1
|
Heurling K, Leuzy A, Jonasson M, Frick A, Zimmer ER, Nordberg A, Lubberink M. Quantitative positron emission tomography in brain research. Brain Res 2017; 1670:220-234. [PMID: 28652218 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of positron emission tomography (PET) in brain research has increased substantially during the past 20years, and is still growing. PET provides a unique insight into physiological and pathological processes in vivo. In this article we introduce the fundamentals of PET, and the methods available for acquiring quantitative estimates of the parameters of interest. A short introduction to different areas of application is also given, including basic research of brain function and in neurology, psychiatry, drug receptor occupancy studies, and its application in diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Our aim is to inform the unfamiliar reader of the underlying basics and potential applications of PET, hoping to inspire the reader into considering how the technique could be of benefit for his or her own research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Heurling
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Department Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - My Jonasson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frick
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Department Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Lubberink
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Physics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim YI, Paeng JC, Cheon GJ, Kang KW, Lee DS, Chung JK. Discrepancy Between Tumor Antigen Distribution and Radiolabeled Antibody Binding in a Nude Mouse Xenograft Model of Human Melanoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2017; 32:83-89. [PMID: 28380302 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biodistribution of antibodies is vital to successful immunoscintigraphy/immunotherapy, and it is assumed to be similar to antigen distribution. We measured and compared the binding pattern of radiolabeled antibody to tissue antigen distribution in a nude mouse xenograft model of human melanoma. METHODS We transplanted 107 FEM-XII human melanoma cells into the right flank of five nude mice. For the control, we transplanted 5 × 106 LS174T human colon cancer cells into the left flank. Two weeks later, 10 μCi of 131I-labeled melanoma-associated 96.5 monoclonal antibody (targeting p97 antigen) was intravenously injected. Three days later, we sacrificed the mice and evaluated 96.5 antibody binding and concentration in the tumors by ex vivo quantitative autoradiography (QAR). Two months later, we incubated adjacent tumor tissue slices in various concentrations of 125I-labeled 96.5 MoAb and evaluated the distribution/concentration of p97 antigen by in vitro QAR. RESULTS p97 antigen distribution was homogeneous in the tumors (total antigen concentration [Bmax] = 17.36-38.36 pmol/g). In contrast, radiolabeled 96.5 antibody binding was heterogenous between location within the tumor (estimated bound antigen concentration = 0.7-6.6 pmol/g). No quantifiable parameters were found to be related with radiolabeled antibody binding and tumor antigen distribution. Antibody-bound tumor antigen to total antigen ratios ranged between 2% and 38%. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneous features of target antibody binding were observed in contrast to relatively homogenous feature of tumor antigen. We did not identify any correlations between p97 antigen distribution and 96.5 antibody binding in melanoma tissue. Radiolabeled 96.5 antibody binding patterns within melanoma cannot be predicted based on p97 antigen distribution in the tumor, which needs to be further studied with several other methods and more subjects in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Il Kim
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University , Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea.,3 Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Key Chung
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Korea.,3 Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanemaru K, Diksic M. The Flinders Sensitive Line of rats, a rat model of depression, has elevated brain glucose utilization when compared to normal rats and the Flinders Resistant Line of rats. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:655-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
4
|
Sokoloff L. The physiological and biochemical bases of functional brain imaging. Cogn Neurodyn 2007; 2:1-5. [PMID: 19003468 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-007-9033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional brain imaging is based on the display of computer-derived images of changes in physiological and/or biochemical functions altered by activation or depression of local functional activities in the brain. This article reviews the physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Sokoloff
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room 1B80, 49 Convent Drive MSC 4415, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nelissen N, Van Paesschen W, Baete K, Van Laere K, Palmini A, Van Billoen H, Dupont P. Correlations of interictal FDG-PET metabolism and ictal SPECT perfusion changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neuroimage 2006; 32:684-95. [PMID: 16762567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiological role of the extensive interictal cerebral hypometabolism in complex partial seizures (CPS) in refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-HS) is poorly understood. Our aim was to study ictal-interictal SPECT perfusion versus interictal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET metabolic patterns. METHODS Eleven adults with refractory unilateral mTLE-HS, who were rendered seizure free after epilepsy surgery, were included. All had an interictal FDG-PET and an interictal and ictal perfusion SPECT scan. FDG-PET data were reconstructed using an anatomy-based reconstruction algorithm, which corrected for partial volume effects, and analyzed semi-quantitatively after normalization to white matter activity. Using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), we compared interictal metabolism of the patient group with a control group. We correlated metabolic with ictal perfusion changes in the patient group. RESULTS Global cerebral grey matter glucose metabolism in patients was decreased 10-25% compared with control subjects. Interictal PET hypometabolism and ictal SPECT hypoperfusion were maximal in the ipsilateral frontal lobe. Ictal frontal lobe hypoperfusion was associated with crossed cerebellar diaschisis. The ipsilateral temporal lobe showed maximal ictal hyperperfusion and interictal hypometabolism, which was relatively mild compared with the degree of hypometabolism affecting the frontal lobes. CONCLUSION Interictal hypometabolism in mTLE-HS was greatest in the ipsilateral frontal lobe and represented a seizure-related dynamic process in view of further ictal decreases. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis suggested that there is a strong ipsilateral frontal lobe inhibition during CPS. We speculate that surround inhibition in the frontal lobe is a dynamic defense mechanism against seizure propagation, and may be responsible for functional deficits observed in mTLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Nelissen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 49 Herestraat, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Knight RA, Nagaraja TN, Ewing JR, Nagesh V, Whitton PA, Bershad E, Fagan SC, Fenstermacher JD. Quantitation and localization of blood-to-brain influx by magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative autoradiography in a model of transient focal ischemia. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54:813-21. [PMID: 16142715 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) enhanced MRI to localize and quantitate blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening was evaluated against quantitative autoradiographic (QAR) imaging of (14)C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) distribution. The blood-to-brain transfer constant (K(i)) for Gd-DTPA was determined by MRI in rats after 3 h of focal cerebral ischemia plus 2.5 h of reperfusion (n = 9), and that of AIB was determined by QAR shortly thereafter. Tissue regions of interest (ROIs) for Gd-DTPA leakage were identified by ISODATA segmentation of pre- and post-Gd-DTPA Look-Locker (L-L) T(1) maps. Patlak plots were constructed using time course of blood and tissue T(1) changes induced by Gd for estimating K(i). Among the nine rats, 14 sizable regions of AIB uptake were found; 13 were also identified by ISODATA segmentation. Although the 13 MRI-ROIs spatially approximated those of AIB uptake, the segmentation sometimes missed small areas of lesser AIB uptake that did not extend through more than 60% of the 2.0-mm-thick slice. Mean K(i)'s of AIB were highly correlated with those of Gd-DTPA across the 13 regions; the group means (+/-SD) were similar for the two tracers (7.1 +/- 3.3 x 10(-3) and 6.8 +/- 3.5 x 10(-3) ml.g(-1) . min(-1), respectively). In most instances, Gd-DTPA MRI accurately localized areas of BBB opening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Knight
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hammkr RP. Ontogeny of opiate receptors in the rat medial preoptic area: Critical periods in regional development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 3:541-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(85)90043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/1985] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. Hammkr
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology; University of Hawaii School of Medicine; 1960 East-West Road Honolulu HI 96822 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sokoloff L. In vivo veritas: probing brain function through the use of quantitative in vivo biochemical techniques. Annu Rev Physiol 2000; 62:1-24. [PMID: 10845082 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Sokoloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
d'Argy R, Sundwall A. Quantitative whole-body radioluminography-future strategy for balance and tissue distribution studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 31:S57-62. [PMID: 10806061 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.2000.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present routine to conduct balance and/or tissue dissection distribution studies has now and then been questioned, because the way they are generally conducted does not produce information in proportion to the spending of animal and personnel resources. Usually only total radioactivity is measured and due considerations are not always taken to the metabolic fate of the label. In this study a different strategy is presented-integrating quantitative whole-body radioluminography and different chromatographic methods on extracts of tissue pieces punched from the whole-body sections. In addition to the saving in cost and time, the proposed integrated whole-body radioluminographic/metabolic profile protocol will provide (i) a detailed picture of the distribution of radioactivity at selected dose levels and time points in male, female, and pregnant animals; (ii) the time course of radioactivity in blood/plasma and tissues selected from the images (approximate half-life and AUC); (iii) accumulated urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity and an estimate of the proportion of radioactive metabolites; (iv) tissue information about the proportion of parent drug versus metabolites of pieces punched from the whole-body sections; and (v) indications of possible tissue binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R d'Argy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Active Biotech Research AB, Lund, SE 220 07, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palfi A, Hatvani L, Gulya K. A new quantitative film autoradiographic method of quantifying mRNA transcripts for in situ hybridization. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:1141-49. [PMID: 9742070 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804601006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and tested a novel quantitative method for the quantification of film autoradiographs, involving a mathematical model and a dot-blot-based membrane standard scale. The exponential model introduced here, ROD = p1(1 - exp[p2x]), appropriately (r2>0. 999), describes the relation between relative optical density (ROD) and radioactivity (x) in the range between 0 and 240 gray scale values (using a 256-gray scale level digitizer). By means of this model, standard curves with distinct quenching properties can be exactly interconverted, permitting the tissue-equivalent calibration of different standard scales. The membrane standard scale employed here has several advantages, including the flexible radioactivity range, the facile and rapid preparation technique, and the compact size. The feasibility of the quantification procedure is exemplified by the comparative quantification of multiple calmodulin mRNAs in the rat brain by in situ hybridization with [35S]-cRNA probes. The procedure for quantification provides a significant improvement in that the direct and exact comparison of radiolabeled species, even from different experiments, can be reliably performed. Further, the procedure can be adapted to the quantification of autoradiographs produced by other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Palfi
