1
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Lienemann S, Boda U, Mohammadi M, Zhou T, Petsagkourakis I, Kim N, Tybrandt K. Exploring the Elastomer Influence on the Electromechanical Performance of Stretchable Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38365-38376. [PMID: 38981059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics has received major attention in recent years due to the prospects of integrating electronics onto and into the human body. While many studies investigate how different conductive fillers perform in stretchable composites, the effect of different elastomers on composite performance, and the related fundamental understanding of what is causing the performance differences, is poorly understood. Here, we perform a systematic investigation of the elastomer influence on the electromechanical performance of gold nanowire-based stretchable conductors based on five chemically different elastomers of similar Young's modulus. The choice of elastomer has a huge impact on the electromechanical performance of the conductors under cyclic strain, as some composites perform well, while others fail rapidly at 100% strain cycling. The lack of macroscopic crack formation in the failing composites indicates that the key aspect for good electromechanical performance is not homogeneous films on the macroscale but rather beneficial interactions on the nanoscale. Based on the comprehensive characterization, we propose a failure mechanism related to the mechanical properties of the elastomers. By improving our understanding of elastomer influence on the mechanisms of electrical failure, we can move toward rational material design, which could greatly benefit the field of stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Boda
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Bio- and Organic Electronics Unit, RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, 602 33 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tunhe Zhou
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre (SUBIC), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Bio- and Organic Electronics Unit, RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, 602 33 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Nara Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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2
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Ahmed S, Momin M, Ren J, Lee H, Zhou T. Self-Assembly Enabled Printable Asymmetric Self-Insulated Stretchable Conductor for Human Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400082. [PMID: 38563579 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable conductors with high electrical conductivity and tissue-like mechanical properties are crucial for both on-skin and implantable electronic devices. Liquid metal-based conductors hold great promise due to their metallic conductivity and minimal stiffness. However, the surface oxidation of liquid metal particles in polymeric matrices poses a challenge in forming a continuous pathway for highly conductive elastic composites. Here, it is reported a printable composite material based on liquid metal and conducting polymer that undergoes a self-assembly process, achieving high conductivity (2089 S cm-1) in the bottom surface while maintaining an insulated top surface, high stretchability (>800%), and a modulus akin to human skin tissue. This material is further applied to fabricate skin-interfaced strain sensors and electromyogram sensors through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Marzia Momin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jiashu Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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3
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Kim SH, Basir A, Avila R, Lim J, Hong SW, Choe G, Shin JH, Hwang JH, Park SY, Joo J, Lee C, Choi J, Lee B, Choi KS, Jung S, Kim TI, Yoo H, Jung YH. Strain-invariant stretchable radio-frequency electronics. Nature 2024; 629:1047-1054. [PMID: 38778108 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless modules that provide telecommunications and power-harvesting capabilities enabled by radio-frequency (RF) electronics are vital components of skin-interfaced stretchable electronics1-7. However, recent studies on stretchable RF components have demonstrated that substantial changes in electrical properties, such as a shift in the antenna resonance frequency, occur even under relatively low elastic strains8-15. Such changes lead directly to greatly reduced wireless signal strength or power-transfer efficiency in stretchable systems, particularly in physically dynamic environments such as the surface of the skin. Here we present strain-invariant stretchable RF electronics capable of completely maintaining the original RF properties under various elastic strains using a 'dielectro-elastic' material as the substrate. Dielectro-elastic materials have physically tunable dielectric properties that effectively avert frequency shifts arising in interfacing RF electronics. Compared with conventional stretchable substrate materials, our material has superior electrical, mechanical and thermal properties that are suitable for high-performance stretchable RF electronics. In this paper, we describe the materials, fabrication and design strategies that serve as the foundation for enabling the strain-invariant behaviour of key RF components based on experimental and computational studies. Finally, we present a set of skin-interfaced wireless healthcare monitors based on strain-invariant stretchable RF electronics with a wireless operational distance of up to 30 m under strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Basir
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raudel Avila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaeman Lim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woo Hong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonoh Choe
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Hwang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Joo
- Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanmi Lee
- Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunghun Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Seong Choi
- Superintelligence Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmook Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsuk Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Mushtaq RT, Wei Q. Advancements in Soft Robotics: A Comprehensive Review on Actuation Methods, Materials, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1087. [PMID: 38675005 PMCID: PMC11054840 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The flexibility and adaptability of soft robots enable them to perform various tasks in changing environments, such as flower picking, fruit harvesting, in vivo targeted treatment, and information feedback. However, these fulfilled functions are discrepant, based on the varied working environments, driving methods, and materials. To further understand the working principle and research emphasis of soft robots, this paper summarized the current research status of soft robots from the aspects of actuating methods (e.g., humidity, temperature, PH, electricity, pressure, magnetic field, light, biological, and hybrid drive), materials (like hydrogels, shape-memory materials, and other flexible materials) and application areas (camouflage, medical devices, electrical equipment, and grippers, etc.). Finally, we provided some opinions on the technical difficulties and challenges of soft robots to comprehensively comprehend soft robots, lucubrate their applications, and improve the quality of our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.T.M.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.T.M.); (Q.W.)
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Lee DH, Lim T, Pyeon J, Park H, Lee SW, Lee S, Kim W, Kim M, Lee JC, Kim DW, Han S, Kim H, Park S, Choi YK. Self-Mixed Biphasic Liquid Metal Composite with Ultra-High Stretchability and Strain-Insensitivity for Neuromorphic Circuits. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310956. [PMID: 38196140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Neuromorphic circuits that can function under extreme deformations are important for various data-driven wearable and robotic applications. Herein, biphasic liquid metal particle (BMP) with unprecedented stretchability and strain-insensitivity (ΔR/R0 = 1.4@ 1200% strain) is developed to realize a stretchable neuromorphic circuit that mimics a spike-based biologic sensory system. The BMP consists of liquid metal particles (LMPs) and rigid liquid metal particles (RLMPs), which are homogeneously mixed via spontaneous solutal-Marangoni mixing flow during coating. This permits facile single step patterning directly on various substrates at room temperature. BMP is highly conductive (2.3 × 106 S/m) without any post activation steps. BMP interconnects are utilized for a sensory system, which is capable of distinguishing variations of biaxial strains with a spiking neural network, thus demonstrating their potential for various sensing and signal processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesu Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsu Pyeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Chan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Wan Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Yang F, Liu X, Han X, Li X, Huyan C, Liu D, Chen F. Hydrogen Bonds-Pinned Entanglement Blunting the Interfacial Crack of Hydrogel-Elastomer Hybrids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313177. [PMID: 38272488 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Anchoring a layer of amorphous hydrogel on an antagonistic elastomer holds potential applications in surface aqueous lubrication. However, the interfacial crack propagation usually occurs under continuous loads for amorphous hydrogel, leading to the failure of hydrogel interface. This work presents a universal strategy to passivate the interfacial cracks by designing a hydrogen bonds-pinned entanglement (Hb-En) structure of amorphous hydrogel on engineering elastomers. The unique Hb-En structure is created by pinning well-tailored entanglements via covalent-like hydrogen bonds, which can amplify the delocalization of interfacial stress concentration and elevate the necessary fracture energy barrier within hydrogel interface. Therefore, the interfacial crack propagation can be suppressed under single and cyclic loads, resulting in a high interfacial toughness over 1650 J m-2 and an excellent interfacial fatigue threshold of 423 J m-2. Such a strategy universally works on blunting the interfacial crack between hydrogel coating and various elastomer materials with arbitrary shapes. The superb fatigue-crack insensitivity at the interface allows for durable aqueous lubrication of hydrogel coating with low friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fahu Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiang Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Chenxi Huyan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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7
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Wang S, Wu Y, Pu M, Xu M, Zhang R, Yu T, Li X, Ma X, Su Y, Tai H, Guo Y, Luo X. A Versatile Strategy for Concurrent Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling and Sustainable Energy Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305706. [PMID: 37788906 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing versatile systems that can concurrently achieve energy saving and energy generation is critical to accelerate carbon neutrality. However, challenges on designing highly effective, large scale, and multifunctional photonic film hinder the concurrent combination of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) and utilization of sustainable clean energies. Herein, a versatile scalable photonic film (Ecoflex@h-BN) with washable property and excellent mechanical stability is developed by combining the excellent scattering efficiency of the hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoplates with the high infrared emissivity and ideal triboelectric negative property of the Ecoflex matrix. Strikingly, sufficiently high solar reflectance (0.92) and ideal emissivity (0.97) endow the Ecoflex@h-BN film with subambient cooling effect of ≈9.5 °C at midday during the continuous outdoor measurements. In addition, the PDRC Ecoflex@h-BN film-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PDRC-TENG) exhibits a maximum peak power density of 0.5 W m-2 . By reasonable structure design, the PDRC-TENG accomplishes effective wind energy harvesting and can successfully drive the electronic device. Meanwhile, an on-skin PDRC-TENG is fabricated to harvest human motion energy and monitor moving states. This research provides a novel design of a multifunctional PDRC photonic film, and offers a versatile strategy to realize concurrent PDRC and sustainable energies harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Systems of the Education Ministry, College of Opto-electronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Mingbo Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
- Research Center on Vector Optical Fields, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Mingfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
- Research Center on Vector Optical Fields, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Renyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Tianfu Xinglong Lake Laboratory, Chengdu, 610299, China
| | - Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Yuanjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yongcai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Systems of the Education Ministry, College of Opto-electronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610209, China
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8
