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Wang J, Gu R, Kong X, Luan S, Luo YLL. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses of impulsivity: A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110986. [PMID: 38430953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Impulsivity is related to a host of mental and behavioral problems. It is a complex construct with many different manifestations, most of which are heritable. The genetic compositions of these impulsivity manifestations, however, remain unclear. A number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses have tried to address this issue. We conducted a systematic review of all GWAS and post-GWAS analyses of impulsivity published up to December 2023. Available data suggest that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in more than a dozen of genes (e.g., CADM2, CTNNA2, GPM6B) are associated with different measures of impulsivity at genome-wide significant levels. Post-GWAS analyses further show that different measures of impulsivity are subject to different degrees of genetic influence, share few genetic variants, and have divergent genetic overlap with basic personality traits such as extroversion and neuroticism, cognitive ability, psychiatric disorders, substance use, and obesity. These findings shed light on controversies in the conceptualization and measurement of impulsivity, while providing new insights on the underlying mechanisms that yoke impulsivity to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Psychiatry of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qingchundong Road, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shenghua Luan
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu L L Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Justen HC, Easton WE, Delmore KE. Mapping seasonal migration in a songbird hybrid zone -- heritability, genetic correlations, and genomic patterns linked to speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313442121. [PMID: 38648483 PMCID: PMC11067064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313442121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal migration is a widespread behavior relevant for adaptation and speciation, yet knowledge of its genetic basis is limited. We leveraged advances in tracking and sequencing technologies to bridge this gap in a well-characterized hybrid zone between songbirds that differ in migratory behavior. Migration requires the coordinated action of many traits, including orientation, timing, and wing morphology. We used genetic mapping to show these traits are highly heritable and genetically correlated, explaining how migration has evolved so rapidly in the past and suggesting future responses to climate change may be possible. Many of these traits mapped to the same genomic regions and small structural variants indicating the same, or tightly linked, genes underlie them. Analyses integrating transcriptomic data indicate cholinergic receptors could control multiple traits. Furthermore, analyses integrating genomic differentiation further suggested genes underlying migratory traits help maintain reproductive isolation in this hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Justen
- Biology Department, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, TAMUCollege Station, TX3528
| | - Wendy E. Easton
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service-Pacific Region, Delta, BCV4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Kira E. Delmore
- Biology Department, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, TAMUCollege Station, TX3528
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3
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Saegusa C, Kakegawa W, Miura E, Aimi T, Mogi S, Harada T, Yamashita T, Yuzaki M, Fujioka M. Brain-Specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 3 Is Expressed in the Cochlea and Is Necessary for Hearing Function in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17092. [PMID: 38069416 PMCID: PMC10707444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian auditory hair cells transduce sound-evoked traveling waves in the cochlea into nerve stimuli, which are essential for hearing function. Pillar cells located between the inner and outer hair cells are involved in the formation of the tunnel of Corti, which incorporates outer-hair-cell-driven fluid oscillation and basilar membrane movement, leading to the fine-tuned frequency-specific perception of sounds by the inner hair cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of pillar cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression and function of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (Bai3), an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, in the cochlea. We found that Bai3 was expressed in hair cells in neonatal mice and pillar cells in adult mice, and, interestingly, Bai3 knockout mice revealed the abnormal formation of pillar cells, with the elevation of the hearing threshold in a frequency-dependent manner. Furthermore, old Bai3 knockout mice showed the degeneration of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn. The results suggest that Bai3 plays a crucial role in the development and/or maintenance of pillar cells, which, in turn, are necessary for normal hearing function. Our results may contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hearing loss in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Saegusa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sachiyo Mogi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (S.M.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Harada
- Department of Otolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare, Shizuoka 413-0012, Japan;
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (S.M.); (T.Y.)
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8582, Japan
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Shiu FH, Wong JC, Bhattacharya D, Kuranaga Y, Parag RR, Alsharif HA, Bhatnagar S, Van Meir EG, Escayg A. Generation and initial characterization of mice lacking full-length BAI3 (ADGRB3) expression. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:353-363. [PMID: 37337931 PMCID: PMC10730119 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (ADGRB3/BAI3) belongs to the family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. It is most highly expressed in the brain where it plays a role in synaptogenesis and synapse maintenance. Genome-wide association studies have implicated ADGRB3 in disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Somatic mutations in ADGRB3 have also been identified in cancer. To better understand the in vivo physiological role of ADGRB3, we used CRISPR/Cas9 editing to generate a mouse line with a 7-base pair deletion in Adgrb3 exon 10. Western blot analysis confirmed that homozygous mutants (Adgrb3∆7/∆7 ) lack full-length ADGRB3 expression. The mutant mice were viable and reproduced in Mendelian ratios but demonstrated reduced brain and body weights and deficits in social interaction. Measurements of locomotor function, olfaction, anxiety levels and prepulse inhibition were comparable between heterozygous and homozygous mutants and wild-type littermates. Since ADGRB3 is also expressed in organs such as lung and pancreas, this new mouse model will facilitate elucidation of ADGRB3's role in non-central nervous system-related functions. Finally, since somatic mutations in ADGRB3 were identified in patients with several cancer types, these mice can be used to determine whether loss of ADGRB3 function contributes to tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Hung Shiu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rashed R. Parag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Haifa A. Alsharif
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Uhl GR. Selecting the appropriate hurdles and endpoints for pentilludin, a novel antiaddiction pharmacotherapeutic targeting the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase D. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1031283. [PMID: 37139308 PMCID: PMC10149857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders provide challenges for development of effective medications. Use of abused substances is likely initiated, sustained and "quit" by complex brain and pharmacological mechanisms that have both genetic and environmental determinants. Medical utilities of prescribed stimulants and opioids provide complex challenges for prevention: how can we minimize their contribution to substance use disorders while retaining medical benefits for pain, restless leg syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy and other indications. Data required to support assessments of reduced abuse liability and resulting regulatory scheduling differs from information required to support licensing of novel prophylactic or therapeutic anti-addiction medications, adding further complexity and challenges. I describe some of these challenges in the context of our current efforts to develop pentilludin as a novel anti-addiction therapeutic for a target that is strongly supported by human and mouse genetic and pharmacologic studies, the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Uhl
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurology Service, VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: George R. Uhl
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Regan SL, Sugimoto C, Dawson HE, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Latrophilin-3 heterozygous versus homozygous mutations in Sprague Dawley rats: Effects on egocentric and allocentric memory and locomotor activity. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12817. [PMID: 35985692 PMCID: PMC9744505 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3) is a brain specific G-protein coupled receptor associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive deficits. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to generate a constitutive knockout (KO) rat of Lphn3 by deleting exon 3, based on human data that LPHN3 variants are associated with some cases of ADHD. Lphn3 KO rats are hyperactive with an attenuated response to ADHD medication and have cognitive deficits. Here, we tested KO, heterozygous (HET), and wildtype (WT) rats to determine if there was a gene-dosage effect. We tested the rats in home-cage activity starting at postnatal day (P)35 and P50, followed by tests of egocentric learning (Cincinnati water maze [CWM]), spatial learning (Morris water maze [MWM]), working memory (radial water maze [RWM]), incidental learning (novel object recognition [NOR]), acoustic startle response (ASR) habituation, tactile startle response (TSR) habituation, prepulse modification of acoustic startle, shuttle-box passive avoidance, conditioned freezing, and a mirror image version of the CWM. KO and HET rats were hyperactive. KO and HET rats had egocentric (CWM) and spatial deficits (MWM), increased startle response, and KO rats showed less conditioned freezing on contextual and cued memory; there were no effects on working memory (RWM) or passive avoidance. The selective gene-dosage effect in Lphn3 HET rats indicates that Lphn3 exhibits dominate expression on functions where it is most abundantly expressed (striatum, hippocampus) but not on behaviors mediated by regions of low expression. The data add further evidence to the impact of this synaptic protein on brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA,Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA,Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Hannah E. Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
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7
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González-Calvo I, Cizeron M, Bessereau JL, Selimi F. Synapse Formation and Function Across Species: Ancient Roles for CCP, CUB, and TSP-1 Structural Domains. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866444. [PMID: 35546877 PMCID: PMC9083331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of synapses was a crucial step in the creation of the variety of nervous systems that are found in the animal kingdom. With increased complexity of the organisms came a greater number of synaptic proteins. In this review we describe synaptic proteins that contain the structural domains CUB, CCP, or TSP-1. These domains are found in invertebrates and vertebrates, and CUB and CCP domains were initially described in proteins belonging to the complement system of innate immunity. Interestingly, they are found in synapses of the nematode C. elegans, which does not have a complement system, suggesting an ancient function. Comparison of the roles of CUB-, CCP-, and TSP-1 containing synaptic proteins in various species shows that in more complex nervous systems, these structural domains are combined with other domains and that there is partial conservation of their function. These three domains are thus basic building blocks of the synaptic architecture. Further studies of structural domains characteristic of synaptic proteins in invertebrates such as C. elegans and comparison of their role in mammals will help identify other conserved synaptic molecular building blocks. Furthermore, this type of functional comparison across species will also identify structural domains added during evolution in correlation with increased complexity, shedding light on mechanisms underlying cognition and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Cizeron
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon, France
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Vereczkei A, Barta C, Magi A, Farkas J, Eisinger A, Király O, Belik A, Griffiths MD, Szekely A, Sasvári-Székely M, Urbán R, Potenza MN, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K, Demetrovics Z, Kotyuk E. FOXN3 and GDNF Polymorphisms as Common Genetic Factors of Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050690. [PMID: 35629112 PMCID: PMC9144496 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and phenomenological studies suggest shared underpinnings between multiple addictive behaviors. The present genetic association study was conducted as part of the Psychological and Genetic Factors of Addictions study (n = 3003) and aimed to investigate genetic overlaps between different substance use, addictive, and other compulsive behaviors. Association analyses targeted 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, potentially addictive substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs), and potentially addictive or compulsive behaviors (internet use, gaming, social networking site use, gambling, exercise, hair-pulling, and eating). Analyses revealed 29 nominally significant associations, from which, nine survived an FDRbl correction. Four associations were observed between FOXN3 rs759364 and potentially addictive behaviors: rs759364 showed an association with the frequency of alcohol consumption and mean scores of scales assessing internet addiction, gaming disorder, and exercise addiction. Significant associations were found between GDNF rs1549250, rs2973033, CNR1 rs806380, DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 variants, and the “lifetime other drugs” variable. These suggested that genetic factors may contribute similarly to specific substance use and addictive behaviors. Specifically, FOXN3 rs759364 and GDNF rs1549250 and rs2973033 may constitute genetic risk factors for multiple addictive behaviors. Due to limitations (e.g., convenience sampling, lack of structured scales for substance use), further studies are needed. Functional correlates and mechanisms underlying these relationships should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vereczkei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Csaba Barta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (Z.D.)
