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Vila-Castelar C, Tariot PN, Sink KM, Clayton D, Langbaum JB, Thomas RG, Chen Y, Su Y, Chen K, Hu N, Giraldo-Chica M, Tobón C, Acosta-Baena N, Luna E, Londoño M, Ospina P, Tirado V, Muñoz C, Henao E, Bocanegra Y, Alvarez S, Rios-Romenets S, Ghisays V, Goradia D, Lee W, Luo J, Malek-Ahmadi MH, Protas HD, Lopera F, Reiman EM, Quiroz YT. Sex differences in cognitive resilience in preclinical autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease carriers and non-carriers: Baseline findings from the API ADAD Colombia Trial. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2272-2282. [PMID: 35103388 PMCID: PMC9339586 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Females may have greater susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD)-pathology. We examined the effect of sex on pathology, neurodegeneration, and memory in cognitively-unimpaired Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) E280A mutation carriers and non-carriers. METHODS We analyzed baseline data from 167 mutation carriers and 75 non-carriers (ages 30 to 53) from the Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative Autosomal Dominant AD Trial, including florbetapir- and fludeoxyglucose-PET, MRI based hippocampal volume and cognitive testing. RESULTS Females exhibited better delayed recall than males, controlling for age, precuneus glucose metabolism, and mutation status, although the effect was not significant among PSEN1 mutation carriers only. APOE ε4 did not modify the effect of sex on AD biomarkers and memory. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that, among cognitively-unimpaired individuals at genetic risk for autosomal-dominant AD, females may have greater cognitive resilience to AD pathology and neurodegeneration than males. Further investigation of sex-specific differences in autosomal-dominant AD is key to elucidating mechanisms of AD risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlos Tobón
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | | | - Ernesto Luna
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | - Marisol Londoño
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | - Paula Ospina
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | - Victoria Tirado
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | - Claudia Muñoz
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | - Eliana Henao
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | - Yamile Bocanegra
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Lee
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ji Luo
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia of Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, CO
| | | | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase inhibition reverses immune, synaptic and cognitive impairments in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2061. [PMID: 35443751 PMCID: PMC9021296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The defining features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include alterations in protein aggregation, immunity, lipid metabolism, synapses, and learning and memory. Of these, lipid abnormalities are the least understood. Here, we investigate the role of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a crucial regulator of fatty acid desaturation, in AD pathogenesis. We show that inhibiting brain SCD activity for 1-month in the 3xTg mouse model of AD alters core AD-related transcriptomic pathways in the hippocampus, and that it concomitantly restores essential components of hippocampal function, including dendritic spines and structure, immediate-early gene expression, and learning and memory itself. Moreover, SCD inhibition dampens activation of microglia, key mediators of spine loss during AD and the main immune cells of the brain. These data reveal that brain fatty acid metabolism links AD genes to downstream immune, synaptic, and functional impairments, identifying SCD as a potential target for AD treatment. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by lipid abnormalities which are not well understood. Here, the authors investigate the role of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in a mouse model of AD. They show that inhibiting SCD activity induces major brain and immune cell transcriptional changes and restores dendritic structure and learning and memory.
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Bridel C, Somers C, Sieben A, Rozemuller A, Niemantsverdriet E, Struyfs H, Vermeiren Y, Van Broeckhoven C, De Deyn PP, Bjerke M, Nagels G, Teunissen CE, Engelborghs S. Associating Alzheimer’s disease pathology with its cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Brain 2022; 145:4056-4064. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers 42 amino acid long amyloid-β peptide (Aβ1-42), total tau protein (T-tau), and tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181) are considered surrogate biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, and significantly improve diagnostic accuracy. Their ability to reflect neuropathological changes later in the disease course is not well characterized. This study aimed to assess the potential of CSF biomarkers measured in mid- to late-stage Alzheimer’s disease to reflect post mortem neuropathological changes. Individuals were selected from 2 autopsy cohorts of Alzheimer’s disease patients in Antwerp and Amsterdam. Neuropathological diagnosis was performed according to the updated consensus National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines by Montine et al, which includes quantification of amyloid beta plaque, neurofibrillary tangle, and neuritic plaque load. CSF samples were analyzed for Aβ1-42, T-tau, and P-tau181 by ELISA. 114 cases of pure definite Alzheimer’s disease were included in the study (mean age 74 years, disease duration 6 years at CSF sampling, 50% females). Median interval between CSF sampling and death was one year. We found no association between Aβ1-42 and Alzheimer’s disease neuropathological change profile. In contrast, an association of P-tau181 and T-tau with Alzheimer’s disease neuropathological change profile was observed. P-tau181 was associated with all three individual Montine scores, and the associations became stronger and more significant as the interval between lumbar puncture and death increased. T-tau was also associated with all three Montine scores, but in individuals with longer intervals from lumbar puncture to death only. Stratification of the cohort according to APOE ε4 carrier status revealed that the associations applied mostly to APOE ε4 non-carriers. Our data suggest that similarly to what has been reported for Aβ1-42, plateau levels of P-tau181 and T-tau are reached during the disease course, albeit at later disease stages, reducing the potential of tau biomarkers to monitor Alzheimer’s disease pathology as the disease progresses. As a consequence, CSF biomarkers, which are performant for clinical diagnosis of early Alzheimer’s disease, may not be well suited for staging or monitoring Alzheimer’s disease pathology as it progresses through later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bridel
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charisse Somers
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Sieben
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellis Niemantsverdriet
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Chair Group of Nutritional Biology, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter P. De Deyn
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Nagels
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
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Brookhouser N, Raman S, Frisch C, Srinivasan G, Brafman DA. APOE2 mitigates disease-related phenotypes in an isogenic hiPSC-based model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5715-5732. [PMID: 33837271 PMCID: PMC8501163 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified polymorphism in the Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) to be the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compared to individuals homozygous for the APOE3 variant, individuals with the APOE4 variant have a significantly elevated risk of AD. On the other hand, longitudinal studies have shown that the presence of the APOE2 variant reduces the lifetime risk of developing AD by 40 percent. While there has been significant research that has identified the risk-inducing effects of APOE4, the underlying mechanisms by which APOE2 influences AD onset and progression have not been extensively explored. In this study, we utilize an isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based system to demonstrate that conversion of APOE3 to APOE2 greatly reduced the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in hiPSC-derived neural cultures. Mechanistically, analysis of pure populations of neurons and astrocytes derived from these neural cultures revealed that mitigating effects of APOE2 are mediated by cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects. In particular, we demonstrated the reduction in Aβ is potentially driven by a mechanism related to non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), suggesting a gain of the protective function of the APOE2 variant. Together, this study provides insights into the risk-modifying effects associated with the APOE2 allele and establishes a platform to probe the mechanisms by which APOE2 enhances neuroprotection against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sreedevi Raman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlye Frisch
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Perrone F, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Emerging genetic complexity and rare genetic variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Genome Med 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 33853652 PMCID: PMC8048219 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular etiology of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) has substantially increased over the past three decades. Early genetic studies of NBD families identified rare and highly penetrant deleterious mutations in causal genes that segregate with disease. Large genome-wide association studies uncovered common genetic variants that influenced disease risk. Major developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies accelerated gene discoveries at an unprecedented rate and revealed novel pathways underlying NBD pathogenesis. NGS technology exposed large numbers of rare genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in coding regions, highlighting the genetic complexity of NBD. Since experimental studies of these coding rare VUS are largely lacking, the potential contributions of VUS to NBD etiology remain unknown. In this review, we summarize novel findings in NBD genetic etiology driven by NGS and the impact of rare VUS on NBD etiology. We consider different mechanisms by which rare VUS can act and influence NBD pathophysiology and discuss why a better understanding of rare VUS is instrumental for deriving novel insights into the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of NBD. New knowledge might open avenues for effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Martín-Sánchez A, Piñero J, Nonell L, Arnal M, Ribe EM, Nevado-Holgado A, Lovestone S, Sanz F, Furlong LI, Valverde O. Comorbidity between Alzheimer's disease and major depression: a behavioural and transcriptomic characterization study in mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:73. [PMID: 33795014 PMCID: PMC8017643 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression (MD) is the most prevalent psychiatric disease in the population and is considered a prodromal stage of the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite both diseases having a robust genetic component, the common transcriptomic signature remains unknown. METHODS We investigated the cognitive and emotional behavioural responses in 3- and 6-month-old APP/PSEN1-Tg mice, before β-amyloid plaques were detected. We studied the genetic and pathway deregulation in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and amygdala of mice at both ages, using transcriptomic and functional data analysis. RESULTS We found that depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as memory impairments, are already present at 3-month-old APP/PSEN1-Tg mutant mice together with the deregulation of several genes, such as Ciart, Grin3b, Nr1d1 and Mc4r, and other genes including components of the circadian rhythms, electron transport chain and neurotransmission in all brain areas. Extending these results to human data performing GSEA analysis using DisGeNET database, it provides translational support for common deregulated gene sets related to MD and AD. CONCLUSIONS The present study sheds light on the shared genetic bases between MD and AD, based on a comprehensive characterization from the behavioural to transcriptomic level. These findings suggest that late MD could be an early manifestation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sánchez
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Nonell
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- MARGenomics core facility, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Arnal
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena M Ribe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Alejo Nevado-Holgado
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Johnson and Johnson Medical Ltd., Janssen-Cilag, High Wycombe, UK
| | - Ferran Sanz
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura I Furlong
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lakey-Beitia J, Burillo AM, Penna GL, Hegde ML, Rao K. Polyphenols as Potential Metal Chelation Compounds Against Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S335-S357. [PMID: 32568200 PMCID: PMC7809605 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting more than 50 million people worldwide. The pathology of this multifactorial disease is primarily characterized by the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates; however, other etiological factors including metal dyshomeostasis, specifically copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), play critical role in disease progression. Because these transition metal ions are important for cellular function, their imbalance can cause oxidative stress that leads to cellular death and eventual cognitive decay. Importantly, these transition metal ions can interact with the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and Aβ42 peptide, affecting Aβ aggregation and increasing its neurotoxicity. Considering how metal dyshomeostasis may substantially contribute to AD, this review discusses polyphenols and the underlying chemical principles that may enable them to act as natural chelators. Furthermore, polyphenols have various therapeutic effects, including antioxidant activity, metal chelation, mitochondrial function, and anti-amyloidogenic activity. These combined therapeutic effects of polyphenols make them strong candidates for a moderate chelation-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Andrea M. Burillo
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Giovanni La Penna
- National Research Council, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K.S. Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Institute, Hangzhou, Republic of China
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Gonneaud J, Bedetti C, Pichet Binette A, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Poirier J, Breitner JCS, Villeneuve S. Association of education with Aβ burden in preclinical familial and sporadic Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2020; 95:e1554-e1564. [PMID: 32759192 PMCID: PMC7713743 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether years of education and the ε4 risk allele at APOE influence β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology similarly in asymptomatic individuals with a family history of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) and presymptomatic autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from 106 asymptomatic individuals with a parental history of sporadic AD (PREVENT-AD cohort; age 67.28 ± 4.72 years) and 117 presymptomatic autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers (DIAN cohort; age 35.04 ± 9.43 years). All participants underwent structural MRI and Aβ-PET imaging. In each cohort we investigated the influence of years of education, APOE ε4 status, and their interaction on Aβ-PET. RESULTS Asymptomatic individuals with a parental history of sporadic AD showed increased Aβ burden associated with APOE ε4 carriage and lower level of education, but no interaction between these. Presymptomatic mutation carriers of autosomal dominant AD showed no relation between APOE ε4 and Aβ burden, but increasing level of education was associated with reduced Aβ burden. The association between educational attainment and Aβ burden was similar in the 2 cohorts. CONCLUSIONS While the APOE ε4 allele confers increased tendency toward Aβ accumulation in sporadic AD only, protective environmental factors, like increased education, may promote brain resistance against Aβ pathology in both sporadic and autosomal dominant AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gonneaud
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO.
