional cellular and humoral immunity, enhanced migration and attachment of peripheral macrophages and pro-inflammatory leukocytes to the synovium and articular cartilage of diarthrodial joints. The progressive destruction of cartilage and bone in RA is a result of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, synovial neovascularization, proteinase-mediated dissolution of articular cartilage matrix and osteoclast-mediated subchondral bone resorption. Juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) is disease with manifestations similar to adult RA that occurs in childhood. JCA usually causes precocious joint destruction and often also presents with evidence of growth plate anomalies and reduced stature. Three proteins play an integral role in both adult RA and JCA. These are somatotropin (also called pituitary growth hormone (GH)), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). GH is responsible for regulating long bone growth and skeletal maturation through its capacity to stimulate insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) synthesis by hepatocytes. Mechanisms responsible for growth plate disturbances and short stature in children with JCA include deficient GH production, GH-insensitivity resulting from defects in the GH receptor, suppressed IGF-1 synthesis or neutralization of IGF-1 action by IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs). In addition, GH has also been implicated in perpetuating inflammation and pain in adult RA. VEGF has been shown to be the critical angiogenesis factor responsible for vascular proliferation and blood vessel invasion of the synovial lining membrane in RA. Acidic FGF (FGF-1) and basic FGF (FGF-2) have also been implicated in aberrant synoviocyte proliferation (i.e. synovial hyperplasia) and apoptosis resistance in adult RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 2061 Cornell Road, Room 207 Cleveland, OH 44106-5076, USA.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni Moldovan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave., Room 305A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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25
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Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S, Ciolkiewicz M. A study on vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin-1 in patients with extra-articular involvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 25:314-9. [PMID: 16247585 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-005-0007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with a wide range of extra-articular manifestations. Recent studies emphasise a key inflammatory role of the endothelial cells, either by overexpression of inflammatory mediators or by the proliferation of new blood vessels, in the disease process leading to the systemic organ involvement. To evaluate the relationship between internal organ manifestations and immunological markers of endothelial activation, serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 64 RA patients and in 32 healthy controls. In comparison with a control group, higher serum concentrations of VEGF and ET-1 (p<0.001) in RA patients were demonstrated. A comparison between both RA groups with (20 patients) and without systemic involvement (44 patients) showed significantly higher concentrations of VEGF (p<0.05) and ET-1 (p<0.01) in the sera of patients with systemic manifestation. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between VEGF and ET-1 (r=0.475, p<0.001) in RA patients was found. A positive correlation between VEGF and Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28 index (r=0.39, p<0.005) as well as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r=0.564, p<0.0001) and C-reactive protein was found. ET-1 serum level correlated significantly with ESR (r=0.326, p<0.05) and DAS 28 index (r=0.307, p<0.05). These results suggest that the elevated serum levels of VEGF and ET-1 are associated with systemic organ involvement in RA patients and may play a key role in the pathogenesis of extra-articular manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuryliszyn-Moskal
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
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Cross A, Bakstad D, Allen JC, Thomas L, Moots RJ, Edwards SW. Neutrophil gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2005; 12:191-202. [PMID: 16112850 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now a growing awareness that infiltrating neutrophils play an important role in the molecular pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. In part, this arises from the fact that neutrophils have potent cytotoxic activity, but additionally from the fact that inflammatory neutrophils can generate a number of cytokines and chemokines that can have a direct influence on the progress of an inflammatory episode. Furthermore, the molecular properties of inflammatory neutrophils are quite different from those normally found in the circulation. For example, inflammatory neutrophils, but not blood neutrophils, can express cell surface receptors (such as MHC Class II molecules and FcgammaRI) that dramatically alter the way in which these cells can interact with ligands to modulate immune function. Cytokine/chemokine expression and surface expression of these novel cell surface receptors is dependent upon the neutrophil responding to local environmental factors to selectively up-regulate the expression of key cellular components via signalling pathways coupled to transcriptional activation. However, major changes in the expression levels of some proteins are also regulated by post-translational modifications that alter rates of proteolysis, and hence changes in the steady-state levels of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cross