| | - Anna Magi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Farkas
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, 1135 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Eisinger
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Andrea Belik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Anna Szekely
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Mária Sasvári-Székely
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (A.B.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Child Study and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (Z.D.)
| | - Eszter Kotyuk
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (J.F.); (A.E.); (O.K.); (A.S.); (R.U.); (E.K.)
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9
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Abstract
Neurexin-3 is primarily localized in the presynaptic membrane and forms complexes with various ligands located in the postsynaptic membrane. Neurexin-3 has important roles in synapse development and synapse functions. Neurexin-3 mediates excitatory presynaptic differentiation by interacting with leucine-rich-repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins. Meanwhile, neurexin-3 modulates the expression of presynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors by interacting with neuroligins at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Numerous studies have documented the potential contribution of neurexin-3 to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, addiction behaviors, and other diseases, which raises hopes that understanding the mechanisms of neurexin-3 may hold the key to developing new strategies for related illnesses. This review comprehensively covers the literature to provide current knowledge of the structure, function, and clinical role of neurexin-3.
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10
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Kantak KM. Rodent models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An updated framework for model validation and therapeutic drug discovery. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 216:173378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Henderson IM, Zeng F, Bhuiyan NH, Luo D, Martinez M, Smoake J, Bi F, Perera C, Johnson D, Prisinzano TE, Wang W, Uhl GR. Structure-activity studies of PTPRD phosphatase inhibitors identify a 7-cyclopentymethoxy illudalic acid analog candidate for development. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114868. [PMID: 34863978 PMCID: PMC9248268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in development of potent, selective inhibitors of the phosphatase from the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRD as antiaddiction agents is supported by human genetics, mouse models and studies of our lead compound PTPRD phosphatase inhibitor, 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog 1 (7-BIA). We now report structure-activity relationships for almost 70 7-BIA-related compounds and results that nominate a 7- cyclopentyl methoxy analog as a candidate for further development. While efforts to design 7-BIA analogs with substitutions for other parts failed to yield potent inhibitors of PTPRD's phosphatase, ten 7-position substituted analogs displayed greater potency at PTPRD than 7-BIA. Several were more selective for PTPRD vs the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatases S, F and J or the nonreceptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase N1 (PTPRS, PTPRF, PTPRJ or PTPN1/PTP1B), phosphatases at which 7-BIA displays activity. In silico studies aided design of novel analogs. A 7-position cyclopentyl methoxy substituted 7-BIA analog termed NHB1109 displayed 600-700 nM potencies in inhibiting PTPRD and PTPRS, improved selectivity vs PTPRS, PTPRF, PTPRJ or PTPN1/PTP1B phosphatases, no substantial potency at other protein tyrosine phosphatases screened, no significant potency at any of the targets of clinically-useful drugs identified in EUROFINS screens and significant oral bioavailability. Oral doses up to 200 mg/kg were well tolerated by mice, though higher doses resulted in reduced weight and apparent ileus without clear organ histopathology. NHB1109 provides a good candidate to advance to in vivo studies in addiction paradigms and toward human use to reduce reward from addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Henderson
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fanxun Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Maria Martinez
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jane Smoake
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Fangchao Bi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - George R Uhl
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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12
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Boxer EE, Seng C, Lukacsovich D, Kim J, Schwartz S, Kennedy MJ, Földy C, Aoto J. Neurexin-3 defines synapse- and sex-dependent diversity of GABAergic inhibition in ventral subiculum. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110098. [PMID: 34879268 PMCID: PMC8763380 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventral subiculum (vSUB) is integral to the regulation of stress and reward; however, the intrinsic connectivity and synaptic properties of the inhibitory local circuit are poorly understood. Neurexin-3 (Nrxn3) is highly expressed in hippocampal inhibitory neurons, but its function at inhibitory synapses has remained elusive. Using slice electrophysiology, imaging, and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify multiple roles for Nrxn3 at GABAergic parvalbumin (PV) interneuron synapses made onto vSUB regular-spiking (RS) and burst-spiking (BS) principal neurons. Surprisingly, we find that intrinsic connectivity of vSUB and synaptic function of Nrxn3 in vSUB are sexually dimorphic. We reveal that PVs make preferential contact with RS neurons in male mice, but BS neurons in female mice. Furthermore, we determine that despite comparable Nrxn3 isoform expression in male and female PV neurons, Nrxn3 knockout impairs synapse density, postsynaptic strength, and inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) amplitude at PV-RS synapses in males, but enhances presynaptic release and IPSC amplitude in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Boxer
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Charlotte Seng
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Lukacsovich
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - JungMin Kim
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Samantha Schwartz
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Aoto
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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13
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Sable HJK, Lester DB, Potter JL, Nolen HG, Cruthird DM, Estes LM, Johnson AD, Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. An assessment of executive function in two different rat models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Spontaneously hypertensive versus Lphn3 knockout rats. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12767. [PMID: 34427038 PMCID: PMC10114166 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and often comorbid with other externalizing disorders (EDs). There is evidence that externalizing behaviors share a common genetic etiology. Recently, a genome-wide, multigenerational sample linked variants in the Lphn3 gene to ADHD and other externalizing behaviors. Likewise, limited research in animal models has provided converging evidence that Lphn3 plays a role in EDs. This study examined the impact of Lphn3 deletion (i.e., Lphn3-/- ) in rats on measures of behavioral control associated with externalizing behavior. Impulsivity was assessed for 30 days via a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) task and working memory evaluated for 25 days using a delayed spatial alternation (DSA) task. Data from both tasks were averaged into 5-day testing blocks. We analyzed overall performance, as well as response patterns in just the first and last blocks to assess acquisition and steady-state performance, respectively. "Positive control" measures on the same tasks were measured in an accepted animal model of ADHD-the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Compared with wildtype controls, Lphn3-/- rats exhibited deficits on both the DRL and DSA tasks, indicative of deficits in impulsive action and working memory, respectively. These deficits were less severe than those in the SHRs, who were profoundly impaired on both tasks compared with their control strain, Wistar-Kyoto rats. The results provide evidence supporting a role for Lphn3 in modulating inhibitory control and working memory, and suggest additional research evaluating the role of Lphn3 in the manifestation of EDs more broadly is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. K. Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deranda B. Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua L. Potter
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hunter G. Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Estes
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa D. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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14
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Cheng S, Wen Y, Liu L, Cheng B, Liang C, Ye J, Chu X, Yao Y, Jia Y, Kafle OP, Zhang F. Traumatic events during childhood and its risks to substance use in adulthood: an observational and genome-wide by environment interaction study in UK Biobank. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:431. [PMID: 34417442 PMCID: PMC8379203 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the underlying genetic mechanisms of traumatic events during childhood affecting the risks of adult substance use in present study. Using UK Biobank cohort, linear regression model was first applied to assess the relationships between cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking in adults with traumatic events during childhood, including felt hated by family member (41,648-111,465), felt loved (46,394-124,481) and sexually molested (47,598-127,766). Using traumatic events as exposure variables, genome-wide by environment interaction study was then performed by PLINK 2.0 to identify cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking associated genes interacting with traumatic events during childhood. We found that the frequency of cigarette smoking was significantly associated with felt hated by family member (coefficient = 0.42, P < 1.0 × 10-9), felt loved (coefficient = -0.31, P < 1.0 × 10-9) and sexually molested (coefficient = 0.46, P < 1.0 × 10-9). We also observed weaker associations of alcohol drinking with felt hated by family member (coefficient = 0.08, P = 3.10 × 10-6) and felt loved (coefficient = -0.06, P = 3.15 × 10-7). GWEIS identified multiple candidate loci interacting with traumatic events, such as CTNNA3 (rs189142060, P = 4.23 × 10-8) between felt hated by family member and the frequency of cigarette smoking, GABRG3 (rs117020886, P = 2.77 × 10-8) between felt hated by family member and the frequency of alcohol drinking. Our results suggested the significant impact of traumatic events during childhood on the risk of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Cheng
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Liu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chujun Liang
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Ye
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chu
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yao Yao
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Om Prakash Kafle
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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15
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Fu CH, Han XY, Tong L, Nie PY, Hu YD, Ji LL. miR-142 downregulation alleviates the impairment of spatial learning and memory, reduces the level of apoptosis, and upregulates the expression of pCaMKII and BAI3 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113485. [PMID: 34302879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-142-5p (miR-142-5p) has been found to be dysregulated in several neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about the involvement of miR-142-5p in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3), which belongs to the adhesion-G protein-coupled receptor subgroup, contributes to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite its very high expression in neurons, the role of BAI3 in AD remains elusive, and its mechanism at the cellular and molecular levels needs to be further elucidated. The current study sought to investigate whether miR-142-5p influenced BAI3 expression and neuronal synaptotoxicity induced by Aβ, both in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Altered expression of miR-142-5p was found in the hippocampus of AD mice. Inhibition of miR-142 could upregulate BAI3 expression, enhance neuronal viability and prevent neurons from undergoing apoptosis. In addition, the reduction of phosphorylation of Synapsin I and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), as well as the expression of PSD-95 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, were significantly restored by inhibiting miR-142. Meanwhile, the levels of Aβ1-42, β-APP, BACE-1 and PS-1 in cultured neurons were detected, and the effects of inhibiting miR-142 on spatial learning and memory were also observed. Interestingly, we found that BAI3, an important regulator of excitatory synapses, was a potential target gene of miR-142-5p. Collectively, our findings suggest that miR-142 inhibition can alleviate the impairment of spatial learning and memory, reduce the level of apoptosis, and upregulate the expression of pCaMKII and BAI3 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice; thus, appropriate interference of miR-142 may provide a potential therapeutic approach to rescue cognitive dysfunction in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Jinan City, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng-Yin Nie