| | - Christophe Bedetti
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Alexa Pichet Binette
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Randall J Bateman
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Judes Poirier
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - John C S Breitner
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- From the Department of Psychiatry (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), McGill University; Douglas Mental Health University Institute (J.G., C.B., A.P.B., J.P., J.C.S.B., S.V.), StoP-AD Centre, Montreal, Canada; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.); and Washington University School of Medicine (T.L.S.B., J.C.M., R.J.B.), St. Louis, MO.
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Qin Q, Yin Y, Wang Y, Lu Y, Tang Y, Jia J. Gene mutations associated with early onset familial Alzheimer's disease in China: An overview and current status. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1443. [PMID: 32767553 PMCID: PMC7549583 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of three causative genes, namely presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP), have been identified as the major causes of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD). The prevalence of causative gene mutations in patients with EOFAD has been reported in previous studies worldwide but remains unclear in China. The patients with these known mutations always show considerable clinical phenotypic variability. However, to date, there have been no detailed descriptions of the clinical phenotypes associated with these Chinese EOFAD mutations. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe all of the known mutations in three EOFAD causative genes and genotype-phenotype correlations in Chinese patients with EOFAD. METHOD We systematically searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, CNKI, VIP, and WAN-FANG databases to find Chinese EOFAD mutations in reports from inception through May 2020. RESULT We identified 31 studies reporting mutations of three causative genes in China. 10 mutations in APP gene, 27 mutations in PSEN1 gene and six mutations in PSEN2 were discovered in Chinese EOFAD. This review summarized all these probably pathogenic mutations as well as its clinical features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systemic review of causative gene mutations in patients with EOFAD in China. CONCLUSION The analysis of the genetic and clinical phenotype correlations in this review supports the idea that the clinical phenotype might be influenced by specific genetic defects. It also suggests genetic testing and genotype-phenotype correlations are important for the accurate diagnosis and for understanding disease-associated pathways and might also improve disease therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yunsi Yin
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological DisordersDepartment of NeurologyXuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive DisordersBeijingChina
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory ImpairmentCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Alzheimer's DiseaseBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
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10
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Wisniewski T, Drummond E. APOE-amyloid interaction: Therapeutic targets. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104784. [PMID: 32027932 PMCID: PMC7118587 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is growing in prevalence globally. It is the only major cause of death without any effective pharmacological means to treat or slow progression. Inheritance of the ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein (APO) E gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. The interaction between APOE and amyloid β (Aβ) plays a key role in AD pathogenesis. The APOE-Aβ interaction regulates Aβ aggregation and clearance and therefore directly influences the development of amyloid plaques, congophilic amyloid angiopathy and subsequent tau related pathology. Relatively few AD therapeutic approaches have directly targeted the APOE-Aβ interaction thus far. Here we review the critical role of APOE in the pathogenesis of AD and some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that focus on the APOE-Aβ interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, Science Building, Rm 1017, 435 East 30(th) Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Brain & Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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D’Argenio V, Sarnataro D. New Insights into the Molecular Bases of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020026. [PMID: 32325882 PMCID: PMC7354425 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Like several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Prion and Parkinson diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by spreading mechanism of aggregated proteins in the brain in a typical "prion-like" manner. Recent genetic studies have identified in four genes associated with inherited AD (amyloid precursor protein-APP, Presenilin-1, Presenilin-2 and Apolipoprotein E), rare mutations which cause dysregulation of APP processing and alterations of folding of the derived amyloid beta peptide (A). Accumulation and aggregation of A in the brain can trigger a series of intracellular events, including hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, leading to the pathological features of AD. However, mutations in these four genes account for a small of the total genetic risk for familial AD (FAD). Genome-wide association studies have recently led to the identification of additional AD candidate genes. Here, we review an update of well-established, highly penetrant FAD-causing genes with correlation to the protein misfolding pathway, and novel emerging candidate FAD genes, as well as inherited risk factors. Knowledge of these genes and of their correlated biochemical cascade will provide several potential targets for treatment of AD and aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D’Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
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12
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Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:501-518. [PMID: 31367008 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk determinant of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), with the APOE*ε4 allele conferring an increased risk and the APOE*ε2 allele conferring a decreased risk relative to the common APOE*ε3 allele. Strong evidence from clinical and basic research suggests that a major pathway by which APOE4 increases the risk of AD is by driving earlier and more abundant amyloid pathology in the brains of APOE*ε4 carriers. The number of amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and Aβ-independent pathways that are known to be differentially modulated by APOE isoforms is increasing. For example, evidence is accumulating that APOE influences tau pathology, tau-mediated neurodegeneration and microglial responses to AD-related pathologies. In addition, APOE4 is either pathogenic or shows reduced efficiency in multiple brain homeostatic pathways, including lipid transport, synaptic integrity and plasticity, glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function. Here, we review the recent progress in clinical and basic research into the role of APOE in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss how APOE can be targeted for AD therapy using a precision medicine approach.