- School of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Yajima N, Kasama T, Isozaki T, Odai T, Matsunawa M, Negishi M, Ide H, Kameoka Y, Hirohata S, Adachi M. Elevated levels of soluble fractalkine in active systemic lupus erythematosus: potential involvement in neuropsychiatric manifestations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:1670-5. [PMID: 15934075 DOI: 10.1002/art.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine levels of the soluble form of the chemokine fractalkine (sFkn) and its receptor, CX(3)CR1, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE) and in SLE patients without neuropsychiatric involvement, and to assess their relationship with disease activity and organ damage. METHODS Levels of sFkn in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of Fkn and CX(3)CR1 was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Surface expression of CX(3)CR1 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by flow cytometry. Disease activity and organ damage were assessed using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index, respectively. RESULTS Serum sFkn levels were significantly higher in patients with SLE than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or healthy controls. In addition, significant correlations between serum sFkn levels and the SLEDAI, the SLICC/ACR Damage Index, anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-Sm antibody titers, immune complex levels (C1q), and serum complement levels (CH50) were observed. Expression of CX(3)CR1 was significantly greater in PBMCs from patients with active SLE than in those from RA patients or healthy controls. Levels of sFkn were also significantly higher in CSF from untreated patients with newly diagnosed NPSLE than in SLE patients without neuropsychiatric involvement; treatment reduced both serum and CSF levels of sFkn in patients with SLE. CONCLUSION Soluble Fkn and CX(3)CR1 may play key roles in the pathogenesis of SLE, including the neuropsychiatric involvement. Soluble Fkn is also a serologic marker of disease activity and organ damage in patients with SLE, and its measurement in CSF may be useful for the diagnosis of NPSLE and followup of patients with NPSLE.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Biomarkers
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/analysis
- Chemokines, CX3C/blood
- Chemokines, CX3C/cerebrospinal fluid
- Female
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/cerebrospinal fluid
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/physiopathology
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/blood
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/cerebrospinal fluid
- Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/blood
- Membrane Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Severity of Illness Index
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiogenesis is a prominent feature of rheumatoid synovitis. Although new blood vessels deliver oxygen to the augmented inflammatory cell mass, the neovascular network is dysfunctional and fails to restore tissue oxygen homeostasis, so that the rheumatoid joint remains a markedly hypoxic environment. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of hypoxia and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Vascular pathologic change, in the form of angiogenesis, is important in the perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis and, in the form of endothelial dysfunction, contributes to associated cardiovascular comorbidity. Recent data suggest that tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade may modify the vascular pathologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Angiogenesis is a prominent feature of rheumatoid synovitis. Emerging evidence based on ultrasonographic vascular imaging and angiogenic biomarkers implicates angiogenesis in the active phase of erosive disease. Many factors contribute to the profoundly hypoxic environment that can arise within the joint affected by rheumatoid arthritis. At a cellular level, hypoxia is detected by a mechanism that regulates cytoplasmic concentrations of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. After translocation to the nucleus, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha binds its partner hypoxia-inducible factor-1beta to form a heterodimeric, functional transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which activates a gene program associated with angiogenesis, glycolysis, and adaptation to pH. SUMMARY Despite the luxuriant vasculature associated with rheumatoid arthritis synovitis, the joint affected by rheumatoid arthritis is hypoxic. Repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation together with oxidants produced by phagocytic cells promote chronic oxidative stress within the microenvironment of the affected joint, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species with the potential to contribute to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Taylor
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Division Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK.
