1
|
Arseni D, Chen R, Murzin AG, Peak-Chew SY, Garringer HJ, Newell KL, Kametani F, Robinson AC, Vidal R, Ghetti B, Hasegawa M, Ryskeldi-Falcon B. TDP-43 forms amyloid filaments with a distinct fold in type A FTLD-TDP. Nature 2023; 620:898-903. [PMID: 37532939 PMCID: PMC10447236 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The abnormal assembly of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neuronal and glial cells characterizes nearly all cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and around half of cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)1,2. A causal role for TDP-43 assembly in neurodegeneration is evidenced by dominantly inherited missense mutations in TARDBP, the gene encoding TDP-43, that promote assembly and give rise to ALS and FTLD3-7. At least four types (A-D) of FTLD with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) are defined by distinct brain distributions of assembled TDP-43 and are associated with different clinical presentations of frontotemporal dementia8. We previously showed, using cryo-electron microscopy, that TDP-43 assembles into amyloid filaments in ALS and type B FTLD-TDP9. However, the structures of assembled TDP-43 in FTLD without ALS remained unknown. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of assembled TDP-43 from the brains of three individuals with the most common type of FTLD-TDP, type A. TDP-43 formed amyloid filaments with a new fold that was the same across individuals, indicating that this fold may characterize type A FTLD-TDP. The fold resembles a chevron badge and is unlike the double-spiral-shaped fold of ALS and type B FTLD-TDP, establishing that distinct filament folds of TDP-43 characterize different neurodegenerative conditions. The structures, in combination with mass spectrometry, led to the identification of two new post-translational modifications of assembled TDP-43, citrullination and monomethylation of R293, and indicate that they may facilitate filament formation and observed structural variation in individual filaments. The structures of TDP-43 filaments from type A FTLD-TDP will guide mechanistic studies of TDP-43 assembly, as well as the development of diagnostic and therapeutic compounds for TDP-43 proteinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Arseni
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Renren Chen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew C Robinson
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang R, Gao H, Xie H, Jia Z, Chen Q. Molecular imaging biomarkers in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Progress and prospects. Front Neurol 2022; 13:933217. [PMID: 36051222 PMCID: PMC9424494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.933217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a pathologically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases with diverse genotypes and clinical phenotypes. Three major mutations were reported in patients with familial FTLD, namely, progranulin (GRN), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), and the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) repeat expansion, which could cause neurodegenerative pathological changes years before symptom onset. Noninvasive quantitative molecular imaging with PET or single-photon emission CT (SPECT) allows for selective visualization of the molecular targets in vivo to investigate brain metabolism, perfusion, neuroinflammation, and pathophysiological changes. There was increasing evidence that several molecular imaging biomarkers tend to serve as biomarkers to reveal the early brain abnormalities in familial FTLD. Tau-PET with 18F-flortaucipir and 11C-PBB3 demonstrated the elevated tau position in patients with FTLD and also showed the ability to differentiate patterns among the different subtypes of the mutations in familial FTLD. Furthermore, dopamine transporter imaging with the 11C-DOPA and 11C-CFT in PET and the 123I-FP-CIT in SPECT revealed the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the asymptomatic and symptomatic patients of familial FTLD. In addition, PET imaging with the 11C-MP4A has demonstrated reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in patients with FTLD, while PET with the 11C-DAA1106 and 11C-PK11195 revealed an increased level of microglial activation associated with neuroinflammation even before the onset of symptoms in familial FTLD. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET indicated hypometabolism in FTLD with different mutations preceded the atrophy on MRI. Identifying molecular imaging biomarkers for familial FTLD is important for the in-vivo assessment of underlying pathophysiological changes with disease progression and future disease-modifying therapy. We review the recent progress of molecular imaging in familial FTLD with focused on the possible implication of these techniques and their prospects in specific mutation types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongsheng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Chen
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng X, Mi T, Wang R, Zhang Z, Li W, Zhao J, Yang P, Xia H, Mao Q. Progranulin deficiency promotes persistent neuroinflammation and causes regional pathology in the hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2022; 70:1317-1336. [PMID: 35362178 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be progressive and can lead to the development of a long-term complication termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The mechanisms underlying the progressive changes are still unknown; however, studies have suggested that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in response to TBI may play a fundamental role. This study aimed to determine whether progranulin (PGRN), a major modulator of microglial activity, plays a role in the progressive damage following TBI. PGRN-deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact and were observed neuropathologically after 3 days, 7 days, and 5 months. Compared to sham and wild-type mice, the PGRN-deficient mice showed overall stronger microgliosis and astrocytosis. The astrocytosis involved broader areas than the microgliosis and was more prominent in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and internal capsule in PGRN-deficient mice. Ongoing neuronal death was uniquely observed in the hippocampal CA3 region of PGRN-deficient mice at 5 months after TBI, accompanying the regional chronic microgliosis and astrocytosis involving the CA3 commissural pathway. In addition, there was M1 microglial polarization in the pericontusional area with activated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling; however, the hippocampus showed only mild M1 polarization 7 days after TBI. Lastly, Morris water maze tests showed PGRN-deficient mice had poorer spatial learning and memory 5 months after TBI than wild-type or sham mice. The data indicated the PGRN deficiency caused TBI progression by promoting persistent microgliosis with microglial polarization and astrocytosis, as well as regional pathology in the hippocampus. The study suggests that PGRN should be evaluated as a potential therapy for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Mi
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyan Yang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pytel V, Hernández-Lorenzo L, Torre-Fuentes L, Sanz R, González N, Cabrera-Martín MN, Delgado-Álvarez A, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J, Matias-Guiu JA. Whole-Exome Sequencing and C9orf72 Analysis in Primary Progressive Aphasia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:985-990. [PMID: 33612544 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is mainly considered a sporadic disease and few studies have systematically analyzed its genetic basis. We here report the analyses of C9orf72 genotyping and whole-exome sequencing data in a consecutive and well-characterized cohort of 50 patients with PPA. We identified three pathogenic GRN variants, one of them unreported, and two cases with C9orf72 expansions. In addition, one likely pathogenic variant was found in the SQSTM1 gene. Overall, we found 12%of patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. These results support the genetic role in the pathophysiology of a proportion of patients with PPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pytel
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hernández-Lorenzo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Torre-Fuentes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Sanz
- Center of Genetic Studies ATG Medical, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Nieves Cabrera-Martín
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Delgado-Álvarez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi A Matias-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Health Research Institute "San Carlos" (IdISCC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peet BT, Spina S, Mundada N, La Joie R. Neuroimaging in Frontotemporal Dementia: Heterogeneity and Relationships with Underlying Neuropathology. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:728-752. [PMID: 34389969 PMCID: PMC8423978 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia encompasses a group of clinical syndromes defined pathologically by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. Historically, these syndromes have been challenging to diagnose, with an average of about three years between the time of symptom onset and the initial evaluation and diagnosis. Research in the field of neuroimaging has revealed numerous biomarkers of the various frontotemporal dementia syndromes, which has provided clinicians with a method of narrowing the differential diagnosis and improving diagnostic accuracy. As such, neuroimaging is considered a core investigative tool in the evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, patterns of neurodegeneration correlate with the underlying neuropathological substrates of the frontotemporal dementia syndromes, which can aid clinicians in determining the underlying etiology and improve prognostication. This review explores the advancements in neuroimaging and discusses the phenotypic and pathologic features of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, and nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia, as seen on structural magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Peet
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nidhi Mundada
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ulugut Erkoyun H, van der Lee SJ, Nijmeijer B, van Spaendonk R, Nelissen A, Scarioni M, Dijkstra A, Samancı B, Gürvit H, Yıldırım Z, Tepgeç F, Bilgic B, Barkhof F, Rozemuller A, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Cohn-Hokke P, Pijnenburg Y. The Right Temporal Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia Is Not Genetically Sporadic: A Case Series. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1195-1201. [PMID: 33427744 PMCID: PMC7990443 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia (rtvFTD) has been generally considered as a right sided variant of semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), which is a genetically sporadic disorder. Recently, we have shown that rtvFTD has a unique clinical syndrome compared to svPPA and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Objective: We challenge the assumption that rtvFTD is a sporadic, non-familial variant of FTD by identifying potential autosomal dominant inheritance and related genes in rtvFTD. Methods: We collected all subjects with a diagnosis of FTD or primary progressive aphasia who had undergone genetic screening (n = 284) and subsequently who had a genetic variant (n = 48) with a diagnosis of rtvFTD (n = 6) in 2 specialized memory clinics. Results: Genetic variants in FTD related genes were found in 33% of genetically screened rtvFTD cases; including MAPT (n = 4), GRN (n = 1), and TARDBP (n = 1) genes, whereas only one svPPA case had a genetic variant in our combined cohorts. Additionally, 4 out of 6 rtvFTD subjects had a strong family history for dementia. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that rtvFTD, unlike svPPA, is not a pure sporadic, but a heterogeneous potential genetic variant of FTD, and screening for genetic causes for FTD should be performed in patients with rtvFTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Ulugut Erkoyun