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13
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Belloy ME, Napolioni V, Greicius MD. A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: Progress to Date and the Path Forward. Neuron 2019; 101:820-838. [PMID: 30844401 PMCID: PMC6407643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a polygenic disorder. This view is clouded, however, by lingering uncertainty over how to treat the quasi "monogenic" role of apolipoprotein E (APOE). The APOE4 allele is not only the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, it also affects risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other neurodegenerative disorders. This review, based mostly on data from human studies, ranges across a variety of APOE-related pathologies, touching on evolutionary genetics and risk mitigation by ethnicity and sex. The authors also address one of the most fundamental question pertaining to APOE4 and AD: does APOE4 increase AD risk via a loss or gain of function? The answer will be of the utmost importance in guiding future research in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël E Belloy
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, FIND Lab, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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14
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Karch CM, Hernández D, Wang JC, Marsh J, Hewitt AW, Hsu S, Norton J, Levitch D, Donahue T, Sigurdson W, Ghetti B, Farlow M, Chhatwal J, Berman S, Cruchaga C, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Pébay A, Goate AM. Human fibroblast and stem cell resource from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:69. [PMID: 30045758 PMCID: PMC6060509 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) cause autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer disease (ADAD). More than 280 pathogenic mutations have been reported in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2. However, understanding of the basic biological mechanisms that drive the disease are limited. The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) is an international observational study of APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 mutation carriers with the goal of determining the sequence of changes in presymptomatic mutation carriers who are destined to develop Alzheimer disease. RESULTS We generated a library of 98 dermal fibroblast lines from 42 ADAD families enrolled in DIAN. We have reprogrammed a subset of the DIAN fibroblast lines into patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. These cells were thoroughly characterized for pluripotency markers. CONCLUSIONS This library represents a comprehensive resource that can be used for disease modeling and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Damián Hernández
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Jen-Chyong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jacob Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Tamara Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Sarah Berman
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4-West Montefiore University Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN)
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- School of Medicine, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A 142, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4-West Montefiore University Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
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15
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Lin E, Tsai SJ, Kuo PH, Liu YL, Yang AC, Kao CF, Yang CH. The rs1277306 Variant of the REST Gene Confers Susceptibility to Cognitive Aging in an Elderly Taiwanese Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 43:119-127. [PMID: 28142142 DOI: 10.1159/000455833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There is growing evidence that the RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) gene may contribute to cognitive aging and Alzheimer diseases. In this replication study, we reassessed whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the REST gene are linked with cognitive aging independently and/or through complex interactions in an older Taiwanese population. METHODS A total of 634 Taiwanese subjects aged over 60 years from the Taiwan Biobank were analyzed. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were performed for all subjects to weigh cognitive functions. RESULTS Our data showed that the REST rs1277306 SNP was significantly associated with cognitive aging among all subjects (p = 0.0052). Furthermore, the association remained significant for individuals without APOE ε4 allele (p = 0.0092), but not for individuals with at least 1 APOE ε4 allele. This association remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Additionally, we found the interactions between the rs1713985 and rs1277306 SNPs on cognitive aging (p = 0.016). However, the 3-marker haplotype derived from the rs1713985, rs3796529, and rs7680734 SNPs in the REST gene demonstrated no association with cognitive aging. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the REST gene may contribute to susceptibility to cognitive aging independently as well as through SNP-SNP and APOE-REST interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- TickleFish Systems Corporation, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence for genetic modifier effects in the neurodegenerative diseases Huntington's Disease (HD), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Parkinson's Disease (PD). RECENT FINDINGS Increasingly, we understand human disease genetics less through the lens of single-locus/single-trait effects, and more through that of polygenic contributions to disease risk. In addition, specific examples of genetic modifier effects of the chromosome 7 gene TMEM106B on various target genes including those causal for Mendelian classes of FTLD - GRN and c9orf72 - have emerged from both genetic cohort studies and mechanistic examinations of biological pathways. SUMMARY Here, we summarize the literature reporting genetic modifier effects in HD, FTLD, AD, and PD. We further contextualize reported genetic modifier effects in these diseases in terms of insight they may lend to the concept of a polygenic landscape for the major neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimansha Jain
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Viaña JNM, Bittlinger M, Gilbert F. Ethical Considerations for Deep Brain Stimulation Trials in Patients with Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:289-301. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Noel M. Viaña
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Ethics, Policy & Public Engagement (EPPE) Program, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Gilbert
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Ethics, Policy & Public Engagement (EPPE) Program, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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18
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Lin CH, Lin E, Lane HY. Genetic Biomarkers on Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 29209239 PMCID: PMC5702307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With ever-increasing elder populations, age-related cognitive decline, which is characterized as a gradual decline in cognitive capacity in the aging process, has turned out to be a mammoth public health concern. Since genetic information has become increasingly important to explore the biological mechanisms of cognitive decline, the search for genetic biomarkers of cognitive aging has received much attention. There is growing evidence that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ADAMTS9, BDNF, CASS4, COMT, CR1, DNMT3A, DTNBP1, REST, SRR, TOMM40, circadian clock, and Alzheimer's diseases-associated genes may contribute to susceptibility to cognitive aging. In this review, we first illustrated evidence of the genetic contribution to disease susceptibility to age-related cognitive decline in recent studies ranging from approaches of candidate genes to genome-wide association studies. We then surveyed a variety of association studies regarding age-related cognitive decline with consideration of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Finally, we highlighted their limitations and future directions. In light of advances in precision medicine and multi-omics technologies, future research in genomic medicine promises to lead to innovative ideas that are relevant to disease prevention and novel drugs for cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,TickleFish Systems Corporation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Ryan NS, Nicholas JM, Weston PSJ, Liang Y, Lashley T, Guerreiro R, Adamson G, Kenny J, Beck J, Chavez-Gutierrez L, de Strooper B, Revesz T, Holton J, Mead S, Rossor MN, Fox NC. Clinical phenotype and genetic associations in autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease: a case series. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:1326-1335. [PMID: 27777022 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of phenotypic heterogeneity in familial Alzheimer's disease with autosomal dominant inheritance are not well understood. We aimed to characterise clinical phenotypes and genetic associations with APP and PSEN1 mutations in symptomatic autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). METHODS We retrospectively analysed genotypic and phenotypic data (age at symptom onset, initial cognitive or behavioural symptoms, and presence of myoclonus, seizures, pyramidal signs, extrapyramidal signs, and cerebellar signs) from all individuals with ADAD due to APP or PSEN1 mutations seen at the Dementia Research Centre in London, UK. We examined the frequency of presenting symptoms and additional neurological features, investigated associations with age at symptom onset, APOE genotype, and mutation position, and explored phenotypic differences between APP and PSEN1 mutation carriers. The proportion of individuals presenting with various symptoms was analysed with descriptive statistics, stratified by mutation type. FINDINGS Between July 1, 1987, and Oct 31, 2015, age at onset was recorded for 213 patients (168 with PSEN1 mutations and 45 with APP mutations), with detailed history and neurological examination findings available for 121 (85 with PSEN1 mutations and 36 with APP mutations). We identified 38 different PSEN1 mutations (four novel) and six APP mutations (one novel). Age at onset differed by mutation, with a younger onset for individuals with PSEN1 mutations than for those with APP mutations (mean age 43·6 years [SD 7·2] vs 50·4 years [SD 5·2], respectively, p<0·0001); within the PSEN1 group, 72% of age at onset variance was explained by the specific mutation. A cluster of five mutations with particularly early onset (mean age at onset <40 years) involving PSEN1's first hydrophilic loop suggests critical functional importance of this region. 71 (84%) individuals with PSEN1 mutations and 35 (97%) with APP mutations presented with amnestic symptoms, making atypical cognitive presentations significantly more common in PSEN1 mutation carriers (n=14; p=0·037). Myoclonus and seizures were the most common additional neurological features; individuals with myoclonus (40 [47%] with PSEN1 mutations and 12 [33%] with APP mutations) were significantly more likely to develop seizures (p=0·001 for PSEN1; p=0·036 for APP), which affected around a quarter of the patients in each group (20 [24%] and nine [25%], respectively). A number of patients with PSEN1 mutations had pyramidal (21 [25%]), extrapyramidal (12 [14%]), or cerebellar (three [4%]) signs. INTERPRETATION ADAD phenotypes are heterogeneous, with both age at onset and clinical features being influenced by mutation position as well as causative gene. This highlights the importance of considering genetic testing in young patients with dementia and additional neurological features in order to appropriately diagnose and treat their symptoms, and of examining different mutation types separately in future research. FUNDING Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Philip S J Weston
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Yuying Liang
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro Portugal
| | - Gary Adamson
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janna Kenny
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jon Beck
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucia Chavez-Gutierrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart de Strooper