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Strunk J, Bundke E, Lange U. Anti-TNF-α antibody Infliximab and glucocorticoids reduce serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Rheumatol Int 2005; 26:252-6. [PMID: 15999273 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-005-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To compare the effect of oral glucocorticoid (GC) therapy with the effect of intravenous anti-TNF-alpha-therapy on serum VEGF levels of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Five RA patients (5/8) who had no prior treatment with DMARDs (Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs) or GCs were administered 20 mg prednisolone daily. Three patients who failed more than one DMARD therapy received infusion with Infliximab (200 mg). VEGF-serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before treatment,and at day 10 or 13 during prednisolone therapy, or 14 days after the first Infliximab infusion. Serum VEGF levels in therapy naive RA patients (GC group) were higher than those in pretreated patients who received Infliximab (median serum VEGF level: 1106 vs 320 pg/ml; P=0.1). Treatment with Infliximab as well as GCs significantly decreased serum VEGF levels after 10-14 days in RA patients (median serum VEGF level after treatment: GC group 559 pg/ml, Infliximab group 92 pg/ml; P=0.01 vs without treatment or preinfusion). CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNF-alpha antibody Infliximab as well as GC are able to decrease serum VEGF levels in patients with active RA. Whether therapeutic reduction of serum VEGF levels is associated with inhibition of angiogenesis should be evaluated in future by imaging of synovial vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strunk
- Department of Rheumatology, Kerckhoff-Clinic and Foundation, University of Giessen, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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Berckmans RJ, Nieuwland R, Kraan MC, Schaap MCL, Pots D, Smeets TJM, Sturk A, Tak PP. Synovial microparticles from arthritic patients modulate chemokine and cytokine release by synoviocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R536-44. [PMID: 15899040 PMCID: PMC1174949 DOI: 10.1186/ar1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial fluid from patients with various arthritides contains procoagulant, cell-derived microparticles. Here we studied whether synovial microparticles modulate the release of chemokines and cytokines by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Microparticles, isolated from the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and arthritis control (AC) patients (n = 8 and n = 3, respectively), were identified and quantified by flow cytometry. Simultaneously, arthroscopically guided synovial biopsies were taken from the same knee joint as the synovial fluid. FLS were isolated, cultured, and incubated for 24 hours in the absence or presence of autologous microparticles. Subsequently, cell-free culture supernatants were collected and concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were determined. Results were consistent with previous observations: synovial fluid from all RA as well as AC patients contained microparticles of monocytic and granulocytic origin. Incubation with autologous microparticles increased the levels of MCP-1, IL-8 and RANTES in 6 of 11 cultures of FLS, and IL-6, ICAM-1 and VEGF in 10 cultures. Total numbers of microparticles were correlated with the IL-8 (r = 0.91, P < 0.0001) and MCP-1 concentrations (r = 0.81, P < 0.0001), as did the numbers of granulocyte-derived microparticles (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.93, P < 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, GM-CSF levels were decreased. These results demonstrate that microparticles might modulate the release of chemokines and cytokines by FLS and might therefore have a function in synovial inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- René J Berckmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C Kraan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne CL Schaap
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desirée Pots
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom JM Smeets
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Augueste Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Taylor PC. Serum vascular markers and vascular imaging in assessment of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and response to therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:721-8. [PMID: 15644394 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology, in the form of angiogenesis, is important in the perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, in the form of endothelial dysfunction, contributes to associated cardiovascular co-morbidity. Emerging evidence suggests that TNFalpha blockade may modify vascular pathology in RA. Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent endothelial cell-specific growth factor that is up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and by hypoxia, are elevated in RA and correlate with disease activity. Serum levels of VEGF at first presentation in RA predict radiographic progression of the disease over the subsequent year. Power Doppler ultrasonography is a sensitive method for demonstrating the presence of blood flow in small vessels and the vascular signal correlates with histopathological quantification of the vascular density of synovial tissue. Recent data indicate that high-frequency ultrasound and power Doppler are sensitive tools for evaluation of disease activity and assessment of response to therapy. Power Doppler imaging may also have the potential to predict those patients most at risk of accelerated joint destruction. However, much work has yet to be done to standardize the use of these imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Taylor
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, U.K.