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Lee J, Kim SH, Zhang H, Min S, Choe G, Ma Z, Jung YH. Design and Fabrication of Stretchable Microwave Transmission Lines Based on a Quasi-Microstrip Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4896-4903. [PMID: 38252593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Radio frequency (RF) electronics are vital components of stretchable electronics that require wireless capabilities, ranging from skin-interfaced wearable systems to implantable devices to soft robotics. One of the key challenges in stretchable electronics is achieving near-lossless transmission line technology that can carry high-frequency electrical signals between various RF components. Almost all existing stretchable interconnection strategies only demonstrate direct current or low-frequency electrical properties, limiting their use in high frequencies, especially in the MHz to GHz range. Here, we describe the design and fabrication of a simple stretchable RF transmission line strategy that integrates a quasi-microstrip structure into a stretchable serpentine microscale interconnection. We show the effects of quasi-microstrip structural dimensions on the RF performance based on detailed quantitative analysis and experimentally demonstrate the optimized device capable of carrying RF signals with frequencies of up to 40 GHz with near-lossless characteristics. To show the potential application of our transmission line in stretchable microwave electronics, we designed a single-stage power amplifier system with a gain of 9.8 dB at 9 GHz that fully utilizes our quasi-microstrip transmission line technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sun Hong Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Huilong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Seunghwan Min
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Geonoh Choe
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenqiang Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yei Hwan Jung
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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9
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Hong SM, Kwon HJ, Sun JM, Lee CW. Synthesis and Characteristic Valuation of a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Electrode Binder for In-Mold Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:375. [PMID: 38337264 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A polyurethane series (PHEI-PU) was prepared via a one-shot bulk polymerization method using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), polycarbonate diol (PCD), and isosorbide derivatives (ISBD) as chain extenders. The mechanical properties were evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM), and the thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PHEI-PU series exhibited excellent mechanical properties with an average tensile strength of 44.71 MPa and an elongation at break of 190%. To verify the applicability of different proportions of PU as an electrode binder, PU and Ag flakes were mixed (30/70 wt%) and coated on PCT substrates, the electrodes were evaluated by four-point probe before and after 50% elongation, and the dispersion was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrical resistance change rate of PHEI-PU series was less than 20%, and a coating layer with well-dispersed silver flakes was confirmed even after stretching. Therefore, it exhibited excellent physical properties, heat resistance, and electrical resistance change rate, confirming its applicability as an electrode binder for in-mold coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Min Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chil Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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10
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Wang Q, Li Y, Lin Y, Sun Y, Bai C, Guo H, Fang T, Hu G, Lu Y, Kong D. A Generic Strategy to Create Mechanically Interlocked Nanocomposite/Hydrogel Hybrid Electrodes for Epidermal Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:87. [PMID: 38214840 PMCID: PMC10786775 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body. As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices, metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin. Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces. However, chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding, which can alter their original properties. To overcome this limitation, this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes. In this physical process, soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface, which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel. The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers. The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids. These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels. They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing muscle contractions. Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Bai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haorun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Yang M, Ye Z, Ren Y, Farhat M, Chen PY. Materials, Designs, and Implementations of Wearable Antennas and Circuits for Biomedical Applications: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:26. [PMID: 38258145 PMCID: PMC10819388 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The intersection of biomedicine and radio frequency (RF) engineering has fundamentally transformed self-health monitoring by leveraging soft and wearable electronic devices. This paradigm shift presents a critical challenge, requiring these devices and systems to possess exceptional flexibility, biocompatibility, and functionality. To meet these requirements, traditional electronic systems, such as sensors and antennas made from rigid and bulky materials, must be adapted through material science and schematic design. Notably, in recent years, extensive research efforts have focused on this field, and this review article will concentrate on recent advancements. We will explore the traditional/emerging materials for highly flexible and electrically efficient wearable electronics, followed by systematic designs for improved functionality and performance. Additionally, we will briefly overview several remarkable applications of wearable electronics in biomedical sensing. Finally, we provide an outlook on potential future directions in this developing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minye Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Spin Quantum Sensor Chips, Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.R.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Zhilu Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.R.); (P.-Y.C.)
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi’an Key Laboratory for Biomedical Testing and High-end Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yichong Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.R.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Mohamed Farhat
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pai-Yen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.R.); (P.-Y.C.)
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13
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Song S, Hong H, Kim KY, Kim KK, Kim J, Won D, Yun S, Choi J, Ryu YI, Lee K, Park J, Kang J, Bang J, Seo H, Kim YC, Lee D, Lee H, Lee J, Hwang SW, Ko SH, Jeon H, Lee W. Photothermal Lithography for Realizing a Stretchable Multilayer Electronic Circuit Using a Laser. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21443-21454. [PMID: 37857269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Photolithography is a well-established fabrication method for realizing multilayer electronic circuits. However, it is challenging to adopt photolithography to fabricate intrinsically stretchable multilayer electronic circuits fully composed of an elastomeric matrix, due to the opacity of thick stretchable nanocomposite conductors. Here, we present photothermal lithography that can pattern elastomeric conductors and via holes using pulsed lasers. The photothermal-patterned stretchable nanocomposite conductor exhibits 3 times higher conductivity (5940 S cm-1) and 5 orders of magnitude lower resistance change (R/R0 = 40) under a 30% strained 5000th cyclic stretch, compared to those of a screen-printed conductor, based on the percolation network formed by spatial heating of the laser. In addition, a 50 μm sized stretchable via holes can be patterned on the passivation without material ablation and electrical degradation of the bottom conductor. By repeatedly patterning the conductor and via holes, highly conductive and durable multilayer circuits can be stacked with layer-by-layer material integration. Finally, a stretchable wireless pressure sensor and passive matrix LED array are demonstrated, thus showing the potential for a stretchable multilayer electronic circuit with durability, high density, and multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Song
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Hong
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yeun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jaewoo Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeon Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Yun
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Ryu
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyuk Kang
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseon Seo
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Haechang Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics, and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonryung Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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14
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Jung D, Kim Y, Lee H, Jung S, Park C, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Metal-Like Stretchable Nanocomposite Using Locally-Bundled Nanowires for Skin-Mountable Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303458. [PMID: 37591512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductive nanocomposites have been intensively studied for wearable bioelectronics. However, development of nanocomposites that simultaneously feature metal-like conductivity(> 100 000 S cm-1 ) and high stretchability (> 100%) for high-performance skin-mountable devices is still extremely challenging. Here a material strategy for such a nanocomposite is presented by using local bundling of silver nanowires stabilized with dual ligands (i.e., 1-propanethiols and 1-decanethiols). When the nanocomposite is solidified via solvent evaporation under a highly humid condition, the nanowires in the organic solution are bundled and stabilized. The resulting locally-bundled nanowires lower contact resistance while maintain their percolation network, leading to high conductivity. Dual ligands of 1-propanethiol and 1-decanethiol further boost up the conductivity. As a result, a nanocomposite with both high conductivity of ≈122,120 S cm-1 and high stretchability of ≈200% is obtained. Such superb electrical and mechanical properties are critical for various applications in skin-like electronics, and herein, a wearable thermo-stimulation device is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonwoo Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansul Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Hu H, Zhang C, Ding Y, Chen F, Huang Q, Zheng Z. A Review of Structure Engineering of Strain-Tolerant Architectures for Stretchable Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300671. [PMID: 37661591 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics possess significant advantages over their conventional rigid counterparts and boost game-changing applications such as bioelectronics, flexible displays, wearable health monitors, etc. It is, nevertheless, a formidable task to impart stretchability to brittle electronic materials such as silicon. This review provides a concise but critical discussion of the prevailing structural engineering strategies for achieving strain-tolerant electronic devices. Not only the more commonly discussed lateral designs of structures such as island-bridge, wavy structures, fractals, and kirigami, but also the less discussed vertical architectures such as strain isolation and elastoplastic principle are reviewed. Future opportunities are envisaged at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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16
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Song J, Zhang S, Du L, Gao C, Xie L, Shi Y, Su L, Ma Y, Ren S. Synthesis, characterization and application of oligomeric proanthocyanidin-rich dual network hydrogels. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17754. [PMID: 37853007 PMCID: PMC10584812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A structurally dense hydrogel, with strong hydrogen bonding networks, was formed from poly(vinyl alcohol), sodium alginate, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, using a combination of freeze-thaw cycles and calcium ion cross-linking. The structure of the hydrogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mechanical testing and thermogravimetric analysis showed that incorporation of proanthocyanidins enhanced both the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of the hydrogel. The hydrogel was also demonstrated to have excellent ultraviolet resistance and antioxidant properties. The hydrogel was further shown that this hydrogel is also capable of generating electrochemical reactions, which strongly suggests that this hydrogel has exciting potential in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Liuping Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Chong Gao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Longyue Xie
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Engineering and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Ling Su
- Yantai Vocational College, Yantai City, People's Republic of China, 264670.