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue-Dong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Perinatal SSRI Exposure Disrupts G Protein-coupled Receptor BAI3 in Developing Dentate Gyrus and Adult Emotional Behavior: Relevance to Psychiatric Disorders. Neuroscience 2021; 471:32-50. [PMID: 34293414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are widely prescribed to pregnant women suffering with depression, although the long-term impact of these medications on exposed offspring are poorly understood. Perinatal SSRI exposure alters human offspring's neurodevelopment and increases risk for psychiatric illness in later life. Rodent studies suggest that perinatal SSRI-induced behavioral abnormalities are driven by changes in the serotonin system as well as epigenetic and transcriptomic changes in the developing hippocampus. A major gene altered by perinatal SSRI exposure is the G-protein coupled receptor Brain Angiogenesis Inhibitor 3 (BAI3). Our present study shows that perinatal exposure to the SSRI citalopram increases mRNA expression of Bai3 and related molecules (including its C1ql ligands) in the early postnatal dentate gyrus of male and female offspring. Transient Bai3 mRNA knockdown in perinatal SSRI-exposed dentate gyrus lessened behavioral consequences of perinatal SSRI exposure, leading to increased active stress coping. To determine translational implications of this work, we examined expression of BAI3 and related molecules in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex from patients that suffered with depression or schizophrenia relative to healthy control subjects. We found sex- and region-specific changes in mRNA expression of BAI3 and its ligands C1QL2 and C1QL3 in men and women with a history of psychiatric disorders compared to healthy controls. Together these results suggest that abnormal BAI3 signaling may contribute to molecular mechanisms that drive adverse effects of perinatal SSRI exposure, and show evidence for alterations of BAI3 signaling in the hippocampus of patients that suffer depression and schizophrenia.
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17
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Genetic underpinnings of affective temperaments: a pilot GWAS investigation identifies a new genome-wide significant SNP for anxious temperament in ADGRB3 gene. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:337. [PMID: 34075027 PMCID: PMC8169753 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recently a large-sample GWASs identified significant loci in the background of depression, the heterogeneity of the depressive phenotype and the lack of accurate phenotyping hinders applicability of findings. We carried out a pilot GWAS with in-depth phenotyping of affective temperaments, considered as subclinical manifestations and high-risk states for affective disorders, in a general population sample of European origin. Affective temperaments were measured by TEMPS-A. SNP-level association was assessed by linear regression models, assuming an additive genetic effect, using PLINK1.9. Gender, age, the first ten principal components (PCs) and the other four temperaments were included in the regression models as covariates. SNP-level relevances (p-values) were aggregated to gene level using the PEGASUS method1. In SNP-based tests, a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold of p ≤ 5.0 × 10-8 and a suggestive significance threshold of p ≤ 1.0 × 10-5, whereas in gene-based tests a Bonferroni-corrected significance of 2.0 × 10-6 and a suggestive significance of p ≤ 4.0 × 10-4 was established. To explore known functional effects of the most significant SNPs, FUMA v1.3.5 was used. We identified 1 significant and 21 suggestively significant SNPs in ADGRB3, expressed in the brain, for anxious temperament. Several other brain-relevant SNPs and genes emerged at suggestive significance for the other temperaments. Functional analyses reflecting effect on gene expression and participation in chromatin interactions also pointed to several genes expressed in the brain with potentially relevant phenotypes regulated by our top SNPs. Our findings need to be tested in larger GWA studies and candidate gene analyses in well-phenotyped samples in relation to affective disorders and related phenotypes.
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Hall FS, Chen Y, Resendiz-Gutierrez F. The Streetlight Effect: Reappraising the Study of Addiction in Light of the Findings of Genome-wide Association Studies. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:230-246. [PMID: 33849024 DOI: 10.1159/000516169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug dependence has long been thought to have a genetic component. Research seeking to identify the genetic basis of addiction has gone through important transitions over its history, in part based upon the emergence of new technologies, but also as the result of changing perspectives. Early research approaches were largely dictated by available technology, with technological advancements having highly transformative effects on genetic research, but the limitations of technology also affected modes of thinking about the genetic causes of disease. This review explores these transitions in thinking about the genetic causes of addiction in terms of the "streetlight effect," which is a type of observational bias whereby people search for something only where it is easiest to search. In this way, the genes that were initially studied in the field of addiction genetics were chosen because they were the most "obvious," and formed current understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the actions of drugs of abuse and drug dependence. The problem with this emphasis is that prior to the genomic era the vast majority of genes and proteins had yet to be identified, much less studied. This review considers how these initial choices, as well as subsequent choices that were also driven by technological limitations, shaped the study of the genetic basis of drug dependence. While genome-wide approaches overcame the initial biases regarding which genes to choose to study inherent in candidate gene studies and other approaches, genome-wide approaches necessitated other assumptions. These included additive genetic causation and limited allelic heterogeneity, which both appear to be incorrect. Thus, the next stage of advancement in this field must overcome these shortcomings through approaches that allow the examination of complex interactive effects, both gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. Techniques for these sorts of studies have recently been developed and represent the next step in our understanding of the genetic basis of drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Federico Resendiz-Gutierrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacology and Pharmacological Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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19
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Peng Q, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Common genetic substrates of alcohol and substance use disorder severity revealed by pleiotropy detection against GWAS catalog in two populations. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12877. [PMID: 32027075 PMCID: PMC7415504 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and other substance use disorders (AUD and SUD) are complex diseases that are postulated to have a polygenic inheritance and are often comorbid with other disorders. The comorbidities may arise partially through genetic pleiotropy. Identification of specific gene variants accounting for large parts of the variance in these disorders has yet to be accomplished. We describe a flexible strategy that takes a variant-trait association database and determines if a subset of disease/straits are potentially pleiotropic with the disorder under study. We demonstrate its usage in a study of use disorders in two independent cohorts: alcohol, stimulants, cannabis (CUD), and multi-substance use disorders (MSUD) in American Indians (AI) and AUD and CUD in Mexican Americans (MA). Using a machine learning method with variants in GWAS catalog, we identified 229 to 246 pleiotropic variants for AI and 153 to 160 for MA for each SUD. Inflammation was the most enriched for MSUD and AUD in AIs. Neurological disorder was the most significantly enriched for CUD in both cohorts, and for AUD and stimulants in AIs. Of the select pleiotropic genes shared among substances-cohorts, multiple biological pathways implicated in SUD and other psychiatric disorders were enriched, including neurotrophic factors, immune responses, extracellular matrix, and circadian regulation. Shared pleiotropic genes were significantly up-regulated in brain regions playing important roles in SUD, down-regulated in esophagus mucosa, and differentially regulated in adrenal gland. This study fills a gap for pleiotropy detection in understudied admixed populations and identifies pleiotropic variants that may be potential targets of interest for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics and Neurology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
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20
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Mooney MA, Ryabinin P, Wilmot B, Bhatt P, Mill J, Nigg JT. Large epigenome-wide association study of childhood ADHD identifies peripheral DNA methylation associated with disease and polygenic risk burden. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32066674 PMCID: PMC7026179 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic variation in peripheral tissues is being widely studied as a molecular biomarker of complex disease and disease-related exposures. To date, few studies have examined differences in DNA methylation associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we profiled genetic and methylomic variation across the genome in saliva samples from children (age 7-12 years) with clinically established ADHD (N = 391) and nonpsychiatric controls (N = 213). We tested for differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with both ADHD diagnosis and ADHD polygenic risk score, by using linear regression models including smoking, medication effects, and other potential confounders in our statistical models. Our results support previously reported associations between ADHD and DNA methylation levels at sites annotated to VIPR2, and identify several novel disease-associated DMPs (p < 1e-5), although none of them were genome-wide significant. The two top-ranked, ADHD-associated DMPs (cg17478313 annotated to SLC7A8 and cg21609804 annotated to MARK2) are also significantly associated with nearby SNPs (p = 1.2e-46 and p = 2.07e-59), providing evidence that disease-associated DMPs are under genetic control. We also report a genome-wide significant association between ADHD polygenic risk and variable DNA methylation at a site annotated to the promoter of GART and SON (p = 6.71E-8). Finally, we show that ADHD-associated SNPs colocalize with SNPs associated with methylation levels in saliva. This is the first large-scale study of DNA methylation in children with ADHD. Our results represent novel epigenetic biomarkers for ADHD that may be useful for patient stratification, reinforce the importance of genetic effects on DNA methylation, and provide plausible molecular mechanisms for ADHD risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mooney
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Portland, OR USA
| | - Beth Wilmot
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Portland, OR USA
| | - Priya Bhatt
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Jonathan Mill
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
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21
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Li M, Chen Y, Yao J, Lu S, Guan Y, Xu Y, Liu Q, Sun S, Mi Q, Mei J, Li X, Miao M, Zhao S, Zhu Z. Genome-Wide Association Study of Smoking Behavior Traits in a Chinese Han Population. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:564239. [PMID: 33033484 PMCID: PMC7509597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of preventable disease worldwide. Genetic studies have elucidated numerous smoking-associated risk loci in American and European populations. However, genetic determinants for cigarette smoking in Chinese populations are under investigated. In this study, a whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in a Chinese Han population comprising 620 smokers and 564 nonsmokers. Thirteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the raftlin lipid linker 1 (RFTN1) gene achieved genome-wide significance levels (P < 5 x 10-8) for smoking initiation. The rs139753473 from RFTN1 and six other suggestively significant loci from CUB and sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) gene were also associated with cigarettes per day (CPD) in an independent Chinese sample consisting of 1,329 subjects (805 smokers and 524 nonsmokers). When treating males separately, associations between smoking initiation and PCAT5/ANKRD30A, two genes involved in cancer development, were identified and replicated. Within RFTN1, two haplotypes (i.e., C-A-C-G and A-G-T-C) formed by rs796812630-rs796584733-rs796349027-rs879511366 and three haplotypes (i.e., T-T-C-C-C, T-T-A-T-T, and C-A-A-T-T) formed by rs879401109-rs879453873-rs75180423-rs541378415-rs796757175 were strongly associated with smoking initiation. In addition, we also revealed two haplotypes (i.e., C-A-G-G and T-C-T-T derived from rs4875371-rs4875372-rs17070935-rs11991366) in the CSMD1 gene showing a significant association with smoking initiation. Further bioinformatics functional assessment suggested that RFTN1 may participate in smoking behavior through modulating immune responses or interactions with the glucocorticoid receptor alpha and the androgen receptor. Together, our results may help understand the mechanisms underlying smoking behavior in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Sheming Lu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yuqiong Xu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Hangzhou Global Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Silong Sun
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Qili Mi
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Junpu Mei
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Mingming Miao
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Zhouhai Zhu
