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Qu W, Wu X, Wu W, Wang Y, Sun Y, Deng L, Walker M, Chen C, Dai H, Han Q, Ding Y, Xia Y, Smith G, Li R, Liu NK, Xu XM. Chondroitinase ABC combined with Schwann cell transplantation enhances restoration of neural connection and functional recovery following acute and chronic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1467-1482. [PMID: 39075913 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202505000-00029/figure1/v/2024-07-28T173839Z/r/image-tiff Schwann cell transplantation is considered one of the most promising cell-based therapy to repair injured spinal cord due to its unique growth-promoting and myelin-forming properties. A the Food and Drug Administration-approved Phase I clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate the safety of transplanted human autologous Schwann cells to treat patients with spinal cord injury. A major challenge for Schwann cell transplantation is that grafted Schwann cells are confined within the lesion cavity, and they do not migrate into the host environment due to the inhibitory barrier formed by injury-induced glial scar, thus limiting axonal reentry into the host spinal cord. Here we introduce a combinatorial strategy by suppressing the inhibitory extracellular environment with injection of lentivirus-mediated transfection of chondroitinase ABC gene at the rostral and caudal borders of the lesion site and simultaneously leveraging the repair capacity of transplanted Schwann cells in adult rats following a mid-thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. We report that when the glial scar was degraded by chondroitinase ABC at the rostral and caudal lesion borders, Schwann cells migrated for considerable distances in both rostral and caudal directions. Such Schwann cell migration led to enhanced axonal regrowth, including the serotonergic and dopaminergic axons originating from supraspinal regions, and promoted recovery of locomotor and urinary bladder functions. Importantly, the Schwann cell survival and axonal regrowth persisted up to 6 months after the injury, even when treatment was delayed for 3 months to mimic chronic spinal cord injury. These findings collectively show promising evidence for a combinatorial strategy with chondroitinase ABC and Schwann cells in promoting remodeling and recovery of function following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Qu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lingxiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heqiao Dai
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Qi Han
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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2
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Zhu H, Guest JD, Dunlop S, Xie JX, Gao S, Luo Z, Springer JE, Wu W, Young W, Poon WS, Liu S, Gao H, Yu T, Wang D, Zhou L, Wu S, Zhong L, Niu F, Wang X, Liu Y, So KF, Xu XM. Surgical intervention combined with weight-bearing walking training promotes recovery in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled study. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2773-2784. [PMID: 38595294 PMCID: PMC11168509 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00032/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff For patients with chronic spinal cord injury, the conventional treatment is rehabilitation and treatment of spinal cord injury complications such as urinary tract infection, pressure sores, osteoporosis, and deep vein thrombosis. Surgery is rarely performed on spinal cord injury in the chronic phase, and few treatments have been proven effective in chronic spinal cord injury patients. Development of effective therapies for chronic spinal cord injury patients is needed. We conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial in patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury to compare intensive rehabilitation (weight-bearing walking training) alone with surgical intervention plus intensive rehabilitation. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02663310). The goal of surgical intervention was spinal cord detethering, restoration of cerebrospinal fluid flow, and elimination of residual spinal cord compression. We found that surgical intervention plus weight-bearing walking training was associated with a higher incidence of American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale improvement, reduced spasticity, and more rapid bowel and bladder functional recovery than weight-bearing walking training alone. Overall, the surgical procedures and intensive rehabilitation were safe. American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale improvement was more common in T7-T11 injuries than in T2-T6 injuries. Surgery combined with rehabilitation appears to have a role in treatment of chronic spinal cord injury patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - James D. Guest
- Neurological Surgery, and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarah Dunlop
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jia-Xin Xie
- Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Joe E. Springer
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Neurosurgery Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Song Liu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongkun Gao
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Dianchun Wang
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengping Wu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang Niu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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3
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Hibbard EA, Du X, Zhang Y, Xu XM, Deng L, Sengelaub DR. Differential effects of exercise and hormone treatment on spinal cord injury-induced changes in micturition and morphology of external urethral sphincter motoneurons. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2024; 42:151-165. [PMID: 39213108 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-241385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in lesions that destroy tissue and spinal tracts, leading to deficits in locomotor and autonomic function. We have previously shown that after SCI, surviving motoneurons innervating hindlimb muscles exhibit extensive dendritic atrophy, which can be attenuated by treadmill training or treatment with gonadal hormones post-injury. We have also shown that following SCI, both exercise and treatment with gonadal hormones improve urinary function. Animals exercised with forced running wheel training show improved urinary function as measured by bladder cystometry and sphincter electromyography, and treatment with gonadal hormones improves voiding patterns as measured by metabolic cage testing. Objective The objective of the current study was to examine the potential protective effects of exercise or hormone treatment on the structure and function of motoneurons innervating the external urethral sphincter (EUS) after contusive SCI. Methods Gonadally intact young adult male rats received either a sham or a thoracic contusion injury. Immediately after injury, one cohort of animals was implanted with subcutaneous Silastic capsules filled with estradiol (E) and dihydrotestosterone (D) or left blank; continuous hormone treatment occurred for 4 weeks post-injury. A separate cohort of SCI-animals received either 12 weeks of forced wheel running exercise or no exercise treatment starting two weeks after injury. At the end of treatment, urinary void volume was measured using metabolic cages and EUS motoneurons were labeled with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, allowing for assessment of dendritic morphology in three dimensions. Results Locomotor performance was improved in exercised animals after SCI. Void volumes increased after SCI in all animals; void volume was unaffected by treatment with exercise, but was dramatically improved by treatment with E + D. Similar to what we have previously reported for hindlimb motoneurons after SCI, dendritic length of EUS motoneurons was significantly decreased after SCI compared to sham animals. Exercise did not reverse injury-induced atrophy, however E + D treatment significantly protected dendritic length. Conclusions These results suggest that some aspects of urinary dysfunction after SCI can be improved through treatment with gonadal hormones, potentially through their effects on EUS motoneurons. Moreover, a more comprehensive treatment regime that addresses multiple SCI-induced sequelae, i.e., locomotor and voiding deficits, would include both hormones and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hibbard
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yihong Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lingxiao Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dale R Sengelaub
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Wu X, Liu J, Li W, Khan MF, Dai H, Tian J, Priya R, Tian DJ, Wu W, Yaacoub A, Gu J, Syed F, Yu CH, Gao X, Yu Q, Xu XM, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1d-dependent neuroinflammation impairs tissue repair and functional recovery following a spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562047. [PMID: 37905092 PMCID: PMC10614755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from a spinal cord injury (SCI) is primarily driven by a robust neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response. This intricate process is mainly governed by a multitude of cytokines and cell surface proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the critical components of the neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response during SCI are still not well-defined. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD1d, an MHC class I-like molecule mostly known for presenting lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells and regulating immune/inflammatory responses, on neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory responses induced by SCI. We observed an increased expression of CD1d on various cell types within the spinal cord, including microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), and endothelial cells (DCs), but not on neurons or astrocytes post-SCI. In comparison to wildtype (WT) mice, a T10 contusive SCI in CD1d knockout (CD1dKO or Cd1d -/- ) mice resulted in markedly reduced proinflammatory cytokine release, microglia/macrophage activation and proliferation. Following SCI, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation/proliferation of microglia/macrophages were dramatically reduced, while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and growth factors like VEGF were substantially increased in the spinal cord tissues of CD1dKO mice when compared to WT mice. In the post-acute phase of SCI (day 7 post-SCI), CD1dKO mice had a significantly higher frequency of tissue-repairing macrophages, but not other types of immune cells, in the injured spinal cord tissues compared to WT mice. Moreover, CD1d-deficiency protected spinal cord neuronal cells and tissue, promoting functional recovery after a SCI. However, the neuroinflammation in WT mouse spinal cords was independent of the canonical CD1d/NKT cell axis. Finally, treatment of injured mice with a CD1d-specific monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced neuroprotection and improved functional recovery. Therefore, CD1d promotes the proinflammatory response following a SCI and represents a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord repair. Significance Statement The cell surface molecule, CD1d, is known to be recognized by cells of the immune system. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that the CD1d molecule significantly contributes to neuroinflammation following a spinal cord injury (SCI) in a manner independent of the CD1d/NKT cell axis. This is important, because this work reveals CD1d as a potential therapeutic target following an acute SCI for which there are currently no effective treatments.