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Janice Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Denvir J, Neitch S, Fan J, Niles RM, Boskovic G, Schreurs BG, Primerano DA, Alkon DL. Identification of the PS1 Thr147Ile Variant in a Family with Very Early Onset Dementia and Expressive Aphasia. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:483-90. [PMID: 25812849 PMCID: PMC4583332 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early onset dementias have variable clinical presentations and are often difficult to diagnose. We established a family pedigree that demonstrated consistent recurrence of very early onset dementia in successive generations. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD In order to refine the diagnosis in this family, we sequenced the exomes of two affected family members and relied on discrete filtering to identify disease genes and the corresponding causal variants. RESULTS Among the 720 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shared by two affected members, we found a C to T transition that gives rise to a Thr147Ile missense substitution in the presenilin 1 (PS1) protein. The presence of this same mutation in a French early-onset Alzheimer's disease family, other affected members of the family, and the predicted high pathogenicity of the substitution strongly suggest that it is the causal variant. In addition to exceptionally young age of onset, we also observed significant limb spasticity and early loss of speech, concurrent with progression of dementia in affected family members. These findings extend the clinical presentation associated with the Thr147Ile variant. Lastly, one member with the Thr147Ile variant was treated with the PKC epsilon activator, bryostatin, in a compassionate use trial after successful FDA review. Initial improvements with this treatment were unexpectedly clear, including return of some speech, increased attentional focus, ability to swallow, and some apparent decrease in limb spasticity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the role of the PS1 Thr147Ile substitution in Alzheimer's disease and expand the clinical phenotype to include expressive aphasia and very early onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Shirley Neitch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Richard M Niles
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Goran Boskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Bernard G Schreurs
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Donald A Primerano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Cacace R, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease revisited. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:733-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
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Saad M, Brkanac Z, Wijsman EM. Family-based genome scan for age at onset of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in whole exome sequencing data. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:607-17. [PMID: 26394601 PMCID: PMC4715764 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common and complex neurodegenerative disease. Age at onset (AAO) of AD is an important component phenotype with a genetic basis, and identification of genes in which variation affects AAO would contribute to identification of factors that affect timing of onset. Increase in AAO through prevention or therapeutic measures would have enormous benefits by delaying AD and its associated morbidities. In this paper, we performed a family-based genome-wide association study for AAO of late-onset AD in whole exome sequence data generated in multigenerational families with multiple AD cases. We conducted single marker and gene-based burden tests for common and rare variants, respectively. We combined association analyses with variance component linkage analysis, and with reference to prior studies, in order to enhance evidence of the identified genes. For variants and genes implicated by the association study, we performed a gene-set enrichment analysis to identify potential novel pathways associated with AAO of AD. We found statistically significant association with AAO for three genes (WRN, NTN4 and LAMC3) with common associated variants, and for four genes (SLC8A3, SLC19A3, MADD and LRRK2) with multiple rare-associated variants that have a plausible biological function related to AD. The genes we have identified are in pathways that are strong candidates for involvement in the development of AD pathology and may lead to a better understanding of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saad
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Zoran Brkanac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Lee JH, Cheng R, Vardarajan B, Lantigua R, Reyes-Dumeyer D, Ortmann W, Graham RR, Bhangale T, Behrens TW, Medrano M, Jiménez-Velázquez IZ, Mayeux R. Genetic Modifiers of Age at Onset in Carriers of the G206A Mutation in PSEN1 With Familial Alzheimer Disease Among Caribbean Hispanics. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:1043-51. [PMID: 26214276 PMCID: PMC5010776 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The present study identified potential genetic modifiers that may delay or accelerate age at onset of familial Alzheimer disease (AD) by examining age at onset in PSEN1 mutation carrier families, and further investigation of these modifiers may provide insight into the pathobiology of AD and potential therapeutic measures. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variants that modify age at onset of AD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Using a subset of Caribbean Hispanic families that carry the PSEN1 p.G206A mutation, we performed a 2-stage genome study. The mutation carrier families from an ongoing genetic study served as a discovery set, and the cohort of those with LOAD served as a confirmation set. To identify candidate loci, we performed linkage analysis using 5 p.G206A carrier families (n = 56), and we also performed whole-exome association analysis using 31 p.G206A carriers from 26 families. To confirm the genetic modifiers identified from the p.G206A carrier families, we analyzed the GWAS data for 2888 elderly individuals with LOAD. All study participants were Caribbean Hispanics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Age at onset of AD. RESULTS Linkage analysis of AD identified the strongest linkage support at 4q35 (LOD [logarithm of odds] score, 3.69), and the GWAS of age at onset identified variants on 1p13.1, 2q13, 4q25, and 17p11. In the confirmation stage, genewise analysis identified SNX25, PDLIM3, and 3 SH3 domain genes (SORBS2, SH3RF3, and NPHP1) to be significantly associated with LOAD. Subsequent allelic association analysis confirmed SNX25, PDLIM3, and SORBS2 as genetic modifiers of age at onset of EOAD and LOAD and provided modest support for SH3RF3 and NPHP1. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our 2-stage analysis revealed that SNX25, PDLIM3, and SORBS2 may serve as genetic modifiers of age at onset in both EOAD and LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Lee
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York2Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York3Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia Univer
| | - Rong Cheng
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York2Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York2Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York4Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Timothy W. Behrens
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Martin Medrano
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago, Dominican Republic
| | | | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York2Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York3Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Columbia Univer
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Identification of PSEN2 mutation p.N141I in Argentine pedigrees with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2674-7.e1. [PMID: 26166204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 2 gene (PSEN2) mutations account for <5% of all early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) cases and only 13 have strong evidence for pathogenicity. We aimed to investigate the presence of PSEN2 mutation p.N141I and characterize the clinical phenotypes in 2 Argentine pedigrees (AR2 and AR3) with clinical symptoms of EOFAD. Detailed clinical assessments and genetic screening for PSEN2 and APOE genes were carried out in 19 individuals of AR2 and AR3 families. The p.N141I mutation was identified in all affected subjects and was associated with prominent early onset, rapidly progressive dementia, neurologic, and behavioral symptoms. AR2 and AR3 families share the same Volga German ancestry as all the families reported presenting this mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PSEN2 mutation p.N141I in Argentina and even more, in South America. Our contribution increases the total number of described families carrying this mutation and help to improve the characterization of clinical phenotype in EOFAD associated to PSEN2 mutations.
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25
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Wang LS, Naj AC, Graham RR, Crane PK, Kunkle BW, Cruchaga C, Murcia JDG, Cannon-Albright L, Baldwin CT, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Kukull WA, Faber KM, Schupf N, Norton MC, Tschanz JT, Munger RG, Corcoran CD, Rogaeva E, Lin CF, Dombroski BA, Cantwell LB, Partch A, Valladares O, Hakonarson H, St George-Hyslop P, Green RC, Goate AM, Foroud TM, Carney RM, Larson EB, Behrens TW, Kauwe JSK, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Schellenberg GD, Albert MS, Albin RL, Apostolova LG, Arnold SE, Barber R, Barmada M, Barnes LL, Beach TG, Becker JT, Beecham GW, Beekly D, Bennett DA, Bigio EH, Bird TD, Blacker D, Boeve BF, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Buxbaum JD, Cairns NJ, Cao C, Carlson CS, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Cribbs DH, Crocco EA, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Demirci FY, Dick M, Dickson DW, Duara R, Ertekin-Taner N, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Frosch MP, Galasko DR, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Glass JD, Graff-Radford NR, Growdon JH, Hamilton RL, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jarvik GP, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Jun G, Jun G, Kamboh MI, Karydas A, Kaye JA, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Kramer JH, LaFerla FM, Lah JJ, Leverenz JB, Levey AI, Li G, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Lunetta KL, Lyketsos CG, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martin ER, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam WM, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Montine TJ, Morris JC, Murrell JR, Olichney JM, Parisi JE, Perry W, Peskind E, Petersen RC, Pierce A, Poon WW, Potter H, Quinn JF, Raj A, Raskind M, Reiman EM, Reisberg B, Reitz C, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rosen HJ, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Saykin AJ, Schneider JA, Schneider LS, Seeley WW, Smith AG, Sonnen JA, Spina S, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Thornton-Wells TA, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Tsuang DW, Van Deerlin VM, Van Eldik LJ, Vardarajan BN, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Wishnek S, Woltjer RL, Wright CB, Younkin SG, Yu CE, Yu L. Rarity of the Alzheimer disease-protective APP A673T variant in the United States. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:209-16. [PMID: 25531812 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Recently, a rare variant in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) was described in a population from Iceland. This variant, in which alanine is replaced by threonine at position 673 (A673T), appears to protect against late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). We evaluated the frequency of this variant in AD cases and cognitively normal controls to determine whether this variant will significantly contribute to risk assessment in individuals in the United States. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of the APP A673T variant in a large group of elderly cognitively normal controls and AD cases from the United States and in 2 case-control cohorts from Sweden. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Case-control association analysis of variant APP A673T in US and Swedish white individuals comparing AD cases with cognitively intact elderly controls. Participants were ascertained at multiple university-associated medical centers and clinics across the United States and Sweden by study-specific sampling methods. They were from case-control studies, community-based prospective cohort studies, and studies that ascertained multiplex families from multiple sources. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Genotypes for the APP A673T variant were determined using the Infinium HumanExome V1 Beadchip (Illumina, Inc) and by TaqMan genotyping (Life Technologies). RESULTS The A673T variant genotypes were evaluated in 8943 US AD cases, 10 480 US cognitively normal controls, 862 Swedish AD cases, and 707 Swedish cognitively normal controls. We identified 3 US individuals heterozygous for A673T, including 1 AD case (age at onset, 89 years) and 2 controls (age at last examination, 82 and 77 years). The remaining US samples were homozygous for the alanine (A673) allele. In the Swedish samples, 3 controls were heterozygous for A673T and all AD cases were homozygous for the A673 allele. We also genotyped a US family previously reported to harbor the A673T variant and found a mother-daughter pair, both cognitively normal at ages 72 and 84 years, respectively, who were both heterozygous for A673T; however, all individuals with AD in the family were homozygous for A673. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The A673T variant is extremely rare in US cohorts and does not play a substantial role in risk for AD in this population. This variant may be primarily restricted to Icelandic and Scandinavian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Robert R Graham