- Joint Institute of Tobacco and Health, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
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22
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Fongang B, Cunningham KA, Rowicka M, Kudlicki A. Coevolution of Residues Provides Evidence of a Functional Heterodimer of 5-HT 2AR and 5-HT 2CR Involving Both Intracellular and Extracellular Domains. Neuroscience 2019; 412:48-59. [PMID: 31158438 PMCID: PMC7299066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating activities such as sleep, appetite, mood and substance abuse disorders; serotonin receptors 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR are active within pathways associated with substance abuse. It has been suggested that 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR may form a dimer that affects behavioral processes. Here we study the coevolution of residues in 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR to identify potential interactions between residues in both proteins. Coevolution studies can detect protein interactions, and since the thus uncovered interactions are subject to evolutionary pressure, they are likely functional. We assessed the significance of the 5-HT2AR/5-HT2CR interactions using randomized phylogenetic trees and found the coevolution significant (p-value = 0.01). We also discuss how co-expression of the receptors suggests the predicted interaction is functional. Finally, we analyze how several single nucleotide polymorphisms for the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR genes affect their interaction. Our findings are the first to characterize the binding interface of 5-HT2AR/5-HT2CR and indicate a correlation between this interface and location of SNPs in both proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Databases, Genetic
- Evolution, Molecular
- Papio anubis
- Phosphorylation
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fongang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Maga Rowicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrzej Kudlicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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23
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Highfill CA, Baker BM, Stevens SD, Anholt RRH, Mackay TFC. Genetics of cocaine and methamphetamine consumption and preference in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007834. [PMID: 31107875 PMCID: PMC6527214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit use of psychostimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, constitutes a significant public health problem. Whereas neural mechanisms that mediate the effects of these drugs are well-characterized, genetic factors that account for individual variation in susceptibility to substance abuse and addiction remain largely unknown. Drosophila melanogaster can serve as a translational model for studies on substance abuse, since flies have a dopamine transporter that can bind cocaine and methamphetamine, and exposure to these compounds elicits effects similar to those observed in people, suggesting conserved evolutionary mechanisms underlying drug responses. Here, we used the D. melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel to investigate the genetic basis for variation in psychostimulant drug consumption, to determine whether similar or distinct genetic networks underlie variation in consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine, and to assess the extent of sexual dimorphism and effect of genetic context on variation in voluntary drug consumption. Quantification of natural genetic variation in voluntary consumption, preference, and change in consumption and preference over time for cocaine and methamphetamine uncovered significant genetic variation for all traits, including sex-, exposure- and drug-specific genetic variation. Genome wide association analyses identified both shared and drug-specific candidate genes, which could be integrated in genetic interaction networks. We assessed the effects of ubiquitous RNA interference (RNAi) on consumption behaviors for 34 candidate genes: all affected at least one behavior. Finally, we utilized RNAi knockdown in the nervous system to implicate dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom bodies as part of the neural circuitry underlying experience-dependent development of drug preference. Illicit use of cocaine and methamphetamine is a major public health problem. Whereas the neurological effects of these drugs are well characterized, it remains challenging to determine genetic risk factors for substance abuse in human populations. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, presents an excellent model for identifying evolutionarily conserved genes that affect drug consumption, since genetic background and exposure can be controlled precisely. We took advantage of natural variation in a panel of inbred wild derived fly lines with complete genome sequences to assess the extent of genetic variation among these lines for voluntary consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine and to explore whether some genetic backgrounds might show experience-dependent development of drug preference. The drug consumption traits were highly variable among the lines with strong sex-, drug- and exposure time-specific components. We identified candidate genes and gene networks associated with variation in consumption of cocaine and methamphetamine and development of drug preference. Using tissue-specific suppression of gene expression, we were able to functionally implicate candidate genes that affected at least one consumption trait in at least one drug and sex. In humans, the mesolimbic dopaminergic projection plays a role in drug addiction. We asked whether in Drosophila the mushroom bodies could play an analogous role, as they are integrative brain centers associated with experience-dependent learning. Indeed, our results suggest that variation in consumption and development of preference for both cocaine and methamphetamine is mediated, at least in part, through a neural network that comprises dopaminergic projections to the mushroom bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Highfill
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Brandon M. Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Stephenie D. Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Hishimoto A, Pletnikova O, Lang DL, Troncoso JC, Egan JM, Liu QR. Neurexin 3 transmembrane and soluble isoform expression and splicing haplotype are associated with neuron inflammasome and Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:28. [PMID: 30902061 PMCID: PMC6429815 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic damage precedes neuron death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurexins, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3, are presynaptic adhesion molecules that specify neuron synapses and regulate neurotransmitter release. Neurexins and postsynaptic neuroligins interact with amyloid beta oligomer (AβO) deposits in damaged synapses. NRXN3 gene variants have been associated with autism, addiction, and schizophrenia, however, not fully investigated in Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated an AD association of a 3'-splicing allele of rs8019381 that produces altered expression of transmembrane or soluble NRXN3 isoforms. METHODS We carried out RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), PCR-RFLP (PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism), Sanger sequencing, and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for NRXN3 neuron expression and genotyping. Genetic associations were analyzed by χ2 tests, and ISH signals were analyzed by FISH v1.0 module of Indica Labs HALO software. RESULTS We previously identified a functional haplotype in the 3' region of neurexin 3 (NRXN3) gene that alters the expression ratios between NRXN3 transmembrane and soluble isoforms. In this study, we found that expression and ratio of transmembrane and soluble NRXN3 isoforms were reduced in AD postmortem brains and inversely correlated with inflammasome component NLRP3 in AD brain regions. The splicing haplotype related to the transmembrane and soluble NRXN3 expression was associated with AD samples with P = 6.3 × 10-5 (odds ratio = 2.48) and interacted with APOE genotypes. CONCLUSIONS We found that the SNP rs8019381 of NRXN3 that is located adjacent to splicing site #5 (SS#5) interacts with the APOE ε4 haplotype and alters NRXN3 transmembrane or soluble isoform expression in AD postmortem cortex. Dysregulation of presynaptic NRXN3 expression and splicing might increase neuron inflammation in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Departments of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Doyle Lu Lang
- Lab of Clinical Investigation, NIA-NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Departments of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Lab of Clinical Investigation, NIA-NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Lab of Clinical Investigation, NIA-NIH, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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25
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Scuderi C, Saccuzzo L, Vinci M, Castiglia L, Galesi O, Salemi M, Mattina T, Borgione E, Città S, Romano C, Fichera M. Biallelic intragenic duplication in ADGRB3 (BAI3) gene associated with intellectual disability, cerebellar atrophy, and behavioral disorder. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:594-602. [PMID: 30659260 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chromosomal microarray analysis has permitted the discovery of rearrangements underlying several neurodevelopmental disorders and still represents the first diagnostic test for unexplained neurodevelopmental disabilities. Here we report a family of consanguineous parents showing psychiatric disorders and their two sons both affected by intellectual disability, ataxia, and behavioral disorder. SNP/CGH array analysis in this family demonstrated in both siblings a biallelic duplication inherited from the heterozygous parents, disrupting the ADGRB3 gene. ADGRB3, also known as BAI3, belongs to the subfamily of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (adhesion GPCRs) that regulate many aspects of the central nervous system, including axon guidance, myelination, and synapse formation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants involving ADGRB3 have recently been associated with psychiatric disorders. These findings further support this association and also suggest that biallelic variants affecting the function of the ADGRB3 gene may also cause cognitive impairments and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Saccuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresa Mattina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Fichera
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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26
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Uhl GR, Martinez MJ. PTPRD: neurobiology, genetics, and initial pharmacology of a pleiotropic contributor to brain phenotypes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1451:112-129. [PMID: 30648269 PMCID: PMC6629525 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D (PTPRD) has likely roles as a neuronal cell adhesion molecule and synaptic specifier. Interest in its neurobiology and genomics has been stimulated by results from human genetics and mouse models for phenotypes related to addiction, restless leg syndrome, neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment/intellectual disability, mood lability, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We review PTPRD's discovery, gene family, candidate homomeric and heteromeric binding partners, phosphatase activities, brain distribution, human genetic associations with nervous system phenotypes, and mouse model data relevant to these phenotypes. We discuss the recently reported discovery of the first small molecule inhibitor of PTPRD phosphatase, the identification of its addiction-related effects, and the implications of these findings for the PTPRD-associated brain phenotypes. In assembling PTPRD neurobiology, human genetics, and mouse genetic and pharmacological datasets, we provide a compelling picture of the roles played by PTPRD, its variation, and its potential as a target for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria J Martinez
- Neurology and Research Services, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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27
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Cocaine reward is reduced by decreased expression of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) and by a novel PTPRD antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11597-11602. [PMID: 30348770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720446115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) is a neuronal cell-adhesion molecule/synaptic specifier that has been implicated in addiction vulnerability and stimulant reward by human genomewide association and mouse cocaine-conditioned place-preference data. However, there have been no reports of effects of reduced expression on cocaine self-administration. There have been no reports of PTPRD targeting by any small molecule. There are no data about behavioral effects of any PTPRD ligand. We now report (i) robust effects of heterozygous PTPRD KO on cocaine self-administration (These data substantially extend prior conditioned place-preference data and add to the rationale for PTPRD as a target for addiction therapeutics.); (ii) identification of 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog (7-BIA) as a small molecule that targets PTPRD and inhibits its phosphatase with some specificity; (iii) lack of toxicity when 7-BIA is administered to mice acutely or with repeated dosing; (iv) reduced cocaine-conditioned place preference when 7-BIA is administered before conditioning sessions; and (v) reductions in well-established cocaine self-administration when 7-BIA is administered before a session (in WT, not PTPRD heterozygous KOs). These results add to support for PTPRD as a target for medications to combat cocaine use disorders. 7-BIA provides a lead compound for addiction therapeutics.