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5
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Jiang C, Lu Y, Zhu R, Zong Y, Huang Y, Wang D, Da Z, Yu B, Shen L, Cao Q. Pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (Pdhb) promotes peripheral axon regeneration by regulating energy supply and gene expression. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114368. [PMID: 36863478 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Key metabolic enzymes not only regulate Glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism to serve the cellular energy needs, but also modulate noncanonical or nonmetabolic signaling pathway such as gene expression, cell-cycle progression, DNA repair, apoptosis and cell proliferation in regulating the pathologic progression of disease. However, the role of glycometabolism in peripheral nerve axon regeneration is little known. In this study, we investigated the expression of Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1(PDH), a key enzyme linking glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, with qRT-PCR and found that pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (Pdhb) is up-regulated at the early stage during peripheral nerve injury. The knockdown of Pdhb inhibits neurite outgrowth of primary DRG neurons in vitro and restrains axon regeneration of sciatic nerve after crush injury. Pdhb overexpression promoting axonal regeneration is reversed by knockdown of Monocarboxylate transporter 2(Mct2), a transporter involved in the transport and metabolism of lactate, indicating Pdhb promoting axon regeneration depends on lactate for energy supply. Given the nucleus-localization of Pdhb, further analysis revealed that Pdhb enhances the acetylation of H3K9 and affecting the expression of genes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and Ras signaling pathway, such as Rsa-14-44 and Pla2g4a, thereby promoting axon regeneration. Collectively, our data indicates that Pdhb is a positive dual modulator of energy generation and gene expression in regulating peripheral axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ying Zong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuchen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhanyun Da
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Longxiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Affiliated hospital and Medical School, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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Jayachandra K, Gowda MDM, Rudresha GV, Manjuprasanna VN, Urs AP, Nandana MB, Bharatha M, Jameel NM, Vishwanath BS. Inhibition of sPLA 2 enzyme activity by cell-permeable antioxidant EUK-8 and downregulation of p38, Akt, and p65 signals induced by sPLA 2 in inflammatory mouse paw edema model. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:294-307. [PMID: 36585945 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway, plays a vital role in the production of eicosanoids by the action of pro-inflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ). Release of eicosanoids is known to be involved in many inflammatory diseases. Identification of the inhibitory molecules of this AA pathway enzyme along with the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades may be a finer choice to develop as a powerful anti-inflammatory drug. In this regard, we have screened few cell-permeable antioxidant molecules Tempo, Mito-TEMPO, N,N'-Bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II) (EUK)-134, and EUK-8 against pro-inflammatory sPLA2 s. Among these, we found EUK-8 is a potent inhibitor with its IC50 value ranges 0.7-2.0 µM for sPLA2 s isolated from different sources. Furthermore, docking studies confirm the strong binding of EUK-8 towards sPLA2 . In vivo effect of EUK-8 was studied in HSF-sPLA2 -induced edema in mouse paw model. In addition to neutralizing the edema, EUK-8 significantly reduces the phosphorylation level of inflammatory proteins such as p38 member of MAPK pathway, Akt, and p65 along with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) and chemokine (CXCL1) in edematous tissue. This shows that EUK-8 not only inhibits the sPLA2 activity, it also plays an important role in the regulation of sPLA2 -induced cell signaling cascades. Apart from the sPLA2 inhibition, we also examine the regulatory actions of EUK-8 with other downstream enzymes of AA pathway such as 5-LOX assay in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and COX-2 expression in carrageenan-λ induced paw edema. Here EUK-8 significantly inhibits 5-LOX enzyme activity and downregulates COX-2 expression. These data indicate that EUK-8 found to be a promising multitargeted inhibitory molecule toward inflammatory pathway. In conclusion, mitochondrial targeted antioxidant EUK-8 is not only the powerful antioxidant, also a potent anti-inflammatory molecule and may be a choice of molecule for pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnegowda Jayachandra
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - M D Milan Gowda
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gotravalli V Rudresha
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Amog P Urs
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Madeva Bharatha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Noor Mohamed Jameel
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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7
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Ni WF, Zhou KL, Zhang HJ, Chen YT, Hu XL, Cai WT, Wang XY. Functions and mechanisms of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 in central nervous system trauma. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:258-266. [PMID: 35900400 PMCID: PMC9396495 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Liu NK, Deng LX, Wang M, Lu QB, Wang C, Wu X, Wu W, Wang Y, Qu W, Han Q, Xia Y, Ravenscraft B, Li JL, You SW, Wipf P, Han X, Xu XM. Restoring mitochondrial cardiolipin homeostasis reduces cell death and promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1058. [PMID: 36539405 PMCID: PMC9768173 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in phospholipids have long been associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, their specific roles and signaling cascades in mediating cell death and tissue repair remain unclear. Here we investigated whether alterations of cardiolipin (CL), a family of mitochondrion-specific phospholipids, play a crucial role in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death following SCI. Lipidomic analysis was used to determine the profile of CL alteration in the adult rat spinal cord following a moderate contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic (T10) level. Cellular, molecular, and genetic assessments were performed to determine whether CL alterations mediate mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death after SCI, and, if so, whether reversing CL alteration leads to neuroprotection after SCI. Using lipidomic analysis, we uncovered CL alterations at an early stage of SCI. Over 50 distinct CL species were identified, of which 50% showed significantly decreased abundance after SCI. The decreased CL species contained mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids that are highly susceptible to peroxidation. In parallel, 4-HNE, a lipid peroxidation marker, significantly increased after SCI. We found that mitochondrial oxidative stress not only induced CL oxidation, but also resulted in CL loss by activating cPLA2 to hydrolyze CL. CL alterations induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death. Remarkably, pharmacologic inhibition of CL alterations with XJB-5-131, a novel mitochondria-targeted electron and reactive oxygen species scavenger, reduced cell death, tissue damage and ameliorated motor deficits after SCI in adult rats. These findings suggest that CL alteration could be a novel mechanism that mediates injury-induced neuronal death, and a potential therapeutic target for ameliorating secondary SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kui Liu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Frontage Laboratories, Exton, PA 19341 USA
| | - Qing-Bo Lu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Wei Wu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Wenrui Qu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Qi Han
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Yongzhi Xia
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Baylen Ravenscraft
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 P. R. China
| | - Si-Wei You
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404Institute of Neuroscience, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Peter Wipf
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Li WY, Li ZG, Fu XM, Wang XY, Lv ZX, Sun P, Zhu XF, Wang Y. Transgenic Schwann cells overexpressing POU6F1 promote sciatic nerve regeneration within acellular nerve allografts. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36317259 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9e1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Acellular nerve allograft (ANA) is an effective surgical approach used to bridge the sciatic nerve gap. The molecular regulators of post-surgical recovery are not well-known. Here, we explored the effect of transgenic Schwann cells (SCs) overexpressing POU domain class 6, transcription factor 1 (POU6F1) on sciatic nerve regeneration within ANAs. We explored the functions of POU6F1 in nerve regeneration by using a cell model of H2O2-induced SCs injury and transplanting SCs overexpressing POU6F1 into ANA to repair sciatic nerve gaps.Approach.Using RNA-seq, Protein-Protein Interaction network analysis, gene ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, we identified a highly and differentially expressed transcription factor, POU6F1, following ANA treatment of sciatic nerve gap. Expressing a high degree of connectivity, POU6F1 was predicted to play a role in peripheral nervous system myelination.Main results.To test the role of POU6F1 in nerve regeneration after ANA, we infected SCs with adeno-associated virus-POU6F1, demonstrating that POU6F1 overexpression promotes proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and migration of SCsin vitro. We also found that POU6F1 significantly upregulated JNK1/2 and c-Jun phosphorylation and that selective JNK1/2 inhibition attenuated the effects of POU6F1 on proliferation, survival, migration, and JNK1/2 and c-Jun phosphorylation. The direct interaction of POU6F1 and activated JNK1/2 was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. In rat sciatic nerve injury model with a 10 mm gap, we confirmed the pattern of POU6F1 upregulation and co-localization with transplanted SCs. ANAs loaded with POU6F1-overexpressing SCs demonstrated the enhanced survival of transplanted SCs, axonal regeneration, myelination, and functional motor recovery compared to the ANA group loaded by SCs-only in line within vitrofindings.Significance.This study identifies POU6F1 as a novel regulator of post-injury sciatic nerve repair, acting through JNK/c-Jun signaling in SCs to optimize therapeutic outcomes in the ANA surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Li
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Mei Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Xiao Lv
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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10
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Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1901-1927. [PMID: 35678659 PMCID: PMC9164058 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, marked therapeutic effects pertaining to the recovery of injured rat spinal cords (1 min compression injury of the sacrocaudal spinal cord (S2-Co1) resulting in tail paralysis) appeared after a single intraperitoneal administration of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 at 10 min post-injury. Besides the demonstrated rapid and sustained recovery (1 year), we showed the particular points of the immediate effect of the BPC 157 therapy that began rapidly after its administration, (i) soon after injury (10 min), or (ii) later (4 days), in the rats with a definitive spinal cord injury. Specifically, in counteracting spinal cord hematoma and swelling, (i) in rats that had undergone acute spinal cord injury, followed by intraperitoneal BPC 157 application at 10 min, we focused on the first 10–30 min post-injury period (assessment of gross, microscopic, and gene expression changes). Taking day 4 post-injury as the definitive injury, (ii) we focused on the immediate effects after the BPC 157 intragastric application over 20 min of the post-therapy period. Comparable long-time recovery was noted in treated rats which had definitive tail paralysis: (iii) the therapy was continuously given per orally in drinking water, beginning at day 4 after injury and lasting one month after injury. BPC 157 rats presented only discrete edema and minimal hemorrhage and increased Nos1, Nos2, and Nos3 values (30 min post-injury, (i)) or only mild hemorrhage, and only discrete vacuolation of tissue (day 4, (ii)). In the day 4–30 post-injury study (iii), BPC 157 rats rapidly presented tail function recovery, and no demyelination process (Luxol fast blue staining).
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11
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Wang B, Chang M, Zhang R, Wo J, Wu B, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Li Z, Zhang F, Zhong C, Tang S, Yang S, Sun G. Spinal cord injury target-immunotherapy with TNF-α autoregulated and feedback-controlled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes remodelled by CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 133:112624. [PMID: 35525736 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hucMSC) derived exosomes (EXOs) have been investigated as a new treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) because of their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, angiogenesis-promoting, and axonal regeneration properties. The CAQK peptide found in the brains of mice and humans after trauma has recently been found to specifically bind to the injured site after SCI. Thus, we developed a nanocarrier system called EXO-C@P based on hucMSC exosomes remodelled by the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid to control inflammation and modified by the CAQK peptide. EXO-C@P was shown to effectively accumulate at the injury site and saturate the macrophages to significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of SCI. Moreover, EXO-C@P treatment improved the performance of mice in behavioural assessments and upregulated soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1) in serum and at the trauma site after SCI surgery, but lowered the proportion of iNOS+ cells and the concentration of proinflammatory factors. In conclusion, EXO-C@P provides an effective alternative to multiple topical administration and drug delivery approaches for the treatment of SCI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: SCI is a serious disease characterised by a high incidence, high disability rate, and high medical costs, and has become a global medical problem. Several studies have shown that the inflammatory response is the critical inducer of secondary injury after SCI. The inflammatory cytokine TNF-α is considered to be one of the most significant therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. Antibodies targeting TNF-α and sTNFR1 are capable of neutralising free TNF-α. In this study, exosomes in the CRISPR/Cas9 system were used to establish stem cells with an autoregulated and feedback-controlled TNF-α response, with these cells secreting sTNFR1, which neutralised TNF-α and antagonised the inflammation stimulated by TNF-α. Moreover, the plasmid was combined with CAQK, which targeted the injury site and promoted the recovery of SCI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minmin Chang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Renwen Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Jin Wo
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- The Affiliated Hospital (Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shujie Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China.
| | - Shuxian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guodong Sun
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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12
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The Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid microRNAs in Spinal Cord Injury and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Methodological Problems and Possible Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010114. [PMID: 35008540 PMCID: PMC8744986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on neurological disorders, unanswered questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the course of these diseases, and the search continues for effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic intervention. These questions are especially acute in the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and neurodegenerative diseases. It is believed that the changes in gene expression associated with processes triggered by neurological disorders are the result of post-transcriptional gene regulation. microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression and, as such, are often looked to in the search for effective biomarkers. We propose that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is potentially a source of biomarkers since it is in direct contact with the central nervous system and therefore may contain biomarkers indicating neurodegeneration or damage to the brain and spinal cord. However, since the abundance of miRNAs in CSF is low, their isolation and detection is technically difficult. In this review, we evaluate the findings of recent studies of CSF miRNAs as biomarkers of spinal cord injury (SCI) and neurodegenerative diseases. We also summarize the current knowledge concerning the methods of studying miRNA in CSF, including RNA isolation and normalization of the data, highlighting the caveats of these approaches and possible solutions.