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri7Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City10George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Clinton T Baldwin
- Biomedical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England13Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Uni
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Walter A Kukull
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York17Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York18Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia
| | - Maria C Norton
- Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, Utah State University, Logan20Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan
| | | | - Ronald G Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan
| | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chiao-Feng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Beth A Dombroski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Laura B Cantwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Amanda Partch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Otto Valladares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada25Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine and Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri7Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Regina M Carney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle28Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Timothy W Behrens
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics and Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah30Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts31Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts32Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida34Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York18Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York35Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Gauthier S, Dubois B, Poirier J, Leuzy A, Rosa-Neto P. Le diagnostic précoce de la maladie d’Alzheimer : panacée ou catastrophe ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fagan AM, Xiong C, Jasielec MS, Bateman RJ, Goate AM, Benzinger TLS, Ghetti B, Martins RN, Masters CL, Mayeux R, Ringman JM, Rossor MN, Salloway S, Schofield PR, Sperling RA, Marcus D, Cairns NJ, Buckles VD, Ladenson JH, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. Longitudinal change in CSF biomarkers in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:226ra30. [PMID: 24598588 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clinicopathological evidence suggests that the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) begins many years before the appearance of cognitive symptoms. Biomarkers are required to identify affected individuals during this asymptomatic ("preclinical") stage to permit intervention with potential disease-modifying therapies designed to preserve normal brain function. Studies of families with autosomal-dominant AD (ADAD) mutations provide a unique and powerful means to investigate AD biomarker changes during the asymptomatic period. In this biomarker study, we collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and in vivo amyloid imaging cross-sectional data at baseline in individuals from ADAD families enrolled in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Our study revealed reduced concentrations of CSF amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) associated with the presence of Aβ plaques, and elevated concentrations of CSF tau, ptau181 (phosphorylated tau181), and VILIP-1 (visinin-like protein-1), markers of neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal injury/death, in asymptomatic mutation carriers 10 to 20 years before their estimated age at symptom onset (EAO) and before the detection of cognitive deficits. When compared longitudinally, however, the concentrations of CSF biomarkers of neuronal injury/death within individuals decreased after their EAO, suggesting a slowing of acute neurodegenerative processes with symptomatic disease progression. These results emphasize the importance of longitudinal, within-person assessment when modeling biomarker trajectories across the course of the disease. If corroborated, this pattern may influence the definition of a positive neurodegenerative biomarker outcome in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Ryman DC, Acosta-Baena N, Aisen PS, Bird T, Danek A, Fox NC, Goate A, Frommelt P, Ghetti B, Langbaum JBS, Lopera F, Martins R, Masters CL, Mayeux RP, McDade E, Moreno S, Reiman EM, Ringman JM, Salloway S, Schofield PR, Sperling R, Tariot PN, Xiong C, Morris JC, Bateman RJ. Symptom onset in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2014; 83:253-60. [PMID: 24928124 PMCID: PMC4117367 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors influencing age at symptom onset and disease course in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD), and develop evidence-based criteria for predicting symptom onset in ADAD. METHODS We have collected individual-level data on ages at symptom onset and death from 387 ADAD pedigrees, compiled from 137 peer-reviewed publications, the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) database, and 2 large kindreds of Colombian (PSEN1 E280A) and Volga German (PSEN2 N141I) ancestry. Our combined dataset includes 3,275 individuals, of whom 1,307 were affected by ADAD with known age at symptom onset. We assessed the relative contributions of several factors in influencing age at onset, including parental age at onset, age at onset by mutation type and family, and APOE genotype and sex. We additionally performed survival analysis using data on symptom onset collected from 183 ADAD mutation carriers followed longitudinally in the DIAN Study. RESULTS We report summary statistics on age at onset and disease course for 174 ADAD mutations, and discover strong and highly significant (p < 10(-16), r2 > 0.38) correlations between individual age at symptom onset and predicted values based on parental age at onset and mean ages at onset by mutation type and family, which persist after controlling for APOE genotype and sex. CONCLUSIONS Significant proportions of the observed variance in age at symptom onset in ADAD can be explained by family history and mutation type, providing empirical support for use of these data to estimate onset in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis C Ryman
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
| | - Natalia Acosta-Baena
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Paul S Aisen
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Thomas Bird
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Adrian Danek
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Nick C Fox
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Alison Goate
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Peter Frommelt
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jessica B S Langbaum
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Francisco Lopera
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Ralph Martins
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Colin L Masters
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Richard P Mayeux
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Eric McDade
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Sonia Moreno
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - John M Ringman
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Steve Salloway
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Peter R Schofield
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Reisa Sperling
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Pierre N Tariot
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - John C Morris
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Randall J Bateman
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.C.R., J.C.M., R.J.B.), Biostatistics (C.X.), and Psychiatry (A.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Neurologische Klinik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.D.), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurosciences (P.S.A.), University of California San Diego; Mental Health Research Institute (C.L.M.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (N.A.-B., F.L., S.M.), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Neurology (E.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (J.B.S.L., E.M.R., P.N.T.), Phoenix, AZ; Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales (P.R.S.), Sydney, Australia; Edith Cowan University (R.M.), Western Australia; Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA (J.M.R.), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (R.P.M.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Queen Square Institute of Neurology (N.C.F.), University College London; Department of Neurology (S.S.), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (R.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Gallagher MD, Suh E, Grossman M, Elman L, McCluskey L, Van Swieten JC, Al-Sarraj S, Neumann M, Gelpi E, Ghetti B, Rohrer JD, Halliday G, Van Broeckhoven C, Seilhean D, Shaw PJ, Frosch MP, Alafuzoff I, Antonell A, Bogdanovic N, Brooks W, Cairns NJ, Cooper-Knock J, Cotman C, Cras P, Cruts M, De Deyn PP, DeCarli C, Dobson-Stone C, Engelborghs S, Fox N, Galasko D, Gearing M, Gijselinck I, Grafman J, Hartikainen P, Hatanpaa KJ, Highley JR, Hodges J, Hulette C, Ince PG, Jin LW, Kirby J, Kofler J, Kril J, Kwok JBJ, Levey A, Lieberman A, Llado A, Martin JJ, Masliah E, McDermott CJ, McKee A, McLean C, Mead S, Miller CA, Miller J, Munoz DG, Murrell J, Paulson H, Piguet O, Rossor M, Sanchez-Valle R, Sano M, Schneider J, Silbert LC, Spina S, van der Zee J, Van Langenhove T, Warren J, Wharton SB, White CL, Woltjer RL, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Van Deerlin V, Chen-Plotkin AS. TMEM106B is a genetic modifier of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:407-18. [PMID: 24442578 PMCID: PMC4003885 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) have recently been linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and may be the most common genetic cause of both neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variants at TMEM106B influence risk for the most common neuropathological subtype of FTLD, characterized by inclusions of TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (FTLD-TDP). Previous reports have shown that TMEM106B is a genetic modifier of FTLD-TDP caused by progranulin (GRN) mutations, with the major (risk) allele of rs1990622 associating with earlier age at onset of disease. Here, we report that rs1990622 genotype affects age at death in a single-site discovery cohort of FTLD patients with C9orf72 expansions (n = 14), with the major allele correlated with later age at death (p = 0.024). We replicate this modifier effect in a 30-site international neuropathological cohort of FTLD-TDP patients with C9orf72 expansions (n = 75), again finding that the major allele associates with later age at death (p = 0.016), as well as later age at onset (p = 0.019). In contrast, TMEM106B genotype does not affect age at onset or death in 241 FTLD-TDP cases negative for GRN mutations or C9orf72 expansions. Thus, TMEM106B is a genetic modifier of FTLD with C9orf72 expansions. Intriguingly, the genotype that confers increased risk for developing FTLD-TDP (major, or T, allele of rs1990622) is associated with later age at onset and death in C9orf72 expansion carriers, providing an example of sign epistasis in human neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gallagher