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28
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Hoxha E, Marcinnò A, Montarolo F, Masante L, Balbo I, Ravera F, Laezza F, Tempia F. Emerging roles of Fgf14 in behavioral control. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:257-265. [PMID: 30189289 PMCID: PMC10082543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual disturbances, and aggressivity are a major social problem. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of these behaviors are largely unknown. FGF14, which is an intracellular protein controlling neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, has been implied in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Mice with Fgf14 deletion show blunted responses to drugs of abuse. By behavioral tests we show that male Fgf14 knockout mice have a marked reduction of several behaviors including aggressivity and sexual behavior. Other behaviors driven by spontaneous initiative like burying novel objects and spontaneous digging and climbing are also reduced in Fgf14 knockout mice. These deficits cannot be attributed to a generalized decrease of activity levels, because in the open field test Fgf14 knockout mice have the same spontaneous locomotion as wild types and increased rearing. Our results show that Fgf14 is important to preserve a set of behaviors and suggest that fine tuning of neuronal function by Fgf14 is an important mechanism of control for such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Marcinnò
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Linda Masante
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ravera
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy; National Neuroscience Institute (Italy), Corso Massimo D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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29
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The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9803764. [PMID: 29675039 PMCID: PMC5838467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9803764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetic approaches, including twin studies, linkage studies, and candidate gene studies, has established a firm genetic basis for addiction. However, there has been difficulty identifying the precise genes that underlie addiction liability using these approaches. This situation became especially clear in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of addiction. Moreover, the results of GWAS brought into clarity many of the shortcomings of those early genetic approaches. GWAS studies stripped away those preconceived notions, examining genes that would not previously have been considered in the study of addiction, consequently creating a shift in our understanding. Most importantly, those studies implicated a class of genes that had not previously been considered in the study of addiction genetics: cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Considering the well-documented evidence supporting a role for various CAMs in synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, and regeneration, it is not surprising that allelic variation in CAM genes might also play a role in addiction liability. This review focuses on the role of various cell adhesion molecules in neuroplasticity that might contribute to addictive processes and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research on CAM genes that have been implicated in addiction by GWAS.
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30
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Abstract
Drug addiction involves long-term behavioral abnormalities that arise in response to repeated exposure to drugs of abuse in vulnerable individuals. It is a multifactorial syndrome involving a complex interplay between genes and the environment. Evidence suggests that the underlying mechanisms regulating these persistent behavioral abnormalities involve changes in gene expression throughout the brain's reward circuitry, in particular, in the mesolimbic dopamine system. In the past decade, investigations have begun to reveal potential genes involved in the risk for addiction through genomewide association studies. Additionally, a crucial role for epigenetic mechanisms, which mediate the enduring effects of drugs of abuse on the brain in animal models of addiction, has been established. This chapter focuses on recent evidence that genetic and epigenetic regulatory events underlie the changes throughout the reward circuitry in humans, as well as animal models of addiction. While further investigations are necessary, a picture of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in addiction is beginning to emerge and the insight gained from these studies will be key to the identification of novel targets for improved diagnosis and treatment of addiction syndromes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena M Walker
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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31
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Wang T, Moon JY, Wu Y, Amos CI, Hung RJ, Tardon A, Andrew A, Chen C, Christiani DC, Albanes D, van der Heijden EHFM, Duell E, Rennert G, Goodman G, Liu G, Mckay JD, Yuan JM, Field JK, Manjer J, Grankvist K, Kiemeney LA, Marchand LL, Teare MD, Schabath MB, Johansson M, Aldrich MC, Davies M, Johansson M, Tsao MS, Caporaso N, Lazarus P, Lam S, Bojesen SE, Arnold S, Wu X, Zong X, Hong YC, Ho GYF. Pleiotropy of genetic variants on obesity and smoking phenotypes: Results from the Oncoarray Project of The International Lung Cancer Consortium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185660. [PMID: 28957450 PMCID: PMC5619832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and cigarette smoking are correlated through complex relationships. Common genetic causes may contribute to these correlations. In this study, we selected 241 loci potentially associated with body mass index (BMI) based on the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium data and calculated a BMI genetic risk score (BMI-GRS) for 17,037 individuals of European descent from the Oncoarray Project of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO). Smokers had a significantly higher BMI-GRS than never-smokers (p = 0.016 and 0.010 before and after adjustment for BMI, respectively). The BMI-GRS was also positively correlated with pack-years of smoking (p<0.001) in smokers. Based on causal network inference analyses, seven and five of 241 SNPs were classified to pleiotropic models for BMI/smoking status and BMI/pack-years, respectively. Among them, three and four SNPs associated with smoking status and pack-years (p<0.05), respectively, were followed up in the ever-smoking data of the Tobacco, Alcohol and Genetics (TAG) consortium. Among these seven candidate SNPs, one SNP (rs11030104, BDNF) achieved statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, and three suggestive SNPs (rs13021737, TMEM18; rs11583200, ELAVL4; and rs6990042, SGCZ) achieved a nominal statistical significance. Our results suggest that there is a common genetic component between BMI and smoking, and pleiotropy analysis can be useful to identify novel genetic loci of complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of public health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Angeline Andrew
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Christiani
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Eric Duell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gary Goodman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James D. Mckay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Department of surgery, Unit for breast surgery, Lund University, Malmö, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kjell Grankvist
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Loic Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai'I, United States of America
| | - M. Dawn Teare
- University Of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Melinda C. Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Davies
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Neil Caporaso
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xifeng Wu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, Houston, United States of America
| | - Xuchen Zong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gloria Y. F. Ho
- Merinoff Center for Patient-Oriented Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, United States of America
- Epidemiology and Research, Northwell Health, New York, United States of America
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, United States of America
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King CP, Militello L, Hart A, St Pierre CL, Leung E, Versaggi CL, Roberson N, Catlin J, Palmer AA, Richards JB, Meyer PJ. Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:686-698. [PMID: 28387990 PMCID: PMC5595635 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies in humans have suggested that variants of the cadherin-13 (CDH13) gene are associated with substance use disorder, subjective response to amphetamine, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To examine the role of the Cdh13 and its peptide ligand adiponectin (AdipoQ) in addiction-related behaviors, we assessed Cdh13 knockout (KO) rats and AdipoQ KO mice using intravenous cocaine self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms. During intravenous cocaine self-administration, male Cdh13 heterozygous (+/-) and KO (-/-) rats showed increased cue-induced reinstatement compared with wild-type (WT) rats when presented with a cocaine-paired stimulus, whereas female Cdh13 rats showed no differences across genotype. Cdh13 -/- rats showed higher responding for a saccharin reinforcer and learned the choice reaction time (RT) task more slowly than WTs. However, we found no differences between Cdh13 -/- and +/+ rats in responding for sensory reinforcement, number of premature responses in the RT task, tendency to approach a Pavlovian food cue, CPP and locomotor activation to cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg). In AdipoQ -/- mice, there was a significant increase in CPP to methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) but not to a range of d-amphetamine doses (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). Taken together, these data suggest that Cdh13 and AdipoQ regulate sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants and palatable rewards without producing major changes in other behaviors. In humans, these two genes may regulate sensitivity to natural and drug rewards, thus influencing susceptibility to the conditioned drug effects and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Hart
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Dept. of Immunology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA
| | - Celine L. St Pierre
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Emily Leung
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - James Catlin
- Dept. of Psychology, Univ. at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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33
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Yun JH, Morrow J, Owen CA, Qiu W, Glass K, Lao T, Jiang Z, Perrella MA, Silverman EK, Zhou X, Hersh CP. Transcriptomic Analysis of Lung Tissue from Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema Murine Models and Human Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Show Shared and Distinct Pathways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:47-58. [PMID: 28248572 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0328oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoke (CS) is the primary risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the underlying molecular mechanisms for the significant variability in developing COPD in response to CS are incompletely understood. We performed lung gene expression profiling of two different wild-type murine strains (C57BL/6 and NZW/LacJ) and two genetic models with mutations in COPD genome-wide association study genes (HHIP and FAM13A) after 6 months of chronic CS exposure and compared the results to human COPD lung tissues. We identified gene expression patterns that correlate with severity of emphysema in murine and human lungs. Xenobiotic metabolism and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated oxidative stress response were commonly regulated molecular response patterns in C57BL/6, Hhip+/-, and Fam13a-/- murine strains exposed chronically to CS. The CS-resistant Fam13a-/- mouse and NZW/LacJ strain revealed gene expression response pattern differences. The Fam13a-/- strain diverged in gene expression compared with C57BL/6 control only after CS exposure. However, the NZW/LacJ strain had a unique baseline expression pattern, enriched for nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated oxidative stress response and xenobiotic metabolism, and converged to a gene expression pattern similar to the more susceptible wild-type C57BL/6 after CS exposure. These results suggest that distinct molecular pathways may account for resistance to emphysema. Surprisingly, there were few genes commonly modulated in mice and humans. Our study suggests that gene expression responses to CS may be largely species and model dependent, yet shared pathways could provide biologically significant insights underlying individual susceptibility to CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong H Yun