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13
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Kartha S, Ghimire P, Winkelstein BA. Inhibiting spinal secretory phospholipase A 2 after painful nerve root injury attenuates established pain and spinal neuronal hyperexcitability by altering spinal glutamatergic signaling. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211066221. [PMID: 34919471 PMCID: PMC8721705 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211066221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic injury is accompanied by chronic inflammation contributing to the onset and maintenance of pain after an initial insult. In addition to their roles in promoting immune cell activation, inflammatory mediators like secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) modulate nociceptive and excitatory neuronal signaling during the initiation of pain through hydrolytic activity. Despite having a known role in glial activation and cytokine release, it is unknown if sPLA2 contributes to the maintenance of painful neuropathy and spinal hyperexcitability later after neural injury. Using a well-established model of painful nerve root compression, this study investigated if inhibiting spinal sPLA2 7 days after painful injury modulates the behavioral sensitivity and/or spinal dorsal horn excitability that is typically evident. The effects of sPLA2 inhibition on altered spinal glutamatergic signaling was also probed by measuring spinal intracellular glutamate levels and spinal glutamate transporter (GLAST and GLT1) and receptor (mGluR5, GluR1, and NR1) expression. Spinal sPLA2 inhibition at day 7 abolishes behavioral sensitivity, reduces both evoked and spontaneous neuronal firing in the spinal cord, and restores the distribution of neuronal phenotypes to those of control conditions. Inhibiting spinal sPLA2 also increases intracellular glutamate concentrations and restores spinal expression of GLAST, GLT1, mGluR5, and GluR1 to uninjured expression with no effect on NR1. These findings establish a role for spinal sPLA2 in maintaining pain and central sensitization after neural injury and suggest this may be via exacerbating glutamate excitotoxicity in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prabesh Ghimire
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Malada Edelstein YF, Solomonov Y, Hadad N, Alfahel L, Israelson A, Levy R. Early upregulation of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α in motor neurons is induced by misfolded SOD1 in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:274. [PMID: 34823547 PMCID: PMC8620709 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of motor neurons. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2α) upregulation and activation in the spinal cord of ALS patients has been reported. We have previously shown that cPLA2α upregulation in the spinal cord of mutant SOD1 transgenic mice (SOD1G93A) was detected long before the development of the disease, and inhibition of cPLA2α upregulation delayed the disease's onset. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism for cPLA2α upregulation. METHODS Immunofluorescence analysis and western blot analysis of misfolded SOD1, cPLA2α and inflammatory markers were performed in the spinal cord sections of SOD1G93A transgenic mice and in primary motor neurons. Over expression of mutant SOD1 was performed by induction or transfection in primary motor neurons and in differentiated NSC34 motor neuron like cells. RESULTS Misfolded SOD1 was detected in the spinal cord of 3 weeks old mutant SOD1G93A mice before cPLA2α upregulation. Elevated expression of both misfolded SOD1 and cPLA2α was specifically detected in the motor neurons at 6 weeks with a high correlation between them. Elevated TNFα levels were detected in the spinal cord lysates of 6 weeks old mutant SOD1G93A mice. Elevated TNFα was specifically detected in the motor neurons and its expression was highly correlated with cPLA2α expression at 6 weeks. Induction of mutant SOD1 in primary motor neurons induced cPLA2α and TNFα upregulation. Over expression of mutant SOD1 in NSC34 cells caused cPLA2α upregulation which was prevented by antibodies against TNFα. The addition of TNFα to NSC34 cells caused cPLA2α upregulation in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Motor neurons expressing elevated cPLA2α and TNFα are in an inflammatory state as early as at 6 weeks old mutant SOD1G93A mice long before the development of the disease. Accumulated misfolded SOD1 in the motor neurons induced cPLA2α upregulation via induction of TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafa Fetfet Malada Edelstein
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Solomonov
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Hadad
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Leenor Alfahel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Adrian Israelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Levy
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Dynamic Role of Phospholipases A2 in Health and Diseases in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112963. [PMID: 34831185 PMCID: PMC8616333 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. These molecules are comprised of two acyl or alkyl groups and different phospho-base groups linked to the glycerol backbone. Over the years, substantial interest has focused on metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipases and the role of their metabolic products in mediating cell functions. The high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the central nervous system (CNS) have led to studies centered on phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), enzymes responsible for cleaving the acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids and resulting in production of PUFA and lysophospholipids. Among the many subtypes of PLA2s, studies have centered on three major types of PLA2s, namely, the calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the calcium-independent iPLA2 and the secretory sPLA2. These PLA2s are different in their molecular structures, cellular localization and, thus, production of lipid mediators with diverse functions. In the past, studies on specific role of PLA2 on cells in the CNS are limited, partly because of the complex cellular make-up of the nervous tissue. However, understanding of the molecular actions of these PLA2s have improved with recent advances in techniques for separation and isolation of specific cell types in the brain tissue as well as development of sensitive molecular tools for analyses of proteins and lipids. A major goal here is to summarize recent studies on the characteristics and dynamic roles of the three major types of PLA2s and their oxidative products towards brain health and neurological disorders.
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16
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Chang DJ, Cho HY, Hwang S, Lee N, Choi C, Lee H, Hong KS, Oh SH, Kim HS, Shin DA, Yoon YW, Song J. Therapeutic Effect of BDNF-Overexpressing Human Neural Stem Cells (F3.BDNF) in a Contusion Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6970. [PMID: 34203489 PMCID: PMC8269438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common type of spinal cord injury is the contusion of the spinal cord, which causes progressive secondary tissue degeneration. In this study, we applied genetically modified human neural stem cells overexpressing BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) (F3.BDNF) to determine whether they can promote functional recovery in the spinal cord injury (SCI) model in rats. We transplanted F3.BDNF cells via intrathecal catheter delivery after a contusion of the thoracic spinal cord and found that they were migrated toward the injured spinal cord area by MR imaging. Transplanted F3.BDNF cells expressed neural lineage markers, such as NeuN, MBP, and GFAP and were functionally connected to the host neurons. The F3.BDNF-transplanted rats exhibited significantly improved locomotor functions compared with the sham group. This functional recovery was accompanied by an increased volume of spared myelination and decreased area of cystic cavity in the F3.BDNF group. We also observed that the F3.BDNF-transplanted rats showed reduced numbers of Iba1- and iNOS-positive inflammatory cells as well as GFAP-positive astrocytes. These results strongly suggest the transplantation of F3.BDNF cells can modulate inflammatory cells and glia activation and also improve the hyperalgesia following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jeong Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (D.-J.C.); (S.H.); (N.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Seyoung Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (D.-J.C.); (S.H.); (N.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (D.-J.C.); (S.H.); (N.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Chunggab Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (D.-J.C.); (S.H.); (N.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28119, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.L.); (K.S.H.)
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28119, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (H.L.); (K.S.H.)
| | - Seung-Hun Oh
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, Department of Neurology, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Budang-gu, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-H.O.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Hyun Sook Kim
- CHA Bundang Medical Center, Department of Neurology, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Budang-gu, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-H.O.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Dong Ah Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young Wook Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (D.-J.C.); (S.H.); (N.L.); (C.C.)