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Nijmeijer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalina van Spaendonk
- Genome diagnostics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Nelissen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Scarioni
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Dijkstra
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bedia Samancı
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gürvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Yıldırım
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tepgeç
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Bilgic
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke Rozemuller
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Cohn-Hokke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Häkkinen S, Chu SA, Lee SE. Neuroimaging in genetic frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105063. [PMID: 32890771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have a strong clinical, genetic and pathological overlap. This review focuses on the current understanding of structural, functional and molecular neuroimaging signatures of genetic FTD and ALS. We overview quantitative neuroimaging studies on the most common genes associated with FTD (MAPT, GRN), ALS (SOD1), and both (C9orf72), and summarize visual observations of images reported in the rarer genes (CHMP2B, TARDBP, FUS, OPTN, VCP, UBQLN2, SQSTM1, TREM2, CHCHD10, TBK1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Häkkinen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chu
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huey ED, Fremont R, Manoochehri M, Gazes Y, Lee S, Cosentino S, Tierney M, Wassermann EM, Momeni P, Grafman J. Effect of Functional BDNF and COMT Polymorphisms on Symptoms and Regional Brain Volume in Frontotemporal Dementia and Corticobasal Syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 32:362-369. [PMID: 32397876 PMCID: PMC7606216 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors examined the effects of two common functional polymorphisms-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met-on cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and motor symptoms and MRI findings in persons with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) syndromes. METHODS The BDNF Val66Met and COMT Val158Met polymorphisms were genotyped in 174 participants with FTLD syndromes, including behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia, and corticobasal syndrome. Gray matter volumes and scores on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were compared between allele groups. RESULTS The BDNF Met allele at position 66 was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms (F=9.50, df=1, 136, p=0.002). The COMT Val allele at position 158 was associated with impairment of executive function (F=6.14, df=1, 76, p=0.015) and decreased bilateral volume of the head of the caudate in patients with FTLD (uncorrected voxel-level threshold of p<0.001). Neither polymorphism had a significant effect on motor function. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that common functional polymorphisms likely contribute to the phenotypic variability seen in patients with FTLD syndromes. This is the first study to implicate BDNF polymorphisms in depressive symptoms in FTLD. These results also support an association between COMT polymorphisms and degeneration patterns and cognition in FTLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, P&S Box 16, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NIH/NINDS, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rachel Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Masood Manoochehri
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, P&S Box 16, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, P&S Box 16, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 W 168th St, P&S Box 16, New York, NY, 10032
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Michael Tierney
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NIH/NINDS, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric M. Wassermann
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NIH/NINDS, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NIH/NINDS, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think and Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marschallinger J, Iram T, Zardeneta M, Lee SE, Lehallier B, Haney MS, Pluvinage JV, Mathur V, Hahn O, Morgens DW, Kim J, Tevini J, Felder TK, Wolinski H, Bertozzi CR, Bassik MC, Aigner L, Wyss-Coray T. Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:194-208. [PMID: 31959936 PMCID: PMC7595134 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia become progressively activated and seemingly dysfunctional with age, and genetic studies have linked these cells to the pathogenesis of a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we report a striking buildup of lipid droplets in microglia with aging in mouse and human brains. These cells, which we call 'lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia' (LDAM), are defective in phagocytosis, produce high levels of reactive oxygen species and secrete proinflammatory cytokines. RNA-sequencing analysis of LDAM revealed a transcriptional profile driven by innate inflammation that is distinct from previously reported microglial states. An unbiased CRISPR-Cas9 screen identified genetic modifiers of lipid droplet formation; surprisingly, variants of several of these genes, including progranulin (GRN), are causes of autosomal-dominant forms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We therefore propose that LDAM contribute to age-related and genetic forms of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marschallinger
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Macy Zardeneta
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Song E Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, and Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John V Pluvinage
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vidhu Mathur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, and Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford ChEM-H and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Tevini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas K Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford ChEM-H and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, and Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alexander C, Pisner D, Jacova C. Predementia Brain Changes in Progranulin Mutation: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Evidence. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2019; 47:1-18. [PMID: 30630176 DOI: 10.1159/000494968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene are a major cause of familial frontotemporal dementia. They result in a loss of progranulin levels and in GRN-related brain degenerative changes that unfold over years if not decades. The aim of our review was to summarize the evidence on emerging functional and structural brain abnormalities in carriers of GRN mutations. SUMMARY We performed a systematic search for studies that used at least one modality (structural MRI, fMRI, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, diffusion tensor imaging) to compare mutation carriers to non-carrier controls. Our search produced 13 studies published between 2008 and 2017, the majority cross-sectional, with carrier sample sizes ranging from 5 to 65. Key Messages: The aggregate findings suggest that (1) measurable brain changes are detectable in at least some mutation carriers 20-25 years prior to disease onset; (2) functional/metabolic changes progress more consistently over time than structural changes; (3) the topographic pattern is anterior to posterior, not always asymmetric, and maps onto known functional networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek Pisner
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Claudia Jacova
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao Q, Zheng X, Gefen T, Rogalski E, Spencer CL, Rademakers R, Fought AJ, Kohler M, Weintraub S, Xia H, Mesulam MM, Bigio EH. FTLD-TDP With and Without GRN Mutations Cause Different Patterns of CA1 Pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:844-853. [PMID: 31361008 PMCID: PMC7967835 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene lead to progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency and cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology type A (FTLD-TDP type A). PGRN is a highly conserved, secreted glycoprotein and functions in the central nervous system as a key modulator of microglial function. Hence, altered microglial function caused by PGRN deficiency may be tied to the pathogenesis of FTLD-TDP. Our previous studies showed that haploinsufficiency of GRN mutations extends to microglial PGRN expression in the hippocampal CA1 region. In this study, we found that the CA1 sector was associated with less neuronal loss and more frequent TDP-43 inclusions in FTLD-TDP type A cases with GRN mutations than in sporadic cases. In addition, the CA1 region in GRN mutation cases contained more rod-like microglia, which also had reduced PGRN expression. These findings suggest that the profile of TDP-43 inclusions, neuronal number, and microgliosis in the CA1 sector of FTLD-TDP type A cases may be influenced by GRN gene expression status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Callen L Spencer
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Angela J Fought
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Roth T, Nakamura MC, Nissenson RA. Female-Specific Role of Progranulin to Suppress Bone Formation. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2024-2037. [PMID: 31237618 PMCID: PMC6691684 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is best known as a glial protein for which deficiency leads to the most common inherited form of frontotemporal dementia. Recently, PGRN has been found to be an adipokine associated with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, PGRN may have homeostatic effects on bone because PGRN is reported to promote the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We investigated the actions of PGRN on bone using PGRN gene (Grn) knockout (KO) mice and transgenic mice with PGRN mutation and surprisingly found that loss of PGRN prevented the bone loss in female mice induced by aging and estrogen deficiency, whereas it had no effect on male bones during aging. Strikingly, bone formation was increased in female (but not male) PGRN KO mice. We also found that loss of PGRN inhibited bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis in both male and female mice and promoted the production of osteogenic factors in osteoclast lineage cells. These results indicate that PGRN serves to uncouple bone turnover in female mice by promoting bone resorption and suppressing bone formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microglial cells/macrophages, but not adipocytes, are an important source of PGRN in producing negative skeletal effects in females. Targeting PGRN production by microglial cells/macrophage-lineage cells may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteoporosis in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Theresa Roth