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, and.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Caroline A Owen
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | | | | | - Taotao Lao
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, and
| | | | - Mark A Perrella
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, and.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, and.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig P Hersh
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, and.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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34
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Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine-Responsive Prefrontal Cortical Genetic Overlaps in "Impulsive" SHR/NCrl and Wistar Rats. Behav Genet 2017; 47:564-580. [PMID: 28744604 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity, the predisposition to act prematurely without foresight, is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Identifying genetic underpinnings of impulsive behavior may help decipher the complex etiology and neurobiological factors of disorders marked by impulsivity. To identify potential genetic factors of impulsivity, we examined common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adolescent SHR/NCrl and Wistar rats, which showed marked decrease in preference for the large but delayed reward, compared with WKY/NCrl rats, in the delay discounting task. Of these DEGs, we examined drug-responsive transcripts whose mRNA levels were altered following treatment (in SHR/NCrl and Wistar rats) with drugs that alleviate impulsivity, namely, the ADHD medications methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Prefrontal cortical genetic overlaps between SHR/NCrl and Wistar rats in comparison with WKY/NCrl included genes associated with transcription (e.g., Btg2, Fos, Nr4a2), synaptic plasticity (e.g., Arc, Homer2), and neuron apoptosis (Grik2, Nmnat1). Treatment with methylphenidate and/or atomoxetine increased choice of the large, delayed reward in SHR/NCrl and Wistar rats and changed, in varying degrees, mRNA levels of Nr4a2, Btg2, and Homer2, genes with previously described roles in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity. While further studies are required, we dissected potential genetic factors that may influence impulsivity by identifying genetic overlaps in the PFC of "impulsive" SHR/NCrl and Wistar rats. Notably, these are also drug-responsive transcripts which may be studied further as biomarkers to predict response to ADHD drugs, and as potential targets for the development of treatments to improve impulsivity.
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Mills F, Globa AK, Liu S, Cowan CM, Mobasser M, Phillips AG, Borgland SL, Bamji SX. Cadherins mediate cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity and behavioral conditioning. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:540-549. [PMID: 28192395 PMCID: PMC5373847 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse alter synaptic connections in the ‘reward circuit’ of the brain, which leads to long-lasting behavioral changes that underlie addiction. Here we show that cadherin adhesion molecules play a critical role in mediating synaptic plasticity and behavioral changes driven by cocaine. We demonstrate that cadherin is essential for long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and is recruited to the synaptic membrane of excitatory inputs onto dopaminergic neurons following cocaine-mediated behavioral conditioning. Furthermore, we show that stabilization of cadherin at the membrane of these synapses blocks cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity, leading to a significant reduction in conditioned place preference induced by cocaine. Our findings identify cadherins and associated molecules as targets of interest for understanding pathological plasticity associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergil Mills
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea K Globa
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine M Cowan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahsan Mobasser
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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36
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Begum F, Ruczinski I, Hokanson JE, Lutz SM, Parker MM, Cho MH, Hetmanski JB, Scharpf RB, Crapo JD, Silverman EK, Beaty TH. Hemizygous Deletion on Chromosome 3p26.1 Is Associated with Heavy Smoking among African American Subjects in the COPDGene Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164134. [PMID: 27711239 PMCID: PMC5053531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many well-powered genome-wide association studies have identified genetic determinants of self-reported smoking behaviors and measures of nicotine dependence, but most have not considered the role of structural variants, such as copy number variation (CNVs), influencing these phenotypes. Here, we included 2,889 African American and 6,187 non-Hispanic White subjects from the COPDGene cohort (http://www.copdgene.org) to carefully investigate the role of polymorphic CNVs across the genome on various measures of smoking behavior. We identified a CNV component (a hemizygous deletion) on chromosome 3p26.1 associated with two quantitative phenotypes related to smoking behavior among African Americans. This polymorphic hemizygous deletion is significantly associated with pack-years and cigarettes smoked per day among African American subjects in the COPDGene study. We sought evidence of replication in African Americans from the population based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. While we observed similar CNV counts, the extent of exposure to cigarette smoking among ARIC subjects was quite different and the smaller sample size of heavy smokers in ARIC severely limited statistical power, so we were unable to replicate our findings from the COPDGene cohort. But meta-analyses of COPDGene and ARIC study subjects strengthened our association signal. However, a few linkage studies have reported suggestive linkage to the 3p26.1 region, and a few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported markers in the gene (GRM7) nearest to this 3p26.1 area of polymorphic deletions are associated with measures of nicotine dependence among subjects of European ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdouse Begum
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John E. Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Lutz
- Department of Biostatisitics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Parker
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline B. Hetmanski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Scharpf
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James D. Crapo
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Drgonova J, Walther D, Hartstein GL, Bukhari MO, Baumann MH, Katz J, Hall FS, Arnold ER, Flax S, Riley A, Rivero-Martin O, Lesch KP, Troncoso J, Ranscht B, Uhl GR. Cadherin 13: human cis-regulation and selectively-altered addiction phenotypes and cerebral cortical dopamine in knockout mice. Mol Med 2016; 22:537-547. [PMID: 27579475 PMCID: PMC5082297 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin 13 (CDH13) gene encodes a cell adhesion molecule likely to influence development and connections of brain circuits that modulate addiction, locomotion and cognition, including those that involve midbrain dopamine neurons. Human CDH13 mRNA expression differs by more than 80% in postmortem cerebral cortical samples from individuals with different CDH13 genotypes, supporting examination of mice with altered Cdh13 expression as models for common human variation at this locus. Constitutive cdh13 knockout mice display evidence for changed cocaine reward: shifted dose response relationship in tests of cocaine-conditioned place preference using doses that do not alter cocaine conditioned taste aversion. Reduced adult Cdh13 expression in conditional knockouts also alters cocaine reward in ways that correlate with individual differences in cortical Cdh13 mRNA levels. In control and comparison behavioral assessments, knockout mice display modestly-quicker acquisition of rotarod and water maze tasks, with a trend toward faster acquisition of 5 choice serial reaction time tasks that otherwise displayed no genotype-related differences. They display significant differences in locomotion in some settings, with larger effects in males. In assessments of brain changes that might contribute to these behavioral differences, there are selective alterations of dopamine levels, dopamine/metabolite ratios, dopaminergic fiber densities and mRNA encoding the activity dependent transcription factor npas4 in cerebral cortex of knockout mice. These novel data and previously reported human associations of CDH13 variants with addiction, individual differences in responses to stimulant administration and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotypes suggest that levels of CDH13 expression, through mechanisms likely to include effects on mesocortical dopamine, influence stimulant reward and may contribute modestly to cognitive and locomotor phenotypes relevant to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Drgonova
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Donna Walther
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - G Luke Hartstein
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | | | | | - Jonathan Katz
- Medicinal Chemistry, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Frank Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | | | - Shaun Flax
- Dept of Psychology, American Univ, Washington, DC
| | | | - Olga Rivero-Martin
- Translational Neurobiology, Dept Psychiatry, Univ Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Translational Neurobiology, Dept Psychiatry, Univ Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Juan Troncoso
- Div Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Baltimore MD 21202
| | | | - George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Martinelli DC, Chew KS, Rohlmann A, Lum MY, Ressl S, Hattar S, Brunger AT, Missler M, Südhof TC. Expression of C1ql3 in Discrete Neuronal Populations Controls Efferent Synapse Numbers and Diverse Behaviors. Neuron 2016; 91:1034-1051. [PMID: 27478018 PMCID: PMC5017910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C1ql3 is a secreted neuronal protein that binds to BAI3, an adhesion-class GPCR. C1ql3 is homologous to other gC1q-domain proteins that control synapse numbers, but a role for C1ql3 in regulating synapse density has not been demonstrated. We show in cultured neurons that C1ql3 expression is activity dependent and supports excitatory synapse density. Using newly generated conditional and constitutive C1ql3 knockout mice, we found that C1ql3-deficient mice exhibited fewer excitatory synapses and diverse behavioral abnormalities, including marked impairments in fear memories. Using circuit-tracing tools and conditional ablation of C1ql3 targeted to specific brain regions, we demonstrate that C1ql3-expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdala project to the medial prefrontal cortex, that these efferents contribute to fear memory behavior, and that C1ql3 is required for formation and/or maintenance of these synapses. Our results suggest that C1ql3 is a signaling protein essential for subsets of synaptic projections and the behaviors controlled by these projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Martinelli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kylie S Chew