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Watanabe H, Mamelak AJ, Wang B, Howell BG, Freed I, Esche C, Nakayama M, Nagasaki G, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS, Sauder DN. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Flk-1/KDR) antibody suppresses contact hypersensitivity. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:671-81. [PMID: 15500639 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The angiogenic mediator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs) have been studied extensively in neoplastic disease and some inflammatory conditions. Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a prototypic Langerhans' cell-dependent, T-helper (Th) 1 cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease that is now also thought to involve angiogenic mediators. The purpose of our study was to examine the role of angiogenesis and VEGF in CHS. We demonstrated that VEGF production is up-regulated in murine skin after challenge with dinitrofluorobenzene. Administration of a monoclonal antibody directed against the VEGFR-2 (DC101) resulted in a 28.8% decrease in CHS response (P < 0.001). Examination of the DC101-treated mouse skin 24 h after challenge revealed decreases in dermal inflammatory cellular infiltrates and total vessel area. Furthermore, mRNA and protein of the Th1-type cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma was significantly down-regulated in skin of DC101-treated animals 24 h after challenge. The results of the study demonstrate that VEGFR-2 blockade significantly reduces vascular enlargement and edema formation and effects IFN-gamma expression in the skin during challenge in CHS. Our findings suggest that DC101 could function by reducing inflammatory cell migration and hence IFN-gamma expression during the CHS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287-0900, USA
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Abstract
Oxygen metabolism has an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the course of cellular oxidative phosphorylation, and by activated phagocytic cells during oxidative bursts, exceed the physiological buffering capacity and result in oxidative stress. The excessive production of ROS can damage protein, lipids, nucleic acids, and matrix components. They also serve as important intracellular signaling molecules that amplify the synovial inflammatory-proliferative response. Repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation associated with changes in synovial perfusion are postulated to activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and nuclear factor-kappaB, two key transcription factors that are regulated by changes in cellular oxygenation and cytokine stimulation, and that in turn orchestrate the expression of a spectrum of genes critical to the persistence of synovitis. An understanding of the complex interactions involved in these pathways might allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Hitchon
- Arthritis Centre and Rheumatic Diseases Research Laboratory University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hani S El-Gabalawy
- Arthritis Centre and Rheumatic Diseases Research Laboratory University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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De Ceuninck F, Dassencourt L, Anract P. The inflammatory side of human chondrocytes unveiled by antibody microarrays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:960-9. [PMID: 15381094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although being largely used for pathobiological models of cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), human chondrocytes are still enigmatic cells, in as much as a large part of their secretome is unknown. We took advantage of the recent development of antibody-based microarrays to study multiple protein expression by human chondrocytes obtained from one healthy and five osteoarthritic joints, in unstimulated conditions or after stimulation by the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF). The secretion media of chondrocytes were incubated with array membranes consisting of 79 antibodies directed against cytokines, chemokines, and angiogenic or growth factors. Several proteins were identified as new secretion products of chondrocytes, including the growth or angiogenic factors EGF, thrombopoietin, GDNF, NT-3 and -4, and PlGF, the chemokines ENA-78, MCP-2, IP-10, MIP-3alpha, NAP-2, PARC, and the cytokines MIF, IL-12, and IL-16. Most of the newly identified chemokines were increased intensely after stimulation by IL-1 or TNF, as for other proteins of the array, including GRO proteins, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1beta, GCP-2, and osteoprotegerin. The up-regulation by cytokines suggested that these proteins may participate in the destruction of cartilage and/or in the initiation of chemotactic events within the joint during OA. In conclusion, the microarray approach enabled to unveil part of an as yet unexplored chondrocyte secretome. Our findings demonstrated that chondrocytes were equipped with a proinflammatory arsenal of proteins which may play an important part in the pathogenesis of OA and/or its drift towards an inflammatory, rheumatoid phenotype.