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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Cooper DN, Krawczak M, Polychronakos C, Tyler-Smith C, Kehrer-Sawatzki H. Where genotype is not predictive of phenotype: towards an understanding of the molecular basis of reduced penetrance in human inherited disease. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1077-130. [PMID: 23820649 PMCID: PMC3778950 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals with a particular disease-causing mutation or genotype fail to express most if not all features of the disease in question, a phenomenon that is known as 'reduced (or incomplete) penetrance'. Reduced penetrance is not uncommon; indeed, there are many known examples of 'disease-causing mutations' that fail to cause disease in at least a proportion of the individuals who carry them. Reduced penetrance may therefore explain not only why genetic diseases are occasionally transmitted through unaffected parents, but also why healthy individuals can harbour quite large numbers of potentially disadvantageous variants in their genomes without suffering any obvious ill effects. Reduced penetrance can be a function of the specific mutation(s) involved or of allele dosage. It may also result from differential allelic expression, copy number variation or the modulating influence of additional genetic variants in cis or in trans. The penetrance of some pathogenic genotypes is known to be age- and/or sex-dependent. Variable penetrance may also reflect the action of unlinked modifier genes, epigenetic changes or environmental factors. At least in some cases, complete penetrance appears to require the presence of one or more genetic variants at other loci. In this review, we summarize the evidence for reduced penetrance being a widespread phenomenon in human genetics and explore some of the molecular mechanisms that may help to explain this enigmatic characteristic of human inherited disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
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31
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Li G, Bekris LM, Leong L, Steinbart EJ, Shofer JB, Crane PK, Larson EB, Peskind ER, Bird TD, Yu CE. TOMM40 intron 6 poly-T length, age at onset, and neuropathology of AD in individuals with APOE ε3/ε3. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:554-61. [PMID: 23183136 PMCID: PMC3606272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the association between TOMM40 poly-T length, age at onset, and neuropathology in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε3/ε3 allele. METHODS Thirty-two presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutation carriers with AD, 27 presenilin 2 (PSEN2) mutation carriers with AD, 59 participants with late-onset AD (LOAD), and 168 autopsied subjects from a community-based cohort were genotyped for TOMM40 intron 6 poly-T (rs10524523) length using short tandem repeat assays. RESULTS Among AD individuals with PSEN2 mutations, the presence of a long poly-T was associated with an earlier age at onset, whereas there were no such associations for subjects with PSEN1 mutations or LOAD. In community-based participants, the presence of a long poly-T was associated with increased neuritic tangles and a greater likelihood of pathologically diagnosed AD. CONCLUSION TOMM40 intron 6 poly-T length may explain some of the variation in age at onset in PSEN2 familial AD and may be associated with AD neuropathology in persons with APOE ε3/ε3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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32
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Benitez BA, Karch CM, Cai Y, Jin SC, Cooper B, Carrell D, Bertelsen S, Chibnik L, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Fagan AM, Holtzman D, Morris JC, Goate AM, Cruchaga C. The PSEN1, p.E318G variant increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease in APOE-ε4 carriers. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003685. [PMID: 23990795 PMCID: PMC3750021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary constituents of plaques (Aβ42/Aβ40) and neurofibrillary tangles (tau and phosphorylated forms of tau [ptau]) are the current leading diagnostic and prognostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for AD. In this study, we performed deep sequencing of APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, APOE and MAPT genes in individuals with extreme CSF Aβ42, tau, or ptau levels. One known pathogenic mutation (PSEN1 p.A426P), four high-risk variants for AD (APOE p.L46P, MAPT p.A152T, PSEN2 p.R62H and p.R71W) and nine novel variants were identified. Surprisingly, a coding variant in PSEN1, p.E318G (rs17125721-G) exhibited a significant association with high CSF tau (p = 9.2 × 10(-4)) and ptau (p = 1.8 × 10(-3)) levels. The association of the p.E318G variant with Aβ deposition was observed in APOE-ε4 allele carriers. Furthermore, we found that in a large case-control series (n = 5,161) individuals who are APOE-ε4 carriers and carry the p.E318G variant are at a risk of developing AD (OR = 10.7, 95% CI = 4.7-24.6) that is similar to APOE-ε4 homozygous (OR = 9.9, 95% CI = 7.2.9-13.6), and double the risk for APOE-ε4 carriers that do not carry p.E318G (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 3.4-4.4). The p.E318G variant is present in 5.3% (n = 30) of the families from a large clinical series of LOAD families (n = 565) and exhibited a higher frequency in familial LOAD (MAF = 2.5%) than in sporadic LOAD (MAF = 1.6%) (p = 0.02). Additionally, we found that in the presence of at least one APOE-ε4 allele, p.E318G is associated with more Aβ plaques and faster cognitive decline. We demonstrate that the effect of PSEN1, p.E318G on AD susceptibility is largely dependent on an interaction with APOE-ε4 and mediated by an increased burden of Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yefei Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Breanna Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lori Chibnik
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Zhao W, Marchani EE, Cheung CYK, Steinbart EJ, Schellenberg GD, Bird TD, Wijsman EM. Genome scan in familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a locus on chromosome 6 contributes to age-at-onset. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:201-12. [PMID: 23355194 PMCID: PMC3654841 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common, genetically complex, fatal neurodegenerative disorder of late life. Although several genes are known to play a role in early-onset AD, identification of the genetic basis of late onset AD (LOAD) has been challenging, with only the APOE gene known to have a high contribution to both AD risk and age-at-onset. Here, we present the first genome-scan analysis of the complete, well-characterized University of Washington LOAD sample of 119 pedigrees, using age-at-onset as the trait of interest. The analysis approach used allows for a multilocus trait model while at the same time accommodating age censoring, effects of APOE as a known genetic covariate, and full pedigree and marker information. The results provide strong evidence for linkage of loci contributing to age-at-onset to genomic regions on chromosome 6q16.3, and to 19q13.42 in the region of the APOE locus. There was evidence for interaction between APOE and the locus on chromosome 6q and suggestive evidence for linkage to chromosomes 11p13, 15q12-14, and 19p13.12. These results provide the first independent confirmation of an AD age-at-onset locus on chromosome 6 and suggest that further efforts towards identifying the underlying causal locus or loci are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth E. Marchani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Ellen J. Steinbart
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Liu QY, Yu JT, Miao D, Ma XY, Wang HF, Wang W, Tan L. An exploratory study on STX6, MOBP, MAPT, and EIF2AK3 and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1519.e13-7. [PMID: 23116876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathologic aggregation of tau protein in the human brain. They share some clinical and pathologic characteristics. A recent genome-wide association study reported several single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the STX6, MOBP, MAPT, and EIF2AK3 in association with PSP. To explore whether these single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with AD risk, we conducted a case-control study to investigate the PSP-associated loci in 1592 Han Chinese subjects. Rs242557 at the MAPT locus was associated with late-onset AD (LOAD) (odds ratio [OR], 1.175; p = 0.026), which appeared to be stronger for LOAD patients with apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele (OR, 1.510), and this positive association was not changed after adjusting for age, sex, and the APOE ε4-carrier status (additive model: OR, 1.163; p = 0.036; dominant model: OR, 1.315; p = 0.010). Rs1768208 in MOBP and rs7571971 in EIF2AK3 showed association only in the APOE ε4 positive subjects, and these did not appear to be independent of APOE. As for rs1411478 in STX6, we did not explore any association with LOAD. Our exploratory analysis mainly suggests an association of MAPT with LOAD, especially in APOE ε4 carriers. Genotypes at MOBP and EIF2AK3 confer risk predominantly in APOE ε4-positive subjects, with indications of an interaction between APOE and MOBP or EIF2AK3 on AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is a condition characterized by early onset dementia (age at onset < 65 years) and a positive family history for dementia. To date, 230 mutations in presenilin (PS1, PS2) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes have been identified in EOFAD. The mutations within these three genes (PS1/PS2/APP) affect a common pathogenic pathway in APP synthesis and proteolysis, which lead to excessive production of amyloid β. Compared with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), EOFAD has some distinctive features including early age at onset, positive familial history, a variety of non-cognitive neurological symptoms and signs, and a more aggressive course. There is marked phenotypic heterogeneity among different mutations of EOFAD. Studies in presymptomatic mutation carriers reveal biomarkers abnormalities. EOFAD diagnosis is based on clinical and family history, neurological symptoms and examination, biomarker features, as well as genotyping in some cases. New therapeutic agents targeting amyloid formation may benefit EOFAD individuals.
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36
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Schellenberg GD, Montine TJ. The genetics and neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:305-23. [PMID: 22618995 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the genetic causes and risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early work identified mutations in three genes that cause AD: APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2. Although mutations in these genes are rare causes of AD, their discovery had a major impact on our understanding of molecular mechanisms of AD. Early work also revealed the ε4 allele of the APOE as a strong risk factor for AD. Subsequently, SORL1 also was identified as an AD risk gene. More recently, advances in our knowledge of the human genome, made possible by technological advances and methods to analyze genomic data, permit systematic identification of genes that contribute to AD risk. This work, so far accomplished through single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, has revealed nine new genes implicated in AD risk (ABCA7, BIN1, CD33, CD2AP, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, MS4A4E/MS4A6A, and PICALM). We review the relationship between these mutations and genetic variants and the neuropathologic features of AD and related disorders. Together, these discoveries point toward a new era in neurodegenerative disease research that impacts not only AD but also related illnesses that produce cognitive and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA.