| | - Yanli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040
| | - Shixue Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China, 150040.
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17
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Lee H, Jang J, Lee J, Shin M, Lee JS, Son D. Stretchable Gold Nanomembrane Electrode with Ionic Hydrogel Skin-Adhesive Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3852. [PMID: 37765706 PMCID: PMC10537659 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin has a dynamic surface and offers essential information through biological signals originating from internal organs, blood vessels, and muscles. Soft and stretchable bioelectronics can be used in wearable machines for long-term stability and to continuously obtain distinct bio-signals in conjunction with repeated expansion and contraction with physical activities. While monitoring bio-signals, the electrode and skin must be firmly attached for high signal quality. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) should be high enough, and accordingly, the ionic conductivity of an adhesive hydrogel needs to be improved. Here, we used a chitosan-alginate-chitosan (CAC) triple hydrogel layer as an interface between the electrodes and the skin to enhance ionic conductivity and skin adhesiveness and to minimize the mechanical mismatch. For development, thermoplastic elastomer Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene (SEBS) dissolved in toluene was used as a substrate, and gold nanomembranes were thermally evaporated on SEBS. Subsequently, CAC triple layers were drop-casted onto the gold surface one by one and dried successively. Lastly, to demonstrate the performance of our electrodes, a human electrocardiogram signal was monitored. The electrodes coupled with our CAC triple hydrogel layer showed high SNR with clear PQRST peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelim Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaepyo Jang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seung Lee
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea (M.S.)
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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18
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Cao X, Ye C, Cao L, Shan Y, Ren J, Ling S. Biomimetic Spun Silk Ionotronic Fibers for Intelligent Discrimination of Motions and Tactile Stimuli. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300447. [PMID: 37002548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in the ionotronics field has significantly accelerated the development of ultraflexible devices and machines. However, it is still challenging to develop efficient ionotronic-based fibers with necessary stretchability, resilience, and conductivity due to inherent conflict in producing spinning dopes with both high polymer and ion concentrations and low viscosities. Inspired by the liquid crystalline spinning of animal silk, this study circumvents the inherent tradeoff in other spinning methods by dry spinning a nematic silk microfibril dope solution. The liquid crystalline texture allows the spinning dope to flow through the spinneret and form free-standing fibers under minimal external forces. The resultant silk-sourced ionotronic fibers (SSIFs) are highly stretchable, tough, resilient, and fatigue-resistant. These mechanical advantages ensure a rapid and recoverable electromechanical response of SSIFs to kinematic deformations. Further, the incorporation of SSIFs into core-shell triboelectric nanogenerator fibers provides outstanding stable and sensitive triboelectric response to precisely and sensitively perceive small pressures. Moreover, by implementing a combination of machine learning and Internet of Things techniques, the SSIFs can sort objects made of different materials. With these structural, processing, performance, and functional merits, the SSIFs prepared herein are expected to be applied in human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, 224051, China
| | - Leitao Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yicheng Shan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China
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19
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Zhu Y, Li J, Kim J, Li S, Zhao Y, Bahari J, Eliahoo P, Li G, Kawakita S, Haghniaz R, Gao X, Falcone N, Ermis M, Kang H, Liu H, Kim H, Tabish T, Yu H, Li B, Akbari M, Emaminejad S, Khademhosseini A. Skin-interfaced electronics: A promising and intelligent paradigm for personalized healthcare. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122075. [PMID: 36931103 PMCID: PMC10085866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin-interfaced electronics (skintronics) have received considerable attention due to their thinness, skin-like mechanical softness, excellent conformability, and multifunctional integration. Current advancements in skintronics have enabled health monitoring and digital medicine. Particularly, skintronics offer a personalized platform for early-stage disease diagnosis and treatment. In this comprehensive review, we discuss (1) the state-of-the-art skintronic devices, (2) material selections and platform considerations of future skintronics toward intelligent healthcare, (3) device fabrication and system integrations of skintronics, (4) an overview of the skintronic platform for personalized healthcare applications, including biosensing as well as wound healing, sleep monitoring, the assessment of SARS-CoV-2, and the augmented reality-/virtual reality-enhanced human-machine interfaces, and (5) current challenges and future opportunities of skintronics and their potentials in clinical translation and commercialization. The field of skintronics will not only minimize physical and physiological mismatches with the skin but also shift the paradigm in intelligent and personalized healthcare and offer unprecedented promise to revolutionize conventional medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States.
| | - Jinghang Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Jinjoo Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Shaopei Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Jamal Bahari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Payam Eliahoo
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, United States
| | - Guanghui Li
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Satoru Kawakita
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Natashya Falcone
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Menekse Ermis
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Liu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - HanJun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States; College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Tanveer Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Haidong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States; Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering and Management, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330, United States
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States; Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 2C5, Canada
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, United States.