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary C Nakamura
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Medical Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Nissenson
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Robert A. Nissenson, PhD, San Francisco VA Medical Center (111 N-MB), 1700 Owens Street, Room 370, San Francisco, California 94158. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramos EM, Dokuru DR, Van Berlo V, Wojta K, Wang Q, Huang AY, Miller ZA, Karydas AM, Bigio EH, Rogalski E, Weintraub S, Rader B, Miller BL, Gorno-Tempini ML, Mesulam MM, Coppola G. Genetic screen in a large series of patients with primary progressive aphasia. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:553-560. [PMID: 30599136 PMCID: PMC6480353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurological syndrome, associated with both frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease, in which progressive language impairment emerges as the most salient clinical feature during the initial stages of disease. METHODS We screened the main genes associated with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia for pathogenic and risk variants in a cohort of 403 PPA cases. RESULTS In this case series study, 14 (3.5%) cases carried (likely) pathogenic variants: four C9orf72 expansions, nine GRN, and one TARDBP mutation. Rare risk variants, TREM2 R47H and MAPT A152T, were associated with a three- to seven-fold increase in risk for PPA. DISCUSSION Our results show that while pathogenic variants within the most common dementia genes were rarely associated with PPA, these were found almost exclusively in GRN and C9orf72, suggesting that PPA is more TDP43- than tau-related in our series. This is consistent with the finding that PPA frequency in dominantly inherited dementias is the highest in kindreds with GRN variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Reddy Dokuru
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Van Berlo
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Wojta
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alden Y Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eileen H Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin Rader
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sieben A, Van Mossevelde S, Wauters E, Engelborghs S, van der Zee J, Van Langenhove T, Santens P, Praet M, Boon P, Miatton M, Van Hoecke S, Vandenbulcke M, Vandenberghe R, Cras P, Cruts M, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Martin JJ. Extended FTLD pedigree segregating a Belgian GRN-null mutation: neuropathological heterogeneity in one family. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 29370838 PMCID: PMC6389176 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we describe the clinical and neuropathological findings of nine members of the Belgian progranulin gene (GRN) founder family. In this family, the loss-of-function mutation IVS1 + 5G > C was identified in 2006. In 2007, a clinical description of the mutation carriers was published that revealed the clinical heterogeneity among IVS1 + 5G > C carriers. We report our comparison of our data with the published clinical and neuropathological characteristics of other GRN mutations as well as other frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) syndromes, and we present a review of the literature. METHODS For each case, standardized sampling and staining were performed to identify proteinopathies, cerebrovascular disease, and hippocampal sclerosis. RESULTS The neuropathological substrate in the studied family was compatible in all cases with transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP) proteinopathy type A, as expected. Additionally, most of the cases presented also with primary age-related tauopathy (PART) or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological changes, and one case had extensive Lewy body pathology. An additional finding was the presence of cerebral small vessel changes in every patient in this family. CONCLUSIONS Our data show not only that the IVS1 + 5G > C mutation has an exclusive association with FTLD-TDP type A proteinopathy but also that other proteinopathies can occur and should be looked for. Because the penetrance rate of the clinical phenotype of carriers of GRN mutations is age-dependent, further research is required to investigate the role of co-occurring age-related pathologies such as AD, PART, and cerebral small vessel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sieben
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Mossevelde
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eline Wauters
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Praet
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijke Miatton
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Hoecke
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Memory Clinic, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Netwerk Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- Institute Born-Bunge, Neuropathology and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2160, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fernández MV, Kim JH, Budde JP, Black K, Medvedeva A, Saef B, Deming Y, Del-Aguila J, Ibañez L, Dube U, Harari O, Norton J, Chasse R, Morris JC, Goate A, Cruchaga C. Analysis of neurodegenerative Mendelian genes in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer Disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007045. [PMID: 29091718 PMCID: PMC5683650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson disease (PD) have a certain degree of clinical, pathological and molecular overlap. Previous studies indicate that causative mutations in AD and FTD/ALS genes can be found in clinical familial AD. We examined the presence of causative and low frequency coding variants in the AD, FTD, ALS and PD Mendelian genes, in over 450 families with clinical history of AD and over 11,710 sporadic cases and cognitive normal participants from North America. Known pathogenic mutations were found in 1.05% of the sporadic cases, in 0.69% of the cognitively normal participants and in 4.22% of the families. A trend towards enrichment, albeit non-significant, was observed for most AD, FTD and PD genes. Only PSEN1 and PINK1 showed consistent association with AD cases when we used ExAC as the control population. These results suggest that current study designs may contain heterogeneity and contamination of the control population, and that current statistical methods for the discovery of novel genes with real pathogenic variants in complex late onset diseases may be inadequate or underpowered to identify genes carrying pathogenic mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Center, Ilsan hospital, National Health Insurance Service, Goyang, South Korea
| | - John P. Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Medvedeva
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ben Saef
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jorge Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Laura Ibañez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Rachel Chasse
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alison Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Dept of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, ICAHN 10–52, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | | | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mao Q, Wang D, Li Y, Kohler M, Wilson J, Parton Z, Shmaltsuyeva B, Gursel D, Rademakers R, Weintraub S, Mesulam MM, Xia H, Bigio EH. Disease and Region Specificity of Granulin Immunopositivities in Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:957-968. [PMID: 29044416 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in GRN, the progranulin gene, which result in progranulin (PGRN) protein haploinsufficiency, are a major cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP). PGRN is composed of seven and a half repeats of a highly conserved granulin motif that is cleaved to produce the granulin peptides A-G and paragranulin. To better understand the role of PGRN and granulin (Grn) peptides in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, we evaluated PGRN/Grn in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease, FTLD-TDP type A with or without GRN mutations, and normal individuals, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against Grn peptides A-G. In the neocortex, Grn peptide-specific immunostains were observed, for example, membranous Grn E immunopositivity in pyramidal neurons, and Grn C immunopositivity in ramified microglia. In the hippocampus, Grn immunopositivity in the CA1 and CA2 regions showed disease-specific changes in both neurons and microglia. Most interestingly, in FTLD-TDP type A with GRN mutations, there is a 60% decrease in the density of Grn-positive microglia in the hippocampal CA1, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of the GRN mutations also extends to PGRN expression in microglia. This study provides important insights into future studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of FTLD-TDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Missia Kohler
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jayson Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Zachary Parton
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Bella Shmaltsuyeva
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Demirkan Gursel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Marek-Marsel Mesulam
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Haibin Xia
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; The Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Pathology Core Facility, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gansler DA, Huey ED, Pan JJ, Wasserman E, Grafman JH. Assessing the dysexecutive syndrome in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:254-261. [PMID: 27466358 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared performance on tests of dysexecutive behaviour (DB) and executive function (EF) in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). METHODS Patients diagnosed with bvFTD (n=124), PPA (n=34) and CBS (n=85) were recruited. EF was measured with the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS: performance based), and DB was measured with the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe: caregiver-report based). Confirmatory factor analysis characterised the relationship between EF and DB, binary logistic regression evaluated the incremental diagnostic utility of the measures and neuroimaging data from 110 patients identified neural correlates. RESULTS EF was lowest and DB was highest in bvFTD participants. EF and DB were distinct but related (r=-0.48). Measures correctly classified 89% of bvFTD from CBS patients and 93% of bvFTD from PPA patients-30% and 13% above base rates (59%, 80%), respectively. All modalities were useful in identifying CBS and PPA, whereas DB alone was useful for identifying bvFTD. EF was uniquely associated with caudal left dorsolateral prefrontal and lateral temporo-parietal cortices. DB was uniquely associated with the cingulate (R>L), right subcallosal and right anterior frontal cortex. EF and DB were associated with the rostral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS EF and DB measures displayed criterion and construct validity, had incremental utility at low DB levels (CBS and PPA) and were associated with overlapping and distinct neural correlates. EF and DB procedures can conjointly provide useful diagnostic and descriptive information in identifying and ruling out the dysexecutive syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Gansler