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Kato K, Miyake K, Igarashi T, Yoshino S, Shimada T. Human immunodeficiency virus vector-mediated intra-articular expression of angiostatin inhibits progression of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Rheumatol Int 2004; 25:522-9. [PMID: 15205911 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-004-0476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vector-mediated local expression of angiostatin in the treatment of murine collagen-induced arthritis in a mouse model generated by immunization with bovine type II collagen and Freund's complete adjuvant. The HIV vector containing the murine angiostatin expression unit (HIV-angiostatin) was injected into right knee joints after arthritis development; the HIV vector containing the enhanced green fluorescein protein (EGFP) marker gene (HIV-EGFP) was injected into the left joints. Quantitative histological evaluation demonstrated that synovial cell hyperplasia and pannus formation were significantly reduced in the right knee joints as determined by this protocol. Suppression of radiographical changes in the ipsilateral paws was also observed. These results indicate that the HIV vector-mediated expression of angiostatin efficiently inhibits the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. Angiostatic gene therapy may provide a new approach to the effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Kato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Mor F, Quintana FJ, Cohen IR. Angiogenesis-Inflammation Cross-Talk: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is Secreted by Activated T Cells and Induces Th1 Polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4618-23. [PMID: 15034080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are critical in angiogenesis. The main player in the secretion and response to VEGF is the endothelial cell. We initiated this study to test whether T cells can secrete VEGF and are able to respond to it. Here we show that VEGF is secreted by T cells on stimulation by specific Ag or by IL-2 and by hypoxia; thus, activated T cells might enhance angiogenesis. Hypoxia also induced the expression in T cells of VEGFR2, suggesting that T cells might also respond to VEGF. Indeed, VEGF augmented IFN-gamma and inhibited IL-10 secretion by T cells responding to mitogen or Ag; thus, VEGF can enhance a Th1 phenotype. Encephalitogenic T cells stimulated in the presence of VEGF caused more severe and prolonged encephalomyelitis. Thus, T cells can play a role in angiogenesis by delivering VEGF to inflammatory sites, and VEGF can augment proinflammatory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mor
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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37
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Morohashi K, Takada T, Omori K, Suzuki E, Gejyo F. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. Chest 2003; 123:1520-6. [PMID: 12740269 DOI: 10.1378/chest.123.5.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis, mediates vascular permeability, and activates and recruits monocytes. VEGF is produced in activated alveolar macrophages, in epithelioid cells, and in multinuclear giant cells of pulmonary sarcoid granulomas. Recent reports have shown that a polymorphism at - 627 of the VEGF gene is related to VEGF protein production, and a polymorphism at + 813 is associated with VEGF plasma levels. We investigated the roles of such polymorphisms in the development and extent of sarcoidosis. METHODS We examined polymorphisms of the VEGF gene in 103 Japanese patients with sarcoidosis and 146 healthy Japanese control subjects. The position - 627 polymorphism was determined using the TaqMan (TaqMan Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; Pittsburgh, PA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. For genotyping of the position + 813 polymorphism, the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method was performed. RESULTS As for + 813 genotypes, the less-common genotypes CT and TT were found more often in control subjects than in patients (odds ratio, 0.490; 95% confidence interval, 0.276 to 0.868). A significant increase in the frequency of the T allele (p = 0.005, Pc = 0.020 after Bonferroni correction) was observed in control subjects. As for - 627 genotypes, the mean value of the FEV(1)/FVC percentage in GG type was lower than that in CC or CG type, however, the other clinical findings did not suggest airway diseases in the GG type. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that in VEGF gene polymorphisms the T allele at + 813 may decrease susceptibility to sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Morohashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
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38