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20
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Yu K, He T. Silver-Nanowire-Based Elastic Conductors: Preparation Processes and Substrate Adhesion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061545. [PMID: 36987325 PMCID: PMC10058989 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of flexible electronic systems includes stretchable electrical interconnections and flexible electronic components, promoting the research and development of flexible conductors and stretchable conductive materials with large bending deformation or torsion resistance. Silver nanowires have the advantages of high conductivity, good transparency and flexibility in the development of flexible electronic products. In order to further prepare system-level flexible systems (such as autonomous full-software robots, etc.), it is necessary to focus on the conductivity of the system's composite conductor and the robustness of the system at the physical level. In terms of conductor preparation processes and substrate adhesion strategies, the more commonly used solutions are selected. Four kinds of elastic preparation processes (pretensioned/geometrically topological matrix, conductive fiber, aerogel composite, mixed percolation dopant) and five kinds of processes (coating, embedding, changing surface energy, chemical bond and force, adjusting tension and diffusion) to enhance the adhesion of composite conductors using silver nanowires as current-carrying channel substrates were reviewed. It is recommended to use the preparation process of mixed percolation doping and the adhesion mode of embedding/chemical bonding under non-special conditions. Developments in 3D printing and soft robots are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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21
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Song Y, Niu L, Ma P, Li X, Feng J, Liu Z. Rapid Preparation of Antifreezing Conductive Hydrogels for Flexible Strain Sensors and Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10006-10017. [PMID: 36763089 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have shown great promise in flexible electronics, but their practical applications may be impeded by the time-consuming and energy-consuming polymerization process. We proposed a sodium lignosulfonate-Fe (SLS-Fe) strategy to address this challenge and took advantage of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(acrylic acid) to prepare the CMC/PAA/Fe3+/LiCl interpenetrating conductive hydrogels with good self-healing properties, antifreezing properties, and a 6-fold increase in conductivity in this study. The hydrogel-based flexible strain sensors demonstrated a broad detection range (400%), high sensitivity (GF = 6.19 at 200-400%), and human motion detection capability. The hydrogel-based supercapacitor exhibited a single-electrode specific capacitance of 122.36 F g-1 which successfully powered LEDs. Furthermore, the supercapacitor showed a single-electrode specific capacitance of 83.16 F g-1 at -23 °C (68% of the one exhibited at 25 °C). Therefore, the multifunctional performance of the CMC/PAA/Fe3+/LiCl hydrogel is anticipated to play an exemplary role in a new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Song
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Peilin Ma
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
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22
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Matsuda R, Isano Y, Ueno K, Ota H. Highly stretchable and sensitive silicone composites with positive piezoconductivity using nickel powder and ionic liquid. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016108. [PMID: 36747972 PMCID: PMC9899130 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive rubber composites are mixtures of stretchable rubber and conductive materials. They can achieve conductivity and high elasticity and are used in soft robots and wearable devices. In general, these composites exhibit high electrical resistance owing to their bonds between the fillers breaking during elongation. However, there are several types of composite materials that decrease resistance by increasing contact between the conductive materials during elongation through optimization of the shape and size of the filler. These composite materials can rapidly decrease the resistance and are expected to be applicable to switch in electric circuits and sensors. However, to use such composite materials in circuits, the electrical resistance at the time of resistance reduction must be sufficiently low to not affect the electric circuit. To achieve this, a considerable amount of filler must be mixed; however, this reduces the elasticity of the composite. Simultaneously achieving elasticity of the composite and a sufficient decrease in the resistance is challenging. This study developed a conductive rubber composite gel by mixing silicone rubber, ionic liquid, and metal filler. Consequently, the composite achieved an elongation rate of over six times and a decrease in the resistance of less than 1/105. In addition, this composite material was used as a switch circuit wherein an electric circuit is turned on and off according to elongation through a connection to a DC power source.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Matsuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Y. Isano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | | | - H. Ota
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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23
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Lan X, Li W, Ye C, Boetje L, Pelras T, Silvianti F, Chen Q, Pei Y, Loos K. Scalable and Degradable Dextrin-Based Elastomers for Wearable Touch Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4398-4407. [PMID: 36514844 PMCID: PMC9880951 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Elastomer-based wearables can improve people's lives; however, frictional wear caused by manipulation may pose significant concerns regarding their durability and sustainability. To address the aforementioned issue, a new class of advanced scalable supersoft elastic transparent material (ASSETm) is reported, which offers a unique combination of scalability (20 g scale), stretchability (up to 235%), and enzymatic degradability (up to 65% in 30 days). The key feature of our design is to render native dextrin hydrophobic, which turns it into a macroinitiator for bulk ring-opening polymerization. Based on ASSETm, a self-powered touch sensor (ASSETm-TS) for touch sensing and non-contact approaching detection, possessing excellent electrical potential (up to 65 V) and rapid response time (60 ms), is fabricated. This work is a step toward developing sustainable soft electronic systems, and ASSETm's tunability enables further improvement of electrical outputs, enhancing human-interactive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lan
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Wenjian Li
- Advanced
Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Chongnan Ye
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Laura Boetje
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Théophile Pelras
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Fitrilia Silvianti
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Qi Chen
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
| | - Yutao Pei
- Advanced
Production Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen9747AG, The
Netherlands
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24
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Huang J, Cao L, Xue CY, Zhou YZ, Cai YC, Zhao HY, Xing YH, Yu SH. Extremely Soft, Stretchable, and Self-Adhesive Silicone Conductive Elastomer Composites Enabled by a Molecular Lubricating Effect. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8966-8974. [PMID: 36374184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Softness, adhesion, stretchability, and fast recovery from large deformations are essential properties for conductive elastomers that play an important role in the development of high-performance soft electronics. However, it remains an ongoing challenge to obtain conductive elastomers that combine these properties. We have fabricated a super soft (Young's modulus 2.3-12 kPa), highly stretchable (up to 1500% strain), and underwater adhesive silicone conductive elastomer composite (SF-C-PDMS) by incorporating dimethyl silicone oil as a lubricating agent in a cross-linked molecular network. The resultant SF-C-PDMS not only exhibits superior softness but also can readily recover after a strain of 1000%. The initial resistance only decreases by 8% after 100000 cycles of tensile fatigue test (100% strain, 0.5 Hz, 15 mm/s). This multifunctional silicone conductive elastomer composite is obtained in a one-step preparation at room temperature using commercially available materials. Moreover, we illustrate the capabilities of this composite in motion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Chun Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao-Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ye-Han Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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25
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Sang M, Kim K, Shin J, Yu KJ. Ultra-Thin Flexible Encapsulating Materials for Soft Bio-Integrated Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202980. [PMID: 36031395 PMCID: PMC9596833 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, bioelectronic devices extensively researched and developed through the convergence of flexible biocompatible materials and electronics design that enables more precise diagnostics and therapeutics in human health care and opens up the potential to expand into various fields, such as clinical medicine and biomedical research. To establish an accurate and stable bidirectional bio-interface, protection against the external environment and high mechanical deformation is essential for wearable bioelectronic devices. In the case of implantable bioelectronics, special encapsulation materials and optimized mechanical designs and configurations that provide electronic stability and functionality are required for accommodating various organ properties, lifespans, and functions in the biofluid environment. Here, this study introduces recent developments of ultra-thin encapsulations with novel materials that can preserve or even improve the electrical performance of wearable and implantable bio-integrated electronics by supporting safety and stability for protection from destruction and contamination as well as optimizing the use of bioelectronic systems in physiological environments. In addition, a summary of the materials, methods, and characteristics of the most widely used encapsulation technologies is introduced, thereby providing a strategic selection of appropriate choices of recently developed flexible bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Sang
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubeen Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoon Shin
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
- YU‐KIST InstituteYonsei University50 Yonsei‐ro, SeodaemunguSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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26