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica J Pan
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Wasserman
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurologic Disease and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan H Grafman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mutation Frequency of the Major Frontotemporal Dementia Genes, MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72 in a Turkish Cohort of Dementia Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162592. [PMID: 27632209 PMCID: PMC5025192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Microtubule-associated protein tau’ (MAPT), ‘granulin’ (GRN) and ‘chromosome 9 open reading frame72’ (C9ORF72) gene mutations are the major known genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recent studies suggest that mutations in these genes may also be associated with other forms of dementia. Therefore we investigated whether MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72 gene mutations are major contributors to dementia in a random, unselected Turkish cohort of dementia patients. A combination of whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing and fragment analysis/Southern blot was performed in order to identify pathogenic mutations and novel variants in these genes as well as other FTD-related genes such as the ‘charged multivesicular body protein 2B’ (CHMP2B), the ‘FUS RNA binding protein’ (FUS), the ‘TAR DNA binding protein’ (TARDBP), the ‘sequestosome1’ (SQSTM1), and the ‘valosin containing protein’ (VCP). We determined one pathogenic MAPT mutation (c.1906C>T, p.P636L) and one novel missense variant (c.38A>G, p.D13G). In GRN we identified a probably pathogenic TGAG deletion in the splice donor site of exon 6. Three patients were found to carry the GGGGCC expansions in the non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene. In summary, a complete screening for mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9ORF72 genes revealed a frequency of 5.4% of pathogenic mutations in a random cohort of 93 Turkish index patients with dementia.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lista S, Khachaturian ZS, Rujescu D, Garaci F, Dubois B, Hampel H. Application of Systems Theory in Longitudinal Studies on the Origin and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:49-67. [PMID: 26235059 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter questions the prevailing "implicit" assumption that molecular mechanisms and the biological phenotype of dominantly inherited early-onset alzheimer's disease (EOAD) could serve as a linear model to study the pathogenesis of sporadic late-onset alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Now there is growing evidence to suggest that such reductionism may not be warranted; these suppositions are not adequate to explain the molecular complexities of LOAD. For example, the failure of some recent amyloid-centric clinical trials, which were largely based on the extrapolations from EOAD biological phenotypes to the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of LOAD, might be due to such false assumptions. The distinct difference in the biology of LOAD and EOAD is underscored by the presence of EOAD cases without evidence of familial clustering or Mendelian transmission and, conversely, the discovery and frequent reports of such clustering and transmission patterns in LOAD cases. The primary thesis of this chapter is that a radically different way of thinking is required for comprehensive explanations regarding the distinct complexities in the molecular pathogenesis of inherited and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We propose using longitudinal analytical methods and the paradigm of systems biology (using transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics) to provide us a more comprehensive insight into the lifelong origin and progression of different molecular mechanisms and neurodegeneration. Such studies should aim to clarify the role of specific pathophysiological and signaling pathways such as neuroinflammation, altered lipid metabolism, apoptosis, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, protein misfolding, tangle formation, and amyloidogenic cascade leading to overproduction and reduced clearance of aggregating amyloid-beta (Aβ) species. A more complete understanding of the distinct difference in molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, as well as comparability of the various forms of AD is of paramount importance. The development of knowledge and technologies for early detection and characterization of the disease across all stages will improve the predictions regarding the course of the disease, prognosis, and response to treatment. No doubt such advances will have a significant impact on the clinical management of both EOAD and LOAD patients. The approach propped here, combining longitudinal studies with the systems biology paradigm, will create a more effective and comprehensive framework for development of prevention therapies in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Benussi A, Padovani A, Borroni B. Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Monogenic Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:171. [PMID: 26388768 PMCID: PMC4555036 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disorder characterized by personality changes, language impairment, and deficits of executive functions associated with frontal and temporal lobe degeneration. Different phenotypes have been defined on the basis of presenting clinical symptoms, i.e., the behavioral variant of FTD, the agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia, and the semantic variant of PPA. Some patients have an associated movement disorder, either parkinsonism, as in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, or motor neuron disease (FTD-MND). A family history of dementia is found in 40% of cases of FTD and about 10% have a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance. Genetic studies have identified several genes associated with monogenic FTD: microtubule-associated protein tau, progranulin, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, valosin-containing protein, charged multivesicular body protein 2B, fused in sarcoma, and the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72. Patients often present with an extensive phenotypic variability, even among different members of the same kindred carrying an identical disease mutation. The objective of the present work is to review and evaluate available literature data in order to highlight recent advances in clinical, biological, and neuroimaging features of monogenic frontotemporal lobar degeneration and try to identify different mechanisms underlying the extreme phenotypic heterogeneity that characterizes this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benussi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fontana F, Siva K, Denti MA. A network of RNA and protein interactions in Fronto Temporal Dementia. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 25852467 PMCID: PMC4365750 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the fronto temporal lobes and abnormal protein inclusions. It exhibits a broad clinicopathological spectrum and has been linked to mutations in seven different genes. We will provide a picture, which connects the products of these genes, albeit diverse in nature and function, in a network. Despite the paucity of information available for some of these genes, we believe that RNA processing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression might constitute a common theme in the network. Recent studies have unraveled the role of mutations affecting the functions of RNA binding proteins and regulation of microRNAs. This review will combine all the recent findings on genes involved in the pathogenesis of FTD, highlighting the importance of a common network of interactions in order to study and decipher the heterogeneous clinical manifestations associated with FTD. This approach could be helpful for the research of potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fontana
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Kavitha Siva
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Michela A. Denti
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeurosciencePadua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fontaine SN, Sabbagh JJ, Baker J, Martinez-Licha CR, Darling A, Dickey CA. Cellular factors modulating the mechanism of tau protein aggregation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1863-79. [PMID: 25666877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent neurodegenerative condition worldwide. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, a number of neurodegenerative diseases, called tauopathies, are characterized by the accumulation of aggregated tau in a variety of brain regions. While tau normally plays an important role in stabilizing the microtubule network of the cytoskeleton, its dissociation from microtubules and eventual aggregation into pathological deposits is an area of intense focus for therapeutic development. Here we discuss the known cellular factors that affect tau aggregation, from post-translational modifications to molecular chaperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Fontaine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
A Voxel Based Morphometric Analysis of Longitudinal Cortical Gray Matter Changes in Progranulin Mutation Carriers At-Risk for Frontotemporal Dementia: Preliminary Study. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2015.14.4.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
24
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. Several genes have been associated with AD risk for nearly 20 years. However, it was not until the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects that we have been able to advance our understanding of the genetic complexity of AD susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have revealed more than 20 loci associated with AD risk. These studies have provided insights into the molecular pathways that are altered in AD pathogenesis, which have, in turn, provided insight into novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eisen A, Krieger C. Ethical considerations in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 110:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
26
|