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37
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Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, Marcus DS, Cairns NJ, Xie X, Blazey TM, Holtzman DM, Santacruz A, Buckles V, Oliver A, Moulder K, Aisen PS, Ghetti B, Klunk WE, McDade E, Martins RN, Masters CL, Mayeux R, Ringman JM, Rossor MN, Schofield PR, Sperling RA, Salloway S, Morris JC. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:795-804. [PMID: 22784036 PMCID: PMC3474597 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1202753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2575] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The order and magnitude of pathologic processes in Alzheimer's disease are not well understood, partly because the disease develops over many years. Autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has a predictable age at onset and provides an opportunity to determine the sequence and magnitude of pathologic changes that culminate in symptomatic disease. METHODS In this prospective, longitudinal study, we analyzed data from 128 participants who underwent baseline clinical and cognitive assessments, brain imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood tests. We used the participant's age at baseline assessment and the parent's age at the onset of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease to calculate the estimated years from expected symptom onset (age of the participant minus parent's age at symptom onset). We conducted cross-sectional analyses of baseline data in relation to estimated years from expected symptom onset in order to determine the relative order and magnitude of pathophysiological changes. RESULTS Concentrations of amyloid-beta (Aβ)(42) in the CSF appeared to decline 25 years before expected symptom onset. Aβ deposition, as measured by positron-emission tomography with the use of Pittsburgh compound B, was detected 15 years before expected symptom onset. Increased concentrations of tau protein in the CSF and an increase in brain atrophy were detected 15 years before expected symptom onset. Cerebral hypometabolism and impaired episodic memory were observed 10 years before expected symptom onset. Global cognitive impairment, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale, was detected 5 years before expected symptom onset, and patients met diagnostic criteria for dementia at an average of 3 years after expected symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS We found that autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease was associated with a series of pathophysiological changes over decades in CSF biochemical markers of Alzheimer's disease, brain amyloid deposition, and brain metabolism as well as progressive cognitive impairment. Our results require confirmation with the use of longitudinal data and may not apply to patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others; DIAN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00869817.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Bateman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Molecular Genetic Analysis of the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 Genes in Finnish Patients With Early-onset Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2012; 26:272-6. [DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e318231e6c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Neurogenetics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139087711.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Marchani EE, Wijsman EM. Estimation and visualization of identity-by-descent within pedigrees simplifies interpretation of complex trait analysis. Hum Hered 2011; 72:289-97. [PMID: 22189471 PMCID: PMC3267995 DOI: 10.1159/000334083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Linkage analysis identifies markers that appear to be co-inherited with a trait within pedigrees. The inheritance of a chromosomal segment may be probabilistically reconstructed, with missing data complicating inference. Inheritance patterns are further obscured in the analysis of complex traits, where variants in one or more genes may contribute to phenotypic variation within a pedigree. In this case, determining which relatives share a trait variant is not simple. We describe how to represent these patterns of inheritance for marker loci. We summarize how to sample patterns of inheritance consistent with genotypic and pedigree data using gl_auto, available in MORGAN v3.0. We describe identification of classes of equivalent inheritance patterns with the program IBDgraph. We finally provide an example of how these programs may be used to simplify interpretation of linkage analysis of complex traits in general pedigrees. We borrow information across loci in a parametric linkage analysis of a large pedigree. We explore the contribution of each equivalence class to a linkage signal, illustrate estimated patterns of identity-by-descent sharing, and identify a haplotype tagging the chromosomal segment driving the linkage signal. Haplotype carriers are more likely to share the linked trait variant, and can be prioritized for subsequent DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Marchani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA
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Choi Y, Marchani EE, Bird TD, Steinbart EJ, Blacker D, Wijsman EM. Genome scan of age-at-onset in the NIMH Alzheimer disease sample uncovers multiple loci, along with evidence of both genetic and sample heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:785-98. [PMID: 21812099 PMCID: PMC3168696 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of late life with a complex genetic basis. Although several genes are known to play a role in rare early onset AD, only the APOE gene is known to have a high contribution to risk of the common late-onset form of the disease (LOAD, onset >60 years). APOE genotypes vary in their AD risk as well as age-at-onset distributions, and it is likely that other loci will similarly affect AD age-at-onset. Here we present the first analysis of age-at-onset in the NIMH LOAD sample that allows for both a multilocus trait model and genetic heterogeneity among the contributing sites, while at the same time accommodating age censoring, effects of known genetic covariates, and full pedigree and marker information. The results provide evidence for genomic regions not previously implicated in this data set, including regions on chromosomes 7q, 15, and 19p. They also affirm evidence for loci on chromosomes 1q, 6p, 9q, 11, and, of course, the APOE locus on 19q, all of which have been reported previously in the same sample. The analyses failed to find evidence for linkage to chromosome 10 with inclusion of unaffected subjects and extended pedigrees. Several regions implicated in these analyses in the NIMH sample have been previously reported in genome scans of other AD samples. These results, therefore, provide independent confirmation of AD loci in family-based samples on chromosomes 1q, 7q, 19p, and suggest that further efforts towards identifying the underlying causal loci are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonha Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth E. Marchani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ellen J. Steinbart
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, WA,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School; Dept of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, MA
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,correspondence to Ellen M. Wijsman, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Box 357720, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7720. (206) 543-8987.
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Ma SL, Lam LCW. Panel of Genetic Variations as a Potential Non-invasive Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:54-66. [PMID: 23429712 PMCID: PMC3569084 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Biomarkers such as levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in cerebrospinal fluid and ApoE genotyping were suggested for the diagnosis of AD, however, the result is either non-conclusive or with invasive procedure. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for AD suggested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many genes are associated with the risk of AD, but each only contributed with small effect to the disease. By incorporating a panel of established genetic susceptibility factors, the risk of an individual in getting AD could be better estimated. Further research will be required to reveal if adding to the current well-developed clinical diagnosis protocol, the accuracy and specificity of diagnosis of AD would be greatly improved and if this might also be beneficial in identifying pre-symptomatic AD patients for early diagnosis and intervention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ling Ma
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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43
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Wijsman EM, Pankratz ND, Choi Y, Rothstein JH, Faber KM, Cheng R, Lee JH, Bird TD, Bennett DA, Diaz-Arrastia R, Goate AM, Farlow M, Ghetti B, Sweet RA, Foroud TM, Mayeux R. Genome-wide association of familial late-onset Alzheimer's disease replicates BIN1 and CLU and nominates CUGBP2 in interaction with APOE. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001308. [PMID: 21379329 PMCID: PMC3040659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. The National Institute of Aging-Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Family Study and the National Cell Repository for Alzheimer's Disease conducted a joint genome-wide association study (GWAS) of multiplex LOAD families (3,839 affected and unaffected individuals from 992 families plus additional unrelated neurologically evaluated normal subjects) using the 610 IlluminaQuad panel. This cohort represents the largest family-based GWAS of LOAD to date, with analyses limited here to the European-American subjects. SNPs near APOE gave highly significant results (e.g., rs2075650, p = 3.2×10(-81)), but no other genome-wide significant evidence for association was obtained in the full sample. Analyses that stratified on APOE genotypes identified SNPs on chromosome 10p14 in CUGBP2 with genome-wide significant evidence for association within APOE ε4 homozygotes (e.g., rs201119, p = 1.5×10(-8)). Association in this gene was replicated in an independent sample consisting of three cohorts. There was evidence of association for recently-reported LOAD risk loci, including BIN1 (rs7561528, p = 0.009 with, and p = 0.03 without, APOE adjustment) and CLU (rs11136000, p = 0.023 with, and p = 0.008 without, APOE adjustment), with weaker support for CR1. However, our results provide strong evidence that association with PICALM (rs3851179, p = 0.69 with, and p = 0.039 without, APOE adjustment) and EXOC3L2 is affected by correlation with APOE, and thus may represent spurious association. Our results indicate that genetic structure coupled with ascertainment bias resulting from the strong APOE association affect genome-wide results and interpretation of some recently reported associations. We show that a locus such as APOE, with large effects and strong association with disease, can lead to samples that require appropriate adjustment for this locus to avoid both false positive and false negative evidence of association. We suggest that similar adjustments may also be needed for many other large multi-site studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Pankratz
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yoonha Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph H. Rothstein
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelley M. Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rong Cheng
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph H. Lee
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Martin Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
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Ringman JM, Gylys KH, Medina LD, Fox M, Kepe V, Flores DL, Apostolova LG, Barrio JR, Small G, Silverman DH, Siu E, Cederbaum S, Hecimovic S, Malnar M, Chakraverty S, Goate AM, Bird TD, Leverenz JB. Biochemical, neuropathological, and neuroimaging characteristics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease due to a novel PSEN1 mutation. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:287-92. [PMID: 21094210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to PSEN1 mutations provides an opportunity to examine AD biomarkers in persons in whom the diagnosis is certain. We describe a 55 year-old woman with clinically probable AD and a novel PSEN1 mutation who underwent genetic, clinical, biochemical and magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging assessments. We also describe neuropathological findings in her similarly affected brother. Neuropsychological testing confirmed deficits in memory, visuospatial and language function. CSF t-tau and p-tau181 were markedly elevated and Aβ(42) levels reduced. FDG-PET revealed hypometabolism in the left parietotemporal cortex. FDDNP-PET showed increased binding of tracer in medial temporal and parietal lobes and in the head of the caudate and anterior putamen bilaterally. Neuropathological examination of her brother showed the typical findings of AD and the striatum demonstrated amyloid pathology and marked neurofibrillary pathology beyond that typically seen in late-onset AD. A novel S212Y substitution in PSEN1 was present in the index patient and her affected brother but not in an older unaffected sister. An in vitro assay in which the S212Y mutation was introduced in cell culture confirmed that it was associated with increased production of Aβ(42). We describe biochemical, imaging, and neuropathological changes in a pedigree with a novel PSEN1 mutation. This allows us to validate the pathogenicity of this mutation and the indices used to assess AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ringman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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45
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Jun G, Naj AC, Beecham GW, Wang LS, Buros J, Gallins PJ, Buxbaum JD, Ertekin-Taner N, Fallin MD, Friedland R, Inzelberg R, Kramer P, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P, Cantwell LB, Dombroski BA, Saykin AJ, Reiman EM, Bennett DA, Morris JC, Lunetta KL, Martin ER, Montine TJ, Goate AM, Blacker D, Tsuang DW, Beekly D, Cupples LA, Hakonarson H, Kukull W, Foroud TM, Haines J, Mayeux R, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD. Meta-analysis confirms CR1, CLU, and PICALM as alzheimer disease risk loci and reveals interactions with APOE genotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:1473-84. [PMID: 20697030 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether genotypes at CLU, PICALM, and CR1 confer risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) and whether risk for AD associated with these genes is influenced by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes. DESIGN Association study of AD and CLU, PICALM, CR1, and APOE genotypes. SETTING Academic research institutions in the United States, Canada, and Israel. PARTICIPANTS Seven thousand seventy cases with AD, 3055 with autopsies, and 8169 elderly cognitively normal controls, 1092 with autopsies, from 12 different studies, including white, African American, Israeli-Arab, and Caribbean Hispanic individuals. RESULTS Unadjusted, CLU (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-0.96 for single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs11136000), CR1 (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.22; SNP rs3818361), and PICALM (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.94, SNP rs3851179) were associated with AD in white individuals. None were significantly associated with AD in the other ethnic groups. APOE ε4 was significantly associated with AD (ORs, 1.80-9.05) in all but 1 small white cohort and in the Arab cohort. Adjusting for age, sex, and the presence of at least 1 APOE ε4 allele greatly reduced evidence for association with PICALM but not CR1 or CLU. Models with the main SNP effect, presence or absence of APOE ε4, and an interaction term showed significant interaction between presence or absence of APOE ε4 and PICALM. CONCLUSIONS We confirm in a completely independent data set that CR1, CLU, and PICALM are AD susceptibility loci in European ancestry populations. Genotypes at PICALM confer risk predominantly in APOE ε4-positive subjects. Thus, APOE and PICALM synergistically interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungah Jun
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, USA
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Marchani EE, Bird TD, Steinbart EJ, Rosenthal E, Yu CE, Schellenberg GD, Wijsman EM. Evidence for three loci modifying age-at-onset of Alzheimer's disease in early-onset PSEN2 families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1031-41. [PMID: 20333730 PMCID: PMC3022037 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Families with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) sharing a single PSEN2 mutation exhibit a wide range of age-at-onset, suggesting that modifier loci segregate within these families. While APOE is known to be an age-at-onset modifier, it does not explain all of this variation. We performed a genome scan within nine such families for loci influencing age-at-onset, while simultaneously controlling for variation in the primary PSEN2 mutation (N141I) and APOE. We found significant evidence of linkage between age-at-onset and chromosome 1q23.3 (P < 0.001) when analysis included all families, and to chromosomes 1q23.3 (P < 0.001), 17p13.2 (P = 0.0002), 7q33 (P = 0.017), and 11p14.2 (P = 0.017) in a single large pedigree. Simultaneous analysis of these four chromosomes maintained strong evidence of linkage to chromosomes 1q23.3 and 17p13.2 when all families were analyzed, and to chromosomes 1q23.3, 7q33, and 17p13.2 within the same single pedigree. Inclusion of major gene covariates proved essential to detect these linkage signals, as all linkage signals dissipated when PSEN2 and APOE were excluded from the model. The four chromosomal regions with evidence of linkage all coincide with previous linkage signals, associated SNPs, and/or candidate genes identified in independent AD study populations. This study establishes several candidate regions for further analysis and is consistent with an oligogenic model of AD risk and age-at-onset. More generally, this study also demonstrates the value of searching for modifier loci in existing datasets previously used to identify primary causal variants for complex disease traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Marchani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, Washington,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ellen J. Steinbart
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, Washington,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elisabeth Rosenthal
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, Seattle, Washington,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Correspondence to: Dr. Ellen M. Wijsman, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical, Genetics, Box 357720, University of Washington, Seattle,WA98195-7720.