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Deng HT, Wen DL, Feng T, Wang YL, Zhang XR, Huang P, Zhang XS. Silicone Rubber Based-Conductive Composites for Stretchable "All-in-One" Microsystems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39681-39700. [PMID: 36006298 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics with development trends such as miniaturization, multifunction, and smart integration have become an important part of the Internet of Things (IoT) and have penetrated various sectors of modern society. To meet the increasing demands of wearable electronics in terms of deformability and conformability, many efforts have been devoted to overcoming the nonstretchable and poor conformal properties of traditional functional materials and endowing devices with outstanding mechanical properties. One of the promising approaches is composite engineering in which traditional functional materials are incorporated into the various polymer matrices to develop different kinds of functional composites and construct different functions of stretchable electronics. Herein, we focus on the approach of composite engineering and the polymer matrix of silicone rubber (SR), and we summarize the state-of-the-art details of silicone rubber-based conductive composites (SRCCs), including a summary of their conductivity mechanisms and synthesis methods and SRCC applications for stretchable electronics. For conductivity mechanisms, two conductivity mechanisms of SRCC are emphasized: percolation theory and the quantum tunneling mechanism. For synthesis methods of SRCCs, four typical approaches to synthesize different kinds of SRCCs are investigated: mixing/blending, infiltration, ion implantation, and in situ formation. For SRCC applications, different functions of stretchable electronics based on SRCCs for interconnecting, sensing, powering, actuating, and transmitting are summarized, including stretchable interconnects, sensors, nanogenerators, antennas, and transistors. These functions reveal the feasibility of constructing a stretchable all-in-one self-powered microsystem based on SRCC-based stretchable electronics. As a prospect, this microsystem is expected to integrate the functional sensing modulus, the energy harvesting modulus, and the process and response modulus together to sense and respond to environmental stimulations and human physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Deng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Dan-Liang Wen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xin-Ran Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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27
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He Z, Wang K, Zhao Z, Zhang T, Li Y, Wang L. A Wearable Flexible Acceleration Sensor for Monitoring Human Motion. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080620. [PMID: 36005016 PMCID: PMC9406085 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin-inspired flexible wearable acceleration sensors attract much attention due to their advantages of portability, personalized and comfortable experience, and potential application in healthcare monitoring, human-machine interfaces, artificial intelligence, and physical sports performance evaluation. This paper presents a flexible wearable acceleration sensor for monitoring human motion by introducing the island-bridge configuration and serpentine interconnects. Compared with traditional wearable accelerometers, the flexible accelerometer proposed in this paper improves the wearing comfort while reducing the cost of the device. Simulation and experiments under bending, stretching, and torsion conditions demonstrate that the flexible performance of the flexible acceleration sensor can meet the needs of monitoring the daily movement of the human body, and it can work normally under various conditions. The measurement accuracy of the flexible acceleration sensor is verified by comparing it with the data of the commercial acceleration sensor. The flexible acceleration sensor can measure the acceleration and the angular velocity of the human body with six degrees of freedom and recognize the gesture and motion features according to the acceleration characteristics. The presented flexible accelerometers provide great potential in recognizing the motion features that are critical for healthcare monitoring and physical sports performance evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqing He
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taihua Zhang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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28
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Yang B, Zhao Y, Ali MU, Ji J, Yan H, Zhao C, Cai Y, Zhang C, Meng H. Asymmetrically Enhanced Coplanar-Electrode Electroluminescence for Information Encryption and Ultrahighly Stretchable Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201342. [PMID: 35641318 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional alternating-current-driven electroluminescent (AC-EL) devices adopting a sandwich structure are commonly used in solid-state lighting and displays, while the emerging coplanar-electrode alternating-current-driven light-emitting variants manifest excellent application prospects in intelligent, multifunctional, and full-color displays, and sensing purposes. In this work, an asymmetrically enhanced coplanar-electrode AC-EL device with a universal and straightforward architecture is designed based on the impedance adjustment strategy. This newly devised asymmetric structure extends the functionalities of the coplanar-electrode AC-EL devices by overcoming the bottlenecks of complicated patterning procedures and high driving voltages of symmetric configuration. The developed device design enables a new type of information encryption and ultrahighly stretchable patterned displays. Notably, the novel encryption appliances demonstrate feasible encryption/decryption features, multiple encryptions, and practical applicability; the biaxially stretchable display devices achieve the highest tensile performance in the field of stretchable electroluminescent pattern displays, and outperform the ultrahighly stretchable sandwich devices in terms of simple patterning process, higher brightness, wider color gamut, and long-term stability. The proposed configuration opens up new avenues for AC-EL devices toward a plethora of smart applications in wearable electronics with intelligent displays, dynamic interaction of human-machine interface, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiqian Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Umair Ali
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute(TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junpeng Ji
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hao Yan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changbin Zhao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yulu Cai
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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29
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Zhao Y, Liang Q, Mugo SM, An L, Zhang Q, Lu Y. Self-Healing and Shape-Editable Wearable Supercapacitors Based on Highly Stretchable Hydrogel Electrolytes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201039. [PMID: 35754306 PMCID: PMC9405484 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shape editability combined with a self-healing capability and long-term cycling durability are highly desirable properties for wearable supercapacitors. Most wearable supercapacitors have rigid architecture and lack the capacity for editability into desirable shapes. Through sandwiching hydrogel electrolytes between two electrodes, a suite of wearable supercapacitors that integrate desirable properties namely: repeated shape editability, excellent self-healing capability, and long-term cycling durability is demonstrated. A strategy is proposed to enhance the long-term cycling durability by utilizing hydrogel electrolytes with unique cross-linking structures. The dynamic crosslinking sites are formed by quadruple H bonds and hydrophobic association, stabilizing the supercapacitors from inorganic ion disruption during charge-discharge processes. The fabricated supercapacitors result in the capacitance retention rates of 99.6% and 95.8% after 5000 and 10 000 charge-discharge cycles, respectively, which are much higher than others reported in the literature. Furthermore, the supercapacitor sheets can be repeatedly processed into various shapes without any capacitance loss. The supercapacitors exhibit a 95% capacitance retention rate after five cutting/self-healing cycles, indicative of their excellent self-healing performance. To demonstrate real-life applicability, the wearable supercapacitors are successfully used to power a light-emitting diode and an electronic watch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Quanduo Liang
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Samuel M. Mugo
- Department of Physical SciencesMacEwan UniversityEdmontonABT5J4S2Canada
| | - Lijia An
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
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30
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Kim HS, Kang JH, Hwang JY, Shin US. Wearable CNTs-based humidity sensors with high sensitivity and flexibility for real-time multiple respiratory monitoring. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:35. [PMID: 35913549 PMCID: PMC9343523 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensors, such as optical, chemical, and electrical sensors, play an important role in our lives. While these sensors already have widespread applications, such as humidity sensors, most are generally incompatible with flexible/inactive substrates and rely on conventional hard materials and complex manufacturing processes. To overcome this, we develop a CNT-based, low-resistance, and flexible humidity sensor. The core-shell structured CNT@CPM is prepared with Chit and PAMAM to achieve reliability, accuracy, consistency, and durability, resulting in a highly sensitive humidity sensor. The average response/recovery time of optimized sensor is only less than 20 s, with high sensitivity, consistent responsiveness, good linearity according to humidity rates, and low hysteresis (- 0.29 to 0.30 %RH). Moreover, it is highly reliable for long-term (at least 1 month), repeated bending (over 15,000 times), and provides accurate humidity measurement results. We apply the sensor to smart-wear, such as masks, that could conduct multi-respiratory monitoring in real-time through automatic ventilation systems. Several multi-respiratory monitoring results demonstrate its high responsiveness (less than 1.2 s) and consistent performance, indicating highly desirable for healthcare monitoring. Finally, these automatic ventilation systems paired with flexible sensors and applied to smart-wear can not only provide comfort but also enable stable and accurate healthcare in all environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sem Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Hye Kang
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Convergence Research Division, Korea Carbon Industry Promotion Agency (KCARBON), Jeonju, 54853, South Korea
| | - Ueon Sang Shin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea.
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31
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Design of a Smart Conducting Nanocomposite with an Extended Strain Sensing Range by Conjugating Hybrid Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132551. [PMID: 35808597 PMCID: PMC9268829 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, flexible and wearable strain sensors, consisting of a polymer matrix and a conducting filler, have received extensive attention owing to their physical advantages, such as being lightweight, stretchable, and having the potential for application to complex forms. However, achieving a low hysteresis of the relative change in resistance, wide sensing range, and reduced plastic deformation is still challenging. To address these issues, in this study, we developed hybrid conducting composites with a wide range of sensing abilities and low hysteresis. The bi-layer composites, comprising a carbon nanotube (CNT) composite layer with reinforced/conducting properties, and a natural rubber-based layer with extreme strain properties, could effectively circumvent their limitations. Compared to single-layer CNT composites, the bi-layer structure could increase the tensile strain with reduced plastic deformation, resulting in the prevention of surface cracks on the CNT composite. In addition, it has the benefit of measuring a wider sensing range, which cannot be measured in a single-CNT composite system. A cyclic stretching/releasing test was performed to demonstrate that the strain sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility. Our results can function as a useful design guide for stretchable sensor applications.