Lee WC, Almeida S, Prudencio M, Caulfield TR, Zhang YJ, Tay WM, Bauer PO, Chew J, Sasaguri H, Jansen-West KR, Gendron TF, Stetler CT, Finch N, Mackenzie IR, Rademakers R, Gao FB, Petrucelli L. Targeted manipulation of the sortilin-progranulin axis rescues progranulin haploinsufficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1467-78. [PMID: 24163244 PMCID: PMC3929086 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (GRN) mutations causing haploinsufficiency are a major cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP). Recent discoveries demonstrating sortilin (SORT1) is a neuronal receptor for PGRN endocytosis and a determinant of plasma PGRN levels portend the development of enhancers targeting the SORT1–PGRN axis. We demonstrate the preclinical efficacy of several approaches through which impairing PGRN's interaction with SORT1 restores extracellular PGRN levels. Our report is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of enhancing PGRN levels in iPSC neurons derived from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients with PGRN deficiency. We validate a small molecule preferentially increases extracellular PGRN by reducing SORT1 levels in various mammalian cell lines and patient-derived iPSC neurons and lymphocytes. We further demonstrate that SORT1 antagonists and a small-molecule binder of PGRN588–593, residues critical for PGRN–SORT1 binding, inhibit SORT1-mediated PGRN endocytosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the SORT1–PGRN axis is a viable target for PGRN-based therapy, particularly in FTD-GRN patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing C Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jin SC, Pastor P, Cooper B, Cervantes S, Benitez BA, Razquin C, Goate A, Cruchaga C. Pooled-DNA sequencing identifies novel causative variants in PSEN1, GRN and MAPT in a clinical early-onset and familial Alzheimer's disease Ibero-American cohort. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2012; 4:34. [PMID: 22906081 PMCID: PMC3506948 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Some familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are caused by rare and highly-penetrant mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2. Mutations in GRN and MAPT, two genes associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), have been found in clinically diagnosed AD cases. Due to the dramatic developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS), high-throughput sequencing of targeted genomic regions of the human genome in many individuals in a single run is now cheap and feasible. Recent findings favor the rare variant-common disease hypothesis by which the combination effects of rare variants could explain a large proportion of the heritability. We utilized NGS to identify rare and pathogenic variants in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, and MAPT in an Ibero-American cohort. Methods We performed pooled-DNA sequencing of each exon and flanking sequences in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, MAPT and GRN in 167 clinical and 5 autopsy-confirmed AD cases (15 familial early-onset, 136 sporadic early-onset and 16 familial late-onset) from Spain and Uruguay using NGS. Follow-up genotyping was used to validate variants. After genotyping additional controls, we performed segregation and functional analyses to determine the pathogenicity of validated variants. Results We identified a novel G to T transition (g.38816G>T) in exon 6 of PSEN1 in a sporadic early-onset AD case, resulting in a previously described pathogenic p.L173F mutation. A pathogenic p.L392V mutation in exon 11 was found in one familial early-onset AD case. We also identified a novel CC insertion (g.10974_10975insCC) in exon 8 of GRN, which introduced a premature stop codon, resulting in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This GRN mutation was associated with lower GRN plasma levels, as previously reported for other GRN pathogenic mutations. We found two variants in MAPT (p.A152T, p.S318L) present only in three AD cases but not controls, suggesting that these variants could be risk factors for the disease. Conclusions We found pathogenic mutations in PSEN1, GRN and MAPT in 2.33% of the screened cases. This study suggests that pathogenic mutations or risk variants in MAPT and in GRN are as frequent in clinical AD cases as mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2, highlighting that pleiotropy of MAPT or GRN mutations can influence both FTD and AD phenotypic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St, Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cruchaga C, Haller G, Chakraverty S, Mayo K, Vallania FLM, Mitra RD, Faber K, Williamson J, Bird T, Diaz-Arrastia R, Foroud TM, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, St Jean P, Lawson M, Ehm MG, Mayeux R, Goate AM. Rare variants in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 increase risk for AD in late-onset Alzheimer's disease families. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31039. [PMID: 22312439 PMCID: PMC3270040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, MAPT and GRN have previously been linked to familial early onset forms of dementia. Mutation screening in these genes has been performed in either very small series or in single families with late onset AD (LOAD). Similarly, studies in single families have reported mutations in MAPT and GRN associated with clinical AD but no systematic screen of a large dataset has been performed to determine how frequently this occurs. We report sequence data for 439 probands from late-onset AD families with a history of four or more affected individuals. Sixty sequenced individuals (13.7%) carried a novel or pathogenic mutation. Eight pathogenic variants, (one each in APP and MAPT, two in PSEN1 and four in GRN) three of which are novel, were found in 14 samples. Thirteen additional variants, present in 23 families, did not segregate with disease, but the frequency of these variants is higher in AD cases than controls, indicating that these variants may also modify risk for disease. The frequency of rare variants in these genes in this series is significantly higher than in the 1,000 genome project (p = 5.09 × 10⁻⁵; OR = 2.21; 95%CI = 1.49-3.28) or an unselected population of 12,481 samples (p = 6.82 × 10⁻⁵; OR = 2.19; 95%CI = 1.347-3.26). Rare coding variants in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2, increase risk for or cause late onset AD. The presence of variants in these genes in LOAD and early-onset AD demonstrates that factors other than the mutation can impact the age at onset and penetrance of at least some variants associated with AD. MAPT and GRN mutations can be found in clinical series of AD most likely due to misdiagnosis. This study clearly demonstrates that rare variants in these genes could explain an important proportion of genetic heritability of AD, which is not detected by GWAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen-Plotkin AS, Martinez-Lage M, Sleiman PMA, Hu W, Greene R, Wood EM, Bing S, Grossman M, Schellenberg GD, Hatanpaa KJ, Weiner MF, White CL, Brooks WS, Halliday GM, Kril JJ, Gearing M, Beach TG, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Rademakers R, Boeve BF, Pickering-Brown SM, Snowden J, van Swieten JC, Heutink P, Seelaar H, Murrell JR, Ghetti B, Spina S, Grafman J, Kaye JA, Woltjer RL, Mesulam M, Bigio E, Lladó A, Miller BL, Alzualde A, Moreno F, Rohrer JD, Mackenzie IRA, Feldman HH, Hamilton RL, Cruts M, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Bird TD, Cairns NJ, Goate A, Frosch MP, Riederer PF, Bogdanovic N, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM. Genetic and clinical features of progranulin-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:488-97. [PMID: 21482928 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relative frequency of unique mutations and their associated characteristics in 97 individuals with mutations in progranulin (GRN), an important cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN A 46-site International Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Collaboration was formed to collect cases of FTLD with TAR DNA-binding protein of 43-kDa (TDP-43)-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP). We identified 97 individuals with FTLD-TDP with pathogenic GRN mutations (GRN+ FTLD-TDP), assessed their genetic and clinical characteristics, and compared them with 453 patients with FTLD-TDP in which GRN mutations were excluded (GRN- FTLD-TDP). No patients were known to be related. Neuropathologic characteristics were confirmed as FTLD-TDP in 79 of the 97 GRN+ FTLD-TDP cases and all of the GRN- FTLD-TDP cases. RESULTS Age at onset of FTLD was younger in patients with GRN+ FTLD-TDP vs GRN- FTLD-TDP (median, 58.0 vs 61.0 years; P < .001), as was age at death (median, 65.5 vs 69.0 years; P < .001). Concomitant motor neuron disease was much less common in GRN+ FTLD-TDP vs GRN- FTLD-TDP (5.4% vs 26.3%; P < .001). Fifty different GRN mutations were observed, including 2 novel mutations: c.139delG (p.D47TfsX7) and c.378C>A (p.C126X). The 2 most common GRN mutations were c.1477C>T (p.R493X, found in 18 patients, representing 18.6% of GRN cases) and c.26C>A (p.A9D, found in 6 patients, representing 6.2% of cases). Patients with the c.1477C>T mutation shared a haplotype on chromosome 17; clinically, they resembled patients with other GRN mutations. Patients with the c.26C>A mutation appeared to have a younger age at onset of FTLD and at death and more parkinsonian features than those with other GRN mutations. CONCLUSION GRN+ FTLD-TDP differs in key features from GRN- FTLD-TDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Momeni P, DeTucci K, Straub RE, Weinberger DR, Davies P, Grafman J, Hardy J, Huey ED. Progranulin (GRN) in two siblings of a Latino family and in other patients with schizophrenia. Neurocase 2010; 16:273-9. [PMID: 20087814 PMCID: PMC2895558 DOI: 10.1080/13554790903456209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been linked to a region on chromosome 17q21 in Latino populations (Escamilla et al., 2009). Mutations of a gene at this location (GRN) are associated with frontotemporal dementia. A recent study demonstrated that patients with frontotemporal dementia who presented with symptoms of schizophrenia show neuropathological findings consistent with GRN mutations, but were not tested for GRN mutations (Velakoulis, Walterfang, Mocellin, Pantelis, & McLean, 2009). The current study describes a Latino family in which two siblings have schizophrenia and one has frontotemporal dementia. We sequenced GRN in one of the siblings with frontotemporal dementia and one of the siblings with schizophrenia. The siblings both have a loss-of-function GRN mutation. This finding, in conjunction with other studies (Escamilla et al., 2009; Velakoulis et al., 2009), suggests that there may be an association between schizophrenia, frontotemporal dementia, and GRN mutations in Latino populations that should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Momeni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous syndrome, characterized by progressive decline in behaviour or language associated with degeneration of the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. While the seminal cases were described at the turn of the 20th century, FTLD has only recently been appreciated as a leading cause of dementia, particularly in patients presenting before the age of 65 years. Three distinct clinical variants of FTLD have been described: (i) behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, characterized by changes in behaviour and personality in association with frontal-predominant cortical degeneration; (ii) semantic dementia, a syndrome of progressive loss of knowledge about words and objects associated with anterior temporal neuronal loss; and (iii) progressive nonfluent aphasia, characterized by effortful language output, loss of grammar and motor speech deficits in the setting of left perisylvian cortical atrophy. The majority of pathologies associated with FTLD clinical syndromes include either tau-positive (FTLD-TAU) or TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-positive (FTLD-TDP) inclusion bodies. FTLD overlaps clinically and pathologically with the atypical parkinsonian disorders corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy, and with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The majority of familial FTLD cases are caused by mutations in the genes encoding microtubule-associated protein tau (leading to FTLD-TAU) or progranulin (leading to FTLD-TDP). The clinical and pathological heterogeneity of FTLD poses a significant diagnostic challenge, and in vivo prediction of underlying histopathology can be significantly improved by supplementing the clinical evaluation with genetic tests and emerging biological markers. Current pharmacotherapy for FTLD focuses on manipulating serotonergic or dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems to ameliorate behavioural or motor symptoms. However, recent advances in FTLD genetics and molecular pathology make the prospect of biologically driven, disease-specific therapies for FTLD seem closer than ever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu CE, Bird TD, Bekris LM, Montine TJ, Leverenz JB, Steinbart E, Galloway NM, Feldman H, Woltjer R, Miller CA, Wood EM, Grossman M, McCluskey L, Clark CM, Neumann M, Danek A, Galasko DR, Arnold SE, Chen-Plotkin A, Karydas A, Miller BL, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Schellenberg GD, Van Deerlin VM. The spectrum of mutations in progranulin: a collaborative study screening 545 cases of neurodegeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:161-70. [PMID: 20142524 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutation in the progranulin gene (GRN) can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, it is unclear whether some rare FTD-related GRN variants are pathogenic and whether neurodegenerative disorders other than FTD can also be caused by GRN mutations. OBJECTIVES To delineate the range of clinical presentations associated with GRN mutations and to define pathogenic candidacy of rare GRN variants. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Clinical and neuropathology dementia research studies at 8 academic centers. PARTICIPANTS Four hundred thirty-four patients with FTD, including primary progressive aphasia, semantic dementia, FTD/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), FTD/motor neuron disease, corticobasal syndrome/corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick disease, dementia lacking distinctive histopathology, and pathologically confirmed cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions (FTLD-U); and 111 non-FTD cases (controls) in which TDP-43 deposits were a prominent neuropathological feature, including subjects with ALS, Guam ALS and/or parkinsonism dementia complex, Guam dementia, Alzheimer disease, multiple system atrophy, and argyrophilic grain disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variants detected on sequencing of all 13 GRN exons and at least 80 base pairs of flanking introns, and their pathogenic candidacy determined by in silico and ex vivo splicing assays. RESULTS We identified 58 genetic variants that included 26 previously unknown changes. Twenty-four variants appeared to be pathogenic, including 8 novel mutations. The frequency of GRN mutations was 6.9% (30 of 434) of all FTD-spectrum cases, 21.4% (9 of 42) of cases with a pathological diagnosis of FTLD-U, 16.0% (28 of 175) of FTD-spectrum cases with a family history of a similar neurodegenerative disease, and 56.2% (9 of 16) of cases of FTLD-U with a family history. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic mutations were found only in FTD-spectrum cases and not in other related neurodegenerative diseases. Haploinsufficiency of GRN is the predominant mechanism leading to FTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brain progranulin expression in GRN-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:111-22. [PMID: 19649643 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) is characterized by progressive decline in behavior, executive function, and language. Progranulin (GRN) gene mutations are pathogenic for FTLD-TDP, and GRN transcript haploinsufficiency is the proposed disease mechanism. However, the evidence for this hypothesis comes mainly from blood-derived cells; we measured progranulin expression in brain. We characterized mRNA and protein levels of progranulin from four brain regions (frontal cortex, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, and cerebellum) in FTLD-TDP patients with and without GRN mutations, as well as neurologically normal individuals. Moreover, we performed immunohistochemistry to evaluate the degree of TDP-43 pathology and microglial infiltration present in these groups. In most brain regions, patients with GRN mutations showed mRNA levels comparable to normal controls and to FTLD-TDP without GRN mutations. However, GRN transcript levels in a brain region severely affected by disease (frontal cortex) were increased in mutation-bearing patients. When compared with normal individuals, GRN mutation-bearing cases had a significant reduction in the amount of progranulin protein in the cerebellum and occipital cortex, but not in the frontal and temporal cortices. In GRN mutant cases, GRN mRNA originated from the normal allele, and moderate microglial infiltration was observed. In conclusion, GRN mutation carriers have increased levels of mRNA transcript from the normal allele in brain, and proliferation of microglia likely increases progranulin levels in affected regions of the FTLD-TDP brain, and whether or not these findings underlie the accumulation of TDP-43 pathology in FTLD-TDP linked to GRN mutations remains to be determined.
Collapse
|
34
|
Frequency of progranulin mutations in a German cohort of 79 frontotemporal dementia patients. J Neurol 2009; 256:2043-51. [PMID: 19618231 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the progranulin gene lead to progranulin haploinsufficiency and to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD) with TDP-43 positive inclusions. It is assumed that unknown genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are responsible for the observed marked degree of phenotypic variability among mutation carriers. This is the first published series of German FTD cases screened for progranulin mutations. Mean age at onset was 62 years, 19 patients (24%) had a positive family history of dementia, and 11 patients (14%) had a positive family history for probable FTD. Data on FTD subtypes are presented. Two mutations were identified (3%), one of which has been described previously. Clinically, both patients showed the frontal-behavioural variant type of FTD. Remarkably, a sibling of one case presented with progressive nonfluent aphasia, clinically distinct from the brother. We also performed quantitative PCR analyses to detect potential whole progranulin gene and exon deletions. Here, results were negative.
Collapse
|
35
|
Pardini M, Huey ED, Cavanagh AL, Grafman J. Olfactory function in corticobasal syndrome and frontotemporal dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:92-6. [PMID: 19139305 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2008.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formal olfactory testing may be useful as a bedside tool to help differentiate between conditions such as atypical parkinsonism, dementia, and psychiatric conditions. However, the neural basis of olfactory dysfunction, the effect of concurrent cognitive deficits on olfactory testing results, and the exact prevalence of olfactory deficits in populations with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD-FV) are to date unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and the neural basis of olfactory recognition deficits in patients with a clinical diagnosis of CBS or FTD-FV. DESIGN Retrospective study of clinical, neuropsychological, and imaging data. SETTING National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five patients with CBS, 22 with FTD-FV, and 12 age-matched control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Results of neuropsychological evaluation, formal olfactory recognition testing (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT]), and voxel-based morphometry analysis of structural magnetic resonance images of the brain. RESULTS Mean UPSIT percentile scores were 31.6% for the CBS group and 9.5% for the FTD-FV group. The voxel-based morphometry correlations between local gray matter and UPSIT scores showed a significant volume effect in the right midfrontal gyrus for the FTD-FV patients and in the right insula, right midfrontal gyrus, and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus for the patients with CBS. A linear regression analysis of the UPSIT scores revealed as significant predictors the general memory score of the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Boston Naming Test total score for the patients with FTD-FV and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale total score for the patients with CBS. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed a more severe olfactory impairment for CBS patients than previously reported. We also showed a significant relationship between formal olfactory recognition testing scores and specific cognitive domains. These findings could be useful to clinically differentiate FTD-FV and CBS from other dementing illnesses and movement disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pardini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1440, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gijselinck I, Van Broeckhoven C, Cruts M. Granulin mutations associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and related disorders: an update. Hum Mutat 2009; 29:1373-86. [PMID: 18543312 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding granulin (HUGO gene symbol GRN, also referred to as progranulin, PGRN), located at chromosome 17q21, were recently linked to tau-negative ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLDU). Since then, 63 heterozygous mutations were identified in 163 families worldwide, all leading to loss of functional GRN, implicating a haploinsufficiency mechanism. Together, these mutations explained 5 to 10% of FTLD. The high mutation frequency, however, might still be an underestimation because not all patient samples were examined for all types of loss-of-function mutations and because several variants, including missense mutations, have a yet uncertain pathogenic significance. Although the complete phenotypic spectrum associated with GRN mutations is not yet fully characterized, it was shown that it is highly heterogeneous, suggesting the influence of modifying factors. A role of GRN in neuronal survival was suggested but the exact mechanism by which neurodegeneration and deposition of pathologic brain inclusions occur still has to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Gijselinck