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Harwood DG, Kalechstein A, Barker WW, Strauman S, St George-Hyslop P, Iglesias C, Loewenstein D, Duara R. The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the age of onset in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25:511-8. [PMID: 19750560 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between a history of heavy alcohol use and smoking, presence of the apolipoprotein-E epsilon 4 allele (APOE epsilon4), and age of disease onset in a community dwelling sample of 685 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients spanning three ethnic groups. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of AD patients evaluated at a University-affiliated outpatient memory disorders clinic. SUBJECTS A clinic-based cohort of white non-Hispanic (WNH; n = 397), white Hispanic (WH; n = 264), and African-American (AA; n = 24) patients diagnosed with possible or probable AD according to NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria. MEASUREMENTS The age of onset of AD was obtained from a knowledgeable family member. All patients were assessed for APOE genotype. History of alcohol and tobacco consumption prior to the onset of dementia was obtained via an interview with the patient and the primary caregiver. A history of heavy drinking was defined as >2 drinks per day and a history of heavy smoking was defined as > or =1 pack per day. RESULTS Presence of an APOE epsilon4 allele, a history of heavy drinking, or a history of heavy smoking were each associated with an earlier onset of AD by 2-3 years. Patients with all three risk factors were likely to be diagnosed with AD nearly 10 years earlier than those with none of the risk factors. CONCLUSION The results suggest that APOE epsilon4 and heavy drinking and heavy smoking lower the age of onset for AD in an additive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Harwood
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jayadev S, Leverenz JB, Steinbart E, Stahl J, Klunk W, Yu CE, Bird TD. Alzheimer's disease phenotypes and genotypes associated with mutations in presenilin 2. Brain 2010; 133:1143-54. [PMID: 20375137 PMCID: PMC2850581 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 2 are rare causes of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Eighteen presenilin 2 mutations have been reported, although not all have been confirmed pathogenic. Much remains to be learned about the range of phenotypes associated with these mutations. We have analysed our unique collection of 146 affected cases in 11 Volga German families, 101 who are likely to have the same N141I mutation in presenilin 2 (54 genotyped confirmed). We have also assessed the detailed neuropathologic findings in 18 autopsies from these families and reviewed the world's literature on other presenilin 2 mutations; presenting a novel mutation that is predicted to lead to a premature truncation codon. Seven presenilin 2 mutations reported in the literature have strong evidence for pathogenicity whereas others may be benign polymorphisms. One hundred and one affected persons, with sufficient historical information from the Volga German pedigrees (N141I mutation), had a mean onset age of 53.7 years+/-7.8 (range 39-75) and mean age at death of 64.2 years+/-9.8 (range 43-88). These figures overlap with and generally fall between the results from the subjects in our centre who have late onset familial Alzheimer's disease or mutations in presenilin 1. Seizures were noted in 20 (30%) of 64 subjects with detailed medical records. Two mutation carriers lived beyond age 80 without developing dementia, representing uncommon examples of decreased penetrance. Two persons had severe amyloid angiopathy and haemorrhagic stroke. Eighteen cases had detailed histopathology available and analysed at our institution. Braak stage was five or six, amyloid angiopathy and neuritic plaques were common and more than 75% had Lewy bodies in the amygdala. TAR DNA-binding protein-43 inclusions were uncommon. In addition, a 58-year-old female with a 2 year course of cognitive decline and no family history of dementia has abnormal fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging and a novel 2 base pair deletion in presenilin 2 at nucleotide 342/343, predicted to produce a frame-shift and premature termination. We conclude that mutations in presenilin 2 are rare with only seven being well documented in the literature. The best studied N141I mutation produces an Alzheimer's disease phenotype with a wide range of onset ages overlapping both early and late onset Alzheimer's disease, often associated with seizures, high penetrance and typical Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. A novel premature termination mutation supports loss of function or haploinsufficiency as pathogenic mechanisms in presenilin 2 associated Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jayadev
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 2 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centre, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- 3 Parkinson Disease Research Education and Clinical Centre, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ellen Steinbart
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 4 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin Stahl
- 5 Virginia Mason Clinic, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Klunk
- 6 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cheng-En Yu
- 4 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 4 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
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Van Deerlin VM, Sleiman PMA, Martinez-Lage M, Chen-Plotkin A, Wang LS, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Rademakers R, Boeve BF, Grossman M, Arnold SE, Mann DMA, Pickering-Brown SM, Seelaar H, Heutink P, van Swieten JC, Murrell JR, Ghetti B, Spina S, Grafman J, Hodges J, Spillantini MG, Gilman S, Lieberman AP, Kaye JA, Woltjer RL, Bigio EH, Mesulam M, Al-Sarraj S, Troakes C, Rosenberg RN, White CL, Ferrer I, Lladó A, Neumann M, Kretzschmar HA, Hulette CM, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Miller BL, Alzualde A, Lopez de Munain A, McKee AC, Gearing M, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Hardy J, Rohrer JD, Lashley T, Mackenzie IRA, Feldman HH, Hamilton RL, Dekosky ST, van der Zee J, Kumar-Singh S, Van Broeckhoven C, Mayeux R, Vonsattel JPG, Troncoso JC, Kril JJ, Kwok JBJ, Halliday GM, Bird TD, Ince PG, Shaw PJ, Cairns NJ, Morris JC, McLean CA, DeCarli C, Ellis WG, Freeman SH, Frosch MP, Growdon JH, Perl DP, Sano M, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Beach TG, Reiman EM, Woodruff BK, Cummings J, Vinters HV, Miller CA, Chui HC, Alafuzoff I, Hartikainen P, Seilhean D, Galasko D, Masliah E, Cotman CW, Tuñón MT, Martínez MCC, Munoz DG, Carroll SL, Marson D, Riederer PF, Bogdanovic N, Schellenberg GD, Hakonarson H, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Common variants at 7p21 are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions. Nat Genet 2010; 42:234-9. [PMID: 20154673 PMCID: PMC2828525 DOI: 10.1038/ng.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common cause of presenile dementia. The predominant neuropathology is FTLD with TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) inclusions (FTLD-TDP)1. FTLD-TDP is frequently familial resulting from progranulin (GRN) mutations. We assembled an international collaboration to identify susceptibility loci for FTLD-TDP, using genome-wide association (GWA). We found that FTLD-TDP associates with multiple SNPs mapping to a single linkage disequilibrium (LD) block on 7p21 that contains TMEM106B in a GWA study (GWAS) on 515 FTLD-TDP cases. Three SNPs retained genome-wide significance following Bonferroni correction; top SNP rs1990622 (P=1.08×10−11; odds ratio (OR) minor allele (C) 0.61, 95% CI 0.53-0.71). The association replicated in 89 FTLD-TDP cases (rs1990622; P=2×10−4). TMEM106B variants may confer risk by increasing TMEM106B expression. TMEM106B variants also contribute to genetic risk for FTLD-TDP in patients with GRN mutations. Our data implicate TMEM106B as a strong risk factor for FTLD-TDP suggesting an underlying pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- [1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] These authors contributed equally to this work
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Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. Aging: An important factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:203-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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