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Yang JC, Lee S, Ma BS, Kim J, Song M, Kim SY, Kim DW, Kim TS, Park S. Geometrically engineered rigid island array for stretchable electronics capable of withstanding various deformation modes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3863. [PMID: 35648853 PMCID: PMC9159573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integration of rigid components in soft polymer matrix is considered as the most feasible architecture to enable stretchable electronics. However, a method of suppressing cracks at the interface between soft and rigid materials due to excessive and repetitive deformations of various types remains a formidable challenge. Here, we geometrically engineered Ferris wheel-shaped islands (FWIs) capable of effectively suppressing crack propagation at the interface under various deformation modes (stretching, twisting, poking, and crumpling). The optimized FWIs have notable increased strain at failure and fatigue life compared with conventional circle- and square-shaped islands. Stretchable electronics composed of various rigid components (LED and coin cell) were demonstrated using intrinsically stretchable printed electrodes. Furthermore, electronic skin capable of differentiating various tactile stimuli without interference was demonstrated. Our method enables stretchable electronics that can be used under various geometrical forms with notable enhanced durability, enabling stretchable electronics to withstand potentially harsh conditions of everyday usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Soo Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Won Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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33
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Chen S, Wu Z, Chu C, Ni Y, Neisiany RE, You Z. Biodegradable Elastomers and Gels for Elastic Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105146. [PMID: 35212474 PMCID: PMC9069371 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable electronics are considered as an important bio-friendly solution for electronic waste (e-waste) management, sustainable development, and emerging implantable devices. Elastic electronics with higher imitative mechanical characteristics of human tissues, have become crucial for human-related applications. The convergence of biodegradability and elasticity has emerged a new paradigm of next-generation electronics especially for wearable and implantable electronics. The corresponding biodegradable elastic materials are recognized as a key to drive this field toward the practical applications. The review first clarifies the relevant concepts including biodegradable and elastic electronics along with their general design principles. Subsequently, the crucial mechanisms of the degradation in polymeric materials are discussed in depth. The diverse types of biodegradable elastomers and gels for electronics are then summarized. Their molecular design, modification, processing, and device fabrication especially the structure-properties relationship as well as recent advanced are reviewed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and the future directions are proposed. The critical insights of biodegradability and elastic characteristics in the elastomers and gel allows them to be tailored and designed more effectively for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of Functional MaterialsShanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute of Functional MaterialsDonghua UniversityResearch Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society)Shanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Zekai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of Functional MaterialsShanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute of Functional MaterialsDonghua UniversityResearch Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society)Shanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Chengzhen Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of Functional MaterialsShanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute of Functional MaterialsDonghua UniversityResearch Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society)Shanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of Functional MaterialsShanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute of Functional MaterialsDonghua UniversityResearch Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society)Shanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringHakim Sabzevari UniversitySabzevar9617976487Iran
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringInstitute of Functional MaterialsShanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute of Functional MaterialsDonghua UniversityResearch Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society)Shanghai201620P. R. China
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34
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Hu M, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zheng X, Li X, Li X, Yang H. Highly Conformal Polymers for Ambulatory Electrophysiological Sensing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200047. [PMID: 35419904 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stable ambulatory electrophysiological sensing is widely utilized for smart e-healthcare monitoring, clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, treatment of neurological diseases, and intelligent human-machine interaction. As the favorable signal interaction platform of electrophysiological sensing, the conformal property of on-skin electrodes is an extremely crucial factor that can affect the stability of long-term ambulatory electrophysiological sensing. From the perspective of materials, to realize conformal contact between electrodes and skin for stable sensing, highly conformal polymers are strongly demanding and attracting ever-growing attention. In this review, we focused on the recent progress of highly conformal polymers for ambulatory electrophysiological sensing, including their synthetic methods, conformal property, and potential applications. Specifically, three main types of highly conformal polymers for stable long-term electrophysiological signals monitoring were proposed, including nature silk fibroin based conformal polymers, marine mussels bio-inspired conformal polymers, and other conformal polymers such as zwitterionic polymers and polyacrylamide. Furthermore, the future challenges and opportunities of preparing highly conformal polymers for on-skin electrodes were also highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinran Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ximing Li
- Chest hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
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35
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Feng P, Zheng Y, Li K, Zhao W. Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors with ginkgo-like sandwich architectures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1681-1693. [PMID: 36134381 PMCID: PMC9417334 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a strain sensor that can detect tensile strains exceeding 800% has been challenging. The non-conductive stretchable Eco-flex tape has been widely used in strain sensors due to its high elastic limit. In this work, an Eco-flex-based strain sensor that was conductive until occurrence of fracture was developed. The silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes constituted stretchable conductive paths in the Eco-flex matrix. The maximum tensile strain of this sensor was 867%, and the resistance change rate was higher than 104, while the strain resolution was 7.9%. Moreover, the sensor is characterized by segmented logarithmic linearity. This excellent performance was attributed to the ginkgo-like pattern, the patterned strain-coordinating architecture (PSCL), and specific nanocomposites with micro-cracks. The deformation of the architecture and the evolution of the microcracks were studied. In addition, the application of this strain sensor on a wing-shaped aircraft was proposed and its feasibility was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdong Feng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding & Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
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36
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Jo Y, Hwang JH, Lee SS, Lee SY, Kim YS, Kim DG, Choi Y, Jeong S. Printable Self-Activated Liquid Metal Stretchable Conductors from Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Functionalized Eutectic Gallium Indium Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10747-10757. [PMID: 35099918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic circuits are critical in a variety of next-generation electronics applications, including soft robots, wearable technologies, and biomedical applications. To date, printable composite conductors comprising various types of conductive fillers have been suggested to achieve high electrical conductance and excellent stretchability. Among them, liquid metal particles have been considered as a viable candidate filler that can meet the necessary prerequisites. However, a mechanical activation process is needed to generate interconnected liquid channels inside elastomeric polymers. In this study, we have developed a chemical strategy of surface-functionalizing liquid metal particles to eliminate the necessity of additional mechanical activation processes. We found that the characteristic conformations of the polyvinylpyrrolidone surrounding eutectic gallium indium particles are highly dependent on the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. By virtue of the specific chemical roles of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the as-printed composite layers are highly conductive and stretchable, exhibiting an electrical conductivity approaching 8372 S/cm at 100% strain and an invariant resistance change of 0.92 even at 75% strain after a 60,000 cycle test. The results demonstrate that the self-activated liquid metal-based composite conductors are applicable to traditional stretchable electronics, healable stretchable electronics, and shape-morphable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Jo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, and Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Hwang
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Yong Seok Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, and Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
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37
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Li G, Li C, Li G, Yu D, Song Z, Wang H, Liu X, Liu H, Liu W. Development of Conductive Hydrogels for Fabricating Flexible Strain Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2101518. [PMID: 34658130 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels can be prepared by incorporating various conductive materials into polymeric network hydrogels. In recent years, conductive hydrogels have been developed and applied in the field of strain sensors owing to their unique properties, such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, self-healing, and anti-freezing properties. These remarkable properties allow conductive hydrogel-based strain sensors to show excellent performance for identifying external stimuli and detecting human body movement, even at subzero temperatures. This review summarizes the properties of conductive hydrogels and their application in the fabrication of strain sensors working in different modes. Finally, a brief prospectus for the development of conductive hydrogels in the future is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan (iAIR), Jinan, 250022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
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38