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huey ED, Armstrong N, Momeni P, Grafman J. Challenges and new opportunities in the investigation of new drug therapies to treat frontotemporal dementia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1367-76. [PMID: 18851693 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.11.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders are a set of neurodegenerative disorders affecting the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. They are often fatal, and currently no medications have been shown to slow their progression. Recent developments in understanding these disorders may aid in developing treatments. OBJECTIVE To discuss the development of drug therapies for frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders, both those under current investigation and those that could be targets for future investigation. METHODS This review is divided into four sections: First, a brief review of frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders; second, a discussion of the challenges in the development of drug therapies third, a review of the current clinical trials; and finally a discussion of some recent discoveries, which have sparked new areas of investigation. CONCLUSIONS Hopefully, advances in understanding of frontotemporal dementia spectrum disorders and clinical trial design will aid the development of new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Huey
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Building 10, Room 7D43, MSC 1440, Bethesda, MD 20892-1440, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liscic RM, Grinberg LT, Zidar J, Gitcho MA, Cairns NJ. ALS and FTLD: two faces of TDP-43 proteinopathy. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:772-80. [PMID: 18684309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major discoveries have been made in the recent past in the genetics, biochemistry and neuropathology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), encoded by the TARDBP gene, has been identified as the major pathological protein of FTLD with ubiquitin-immunoreactive (ub-ir) inclusions (FTLD-U) with or without amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and sporadic ALS. Recently, mutations in the TARDBP gene in familial and sporadic ALS have been reported which demonstrate that abnormal TDP-43 alone is sufficient to cause neurodegeneration. Several familial cases of FTLD-U, however, are now known to have mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene, but granulin is not a component of the TDP-43- and ub-ir inclusions. Further, TDP-43 is found to be a component of the inclusions of an increasing number of neurodegenerative diseases. Other FTLD-U entities with TDP-43 proteinopathy include: FTLD-U with valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene mutation and FTLD with ALS linked to chromosome 9p. In contrast, chromosome 3-linked dementia, FTLD-U with chromatin modifying protein 2B (CHMP2B) mutation, has ub-ir, TDP-43-negative inclusions. In summary, recent discoveries have generated new insights into the pathogenesis of a spectrum of disorders called TDP-43 proteinopathies including: FTLD-U, FTLD-U with ALS, ALS, and a broadening spectrum of other disorders. It is anticipated that these discoveries and a revised nosology of FTLD will contribute toward an accurate diagnosis, and facilitate the development of new diagnostic tests and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Liscic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Revuelta GJ, Rosso A, Lippa CF. Association between progranulin and beta-amyloid in dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2008; 23:488-93. [PMID: 18955727 PMCID: PMC10846171 DOI: 10.1177/1533317508321910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that progranulin plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia. To begin to explore the role of progranulin in dementia with Lewy bodies, we investigate its association with pathologic proteins that characterize this disease. We assessed immunoreactivity for progranulin in medial temporal lobe structures of 12 cases of dementia with Lewy bodies. Similar data were collected for beta-amyloid burden, and alpha-synuclein pathology. Blinded investigators used a 0-3-point scale to quantify progranulin burden. Double labeling for progranulin and beta-amyloid was also performed. We were able to demonstrate progranulin immunoreactivity throughout the medial temporal lobe in all dementia with Lewy body cases. We identified a significant positive correlation (r = 0.606; P = .037) between beta-amyloid burden and progranulin. There was no significant correlation between alpha-synuclein pathology or Braak stage and progranulin. Progranulin and beta-amyloid colocalized in plaques in dementia with Lewy bodies, suggesting that there is likely a biological association between these 2 aggregated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo J Revuelta
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Update on recent molecular and genetic advances in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:635-48. [PMID: 18596549 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31817d751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Great strides have been made in the last 2 years in the field of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), particularly with respect to the genetics and molecular biology of FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions. It is now clear that most cases of familial FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions have mutations in the progranulin gene, located on chromosome 17. It is also clear that most ubiquitinated inclusions in FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions are composed primarily of TAR DNA-binding protein-43. Thus, FTLDs can be separated into 2 major groups (i.e. tauopathies and ubiquitinopathies), and most of the ubiquitinopathies can now be defined as TAR DNA-binding protein-43 proteinopathies. Many of the familial FTLDs are linked to chromosome 17, including both the familial tauopathies and the familial TAR DNA-binding protein-43 proteinopathies with progranulin mutations. This review highlights the neuropathologic features and the most important discoveries of the last 2 years and places these findings into the historical context of FTLD.
Collapse
|
41
|
van Swieten JC, Heutink P. Mutations in progranulin (GRN) within the spectrum of clinical and pathological phenotypes of frontotemporal dementia. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:965-74. [PMID: 18771956 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is predominantly a presenile disorder that is characterised by behavioural changes and cognitive impairment, particularly in language and executive functions, and is associated with neurodegeneration in the frontal or temporal cortices, or both. Research into FTD has made many advances over the past 20 years that have important implications for clinical practice. Different clinical variants (ie, behavioural, aphasic, and motor neuron disease variants) are now recognised as part of the clinical spectrum of FTD. Neuropathologically, the disease can be divided into two main pathological subtypes: frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with neuronal and glial tau inclusions (FTLD-tau); and FTLD with neuronal inclusions that are positive for ubiquitin (FTLD-U). 20-30% of cases of FTD follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, and half of which are caused by defects in MAPT, CHMP2B, and VCP. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Mutations in the gene that encodes progranulin (GRN) on chromosome 17q21-22 have been identified in patients with hereditary FTD who have tau-negative, ubiquitin-positive inclusions. The recognition of the clinical phenotype associated with more than 50 different mutations in GRN has expanded the clinical knowledge of FTD to include presentations that resemble Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and corticobasal syndrome, with a variable age at onset (35-89 years) within families. Another recent breakthrough is the identification of the TAR DNA-binding protein (TARDBP; also known as TDP-43) as the main constituent of FTLD-U with mutations in GRN and with mutations in VCP, as well as in FTLD with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. WHERE NEXT?: To develop therapeutic strategies to prevent FTD or delay its progression we must understand whether the loss of progranulin leads to the accumulation of TARDBP. In this Rapid Review, we focus on the clinical and pathological phenotypes associated with mutations in GRN, and distinguish those from other forms of hereditary FTD. In addition, we discuss the potential association of mutations in GRN on the pathophysiology of FTD with the accumulation of TARDBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Borroni B, Alberici A, Premi E, Archetti S, Garibotto V, Agosti C, Gasparotti R, Di Luca M, Perani D, Padovani A. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Structural Changes in a Pedigree of Asymptomatic Progranulin Mutation Carriers. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:585-95. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Borroni
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Alberici
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E. Premi
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - S. Archetti
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Diagnostic of Laboratories, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - V. Garibotto
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Agosti
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - R. Gasparotti
- Neuroradiology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - M. Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D. Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Padovani
- Department of Neurology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Boeve BF, Hutton M. Refining frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17: introducing FTDP-17 (MAPT) and FTDP-17 (PGRN). ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 2008; 65:460-4. [PMID: 18413467 PMCID: PMC2746630 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.65.4.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism (FTDP) is a major neurodegenerative syndrome, particularly for those with symptoms beginning before age 65 years. A spectrum of degenerative disorders can present as sporadic or familial FTDP. Mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT; OMIM +157140) on chromosome 17 have been found in many kindreds with familial FTDP. Several other kindreds with FTDP had been linked to chromosome 17, but they had ubiquitin-positive inclusions rather than tauopathy pathology and no mutations in MAPT. This conundrum was solved in 2006 with the identification of mutations in the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN; OMIM *138945), which is only 1.7 Mb centromeric to MAPT on chromosome 17. In this review, we compare and contrast the demographic, clinical, radiologic, neuropathologic, genetic, and pathophysiologic features in patients with FTDP linked to mutations in MAPT and PGRN, highlighting the many similarities but also a few important differences. Our findings describe an intriguing oddity of nature in which 2 genes can cause a similar phenotype through apparently different mechanisms yet reside so near to each other on the same chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley F Boeve