- iPS Bio, Inc., 3F, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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David S, López-Vales R. Bioactive Lipid Mediators in the Initiation and Resolution of Inflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2021; 466:273-297. [PMID: 33951502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of the response to CNS trauma. It is also an important hallmark of various neurodegenerative diseases in which inflammation contributes to the progression of pathology. Inflammation in the CNS can contribute to secondary damage and is therefore an excellent therapeutic target for a range of neurological conditions. Inflammation in the nervous system is complex and varies in its fine details in different conditions. It involves a wide variety of secreted factors such as chemokines and cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and different cell types that include resident cell of the CNS, as well as immune cells recruited from the peripheral circulation. Added to this complexity is the fact that some aspects of inflammation are beneficial, while other aspects can induce secondary damage in the acute, subacute and chronic phases. Understanding these aspects of the inflammatory profile is essential for developing effective therapies. Bioactive lipids constitute a large group of molecules that modulate the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. Dysregulation of these bioactive lipid pathways can lead to excessive acute inflammation, and failure to resolve this by specialized pro-resolution lipid mediators can lead to the development of chronic inflammation. The focus of this review is to discuss the effects of bioactive lipids in spinal cord trauma and their potential for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, BRaIN Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rubén López-Vales
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Inmunologia, Institut de Neurociències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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Hong ES, Yao HH, Min YJ, Sun J, Zhou X, Zeng XB, Yu W. The mechanism of electroacupuncture for treating spinal cord injury rats by mediating Rho/Rho-associated kinase signaling pathway. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:364-374. [PMID: 31596180 PMCID: PMC8081320 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1665612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the changes of gene and protein expression through Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in EA treated spinal cord injury (SCI) rats and to unveil the possible underlying mechanism.Design: Animal study.Setting: Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Participants: Eighty Male Sprague Dawley rats.Interventions: Electroacupuncture at Yaoyangguan (GV3), Dazhui (GV14), Zusanli (ST36) and Ciliao (BL32) and/or blocking agent Y27632 treatment.Outcome Measures: Protein expression was detected by ELISA and Western blotting, mRNA expression was detected by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Morphological changes in spinal cord were evaluated by HE-staining and Nissl staining. Hindlimb motor function in the rats was evaluated by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) assessment methods.Results: Compared with injured rats in SCI group, EA, blocking agent Y27632 and EA + blocking agent Y27632 treatment had significantly reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of RhoA and ROCKII, decreased p-MLC protein expression and p-MLC/MLC ratio, suppressed cPLA2 activity and PGE2 level, improved spinal cord tissue morphology and BBB score of lower limb movement function at 7 days and at 14 days (P < 0.01 or <0.05).Conclusion: Similar to the blocking agent Y27632, EA may have a notable inhibitory effect on the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway after SCI, therefore reducing the inhibition of axonal growth and inflammatory reaction may be a key mechanism of EA treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-si Hong
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-hua Yao
- Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-jiang Min
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence to: You-jiang Min, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China and Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200235, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-bo Zeng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Liu NK, Byers JS, Lam T, Lu QB, Sengelaub DR, Xu XM. Inhibition of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 Has Neuroprotective Effects on Motoneuron and Muscle Atrophy after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1327-1337. [PMID: 25386720 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surviving motoneurons undergo dendritic atrophy after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting an important therapeutic target for neuroprotective strategies to improve recovery of function after SCI. Our previous studies showed that cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SCI. In the present study, we investigated whether blocking cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) pharmacologically with arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) or genetically using cPLA2 knockout (KO) mice attenuates motoneuron atrophy after SCI. C57BL/6 mice received either sham or contusive SCI at the T10 level. At 30 min after SCI, mice were treated with ATK or vehicle. Four weeks later, motoneurons innervating the vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps were labeled with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and dendritic arbors were reconstructed in three dimensions. Soma volume, motoneuron number, lesion volume, and tissue sparing were also assessed, as were muscle weight, fiber cross-sectional area, and motor endplate size and density. ATK administration reduced percent lesion volume and increased percent volume of spared white matter, compared to the vehicle-treated control animals. SCI with or without ATK treatment had no effect on the number or soma volume of quadriceps motoneurons. However, SCI resulted in a decrease in dendritic length of quadriceps motoneurons in untreated animals, and this decrease was completely prevented by treatment with ATK. Similarly, vastus lateralis muscle weights of untreated SCI animals were smaller than those of sham surgery controls, and these reductions were prevented by ATK treatment. No effects on fiber cross-sectional areas, motor endplate area, or density were observed across treatment groups. Remarkably, genetically deleting cPLA2 in cPLA2 KO mice attenuated dendritic atrophy after SCI. These findings suggest that, after SCI, cord tissue damage and regressive changes in motoneuron and muscle morphology can be reduced by inhibition of cPLA2, further supporting a role for cPLA2 as a neurotherapeutic target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James S Byers
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Tom Lam
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Qing-Bo Lu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dale R Sengelaub
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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20
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Kopper TJ, Zhang B, Bailey WM, Bethel KE, Gensel JC. The effects of myelin on macrophage activation are phenotypic specific via cPLA 2 in the context of spinal cord injury inflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6341. [PMID: 33737707 PMCID: PMC7973514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces chronic, pro-inflammatory macrophage activation that impairs recovery. The mechanisms driving this chronic inflammation are not well understood. Here, we detail the effects of myelin debris on macrophage physiology and demonstrate a novel, activation state-dependent role for cytosolic phospholipase-A2 (cPLA2) in myelin-mediated potentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. We hypothesized that cPLA2 and myelin debris are key mediators of persistent pro-inflammatory macrophage responses after SCI. To test this, we examined spinal cord tissue 28-days after thoracic contusion SCI in 3-month-old female mice and observed both cPLA2 activation and intracellular accumulation of lipid-rich myelin debris in macrophages. In vitro, we utilized bone marrow-derived macrophages to determine myelin's effects across a spectrum of activation states. We observed phenotype-specific responses with myelin potentiating only pro-inflammatory (LPS + INF-γ; M1) macrophage activation, whereas myelin did not induce pro-inflammatory responses in unstimulated or anti-inflammatory (IL-4; M2) macrophages. Specifically, myelin increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide production in M1 macrophages as well as M1-mediated neurotoxicity. PACOCF3 (cPLA2 inhibitor) blocked myelin's detrimental effects. Collectively, we provide novel spatiotemporal evidence that myelin and cPLA2 play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCI inflammation and the phenotype-specific response to myelin implicate diverse roles of myelin in neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Kopper
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - William M. Bailey
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Kara E. Bethel
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - John C. Gensel
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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21
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Deng LX, Liu NK, Wen RN, Yang SN, Wen X, Xu XM. Laminin-coated multifilament entubulation, combined with Schwann cells and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, promotes unidirectional axonal regeneration in a rat model of thoracic spinal cord hemisection. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:186-191. [PMID: 32788475 PMCID: PMC7818857 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.289436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial bridging provides physical substrates to guide axonal growth across the lesion. To achieve efficient directional guidance, combinatory strategies using permissive matrix, cells and trophic factors are necessary. In the present study, we evaluated permissive effect of poly (acrylonitrile-co-vinyl chloride) guidance channels filled by different densities of laminin-precoated unidirectional polypropylene filaments combined with Schwann cells, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for axonal regeneration through a T10 hemisected spinal cord gap in adult rats. We found that channels with filaments significantly reduced the lesion cavity, astrocytic gliosis, and inflammatory responses at the graft-host boundaries. The laminin coated low density filament provided the most favorable directional guidance for axonal regeneration which was enhanced by co-grafting of Schwann cells and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. These results demonstrate that the combinatorial strategy of filament-filled guiding scaffold, adhesive molecular laminin, Schwann cells, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, provides optimal topographical cues in stimulating directional axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. This study was approved by Indiana University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC #:11011) on October 29, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ryan Ning Wen
- Maggie L. Walker Governor's School, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shuang-Ni Yang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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22
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Liang AS, Pagano JE, Chrzan CA, McKinnon RD. Suicide transport blockade of motor neuron survival generates a focal graded injury and functional deficit. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1281-1287. [PMID: 33318406 PMCID: PMC8284299 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a pre-clinical spinal cord motor neuron injury model that is minimal invasive, reproducible, focal and easily applied to small rodents. Retrograde axonal transport of a pro-apoptotic phosphatidylinosotol 3’-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, via the sciatic nerve results in loss of ipsilateral lumbar motor neurons proportional to the level of drug administered. Motor neuron loss was detected by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining and with a transgenic thy1-eGFP marker. The short half-life of wortmannin generates minimal wound spread, and wortmannin does not affect axon transport, as determined by co-injection of a pseudorabies virus tracer. Using quantitative transcript analysis, we found that ChAT transcripts significantly decreased at 14 days post-delivery of 1 μg wortmannin, relative to sham controls, and remained low after 90 days. Smaller effects were observed with 200 ng and 100 ng wortmannin. Wortmannin also generated a transient and significant increase in astrocyte Gfap transcripts after 14 days with a return to control levels at 90 days. Treated mice had hind limb spasticity and a forced motor function defect that was quantified using a water exit test. Controls rapidly exit a shallow water tray, and wortmannin treated animals were up to 12-fold slower, a phenotype that persisted for at least 3 months. Thus the focal delivery of wortmannin to motor neurons generates a reproducible and scalable injury that can facilitate quantitative studies on neural regeneration and repair. The efficacy of sciatic nerve suicide transport can also explain neurotoxin-mediated selective loss of motor neurons in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. All procedures were performed at Rutgers under established Institutional Animal Care and Use protocols (eIACUC_TR201800022, approved on March 20, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joanna E Pagano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher A Chrzan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Randall D McKinnon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway; Member, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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23