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Cho KW, Sunwoo SH, Hong YJ, Koo JH, Kim JH, Baik S, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Soft Bioelectronics Based on Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5068-5143. [PMID: 34962131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanostructured materials and unconventional device designs have transformed the bioelectronics from a rigid and bulky form into a soft and ultrathin form and brought enormous advantages to the bioelectronics. For example, mechanical deformability of the soft bioelectronics and thus its conformal contact onto soft curved organs such as brain, heart, and skin have allowed researchers to measure high-quality biosignals, deliver real-time feedback treatments, and lower long-term side-effects in vivo. Here, we review various materials, fabrication methods, and device strategies for flexible and stretchable electronics, especially focusing on soft biointegrated electronics using nanomaterials and their composites. First, we summarize top-down material processing and bottom-up synthesis methods of various nanomaterials. Next, we discuss state-of-the-art technologies for intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites composed of nanostructured materials incorporated in elastomers or hydrogels. We also briefly discuss unconventional device design strategies for soft bioelectronics. Then individual device components for soft bioelectronics, such as biosensing, data storage, display, therapeutic stimulation, and power supply devices, are introduced. Afterward, representative application examples of the soft bioelectronics are described. A brief summary with a discussion on remaining challenges concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Won Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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39
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Zhu H, Hu X, Liu B, Chen Z, Qu S. 3D Printing of Conductive Hydrogel-Elastomer Hybrids for Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59243-59251. [PMID: 34870967 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronically conductive hydrogels integrated with dielectric elastomers show great promise in a wide range of applications, such as biomedical devices, soft robotics, and stretchable electronics. However, one big conundrum that impedes the functionality and performance of hydrogel-elastomer-based devices lies in the strict demands of device integration and the requirements for devices with satisfactory mechanical and electrical properties. Herein, the digital light processing three-dimensional (3D) printing method is used to fabricate 3D functional devices that bridge submillimeter-scale device resolution to centimeter-scale object size and simultaneously realize complex hybrid structures with strong adhesion interfaces and desired functionalities. The interconnected poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) network endows the PAAm hydrogel with high conductivity and superior electrical stability and poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) functions as an insulating medium. The strong interfacial bonding between the hydrogel and elastomer is achieved by incomplete photopolymerization that ensures the stability of the hybrid structure. Lastly, applications of stretchable electronics illustrated as 3D-printed electroluminescent devices and 3D-printed capacitive sensors are conceptually demonstrated. This strategy will open up avenues to fabricate conductive hydrogel-elastomer hybrids in next-generation multifunctional stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaocheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Binhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shaoxing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic System, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Kim SH, Baek GW, Yoon J, Seo S, Park J, Hahm D, Chang JH, Seong D, Seo H, Oh S, Kim K, Jung H, Oh Y, Baac HW, Alimkhanuly B, Bae WK, Lee S, Lee M, Kwak J, Park JH, Son D. A Bioinspired Stretchable Sensory-Neuromorphic System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104690. [PMID: 34510591 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional stretchable electronics that adopt a wavy design, a neutral mechanical plane, and conformal contact between abiotic and biotic interfaces have exhibited diverse skin-interfaced applications. Despite such remarkable progress, the evolution of intelligent skin prosthetics is challenged by the absence of the monolithic integration of neuromorphic constituents into individual sensing and actuating components. Herein, a bioinspired stretchable sensory-neuromorphic system, comprising an artificial mechanoreceptor, artificial synapse, and epidermal photonic actuator is demonstrated; these three biomimetic functionalities correspond to a stretchable capacitive pressure sensor, a resistive random-access memory, and a quantum dot light-emitting diode, respectively. This system features a rigid-island structure interconnected with a sinter-free printable conductor, which is optimized by controlling the evaporation rate of solvent (≈160% stretchability and ≈18 550 S cm-1 conductivity). Devised design improves both areal density and structural reliability while avoiding the thermal degradation of heat-sensitive stretchable electronic components. Moreover, even in the skin deformation range, the system accurately recognizes various patterned stimuli via an artificial neural network with training/inferencing functions. Therefore, the new bioinspired system is expected to be an important step toward implementing intelligent wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Woo Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Park
- The Institute for Basic Science, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyo Hahm
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Chang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhwan Seong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseon Seo
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyong Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoung Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Oh
- Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Batyrbek Alimkhanuly
- Semiconductor Device & Integration Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyunghee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Semiconductor Device & Integration Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyunghee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Minbaek Lee
- The Institute for Basic Science, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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41
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Lei H, Zhao J, Ma X, Li H, Fan D. Antibacterial Dual Network Hydrogels for Sensing and Human Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101089. [PMID: 34453781 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based conductive hydrogels have the synergistic advantages of high conductivity and tissue-like properties, making them promising candidates for the construction of flexible electronic devices. However, conductive hydrogel materials can easily absorb microorganisms due to their high water content. To address the problem that conductive hydrogels are susceptible to infection by external pathogens when monitoring wounds and when used in implanted organs, tannic acid-borax (TA-B) complexes are introduced into classical dual network polyacrylamide/agarose (PAM/Agar) hydrogels to form PAM/Agar/TA-B hydrogel conductors. These hydrogels are antibacterial and have good mechanical properties, light transmission, electrical conductivity, and adhesion. TA-B increases the compressive stress of the PAM/Agar/TA-B hydrogel by 58.14% compared to a PAM/Agar hydrogel. The PAM/Agar/TA-B hydrogel can be used as an electronic conductor for electronic skin and wearable sensors. Outstanding biocompatibility allows the hydrogel to be used as a monitoring device at wounds to monitor heartbeat, skin wounds, and internal tissue status in real time. In summary, an antibacterial strain sensing matrix that is safe for human health monitoring is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Dermatology Peking University First Hospital Xishiku Street No.8 Beijing 100034 China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute Northwest University Taibai North Road 229 Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Cao T, Wang T, Sun L, Wang K, Fan X. Antiliquid-Interfering, Antibacteria, and Adhesive Wearable Strain Sensor Based on Superhydrophobic and Conductive Composite Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46022-46032. [PMID: 34542266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are promising multifunctional materials for wearable sensors, but their practical applications require combined properties that are difficult to achieve. Herein, we developed a flexible wearable sensor with double-layer structure based on conductive composite hydrogel, which included the outer layer of silicone elastomer (Ecoflex)/silica microparticle composite film and the inner layer of P(AAm-co-HEMA)-MXene-AgNPs hydrogel. Through covalently cross-linking silicone elastomer on the surface of the hydrogel polymer, we bonded a thin Ecoflex film (100 μm) on the P(AAm-co-HEMA)-MXene-AgNPs hydrogel with robust interface, which can easily adhere to the Ecoflex/SiO2 microparticle composite film by silicone glue. The Ecoflex/SiO2 microparticle composite film endows the strain wearable sensor with superhydrophobic function that could maintain the stability under stretching or bending. Moreover, it can effectively resist the interference of water droplets and water flow. The P(AAm-co-HEMA)-MXene-AgNPs hydrogel exhibits outstanding antibacterial activity to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and even drug-resistant Escherichia coli. In addition, the flexible wearable sensor exhibited good self-adhesive performance by changing the reaction temperature of hydrogel and can adhere strongly onto various materials. The conductive composite hydrogel reported in this work contributes an innovative strategy for the preparation of multifunctional flexible wearable sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Wang
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cao
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Linxiao Sun
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Keyao Wang
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- The key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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Li M, Chen X, Li X, Dong J, Zhao X, Zhang Q. Wearable and Robust Polyimide Hydrogel Fiber Textiles for Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43323-43332. [PMID: 34469683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive ionic hydrogel fibers and textiles with excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability are requested for flexible and wearable electronic devices, strain sensors, and even artificial skin. However, most of the reported hydrogel fibers are not suitable in complex environments, especially in alkaline solutions and organic solvents due to their poor chemical stability. Herein, we report ionic polyimide hydrogel fibers derived from an organosoluble polyimide salt that can be continuously and rapidly prepared via a facile wet spinning method. Thanks to their ion-rich property and robust skeletal structure, the obtained ionic polyimide hydrogel fibers showed an excellent conductivity of ∼21 mS/cm and outstanding mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 2.5 MPa and breaking elongation of 215%. Furthermore, the as-prepared fibers could be easily woven to form integral textiles, endowing them with good wearable properties. Accordingly, facile strain sensors assembled by polyimide hydrogel fibers show a linear response with high sensitivity and good cycling stability, which have great potential for applications in wearable and flexible strain sensors under diverse complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Xiuting Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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Bunea AC, Dediu V, Laszlo EA, Pistriţu F, Carp M, Iliescu FS, Ionescu ON, Iliescu C. E-Skin: The Dawn of a New Era of On-Body Monitoring Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1091. [PMID: 34577734 PMCID: PMC8470991 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Real-time "on-body" monitoring of human physiological signals through wearable systems developed on flexible substrates (e-skin) is the next target in human health control and prevention, while an alternative to bulky diagnostic devices routinely used in clinics. The present work summarizes the recent trends in the development of e-skin systems. Firstly, we revised the material development for e-skin systems. Secondly, aspects related to fabrication techniques were presented. Next, the main applications of e-skin systems in monitoring, such as temperature, pulse, and other bio-electric signals related to health status, were analyzed. Finally, aspects regarding the power supply and signal processing were discussed. The special features of e-skin as identified contribute clearly to the developing potential as in situ diagnostic tool for further implementation in clinical practice at patient personal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Cristina Bunea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Violeta Dediu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Edwin Alexandru Laszlo