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, Minnesota,55905, USa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Loss of progranulin function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Trends Genet 2008; 24:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Benussi L, Binetti G, Sina E, Gigola L, Bettecken T, Meitinger T, Ghidoni R. A novel deletion in progranulin gene is associated with FTDP-17 and CBS. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:427-35. [PMID: 17157414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade familial frontotemporal dementia (FFTD) has emerged as a distinct clinical disease entity characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Here, we provide an extensive clinical and genetic characterization of two Italian pedigrees presenting with FFTD (FAM047: 5 patients, 5 unaffected; FAM071: 4 patients, 11 unaffected). Genetic analysis showed a conclusive linkage (LOD score for D17S791/D17S951: 4.173) to chromosome 17 and defined a candidate region containing MAPT and PGRN genes. Recombination analysis assigned two different disease haplotypes to FAM047 and FAM071. In affected subjects belonging to both families, we identified a novel 4 bp deletion mutation in exon 7 of PGRN gene (Leu271LeufsX10) associated with a variable clinical presentation ranging from FTDP-17 to corticobasal syndrome. The age-related penetrance was gender dependent. Both mutations in MAPT and PGRN genes are associated with highly variable clinical phenotypes. Despite the profound differences in the biological functions of the encoded proteins, it is not possible to define a clinical phenotype distinguishing the disease caused by mutations in MAPT and PGRN genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Benussi
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, via Pilastroni 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gijselinck I, van der Zee J, Engelborghs S, Goossens D, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, Corsmit E, Del-Favero J, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Cruts M. Progranulin locus deletion in frontotemporal dementia. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:53-8. [PMID: 18157829 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is caused by null mutations in progranulin (PGRN; HUGO gene symbol GRN), suggesting a haploinsufficiency mechanism. Since whole gene deletions also lead to the loss of a functional allele, we performed systematic quantitative analyses of PGRN in a series of 103 Belgian FTD patients. We identified in one patient (1%) a genomic deletion that was absent in 267 control individuals. The deleted segment was between 54 and 69 kb in length and comprised PGRN and two centromeric neighboring genes RPIP8 (HUGO gene symbol RUNDC3A) and SLC25A39. The patient presented clinically with typical FTD without additional symptoms, consistent with haploinsufficiency of PGRN being the only gene contributing to the disease phenotype. This study demonstrates that reduced PGRN in absence of mutant protein is sufficient to cause neurodegeneration and that previously reported PGRN mutation frequencies are underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Gijselinck
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Le Ber I, Camuzat A, Hannequin D, Pasquier F, Guedj E, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Hahn-Barma V, van der Zee J, Clot F, Bakchine S, Puel M, Ghanim M, Lacomblez L, Mikol J, Deramecourt V, Lejeune P, de la Sayette V, Belliard S, Vercelletto M, Meyrignac C, Van Broeckhoven C, Lambert JC, Verpillat P, Campion D, Habert MO, Dubois B, Brice A. Phenotype variability in progranulin mutation carriers: a clinical, neuropsychological, imaging and genetic study. Brain 2008; 131:732-46. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
48
|
Chen-Plotkin AS, Geser F, Plotkin JB, Clark CM, Kwong LK, Yuan W, Grossman M, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Variations in the progranulin gene affect global gene expression in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1349-62. [PMID: 18223198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive decline in behavior, executive function and sometimes language. Disease mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently, however, the DNA- and RNA-binding protein TDP-43 has been identified as the major protein present in the hallmark inclusion bodies of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-U), suggesting a role for transcriptional dysregulation in FTLD-U pathophysiology. Using the Affymetrix U133A microarray platform, we profiled global gene expression in both histopathologically affected and unaffected areas of human FTLD-U brains. We then characterized differential gene expression with biological pathway analyses, cluster and principal component analyses, and subgroup analyses based on brain region and progranulin (GRN) gene status. Comparing 17 FTLD-U brains to 11 controls, we identified 414 upregulated and 210 downregulated genes in frontal cortex (P-value < 0.001). Moreover, cluster and principal component analyses revealed that samples with mutations or possibly pathogenic variations in the GRN gene (GRN+, 7/17) had an expression signature that was distinct from both normal controls and FTLD-U samples lacking GRN gene variations (GRN-, 10/17). Within the subgroup of GRN+ FTLD-U, we found >1300 dysregulated genes in frontal cortex (P-value < 0.001), many participating in pathways uniquely dysregulated in the GRN+ cases. Our findings demonstrate a distinct molecular phenotype for GRN+ FTLD-U, not readily apparent on clinical or histopathological examination, suggesting distinct pathophysiological mechanisms for GRN+ and GRN- subtypes of FTLD-U. In addition, these data from a large number of human brains provide a valuable resource for future testing of disease hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pickering-Brown SM, Rollinson S, Du Plessis D, Morrison KE, Varma A, Richardson AMT, Neary D, Snowden JS, Mann DMA. Frequency and clinical characteristics of progranulin mutation carriers in the Manchester frontotemporal lobar degeneration cohort: comparison with patients with MAPT and no known mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:721-31. [PMID: 18192287 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and twenty-three consecutive patients fulfilling clinical diagnostic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and 259 patients with motor neuron disease (MND), for whom genomic DNA was available, were investigated for the presence of mutations in tau (MAPT) and progranulin (PGRN) genes. All FTLD patients had undergone longitudinal neuropsychological and clinical assessment, and in 44 cases, the diagnosis had been pathologically confirmed at post-mortem. Six different PGRN mutations were found in 13 (6%) patients with FTLD. Four apparently unrelated patients shared exon Q415X 10 stop codon mutation. However, genotyping data revealed all four patients shared common alleles of 15 SNPs from rs708386 to rs5848, defining a 45.8-kb haplotype containing the whole PGRN gene, suggesting they are related. Three patients shared exon 11 R493X stop codon mutation. Four patients shared exon 10 V452WfsX38 frameshift mutation. Two of these patients were siblings, though not apparently related to the other patients who in turn appeared unrelated. One patient had exon 1 C31LfsX34 frameshift mutation, one had exon 4 Q130SfsX130 frameshift mutation and one had exon 10 Q468X stop codon mutation. In addition, two non-synonymous changes were detected: G168S change in exon 5 was found in a single patient, with no family history, who showed a mixed FTLD/MND picture and A324T change in exon 9 was found in two cases; one case of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with a sister with FTD+MND and the other in a case of progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) without any apparent family history. MAPT mutations were found in 17 (8%) patients. One patient bore exon 10 + 13 splice mutation, and 16 patients bore exon 10 + 16 splice mutation. When PGRN and MAPT mutation carriers were excluded, there were no significant differences in either the allele or genotype frequencies, or haplotype frequencies, between the FTLD cohort as a whole, or for any clinical diagnostic FTLD subgroup, and 286 controls or between MND cases and controls. However, possession of the A allele of SNP rs9897526, in intron 4 of PGRN, delayed mean age at onset by approximately 4 years. Patients with PGRN and MAPT mutations did not differ significantly from other FTLD cases in terms of gender distribution or total duration of illness. However, a family history of dementia in a first-degree relative was invariably present in MAPT cases, but not always so in PGRN cases. Onset of illness was earlier in MAPT cases compared to PGRN and other FTLD cases. PNFA, combined with limb apraxia was significantly more common in PGRN mutation cases than other FTLD cases. By contrast, the behavioural disorder of FTD combined with semantic impairment was a strong predictor of MAPT mutations. These findings complement recent clinico-pathological findings in suggesting identifiable associations between clinical phenotype and genotype in FTLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rademakers R, Baker M, Gass J, Adamson J, Huey ED, Momeni P, Spina S, Coppola G, Karydas AM, Stewart H, Johnson N, Hsiung GY, Kelley B, Kuntz K, Steinbart E, Wood EM, Yu CE, Josephs K, Sorenson E, Womack KB, Weintraub S, Pickering-Brown SM, Schofield PR, Brooks WS, Van Deerlin VM, Snowden J, Clark CM, Kertesz A, Boylan K, Ghetti B, Neary D, Schellenberg GD, Beach TG, Mesulam M, Mann D, Grafman J, Mackenzie IR, Feldman H, Bird T, Petersen R, Knopman D, Boeve B, Geschwind DH, Miller B, Wszolek Z, Lippa C, Bigio EH, Dickson D, Graff-Radford N, Hutton M. Phenotypic variability associated with progranulin haploinsufficiency in patients with the common 1477C-->T (Arg493X) mutation: an international initiative. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:857-68. [PMID: 17826340 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progranulin gene (GRN) is mutated in 5-10% of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and in about 20% of patients with familial FTLD. The most common mutation in GRN is Arg493X. We aimed to establish the contribution of this mutation to FTLD and related disorders. METHODS We measured the frequency of Arg493X in 3405 unrelated patients with various neurodegenerative diseases using Taqman single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Clinicopathological characterisation and shared haplotype analysis were done for 30 families with FTLD who carry Arg493X. To investigate the effect of potential modifying loci, we did linear regression analyses with onset age as the covariate for GRN variants, for genotypes of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), and for haplotypes of the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT). FINDINGS Of 731 patients with FTLD, 16 (2%) carried Arg493X. This mutation was not detected in 2674 patients who did not have FTLD. In 37 patients with Arg493X from 30 families with FTLD, clinical diagnoses included frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia, corticobasal syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. Range of onset age was 44-69 years. In all patients who came to autopsy (n=13), the pathological diagnosis was FTLD with neuronal inclusions that contained TAR DNA-binding protein or ubiquitin, but not tau. Neurofibrillary tangle pathology in the form of Braak staging correlated with overall neuropathology in the Arg493X carriers. Haplotype analyses suggested that Arg493X arose twice, with a single founder for 27 families. Linear regression analyses suggested that patients with SNP rs9897528 on their wild-type GRN allele have delayed symptom onset. Onset ages were not associated with the MAPT H1 or H2 haplotypes or APOE genotypes, but early memory deficits were associated with the presence of an APOE epsilon4 allele. INTERPRETATION Clinical heterogeneity is associated with GRN haploinsufficiency, and genetic variability on the wild-type GRN allele might have a role in the age-related disease penetrance of GRN mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|