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew Y Lum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susanne Ressl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Samer Hattar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Markus Missler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Fiatal S, Tóth R, Moravcsik-Kornyicki Á, Kósa Z, Sándor J, McKee M, Ádány R. High Prevalence of Smoking in the Roma Population Seems to Have No Genetic Background. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:2260-2267. [PMID: 27613936 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of smoking in Romani of both genders is significantly higher than in the general population. Our aim was to determine whether a genetic susceptibility contributes to the high prevalence of smoking among Roma in a study based on data collected from cross-sectional surveys. METHODS Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms known to be closely related to smoking behavior were investigated in DNA samples of Hungarian Roma (N = 1273) and general (N = 2388) populations. Differences in genotype and allele distribution were investigated. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) were generated to estimate the joint effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes COMT, CHRNA3/4/5, CYP2A6, CTNNA3, DRD2, MAOA, KCNJ6, AGPHD1, ANKK1, TRPC7, GABRA4, and NRXN1. The distribution of scores in study populations was compared. Age, gender, and body mass index were considered as confounding factors. RESULTS Difference in allele frequencies between the study populations remained significant for 16 polymorphisms after multiple test correction (p < .003). Unexpectedly, the susceptible alleles were more common in the general population, although the protective alleles were more prevalent among Roma. The distribution of unweighted GRS in Roma population was left shifted compared to general population (p < .001). Furthermore, the median weighted GRS was lower among the subjects of Roma population compared to the subjects of general population (p < .001) even after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The harmful smoking behavior of the Roma population could not be accounted for by genetic susceptibility; therefore, interventions aimed at smoking prevention and cessation should focus on cultural and environmental factors. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study designed to determine whether genetic background exists behind the harmful behavior of the smoking of the Roma population. Although the frequencies of susceptible and protective alleles strongly differ between the Hungarian Roma and general populations, it is shown that calculated GRSs being significantly higher in the general population, which do not support the hypothesis on the genetic susceptibility of the Roma population. Interventions aimed at smoking cessation in the Roma population should preferentially target cultural and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Fiatal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,WHO Collaborating Centre on Vulnerability and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Tóth
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágota Moravcsik-Kornyicki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsigmond Kósa
- Department of Health Visitor Methodology and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,WHO Collaborating Centre on Vulnerability and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Róza Ádány
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,WHO Collaborating Centre on Vulnerability and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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40
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Alshammari TK, Alshammari MA, Nenov MN, Hoxha E, Cambiaghi M, Marcinno A, James TF, Singh P, Labate D, Li J, Meltzer HY, Sacchetti B, Tempia F, Laezza F. Genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 recapitulates phenotypic alterations underlying cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e806. [PMID: 27163207 PMCID: PMC5070049 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processing is highly dependent on the functional integrity of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons in the brain. These cells regulate excitability and synaptic plasticity of principal neurons balancing the excitatory/inhibitory tone of cortical networks. Reduced function of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and disruption of GABAergic synapses in the cortical circuitry result in desynchronized network activity associated with cognitive impairment across many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes are still poorly understood. Here we show that in animal models, genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 (Fgf14), a regulator of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, leads to loss of PV interneurons in the CA1 hippocampal region, a critical area for cognitive function. Strikingly, this cellular phenotype associates with decreased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) and also coincides with disrupted CA1 inhibitory circuitry, reduced in vivo gamma frequency oscillations and impaired working memory. Bioinformatics analysis of schizophrenia transcriptomics revealed functional co-clustering of FGF14 and genes enriched within the GABAergic pathway along with correlatively decreased expression of FGF14, PVALB, GAD67 and VGAT in the disease context. These results indicate that Fgf14(-/-) mice recapitulate salient molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral features associated with human cognitive impairment, and FGF14 loss of function might be associated with the biology of complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M Cambiaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A Marcinno
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - T F James
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - P Singh
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Labate
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - H Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA. E-mail:
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Orsini CA, Setlow B, DeJesus M, Galaviz S, Loesch K, Ioerger T, Wallis D. Behavioral and transcriptomic profiling of mice null for Lphn3, a gene implicated in ADHD and addiction. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:322-43. [PMID: 27247960 PMCID: PMC4867566 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Latrophilin 3 (LPHN3) gene (recently renamed Adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3)) has been linked to susceptibility to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and vulnerability to addiction. However, its role and function are not well understood as there are no known functional variants. Methods To characterize the function of this little known gene, we phenotyped Lphn3 null mice. We assessed motivation for food reward and working memory via instrumental responding tasks, motor coordination via rotarod, and depressive‐like behavior via forced swim. We also measured neurite outgrowth of primary hippocampal and cortical neuron cultures. Standard blood chemistries and blood counts were performed. Finally, we also evaluated the transcriptome in several brain regions. Results Behaviorally, loss of Lphn3 increases both reward motivation and activity levels. Lphn3 null mice display significantly greater instrumental responding for food than wild‐type mice, particularly under high response ratios, and swim incessantly during a forced swim assay. However, loss of Lphn3 does not interfere with working memory or motor coordination. Primary hippocampal and cortical neuron cultures demonstrate that null neurons display comparatively enhanced neurite outgrowth after 2 and 3 days in vitro. Standard blood chemistry panels reveal that nulls have low serum calcium levels. Finally, analysis of the transcriptome from prefrontal cortical, striatal, and hippocampal tissue at different developmental time points shows that loss of Lphn3 results in genotype‐dependent differential gene expression (DGE), particularly for cell adhesion molecules and calcium signaling proteins. Much of the DGE is attenuated with age, and is consistent with the idea that ADHD is associated with delayed cortical maturation. Conclusions Transcriptome changes likely affect neuron structure and function, leading to behavioral anomalies consistent with both ADHD and addiction phenotypes. The data should further motivate analyses of Lphn3 function in the developmental timing of altered gene expression and calcium signaling, and their effects on neuronal structure/function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida 32610
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville Florida 32610
| | - Michael DeJesus
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Stacy Galaviz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Kimberly Loesch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Thomas Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
| | - Deeann Wallis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843
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Emerging Roles of BAI Adhesion-GPCRs in Synapse Development and Plasticity. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8301737. [PMID: 26881134 PMCID: PMC4736325 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8301737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses mediate communication between neurons and enable the brain to change in response to experience, which is essential for learning and memory. The sites of most excitatory synapses in the brain, dendritic spines, undergo rapid remodeling that is important for neural circuit formation and synaptic plasticity. Abnormalities in synapse and spine formation and plasticity are associated with a broad range of brain disorders, including intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and schizophrenia. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms that regulate these neuronal processes is critical for understanding brain function and disease. The brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI) subfamily of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (adhesion-GPCRs) has recently emerged as central regulators of synapse development and plasticity. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles of BAIs at synapses, highlighting their regulation, downstream signaling, and physiological functions, while noting the roles of other adhesion-GPCRs at synapses. We will also discuss the relevance of BAIs in various neurological and psychiatric disorders and consider their potential importance as pharmacological targets in the treatment of these diseases.
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Adhesion GPCRs as Novel Actors in Neural and Glial Cell Functions: From Synaptogenesis to Myelination. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:275-298. [PMID: 27832492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as key regulators of nervous system development and health. aGPCRs can regulate many aspects of neural development, including cell signaling, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and, potentially, mechanosensation. Here, we specifically focus on the roles of several aGPCRs in synapse biology, dendritogenesis, and myelinating glial cell development. The lessons learned from these examples may be extrapolated to other contexts in the nervous system and beyond.
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Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs/ADGRs) are unique receptors that combine cell adhesion and signaling functions. Protein networks related to ADGRs exert diverse functions, e.g., in tissue polarity, cell migration, nerve cell function, or immune response, and are regulated via different mechanisms. The large extracellular domain of ADGRs is capable of mediating cell-cell or cell-matrix protein interactions. Their intracellular surface and domains are coupled to downstream signaling pathways and often bind to scaffold proteins, organizing membrane-associated protein complexes. The cohesive interplay between ADGR-related network components is essential to prevent severe disease-causing damage in numerous cell types. Consequently, in recent years, attention has focused on the decipherment of the precise molecular composition of ADGR protein complexes and interactomes in various cellular modules. In this chapter, we discuss the affiliation of ADGR networks to cellular modules and how they can be regulated, pinpointing common features in the networks related to the diverse ADGRs. Detailed decipherment of the composition of protein networks should provide novel targets for the development of novel therapies with the aim to cure human diseases related to ADGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knapp
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johannes von Muellerweg 6, Mainz, 55099, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johannes von Muellerweg 6, Mainz, 55099, Germany.