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Florian Pistriţu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Mihaela Carp
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Florina Silvia Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
| | - Octavian Narcis Ionescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
- Faculty of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (V.D.); (E.A.L.); (F.P.); (M.C.); (F.S.I.); (O.N.I.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Shim HJ, Sunwoo S, Kim Y, Koo JH, Kim D. Functionalized Elastomers for Intrinsically Soft and Biointegrated Electronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002105. [PMID: 33506654 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elastomers are suitable materials for constructing a conformal interface with soft and curvilinear biological tissue due to their intrinsically deformable mechanical properties. Intrinsically soft electronic devices whose mechanical properties are comparable to human tissue can be fabricated using suitably functionalized elastomers. This article reviews recent progress in functionalized elastomers and their application to intrinsically soft and biointegrated electronics. Elastomers can be functionalized by adding appropriate fillers, either nanoscale materials or polymers. Conducting or semiconducting elastomers synthesized and/or processed with these materials can be applied to the fabrication of soft biointegrated electronic devices. For facile integration of soft electronics with the human body, additional functionalization strategies can be employed to improve adhesive or autonomous healing properties. Recently, device components for intrinsically soft and biointegrated electronics, including sensors, stimulators, power supply devices, displays, and transistors, have been developed. Herein, representative examples of these fully elastomeric device components are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future outlooks for the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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46
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Subraveti SN, Raghavan SR. A Simple Way to Synthesize a Protective "Skin" around Any Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37645-37654. [PMID: 34324315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In nature, various structures such as fruits and vegetables have a water-rich core that is covered by a hydrophobic layer, i.e., their skin. The skin creates a barrier that prevents chemicals in the external environment from entering the core; at the same time, the skin also ensures that the water in the core is preserved and not lost by evaporation. Currently, for many applications involving hydrogels, especially in areas such as soft robotics or bioelectronic interfaces, it would be advantageous if the gel could be encased in a skin-like material. However, forming such a skin around a gel has proved challenging because the skin would need to be a hydrophobic material with a distinct chemistry from the hydrophilic gel core. Here, we present a simple solution to this problem, which allows any hydrogel of arbitrary composition and geometry to be encased by a thin, transparent "skin." Our synthesis technique involves an inside-out polymerization, where one component of the polymerization (the initiator) is present only in the gel core, while other components (the monomers) are present only in the external medium. Accordingly, a thin polymeric layer (∼10-100 μm in thickness) grows outward from the core, and the entire process can be completed in a few minutes. We show that the presence of the skin prevents the gel from swelling in water and also from drying in air. Likewise, hydrophilic solutes in the gel core are completely prevented by the skin from leaking out into the external solution, while harsh chemicals (e.g., acids, bases, and chelators) or harmful microbes are prevented from entering the gels. The properties of the skin are all tunable, including its thickness and its mechanical properties. When the monomer used is urethane diacrylate, the resulting polyurethane skin is elastomeric, transparent, and peelable from the core gel. Conversely, when polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used as the monomer, the skin is hard and brittle (glass-like). The ability to grow a skin readily around any given hydrogel is likely to prove useful in numerous applications, such as in maintaining the electrical functionality of gel-based wires or circuit elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Nikhil Subraveti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Kim SH, Kim Y, Choi H, Park J, Song JH, Baac HW, Shin M, Kwak J, Son D. Mechanically and electrically durable, stretchable electronic textiles for robust wearable electronics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22327-22333. [PMID: 35480785 PMCID: PMC9034242 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A monolithic integration of high-performance soft electronic modules into various fabric materials has enabled a paradigm shift in wearable textile electronics. However, the current textile electronics have struggled against fatigue under repetitive deformation due to the absence of materials and structural design strategies for imparting electrical and mechanical robustness to individual fibers. Here, we report a mechanically and electrically durable, stretchable electronic textile (MED-ET) enabled by a precisely controlled diffusion of tough self-healing stretchable inks into fibers and an adoption of the kirigami-inspired design. Remarkably, the conductive percolative pathways in the fabric of MED-ET even under a harshly deformed environment were stably maintained due to an electrical recovery phenomenon which originates from the spontaneous rearrangement of Ag flakes in the self-healing polymer matrix. Specifically, such a unique property enabled damage-resistant performance when repetitive deformation and scratch were applied. In addition, the kirigami-inspired design was capable of efficiently dissipating the accumulated stress in the conductive fabric during stretching, thereby providing high stretchability (a tensile strain of 300%) without any mechanical fracture or electrical malfunction. Finally, we successfully demonstrate various electronic textile applications such as stretchable micro-light-emitting diodes (Micro-LED), electromyogram (EMG) monitoring and all-fabric thermoelectric devices (F-TEG). Stretchable MED-ET was fabricated by a soaking process of self-healing stretchable Ag ink. Conductive pathways in MED-ET under a damaged environment were stably maintained due to an electrical recovery phenomenon which enables a robust device system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Han Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Gyeonggi-do Korea.,Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea .,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea.,Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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48
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Liu H, Feng B, Bai X, Qi T, Wei Z, Liu R, Yin K, Gao J, Yang D, Zheng G, ten Elshof JE, Shan C, Sun Q, Yuan H. Two‐dimensional oxide based pressure sensors with high sensitivity. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Bo Feng
- Henan Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Zhengzhou China
| | - Xiaosong Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Tianhang Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design & Manufacture of Micro/Nano Biomedical Instruments and School of Mechanical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design & Manufacture of Micro/Nano Biomedical Instruments and School of Mechanical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Ruichao Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Keke Yin
- Henan Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Zhengzhou China
| | - Jinxing Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Daoyuan Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Guangchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Johan E. ten Elshof
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Chongxin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Qi‐Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves and Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Huiyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Henan Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Zhengzhou China
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49
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Gonuguntla S, Lim WC, Leong FY, Ao CK, Liu C, Soh S. Performing calculus: Asymmetric adaptive stimuli-responsive material for derivative control. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe5698. [PMID: 33789896 PMCID: PMC8011968 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Materials (e.g., brick or wood) are generally perceived as unintelligent. Even the highly researched "smart" materials are only capable of extremely primitive analytical functions (e.g., simple logical operations). Here, a material is shown to have the ability to perform (i.e., without a computer), an advanced mathematical operation in calculus: the temporal derivative. It consists of a stimuli-responsive material coated asymmetrically with an adaptive impermeable layer. Its ability to analyze the derivative is shown by experiments, numerical modeling, and theory (i.e., scaling between derivative and response). This class of freestanding stimuli-responsive materials is demonstrated to serve effectively as a derivative controller for controlled delivery and self-regulation. Its fast response realizes the same designed functionality and efficiency as complex industrial derivative controllers widely used in manufacturing. These results illustrate the possibility to associate specifically designed materials directly with higher concepts of mathematics for the development of "intelligent" material-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spandhana Gonuguntla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Wei Chun Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Fong Yew Leong
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing, 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Chi Kit Ao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Changhui Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Siowling Soh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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50
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Xian H, Li L, Wen P, Bai H, Wang W, Liu Y. Development of stretchable metallic glass electrodes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1800-1806. [PMID: 33433555 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07307e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes are essential components for wearable electronics. However, the stretchability of the electrodes is often achieved with the sacrifice of electronic conductivity along with huge variation in resistance. In this work, stretchable metallic glass electrodes (MG-electrodes) that have both high electronic conductivity and excellent electronic stability are developed. The stretchability of the MG-electrode is significantly improved by shrinking MG films deposited on substrates with pre-strain. We demonstrate two types of MG-electrodes. One is a transparent MG-electrode for uniaxial stretching, and the other with better conductivity is for biaxial stretching. Compared with previous electrodes, the MG-electrodes exhibit a combination of high conductivity and negligible resistivity change (<5%), making them promising candidates for interconnections. Along with the excellent corrosion resistance of metallic glasses, the electrodes may be used in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Xian
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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