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Liu Y, Xie JX, Niu F, Xu Z, Tan P, Shen C, Gao H, Liu S, Ma Z, So KF, Wu W, Chen C, Gao S, Xu XM, Zhu H. Surgical intervention combined with weight-bearing walking training improves neurological recoveries in 320 patients with clinically complete spinal cord injury: a prospective self-controlled study. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:820-829. [PMID: 33229715 PMCID: PMC8178778 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a large number of trials in the SCI field have been conducted, few proven gains have been realized for patients. In the present study, we determined the efficacy of a novel combination treatment involving surgical intervention and long-term weight-bearing walking training in spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects clinically diagnosed as complete or American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) Class A (AIS-A). A total of 320 clinically complete SCI subjects (271 male and 49 female), aged 16–60 years, received early (≤ 7 days, n = 201) or delayed (8–30 days, n = 119) surgical interventions to reduce intraspinal or intramedullary pressure. Fifteen days post-surgery, all subjects received a weight-bearing walking training with the “Kunming Locomotion Training Program (KLTP)” for a duration of 6 months. The neurological deficit and recovery were assessed using the AIS scale and a 10-point Kunming Locomotor Scale (KLS). We found that surgical intervention significantly improved AIS scores measured at 15 days post-surgery as compared to the pre-surgery baseline scores. Significant improvement of AIS scores was detected at 3 and 6 months and the KLS further showed significant improvements between all pair-wise comparisons of time points of 15 days, 3 or 6 months indicating continued improvement in walking scores during the 6-month period. In conclusion, combining surgical intervention within 1 month post-injury and weight-bearing locomotor training promoted continued and statistically significant neurological recoveries in subjects with clinically complete SCI, which generally shows little clinical recovery within the first year after injury and most are permanently disabled. This study was approved by the Science and Research Committee of Kunming General Hospital of PLA and Kunming Tongren Hospital, China and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04034108) on July 26, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Liu
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xie
- Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang Niu
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhexi Xu
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Pengju Tan
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Caihong Shen
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hongkun Gao
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Song Liu
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhengwen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute for Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute for Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Re-Stem Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hui Zhu
- Kunming International Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Center, Kunming Tongren Hospital; Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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24
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Li WY, Jia H, Wang ZD, Zhai FG, Sun GD, Ma D, Liu GB, Li CM, Wang Y. Combinatory transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells with flavonoid small molecule in acellular nerve graft promotes sciatic nerve regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420980136. [PMID: 34956585 PMCID: PMC8693221 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420980136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have demonstrated that the flavonoid small-molecule TrkB agonist, 7, 8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), promotes axon regeneration in transected peripheral nerves. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of 7, 8-DHF treatment and bone marrow-derived stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) engraftment into acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) and explore relevant mechanisms that may be involved. Our results show that TrkB and downstream ERK1/2 phosphorylation are increased upon 7, 8-DHF treatment compared to the negative control group. Also, 7, 8-DHF promotes proliferation, survival, and Schwann-like cell differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. While selective ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 suppressed the effect of upregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and decreased cell proliferation, survival, and Schwann-like cell differentiation partially induced by 7, 8-DHF. In vivo, 7, 8-DHF promotes survival of transplanted BMSCs and upregulates axonal growth and myelination in regenerating ANAs. 7, 8-DHF+BMSCs also improved motor endplate density of target musculature. These benefits were associated with increased motor functional recovery. 7, 8-DHF+BMSCs significantly upregulated TrkB and ERK1/2 phosphorylation expression in regenerating ANA, and increased TrkB expression in the lumbar spinal cord. The mechanism of 7, 8-DHF action may be related to its ability to upregulate TrkB signaling, and downstream activation of survival signaling molecules ERK1/2 in the regenerating ANAs and spinal cord and improved survival of transplanted BMSCs. This study provides novel foundational data connecting the benefits of 7, 8-DHF treatment in neural injury and repair to BMSCs biology and function and demonstrates a potential combination approach for the treatment of injured peripheral nerve via nerve graft transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-yuan Li
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hua Jia
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhen-Dong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Feng-guo Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Guang-da Sun
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Duo Ma
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Gui-Bo Liu
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- Department of Basic Psychological, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
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25
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Kang GH, Lee S, Choi DB, Shin D, Kim J, Yang H, Bae H. Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 Ameliorates Atherosclerosis by Modulating Regulatory T Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100609. [PMID: 32977607 PMCID: PMC7598180 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by lipids and calcareous accumulations in the vascular wall due to an inflammatory reaction. Recent reports have demonstrated that regulatory T (Treg) cells have an important role as a new treatment for atherosclerosis. This study suggests that bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) may be a potential therapeutic agent in atherosclerosis by inducing Treg cells. We examined the effects of bvPLA2 on atherosclerosis using ApoE-/- and ApoE-/-/Foxp3DTR mice. In this study, bvPLA2 increased Treg cells, followed by a decrease in lipid accumulation in the aorta and aortic valve and the formation of foam cells. Importantly, the effect of bvPLA2 was found to depend on Treg cells. This study suggests that bvPLA2 can be a potential therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis.
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Immediate inhibition of spinal secretory phospholipase A2 prevents the pain and elevated spinal neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroimmune regulatory genes that develop with nerve root compression. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1084-1089. [PMID: 32881777 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cervical nerve root injury induces a host of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord that initiate and maintain neuronal hyperexcitability and pain. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is an enzyme that has been implicated as a mediator of pain onset and maintenance in inflammation and neural injury. Although sPLA2 modulates nociception and excitatory neuronal signaling in vitro, its effects on neuronal activity and central sensitization early after painful nerve root injury are unknown. This study investigated whether inhibiting spinal sPLA2 at the time of nerve root compression (NRC) modulates the pain, dorsal horn hyperexcitability, and spinal genes involved in glutamate signaling, nociception, and inflammation that are seen early after injury. Rats underwent a painful C7 NRC injury with immediate intrathecal administration of the sPLA2 inhibitor thioetheramide-phosphorlycholine. Additional groups underwent either injury alone or sham surgery. One day after injury, behavioral sensitivity, spinal neuronal excitability, and spinal cord gene expression for glutamate receptors (mGluR5 and NR1) and transporters (GLT1 and EAAC1), the neuropeptide substance P, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1α, and IL1β) were assessed. Treatment with the sPLA2 inhibitor prevented mechanical allodynia, attenuated neuronal hyperexcitability in the spinal dorsal horn, restored the proportion of spinal neurons classified as wide dynamic range, and reduced genes for mGluR5, substance P, IL1α, and IL1β to sham levels. These findings indicate spinal regulation of central sensitization after painful neuropathy and suggest that spinal sPLA2 is implicated in those early spinal mechanisms of neuronal excitability, perhaps via glutamate signaling, neurotransmitters, or inflammatory cascades.
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27
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Xu Y. Targeting Lysophosphatidic Acid in Cancer: The Issues in Moving from Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1523. [PMID: 31658655 PMCID: PMC6826372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the clear demonstration of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)'s pathological roles in cancer in the mid-1990s, more than 1000 papers relating LPA to various types of cancer were published. Through these studies, LPA was established as a target for cancer. Although LPA-related inhibitors entered clinical trials for fibrosis, the concept of targeting LPA is yet to be moved to clinical cancer treatment. The major challenges that we are facing in moving LPA application from bench to bedside include the intrinsic and complicated metabolic, functional, and signaling properties of LPA, as well as technical issues, which are discussed in this review. Potential strategies and perspectives to improve the translational progress are suggested. Despite these challenges, we are optimistic that LPA blockage, particularly in combination with other agents, is on the horizon to be incorporated into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street R2-E380, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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28
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Li WY, Zhu GY, Yue WJ, Sun GD, Zhu XF, Wang Y. KLF7 overexpression in bone marrow stromal stem cells graft transplantation promotes sciatic nerve regeneration. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:056011. [PMID: 31296795 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous study demonstrated that the transcription factor, Krüppel-like Factor 7 (KLF7), stimulates axon regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. In the present study, we used a gene therapy approach to overexpress KLF7 in bone marrow-derived stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) as support cells, combined with acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) and determined the potential therapeutic efficacy of a KLF7-transfected BMSC nerve graft transplantation in a rodent model for sciatic nerve injury and repair. APPROACH We efficiently transfected BMSCs with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-KLF7, which were then seeded in ANAs for bridging sciatic nerve defects. MAIN RESULTS KLF7 overexpression promotes proliferation, survival, and Schwann-like cell differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. In vivo, KLF7 overexpression promotes transplanted BMSCs survival and myelinated fiber regeneration in regenerating ANAs; however, KLF7 did not improve Schwann-like cell differentiation of BMSCs within in the nerve grafts. KLF7-BMSCs significantly upregulated expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors by BMSCs, including nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in regenerating ANA. KLF7-BMSCs also improved motor axon regeneration, and subsequent neuromuscular innervation and prevention of muscle atrophy. These benefits were associated with increased motor functional recovery of regenerating ANAs. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that KLF7-BMSCs promoted peripheral nerve axon regeneration and myelination, and ultimately, motor functional recovery. The mechanism of KLF7 action may be related to its ability to enhance transplanted BMSCs survival and secrete neurotrophic factors rather than Schwann-like cell differentiation. This study provides novel foundational data connecting the benefits of KLF7 in neural injury and repair to BMSC biology and function, and demonstrates a potential combination approach for the treatment of injured peripheral nerve via nerve graft transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Li
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang 157011, People's Republic of China
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cPLA2 activation contributes to lysosomal defects leading to impairment of autophagy after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31296844 PMCID: PMC6624263 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy–lysosomal pathway plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis as well as a protective function against a variety of diseases including neurodegeneration. Conversely, inhibition of autophagy, for example due to lysosomal dysfunction, can lead to pathological accumulation of dysfunctional autophagosomes and consequent neuronal cell death. We previously reported that autophagy is inhibited and contributes to neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we examined lysosomal function and explored the mechanism of lysosomal defects following SCI. Our data demonstrated that expression levels and processing of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D (CTSD) are decreased by 2 h after SCI. Enzymatic activity levels of CTSD and another lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase, are both decreased 24 h post injury, indicating general lysosomal dysfunction. Subcellular fractionation and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that this dysfunction is due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and leakage of lysosomal contents into the cytosol. To directly assess extent and mechanisms of damage to lysosomal membranes, we performed mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis of lysosomes purified from SCI and control spinal cord. At 2 h post injury our data demonstrated increase in several classes of lysosophospholipids, the products of phospholipases (PLAs), as well as accumulation of PLA activators, ceramides. Phospholipase cPLA2, the main PLA species expressed in the CNS, has been previously implicated in mediation of secondary injury after SCI, but the mechanisms of its involvement remain unclear. Our data demonstrate that cPLA2 is activated within 2 h after SCI preferentially in the lysosomal fraction, where it colocalizes with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 in neurons. Inhibition of cPLA2 in vivo decreased lysosomal damage, restored autophagy flux, and reduced neuronal cell damage. Taken together our data implicate lysosomal defects in pathophysiology of SCI and for the first time indicate that cPLA2 activation leads to lysosomal damage causing neuronal autophagosome accumulation associated with neuronal cell death.