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Hanaoka R, Kasama T, Muramatsu M, Yajima N, Shiozawa F, Miwa Y, Negishi M, Ide H, Miyaoka H, Uchida H, Adachi M. A novel mechanism for the regulation of IFN-gamma inducible protein-10 expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:R74-81. [PMID: 12718750 PMCID: PMC165028 DOI: 10.1186/ar616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2002] [Revised: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 11/12/2002] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play an essential role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study we examined the expression and regulatory mechanisms of IFN-gamma inducible protein (IP)-10 in RA synovitis. RA synovial fluid contained greater amounts of IP-10 than did synovial fluid from patients with osteoarthritis. Immunolocalization analysis indicated that IP-10 was associated mainly with infiltrating macrophage-like cells, and fibroblast-like cells in the RA synovium. The interaction of activated leukocytes with fibroblast-like synoviocytes resulted in marked increases in IP-10 expression and secretion. Moreover, induction of IP-10 was mediated via specific adhesion molecules, as indicated by the finding that both anti-integrin (CD11b and CD18) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibodies significantly inhibited IP-10 induction. These results suggest that IP-10 expression within inflamed joints appears to be regulated not only by inflammatory cytokines but also by the physical interaction of activated leukocytes with fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and that IP-10 may contribute to the recruitment of specific subpopulations of T cells (Th1 type) from the bloodstream into the synovial joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hanaoka
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Muramatsu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yajima
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shiozawa
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miwa
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Negishi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ide
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyo Miyaoka
- Department of Orthopedics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uchida
- Department of Orthopedics, Furukawabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Adachi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kasama T, Muramatsu M, Kobayashi K, Yajima N, Shiozawa F, Hanaoka R, Miwa Y, Negishi M, Ide H, Adachi M. Interaction of monocytes with vascular endothelial cells synergistically induces interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 expression through activation of specific cell surface molecules and cytokines. Cell Immunol 2002; 219:131-9. [PMID: 12576031 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in the process of angiogenesis, the present study was designed to determine the expression and regulation of interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) in peripheral blood monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that the interaction of monocytes with HUVECs resulted in synergistic increases in IP-10 expression and secretion, which consequently inhibited endothelial tube formation in vitro. Induction of IP-10 was mediated via specific cell surface molecules, as indicated by the finding that IP-10 secretion was significantly inhibited by anti-CD40 ligand antibody, and to a lesser extent by anti-CD40 antibody. Furthermore, we examined the effects of soluble mediators, such as inflammatory and immune cytokines on IP-10 secretion. Addition of interleukin (IL)-1, as well as interferon gamma, induced a marked augmentation of IP-10 secretion by unstimulated monocytes, unstimulated HUVECs, and co-cultures of the two cell types. In contrast, IL-10, recognized as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, significantly inhibited IP-10 secretion by co-cultures. Our results suggest that the interaction of monocytes with endothelial cells results in synergistic increases in IP-10 expression and secretion, which contribute to the regulation of angiogenesis and initiation of inflammatory vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan.
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40
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Taylor PC. VEGF and imaging of vessels in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4 Suppl 3:S99-107. [PMID: 12110128 PMCID: PMC3240157 DOI: 10.1186/ar582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2001] [Accepted: 01/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a prominent feature of rheumatoid synovitis. Formation of new blood vessels permits a supply of nutrients and oxygen to the augmented inflammatory cell mass and so contributes to perpetuation of joint disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent endothelial cell-specific growth factor that is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines and by hypoxia. Serum VEGF concentrations are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and correlate with disease activity. Furthermore, serum VEGF measured at first presentation in RA is highly significantly correlated with radiographic progression of disease over the subsequent year. Power Doppler ultrasonography is a sensitive method for demonstrating the presence of blood flow in small vessels and there is a very close relation between the presence or absence of vascular flow signal on power Doppler imaging and the rate of early synovial enhancement on dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of joints with RA. Images obtained by both dynamic enhanced MRI and power Doppler ultrasonography correlate with vascularity of synovial tissue as assessed histologically. In early RA, there is a striking association between joint erosions assessed on high-resolution ultrasonography and vascular signal in power Doppler mode. Collectively, these findings implicate vascular pannus in the erosive phase of disease and strongly suggest that proangiogenic molecules such as VEGF are targets for novel therapies in RA. Animal model data supports this concept. It seems likely that serological and imaging measures of vascularity in RA will become useful tools in the assessment of disease activity and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Taylor
- The Kennedy Institute Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
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