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Morozova TV, Huang W, Pray VA, Whitham T, Anholt RRH, Mackay TFC. Polymorphisms in early neurodevelopmental genes affect natural variation in alcohol sensitivity in adult drosophila. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:865. [PMID: 26503115 PMCID: PMC4624176 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are significant public health problems, but the genetic basis for individual variation in alcohol sensitivity remains poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster presents a powerful model system for dissecting the genetic underpinnings that determine individual variation in alcohol-related phenotypes. We performed genome wide association analyses for alcohol sensitivity using the sequenced, inbred lines of the D. melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) together with extreme QTL mapping in an advanced intercross population derived from sensitive and resistant DGRP lines. RESULTS The DGRP harbors substantial genetic variation for alcohol sensitivity and tolerance. We identified 247 candidate genes affecting alcohol sensitivity in the DGRP or the DGRP-derived advanced intercross population, some of which met a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold, while others occurred among the top candidate genes associated with variation in alcohol sensitivity in multiple analyses. Among these were candidate genes associated with development and function of the nervous system, including several genes in the Dopamine decarboxylase (Ddc) cluster involved in catecholamine synthesis. We found that 58 of these genes formed a genetic interaction network. We verified candidate genes using mutational analysis, targeted gene disruption through RNAi knock-down and transcriptional profiling. Two-thirds of the candidate genes have been implicated in previous Drosophila, mouse and human studies of alcohol-related phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Individual variation in alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila is highly polygenic and in part determined by variation in evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that are associated with catecholamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis and early development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Morozova
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Victoria A Pray
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Thomas Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Box 7614, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Hamann J, Aust G, Araç D, Engel FB, Formstone C, Fredriksson R, Hall RA, Harty BL, Kirchhoff C, Knapp B, Krishnan A, Liebscher I, Lin HH, Martinelli DC, Monk KR, Peeters MC, Piao X, Prömel S, Schöneberg T, Schwartz TW, Singer K, Stacey M, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Wolfrum U, Wright MW, Xu L, Langenhan T, Schiöth HB. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIV. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:338-67. [PMID: 25713288 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Adhesion family forms a large branch of the pharmacologically important superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As Adhesion GPCRs increasingly receive attention from a wide spectrum of biomedical fields, the Adhesion GPCR Consortium, together with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification, proposes a unified nomenclature for Adhesion GPCRs. The new names have ADGR as common dominator followed by a letter and a number to denote each subfamily and subtype, respectively. The new names, with old and alternative names within parentheses, are: ADGRA1 (GPR123), ADGRA2 (GPR124), ADGRA3 (GPR125), ADGRB1 (BAI1), ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRB3 (BAI3), ADGRC1 (CELSR1), ADGRC2 (CELSR2), ADGRC3 (CELSR3), ADGRD1 (GPR133), ADGRD2 (GPR144), ADGRE1 (EMR1, F4/80), ADGRE2 (EMR2), ADGRE3 (EMR3), ADGRE4 (EMR4), ADGRE5 (CD97), ADGRF1 (GPR110), ADGRF2 (GPR111), ADGRF3 (GPR113), ADGRF4 (GPR115), ADGRF5 (GPR116, Ig-Hepta), ADGRG1 (GPR56), ADGRG2 (GPR64, HE6), ADGRG3 (GPR97), ADGRG4 (GPR112), ADGRG5 (GPR114), ADGRG6 (GPR126), ADGRG7 (GPR128), ADGRL1 (latrophilin-1, CIRL-1, CL1), ADGRL2 (latrophilin-2, CIRL-2, CL2), ADGRL3 (latrophilin-3, CIRL-3, CL3), ADGRL4 (ELTD1, ETL), and ADGRV1 (VLGR1, GPR98). This review covers all major biologic aspects of Adhesion GPCRs, including evolutionary origins, interaction partners, signaling, expression, physiologic functions, and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Felix B Engel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Caroline Formstone
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Breanne L Harty
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Christiane Kirchhoff
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Barbara Knapp
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - David C Martinelli
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Miriam C Peeters
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Simone Prömel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Kathleen Singer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Martin Stacey
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Yuri A Ushkaryov
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Mario Vallon
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Mathew W Wright
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories (G.A), and Institute of Biochemistry (I.L., S.P., T.S.), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (D.A.); Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany (F.B.E.); MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.F.); Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (R.F., A.K., H.B.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (R.A.H.); Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.L.H., K.R.M.); Department for Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (C.K.); Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (B.K., U.W.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan (H.-H.L.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (D.C.M.) and Division of Hematology (M.V.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.C.P.); Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.C.P., T.W.S.); Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (X.P., K.S.); Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (M.S.); Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom (Y.A.U.); HUGO Gene Nomen
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47
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Cho CH, Lee HJ, Woo HG, Choi JH, Greenwood TA, Kelsoe JR. CDH13 and HCRTR2 May Be Associated with Hypersomnia Symptom of Bipolar Depression: A Genome-Wide Functional Enrichment Pathway Analysis. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12. [PMID: 26207136 PMCID: PMC4504925 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bipolar disorder is highly heritable, the identification of specific genetic variations is limited because of the complex traits underlying the disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder using a subphenotype that shows hypersomnia symptom during a major depressive episode. We investigated a total of 2,191 cases, 1,434 controls, and 703,012 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the merged samples obtained from the Translational Genomics Institute and the Genetic Association Information Network. The gene emerging as the most significant by statistical analysis was rs1553441 (odds ratio=0.4093; p=1.20×10(-5); Permuted p=6.0×10(-6)). However, the 5×0(-8) threshold for statistical significance required in a genome-wide association study was not achieved. The functional enrichment pathway analysis showed significant enrichments in the adhesion, development-related, synaptic transmission-related, and cell recognition-related pathways. For further evaluation, each gene of the enriched pathways was reviewed and matched with genes that were suggested to be associated with psychiatric disorders by previous genetic studies. We found that the cadherin 13 and hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 genes may be involved in the hypersomnia symptom during a major depressive episode of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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48
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Zhong X, Drgonova J, Li CY, Uhl GR. Human cell adhesion molecules: annotated functional subtypes and overrepresentation of addiction-associated genes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:83-95. [PMID: 25988664 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are essential for proper development, modulation, and maintenance of interactions between cells and cell-to-cell (and matrix-to-cell) communication about these interactions. Despite the differential functional significance of these roles, there have been surprisingly few systematic studies to enumerate the universe of CAMs and identify specific CAMs in distinct functions. In this paper, we update and review the set of human genes likely to encode CAMs with searches of databases, literature reviews, and annotations. We describe likely CAMs and functional subclasses, including CAMs that have a primary function in information exchange (iCAMs), CAMs involved in focal adhesions, CAM gene products that are preferentially involved with stereotyped and morphologically identifiable connections between cells (e.g., adherens junctions, gap junctions), and smaller numbers of CAM genes in other classes. We discuss a novel proposed mechanism involving selective anchoring of the constituents of iCAM-containing lipid rafts in zones of close neuronal apposition to membranes expressing iCAM binding partners. We also discuss data from genetic and genomic studies of addiction in humans and mouse models to highlight the ways in which CAM variation may contribute to a specific brain-based disorder such as addiction. Specific examples include changes in CAM mRNA splicing mediated by differences in the addiction-associated splicing regulator RBFOX1/A2BP1 and CAM expression in dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhong
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jana Drgonova
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP (NIDA), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chuan-Yun Li
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genomic Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology, NIH-IRP (NIDA), Baltimore, Maryland.,Research Office, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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49
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Ressl S, Vu BK, Vivona S, Martinelli DC, Südhof TC, Brunger AT. Structures of C1q-like proteins reveal unique features among the C1q/TNF superfamily. Structure 2015; 23:688-99. [PMID: 25752542 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
C1q-like (C1QL) -1, -2, and -3 proteins are encoded by homologous genes that are highly expressed in brain. C1QLs bind to brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3), an adhesion-type G-protein coupled receptor that may regulate dendritic morphology by organizing actin filaments. To begin to understand the function of C1QLs, we determined high-resolution crystal structures of the globular C1q-domains of C1QL1, C1QL2, and C1QL3. Each structure is a trimer, with each protomer forming a jelly-roll fold consisting of 10 β strands. Moreover, C1QL trimers may assemble into higher-order oligomers similar to adiponectin and contain four Ca(2+)-binding sites along the trimeric symmetry axis, as well as additional surface Ca(2+)-binding sites. Mutation of Ca(2+)-coordinating residues along the trimeric symmetry axis lowered the Ca(2+)-binding affinity and protein stability. Our results reveal unique structural features of C1QLs among C1q/TNF superfamily proteins that may be associated with their specific brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ressl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Brandon K Vu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandro Vivona
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David C Martinelli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Photon Science, and Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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50
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Liebscher I, Ackley B, Araç D, Ariestanti DM, Aust G, Bae BI, Bista BR, Bridges JP, Duman JG, Engel FB, Giera S, Goffinet AM, Hall RA, Hamann J, Hartmann N, Lin HH, Liu M, Luo R, Mogha A, Monk KR, Peeters MC, Prömel S, Ressl S, Schiöth HB, Sigoillot SM, Song H, Talbot WS, Tall GG, White JP, Wolfrum U, Xu L, Piao X. New functions and signaling mechanisms for the class of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1333:43-64. [PMID: 25424900 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The class of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs), with 33 human homologs, is the second largest family of GPCRs. In addition to a seven-transmembrane α-helix-a structural feature of all GPCRs-the class of aGPCRs is characterized by the presence of a large N-terminal extracellular region. In addition, all aGPCRs but one (GPR123) contain a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain that mediates autoproteolytic cleavage at the GPCR autoproteolysis site motif to generate N- and a C-terminal fragments (NTF and CTF, respectively) during protein maturation. Subsequently, the NTF and CTF are associated noncovalently as a heterodimer at the plasma membrane. While the biological function of the GAIN domain-mediated autocleavage is not fully understood, mounting evidence suggests that the NTF and CTF possess distinct biological activities in addition to their function as a receptor unit. We discuss recent advances in understanding the biological functions, signaling mechanisms, and disease associations of the aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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