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Walker CL, Wu X, Liu NK, Xu XM. Bisperoxovanadium Mediates Neuronal Protection through Inhibition of PTEN and Activation of PI3K/AKT-mTOR Signaling after Traumatic Spinal Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2676-2687. [PMID: 30672370 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mechanisms involved in progression of cell death in spinal cord injury (SCI) have been studied extensively, few are clear targets for translation to clinical application. One of the best-understood mechanisms of cell survival in SCI is phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and associated downstream signaling. Clear therapeutic efficacy of a phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) inhibitor called bisperoxovanadium (bpV) has been shown in SCI, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and other neurological disease models in both neuroprotection and functional recovery. The present study aimed to elucidate mechanistic influences of bpV activity in neuronal survival in in vitro and in vivo models of SCI. Treatment with 100 nM bpV(pic) reduced cell death in a primary spinal neuron injury model (p < 0.05) in vitro, and upregulated both Akt and ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) activity (p < 0.05) compared with non-treated injured neurons. Pre-treatment of spinal neurons with a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin blocked bpV activation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6 activity, respectively. Treatment with bpV increased extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) activity after scratch injury in vitro, and rapamycin reduced influence by bpV on Erk phosphorylation. After a cervical hemicontusive SCI, Akt phosphorylation decreased in total tissue via Western blot analysis (p < 0.01) as well as in penumbral ventral horn motor neurons throughout the first week post-injury (p < 0.05). Conversely, PTEN activity appeared to increase over this period. As observed in vitro, bpV also increased Erk activity post-SCI (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that PI3K/Akt signaling is the likely primary mechanism of bpV action in mediating neuroprotection in injured spinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler L Walker
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Walker CL, Fry CME, Wang J, Du X, Zuzzio K, Liu NK, Walker MJ, Xu XM. Functional and Histological Gender Comparison of Age-Matched Rats after Moderate Thoracic Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1974-1984. [PMID: 30489213 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) afflicts hundreds of thousands of Americans, and most SCI (∼80%) occurs in males. In experimental animal models, however, many studies used females. Funding agencies like the National Institutes of Health recommend that new proposed studies should include both genders due to variations in gender response to injuries, diseases, and treatments. However, cost and considerations for some animal models, such as SCI, affect investigators in adapting to this recommendation. Research has increased comparing gender effects in various disease and injury models, including SCI. However, most studies use weight-matched animals, which poses issues in comparing results and outcomes. The present study compared histologic and functional outcomes between age-matched male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in a moderate thoracic contusion SCI model. Cresyl violet and eosin staining showed no significant differences in lesion volume between genders after 9 weeks post-SCI (p > 0.05). Luxol fast blue-stained spared myelin was similar between genders, although slightly greater (∼6%) in spared myelin, compared with cord volume (p = 0.044). Glial reactivity and macrophage labeling in the lesion area was comparable between genders, as well. Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) functional scores were not significantly different between genders, and Hargreaves thermal hyperalgesia and Gridwalk sensorimotor analyses also were similar between genders, compared with uninjured gender controls. Analysis of covariance showed weight did not influence functional recovery as assessed through BBB (p = 0.65) or Gridwalk assessment (p = 0.63) in this study. In conclusion, our findings suggest age-matched male and female rats recover similarly in a common clinically relevant SCI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler L Walker
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,5 Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Colin M E Fry
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,4 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Junmei Wang
- 5 Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaolong Du
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kirstin Zuzzio
- 5 Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,4 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa J Walker
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- 1 Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,4 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Bioactive Lipids in Inflammation After Central Nervous System Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:181-194. [PMID: 31140179 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progress made over the last decades to understand the mechanisms underlying tissue damage and neurological deficits after neurotrauma, there are currently no effective treatments in the clinic. It is well accepted that the inflammatory response in the CNS after injury exacerbates tissue loss and functional impairments. Unfortunately, the use of potent anti-inflammatory drugs, such as methylprednisolone, fails to promote therapeutic recovery and also gives rise to several undesirable side effects related to immunosuppression. The injury-induced inflammatory response is complex, and understanding the mechanisms that regulate this inflammation is therefore crucial in the quest to develop effective treatments. Bioactive lipids have emerged as potent molecules in controlling the initiation, coordination, and resolution of inflammation and in promoting tissue repair and recovery of homeostasis. These bioactive lipids are produced by cells involved in the inflammatory response, and their defective synthesis leads to persistent chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and fibrosis. The present chapter discusses recent evidence for the role of some of these bioactive lipids, in particular, eicosanoid and pro-resolving lipid mediators, in the regulation of inflammation after neurotrauma and highlights the therapeutic potential of some of these lipids in enhancing neurological outcomes after CNS injuries.
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Wang Y, Wu W, Wu X, Sun Y, Zhang YP, Deng LX, Walker MJ, Qu W, Chen C, Liu NK, Han Q, Dai H, Shields LB, Shields CB, Sengelaub DR, Jones KJ, Smith GM, Xu XM. Remodeling of lumbar motor circuitry remote to a thoracic spinal cord injury promotes locomotor recovery. eLife 2018; 7:39016. [PMID: 30207538 PMCID: PMC6170189 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrogradely-transported neurotrophin signaling plays an important role in regulating neural circuit specificity. Here we investigated whether targeted delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to lumbar motoneurons (MNs) caudal to a thoracic (T10) contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) could modulate dendritic patterning and synapse formation of the lumbar MNs. In vitro, Adeno-associated virus serotype two overexpressing NT-3 (AAV-NT-3) induced NT-3 expression and neurite outgrowth in cultured spinal cord neurons. In vivo, targeted delivery of AAV-NT-3 into transiently demyelinated adult mouse sciatic nerves led to the retrograde transportation of NT-3 to the lumbar MNs, significantly attenuating SCI-induced lumbar MN dendritic atrophy. NT-3 enhanced sprouting and synaptic formation of descending serotonergic, dopaminergic, and propriospinal axons on lumbar MNs, parallel to improved behavioral recovery. Thus, retrogradely transported NT-3 stimulated remodeling of lumbar neural circuitry and synaptic connectivity remote to a thoracic SCI, supporting a role for retrograde transport of NT-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Neural Tissue Engineering Research Institute, Mudanjiang College of Medicine, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Yan Sun
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi P Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, United States
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Melissa Jane Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, United States
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Qi Han
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Heqiao Dai
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Lisa Be Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, United States
| | | | - Dale R Sengelaub
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
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Wu X, Qu W, Bakare AA, Zhang YP, Fry CME, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Xu XM. A Laser-Guided Spinal Cord Displacement Injury in Adult Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:460-468. [PMID: 29893166 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are unique for studying molecular mechanisms of neurotrauma because of the availability of various genetic modified mouse lines. For spinal cord injury (SCI) research, producing an accurate injury is essential, but it is challenging because of the small size of the mouse cord and the inconsistency of injury production. The Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor has been shown to produce precise contusive SCI in adult rats. Here, we examined whether the LISA impactor could be used to create accurate and graded contusive SCIs in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a T10 laminectomy followed by 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 mm displacement injuries, guided by a laser, from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord using the LISA impactor. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), grid-walking, TreadScan, and Hargreaves analyses were performed for up to 6 weeks post-injury. All mice were euthanized at the 7th week, and the spinal cords were collected for histological analysis. Our results showed that the LISA impactor produced accurate and consistent contusive SCIs corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe injuries to the cord. The degree of injury severities could be readily determined by the BMS locomotor, grid-walking, and TreadScan gait assessments. The cutaneous hyperalgesia threshold was also significantly increased as the injury severity increased. The terminal lesion area and the spared white matter of the injury epicenter were strongly correlated with the injury severities. We conclude that the LISA device, guided by a laser, can produce reliable graded contusive SCIs in mice, resulting in severity-dependent behavioral and histopathological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenrui Qu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adewale A Bakare
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- 4 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Collin M E Fry
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- 4 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,6 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Sengelaub DR, Han Q, Liu NK, Maczuga MA, Szalavari V, Valencia SA, Xu XM. Protective Effects of Estradiol and Dihydrotestosterone following Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:825-841. [PMID: 29132243 PMCID: PMC5863086 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in lesions that destroy tissue and disrupt spinal tracts, producing deficits in locomotor and autonomic function. We previously demonstrated that motoneurons and the muscles they innervate show pronounced atrophy after SCI, and these changes are prevented by treatment with testosterone. Here, we assessed whether the testosterone active metabolites estradiol and dihydrotestosterone have similar protective effects after SCI. Young adult female rats received either sham or T9 spinal cord contusion injuries and were treated with estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, both, or nothing via Silastic capsules. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor testing was performed weekly and voiding behavior was assessed at 3 weeks post-injury. Four weeks after SCI, lesion volume and tissue sparing, quadriceps muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and motoneuron dendritic morphology were assessed. Spontaneous locomotor behavior improved after SCI, but hormone treatments had no effect. Voiding behavior was disrupted after SCI, but was significantly improved by treatment with either estradiol or dihydrotestosterone; combined treatment was maximally effective. Treatment with estradiol reduced lesion volume, but dihydrotestosterone alone and estradiol combined with dihydrotestosterone were ineffective. SCI-induced decreases in motoneuron dendritic length were attenuated by all hormone treatments. SCI-induced reductions in muscle fiber cross-sectional areas were prevented by treatment with either dihydrotestosterone or estradiol combined with dihydrotestosterone, but estradiol treatment was ineffective. These findings suggest that deficits in micturition and regressive changes in motoneuron and muscle morphology seen after SCI are ameliorated by treatment with estradiol or dihydrotestosterone, further supporting a role for steroid hormones as neurotherapeutic agents in the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R. Sengelaub
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa A. Maczuga
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Violetta Szalavari
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Walker CL, Zhang YP, Liu Y, Li Y, Walker MJ, Liu NK, Shields CB, Xu XM. Anatomical and functional effects of lateral cervical hemicontusion in adult rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:389-400. [PMID: 27163248 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical injuries are the most common form of spinal cord injury (SCI), and are often complicated by pathological secondary damage. Therefore, cervical SCI is of great clinical importance for understanding pathology and potential therapies. Here we utilize a weight drop cervical hemi-contusion injury model using a NYU/MASCIS impactor that produced graded anatomical and functional deficits. METHODS Three groups of rats were established: 1) Sham (laminectomy only) (n = 6), 12.5 mm weight drop (n = 10), and 25 mm weight drop (n = 10) SCI groups. Forelimb functional assessments of grooming ability, cereal manipulation, and forepaw adhesive removal were performed weekly after injury. Using transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (tcMMEPs), supraspinal motor stimulations were recorded in both forelimbs and hindlimbs at 5 and 28d post-injury. Lesion volume and myelinated tissue area were assessed through histological analysis. RESULTS A 12.5 mm weight drop height produced considerable tissue damage compared to Sham animals, while a 25 mm drop induced even greater damage than the 12.5 mm drop (p < 0.05). Forelimb functional assessments showed that increased injury severity and tissue damage was correlated to the degree of forelimb functional deficits. Interestingly, the hindlimbs showed little to no motor function loss. Upon tcMMEP stimulation, surprisingly little motor signal was recorded in the hindlimbs despite outward evidence of hindlimb motor recovery. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight a correlation between anatomical damage and functional outcome in a graded cervical hemi-contusion model, and support a loss of descending motor control from supraspinal inputs and intraspinal plasticity that promote spontaneous hindlimb functional recovery in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler L Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Yucheng Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yiping Li
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa J Walker
- Medical Neuroscience Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Medical Neuroscience Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Chen C, Zhang YP, Sun Y, Xiong W, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Jin X, Xu XM. An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. J Vis Exp 2017:56565. [PMID: 29364252 PMCID: PMC5908407 DOI: 10.3791/56565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant vascular disruption at the site of injury. Vascular pathology occurs immediately after SCI and continues throughout the acute injury phase. In fact, endothelial cells appear to be the first to die after a contusive SCI. The early vascular events, including increased permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), induce vasogenic edema and contribute to detrimental secondary injury events caused by complex injury mechanisms. Targeting the vascular disruption, therefore, could be a key strategy to reduce secondary injury cascades that contribute to histological and functional impairments after SCI. Previous studies were mostly performed on postmortem samples and were unable to capture the dynamic changes of the vascular network. In this study, we have developed an in vivo duo-color two-photon imaging method to monitor acute vascular dynamic changes following contusive SCI. This approach allows detecting blood flow, vessel diameter, and other vascular pathologies at various sites of the same rat pre- and post-injury. Overall, this method provides an excellent venue for investigating vascular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Program in Medical Neuroscience, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | | | - Yan Sun
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | | | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine;
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Jiang Y, Zhao S, Ding Y, Nong L, Li H, Gao G, Zhou D, Xu N. MicroRNA‑21 promotes neurite outgrowth by regulating PDCD4 in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2522-2528. [PMID: 28656242 PMCID: PMC5548018 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression levels of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) have been observed in a series of pathological processes, including cancer and central nervous system injury; however, the involvement of miRNA-21 in the molecular pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) has not been well documented. The present study examined the expression levels of miRNA-21 and its predicted target genes, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), in rats using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting to further understand the role of miRNA-21 and the mechanisms underlying repair following SCI. The present study demonstrated that compared with uninjured spinal cords, miRNA-21 expression levels were significantly downregulated in injured spinal cords 4 and 8 h, and 1 day post-SCI, and were significantly upregulated after 3 and 7 days. Conversely, expression levels of PDCD4 and PTEN were significantly decreased at days 3 and 7 post-SCI compared with the control group. miRNA-21 overexpression in monolayer-cultured postnatal rat spinal cord neurons promoted neurite outgrowth and downregulated protein expression levels of PDCD4; however, PTEN protein expression levels were unaltered. To confirm that miRNA-21 directly targets PDCD4, a pRL-CMV luciferase reporter construct was used to detect miRNA-21 interactions with the PDCD4 3′-untranslated region. The results demonstrated that miRNA-21 decreased luciferase activity compared with a rat PDCD4 control reporter. The results of the present study suggested that increased miRNA-21 expression levels following SCI may promote the repair of injured spinal cords by inhibiting the expression of its target gene PDCD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Yin Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Luming Nong
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Gongming Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Nanwei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
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Nardone R, Florea C, Höller Y, Brigo F, Versace V, Lochner P, Golaszewski S, Trinka E. Rodent, large animal and non-human primate models of spinal cord injury. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:101-114. [PMID: 28720322 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review we aimed to assess the usefulness of the different animal models in identifying injury mechanisms and developing therapies for humans suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Results obtained from rodent studies are useful but, due to the anatomical, molecular and functional differences, confirmation of these findings in large animals or non-human primates may lead to basic discoveries that cannot be made in rodent models and that are more useful for developing treatment strategies in humans. SCI in dogs can be considered as intermediate between rodent models and human clinical trials, but the primate models could help to develop appropriate methods that might be more relevant to humans. Ideally, an animal model should meet the requirements of availability and repeatability as well as reproduce the anatomical features and the clinical pathological changing process of SCI. An animal model that completely simulates SCI in humans does not exist. The different experimental models of SCI have advantages and disadvantages for investigating the different aspects of lesion development, recovery mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. The potential advantages of non-human primate models include genetic similarities, similar caliber/length of the spinal cord as well as biological and physiological responses to injury which are more similar to humans. Among the potential disadvantages, high operating costs, infrastructural requirements and ethical concerns should be considered. The translation from experimental repair strategies to clinical applications needs to be investigated in future carefully designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Via Rossini 5, I-39012, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Via Santa Margherita 24, I-39049, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Lochner
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger-Str. 100, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Str. 79, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Hossen MS, Shapla UM, Gan SH, Khalil MI. Impact of Bee Venom Enzymes on Diseases and Immune Responses. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010025. [PMID: 28035985 PMCID: PMC6155781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) is used to treat many diseases and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, anti-nociceptive immunity promoting, hepatocyte protective and anti-cancer activity. According to the literature, BV contains several enzymes, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and α-glucosidase. Recent studies have also reported the detection of different classes of enzymes in BV, including esterases, proteases and peptidases, protease inhibitors and other important enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, the physiochemical properties and functions of each enzyme class and their mechanisms remain unclear. Various pharmacotherapeutic effects of some of the BV enzymes have been reported in several studies. At present, ongoing research aims to characterize each enzyme and elucidate their specific biological roles. This review gathers all the current knowledge on BV enzymes and their specific mechanisms in regulating various immune responses and physiological changes to provide a basis for future therapies for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sakib Hossen
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Ummay Mahfuza Shapla
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Md Ibrahim Khalil
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
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Zou C, Wu B, Dong Y, Song Z, Zhao Y, Ni X, Yang Y, Liu Z. Biomedical photoacoustics: fundamentals, instrumentation and perspectives on nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 12:179-195. [PMID: 28053532 PMCID: PMC5191855 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an integrated biomedical imaging modality which combines the advantages of acoustic deep penetration and optical high sensitivity. It can provide functional and structural images with satisfactory resolution and contrast which could provide abundant pathological information for disease-oriented diagnosis. Therefore, it has found vast applications so far and become a powerful tool of precision nanomedicine. However, the investigation of PAI-based imaging nanomaterials is still in its infancy. This perspective article aims to summarize the developments in photoacoustic technologies and instrumentations in the past years, and more importantly, present a bright outlook for advanced PAI-based imaging nanomaterials as well as their emerging biomedical applications in nanomedicine. Current challenges and bottleneck issues have also been discussed and elucidated in this article to bring them to the attention of the readership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Zou
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Beibei Wu
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yanyan Dong
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Zhangwei Song
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yaping Zhao
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Xianwei Ni
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Lin X, Zhao T, Walker M, Ding A, Lin S, Cao Y, Zheng J, Liu X, Geng M, Xu XM, Liu S. Transplantation of Pro-Oligodendroblasts, Preconditioned by LPS-Stimulated Microglia, Promotes Recovery After Acute Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:2111-2128. [PMID: 27513556 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant clinical challenge, and to date no effective treatment is available. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) transplantation has been a promising strategy for SCI repair. However, the poor posttransplantation survival and deficiency in differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) are two major challenges that limit the use of OPCs as donor cells. Here we report the generation of an OL lineage population [i.e., pro-oligodendroblasts (proOLs)] that is relatively more mature than OPCs for transplantation after SCI. We found that proOLs responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia conditioned medium (L+M) by preserving toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, improving cell viability, and enhancing the expression of a myelinating OL marker myelin basic protein (MBP), compared to other OL lineage cells exposed to either LPS-stimulated (L+M) or nonstimulated microglia conditioned medium (LM). When L+M-stimulated proOLs were intrathecally delivered through a lumbar puncture after a T10 thoracic contusive SCI, they promoted behavioral recovery, as assessed by the BassoBeattieBresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, stride length, and slips on the grid tests. Histologically, transplantation of L+M proOLs caused a considerable increase in intralesional axon numbers and myelination, and less accumulation of invading macrophages when compared with the vehicle control or OPC transplantation. Thus, transplantation of proOLs, preconditioned by L+M, may offer a better therapeutic potential for SCI than OPCs since the former may have initiated the differentiation process toward OLs prior to transplantation.
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Wu X, Walker CL, Lu Q, Wu W, Eddelman DB, Parish JM, Xu XM. RhoA/Rho Kinase Mediates Neuronal Death Through Regulating cPLA 2 Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6885-6895. [PMID: 27771900 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of RhoA/Rho kinase leads to growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. Although RhoA/Rho kinase inhibition has been shown to improve axon regeneration, remyelination and functional recovery, its role in neuronal cell death remains unclear. To determine whether RhoA/Rho kinase played a role in neuronal death after injury, we investigated the relationship between RhoA/Rho kinase and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a lipase that mediates inflammation and cell death, using an in vitro neuronal death model and an in vivo contusive spinal cord injury model performed at the 10th thoracic (T10) vertebral level. We found that co-administration of TNF-α and glutamate induced spinal neuron death, and activation of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA2. Inhibition of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA2 significantly reduced TNF-α/glutamate-induced cell death by 33, 52 and 43 %, respectively (p < 0.001). Inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase also significantly downregulated cPLA2 activation by 66 and 60 %, respectively (p < 0.01). Furthermore, inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase reduced the release of arachidonic acid, a downstream substrate of cPLA2. The immunofluorescence staining showed that ROCK1 or ROCK2, two isoforms of Rho kinase, was co-localized with cPLA2 in neuronal cytoplasm. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that ROCK1 or ROCK2 bonded directly with cPLA2 and phospho-cPLA2. When the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 was applied in mice with T10 contusion injury, it significantly decreased cPLA2 activation and expression and reduced injury-induced apoptosis at and close to the lesion site. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated neuronal death through regulating cPLA2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Qingbo Lu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Daniel B Eddelman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan M Parish
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Ma Z, Li Y, Zhang YP, Shields LBE, Xie Q, Yan G, Liu W, Chen G, Zhang Y, Brommer B, Xu XM, Lu Y, Chen X, Shields CB. Thermal nociception using a modified Hargreaves method in primates and humans. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 30:229-36. [PMID: 26727701 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2015.30.4.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nociception is an important protective mechanism. The Hargreaves method, which involves measuring withdrawal latency following thermal stimulation to Thermal nociception using a modified Hargreaves method in primates and humans the paw, is commonly used to measure pain thresholds in rodents. We modified this technique to measure pain thresholds in monkeys and humans. The modified Hargreaves method was used to quantitate pain sensitivity in eight normal rhesus monkeys, 55 human volunteers, and 12 patients with spinal cord or cauda equina lesions. Thermal stimulation was delivered at 80% of maximum output, and the duration of the stimulation was set at a maximum of 10 seconds to avoid skin injury. The following withdrawal latencies were recorded: 2.7 ± 0.12 seconds in volunteers and 3.4 ± 0.35 seconds in neurologically intact monkeys (p>0.05). Patients with spinal cord or cauda equina lesions showed significantly increased latencies (p<0.001). The modified Hargreaves technique is a safe and reliable method that can provide a validated measure of physiological pain sensation.
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Roux A, Jackson SN, Muller L, Barbacci D, O’Rourke J, Thanos PK, Volkow ND, Balaban C, Schultz JA, Woods AS. Ethanol Induced Brain Lipid Changes in Mice Assessed by Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1148-56. [PMID: 27269520 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a chronic disease characterized by the consumption of alcohol at a level that interferes with physical and mental health and causes serious and persistent changes in the brain. Lipid metabolism is of particular interest due to its high concentration in the brain. Lipids are the main component of cell membranes, are involved in cell signaling, signal transduction, and energy storage. In this study, we analyzed lipid composition of chronically ethanol exposed mouse brains. Juvenile (JUV) and adult (ADU) mice were placed on a daily limited-access ethanol intake model for 52 days. After euthanasia, brains were harvested, and total lipids were extracted from brain homogenates. Samples were analyzed using high resolution mass spectrometry and processed by multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Significant lipid changes were observed in different classes including sphingolipids, fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines, and other glycerophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Roux
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Shelley N. Jackson
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Ludovic Muller
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | - Joseph O’Rourke
- Behavioral
Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral
Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Carey Balaban
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neurobiology, Communication Sciences & Disorders, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | - Amina S. Woods
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Solomonov Y, Hadad N, Levy R. Reduction of cytosolic phospholipase A2α upregulation delays the onset of symptoms in SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:134. [PMID: 27250836 PMCID: PMC4888471 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective death of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2α) upregulation and activation in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic ALS and in the spinal cord of human mutant SOD1G93A (hmSOD1) transgenic mice were recently reported. METHODS cPLA2α upregulation in the brainstem and spinal cord was reduced by brain infusion of a specific antisense oligonucleotide against cPLA2α (AS), and the effect was evaluated on disease progression and brain cell activation. RESULTS We found that the elevation of cPLA2α protein expression in the spinal cord was first detected at 6-week-old hmSOD1 mice and remained elevated during their whole life span. Reduction of the elevated expression of cPLA2α in the spinal cord of hmSOD1 mice by brain infusion of an AS at week 15 (shortly before the appearance of the disease symptoms), for a duration of 6 weeks, delayed the loss of motor neuron function in comparison with hmSOD1 mice and with sense brain-infused hmSOD1 mice. To characterize the effect of cPLA2α upregulation on different processes taking place at the appearance of the disease symptoms, mice were brain infused with AS or with sense at week 15 for 3-4 weeks. The AS treatment that reduced cPLA2α upregulation in the spinal cord of AS-treated hmSOD1 mice (as analyzed at week 18-19) prevented the reduction in the number of the neurons (detected by NeuN) and inhibited astrocyte activation (detected by GFAP) and microglia activation (detected by Iba-1 and by CD40). In addition, AS treatment blunted the upregulation of the proinflammatory enzyme-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) detected in hmSOD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Since specific reduction of cPLA2α in the brainstem and spinal cord significantly attenuated the development of the disease, cPLA2α may offer an efficient target for treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Solomonov
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Hadad
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Levy
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Unilateral microinjection of acrolein into thoracic spinal cord produces acute and chronic injury and functional deficits. Neuroscience 2016; 326:84-94. [PMID: 27058147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although lipid peroxidation has long been associated with spinal cord injury (SCI), the specific role of lipid peroxidation-derived byproducts such as acrolein in mediating damage remains to be fully understood. Acrolein, an α-β unsaturated aldehyde, is highly reactive with proteins, DNA, and phospholipids and is considered as a second toxic messenger that disseminates and augments initial free radical events. Previously, we showed that acrolein increased following traumatic SCI and injection of acrolein induced tissue damage. Here, we demonstrate that microinjection of acrolein into the thoracic spinal cord of adult rats resulted in dose-dependent tissue damage and functional deficits. At 24h (acute) after the microinjection, tissue damage, motoneuron loss, and spinal cord swelling were observed on sections stained with Cresyl Violet. Luxol fast blue staining further showed that acrolein injection resulted in dose-dependent demyelination. At 8weeks (chronic) after the microinjection, cord shrinkage, astrocyte activation, and macrophage infiltration were observed along with tissue damage, neuron loss, and demyelination. These pathological changes resulted in behavioral impairments as measured by both the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale and grid walking analysis. Electron microscopy further demonstrated that acrolein induced axonal degeneration, demyelination, and macrophage infiltration. These results, combined with our previous reports, strongly suggest that acrolein may play a critical causal role in the pathogenesis of SCI and that targeting acrolein could be an attractive strategy for repair after SCI.
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Hui J, Li R, Phillips EH, Goergen CJ, Sturek M, Cheng JX. Bond-selective photoacoustic imaging by converting molecular vibration into acoustic waves. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:11-21. [PMID: 27069873 PMCID: PMC4811918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The quantized vibration of chemical bonds provides a way of detecting specific molecules in a complex tissue environment. Unlike pure optical methods, for which imaging depth is limited to a few hundred micrometers by significant optical scattering, photoacoustic detection of vibrational absorption breaks through the optical diffusion limit by taking advantage of diffused photons and weak acoustic scattering. Key features of this method include both high scalability of imaging depth from a few millimeters to a few centimeters and chemical bond selectivity as a novel contrast mechanism for photoacoustic imaging. Its biomedical applications spans detection of white matter loss and regeneration, assessment of breast tumor margins, and diagnosis of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. This review provides an overview of the recent advances made in vibration-based photoacoustic imaging and various biomedical applications enabled by this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Evan H. Phillips
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Craig J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael Sturek
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Lin WP, Xiong GP, Lin Q, Chen XW, Zhang LQ, Shi JX, Ke QF, Lin JH. Heme oxygenase-1 promotes neuron survival through down-regulation of neuronal NLRP1 expression after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 26925775 PMCID: PMC4772494 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms underlying neuronal death in spinal cord injury (SCI) and developing novel therapeutic approaches for SCI-induced damage are critical for functional recovery. Here we investigated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in neuroprotection after SCI. Methods Adeno-associated virus expressing HO-1 was prepared and injected into rat spinal cords before SCI model was performed. HO-1 expression, inflammasome activation, and the presence of inflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistological staining, immunoblot, and immunoprecipitation. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. The hindlimb locomotor function was evaluated for extent of neurologic damage. In an in vitro model, hydrogen peroxide was used to induce similar inflammasome activation in cultured primary spinal cord neurons, followed by evaluation of above parameters with or without transduction of HO-1-expressing adeno-associated virus. Results Endogenous HO-1 expression was found in spinal cord neurons after SCI in vivo, in association with the expression of Nod-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) and the formation of NLRP1 inflammasomes. Administration of HO-1-expressing adeno-associated virus effectively decreased expression of NLRP1, therefore alleviating NLRP1 inflammasome-induced neuronal death and improving functional recovery. In the in vitro model, exogenous HO-1 expression protected neurons from hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal death by inhibiting NLRP1 expression. In addition, HO-1 inhibited expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which is a transcription factor regulating NLRP1 expression. Conclusions HO-1 protects spinal cord neurons after SCI through inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0521-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Gong-Peng Xiong
- Hepatology Unit, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, China.
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Xuan-Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Jin-Xing Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Qing-Feng Ke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
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Lee G, Bae H. Bee Venom Phospholipase A2: Yesterday's Enemy Becomes Today's Friend. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:48. [PMID: 26907347 PMCID: PMC4773801 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee venom therapy has been used to treat immune-related diseases such as arthritis for a long time. Recently, it has revealed that group III secretory phospholipase A2 from bee venom (bee venom group III sPLA2) has in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects. A growing number of reports have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of bee venom group III sPLA2. Notably, new experimental data have shown protective immune responses of bee venom group III sPLA2 against a wide range of diseases including asthma, Parkinson’s disease, and drug-induced organ inflammation. It is critical to evaluate the beneficial and adverse effects of bee venom group III sPLA2 because this enzyme is known to be the major allergen of bee venom that can cause anaphylactic shock. For many decades, efforts have been made to avoid its adverse effects. At high concentrations, exposure to bee venom group III sPLA2 can result in damage to cellular membranes and necrotic cell death. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the therapeutic effects of bee venom group III sPLA2 on several immunological diseases and described the detailed mechanisms of bee venom group III sPLA2 in regulating various immune responses and physiopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-Dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-Dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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