- Department of Zoology and Cell Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hagemann G, Bruehl C, Lutzenburg M, Witte OW. Brain hypometabolism in a model of chronic focal epilepsy in rat neocortex. Epilepsia 1998; 39:339-46. [PMID: 9578023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic mapping of the human brain has become a widely used method for identifying and localizing epileptic foci. A reduction of glucose consumption usually is found interictally in the area of the focus. By contrast, animal models of acute epilepsy show a hypermetabolism in the epileptic focus. Here we investigated how metabolism is altered in an animal model of chronic epilepsy caused by focal injection of tetanus toxin into rat neocortex. METHODS A total of 27 male Wistar rats were anesthetized and injected into the motor or sensory cortex either with dissolved tetanus toxin or with the solvent only. Animals recovered for 7, 14, or 30 days and then were anesthetized again for quantitative 14C-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Data were analyzed with an imaging program, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRGlc) was determined. RESULTS Injection of tetanus toxin into the motor cortex caused a focal hypometabolism which was confined to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the injected area, whereas sensory cortex injection caused a more widespread hypometabolism in all sensory cortical and connected, areas. None of the animals displayed focal hypermetabolism and we observed no significant time-dependent alteration of brain metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Tetanus toxin injection into the cortex of the rat induces chronic epileptic activity accompanied by a focal hypometabolism. The data suggest that the spread of the metabolic alterations depends on the connectivity of the injected cortical area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Hagemann
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Johnson BM, Komisaruk BR. Antinociceptive action of vaginocervical stimulation in rat spinal cord: 2-DG analysis. Physiol Behav 1996; 60:979-83. [PMID: 8873279 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(96)00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using [14C] 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography with computerized densitometric analysis, unilateral foot pinch was found to significantly increase the relative optical density in laminae I and II of the ipsilateral, compared to the contralateral, spinal cord at lumbar 5 (L5). However, during vaginocervical mechanostimulation applied concurrently with the unilateral foot pinch, no comparable difference was observed. No response to foot pinch was observed in other laminae of the spinal cord at L5, and no effects comparable to the above were observed at L3. These findings indicate that vaginocervical mechanostimulation suppresses neural responses to noxious foot pinch stimulation selectively at the laminae I and II level of the spinal cord at L5, but not at L3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Johnson
- Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Institute of Animal Behavior, Newark 07102, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
d'Avella D, Cicciarello R, Zuccarello M, Albiero F, Romano A, Angileri FF, Salpietro FM, Tomasello F. Brain energy metabolism in the acute stage of experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage: local changes in cerebral glucose utilization. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1996; 138:737-43; discussion 744. [PMID: 8836291 DOI: 10.1007/bf01411481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An experimental model was used to investigate acute alterations of cerebral metabolic activity in rats subjected to subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Haemorrhages were produced in anaesthetized animals by injecting 0.3 ml of autologous, arterial nonheparinized blood into the cisterna magna. Control rats received subarachnoid injections of mock-cerebrospinal fluid to study the effect of sudden raised intracranial pressure, or underwent sham operation. Three hours after SAH rats were given an intravenous injection of [14C]-2-deoxyglucose. Experiments were terminated by decapitation, and the brains were removed and frozen. Regional brain metabolic activity was studied by quantitative autoradiography. In comparison with sham-operated controls, cerebral metabolic activity was diffusely decreased after SAH. Statistically significant decreases in metabolic rate were observed in 23 of 27 brain regions studied. Subarachnoid injections of mock-cerebrospinal fluid also produced depression of cerebral metabolic activity, but quantitatively these changes were not as pronounced and diffuse as in SAH rats. The present study shows that a widespread depression of brain metabolism occurs in the acute stage after experimental SAH and is probably secondary to the subarachnoid presence of blood itself and/or blood products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D d'Avella
- Neurosurgical Clinic, University of Messina Medical School, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bruehl C, Witte OW. Cellular activity underlying altered brain metabolism during focal epileptic activity. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:414-20. [PMID: 7668827 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410380311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Demonstration of focal alterations of brain metabolism with positron emission tomography has become a widely used method for identifying epileptic foci. Here we investigated how neuronal and glial cell activity relates to alterations of brain metabolism. Acutely induced epileptic activity in the motor cortex of rat brain increased metabolism in the focus and homotopic contralateral areas, and decreased metabolism in the ipsilateral somatosensory area. Increases and decreases of deoxyglucose uptake did not directly correlate with excitations and inhibitions; instead, deoxyglucose uptake was related to the overall strength of synaptic activity, and both strong excitations and strong inhibitions increased brain metabolism. Reduction of metabolism below normal values was associated with reduced synaptic activity and with tonic hyperpolarization of the cells. Our results show that in the absence of structural abnormalities, hypometabolism indicates functional disturbances which may be both reversible and remote from the epileptogenic focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bruehl
- Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
d'Avella D, Cicciarello R, Gagliardi ME, Albiero F, Mesiti M, Russi E, D'Aquino A, Tomasello F. Progressive perturbations in cerebral energy metabolism after experimental whole-brain radiation in the therapeutic range. J Neurosurg 1994; 81:774-9. [PMID: 7931625 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1994.81.5.0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Basic mechanisms underlying the tolerance and reaction of the central nervous system to ionizing radiation have not been fully elucidated in the literature. The authors employed the [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiography method to investigate the effect of whole-brain x-irradiation on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain. The animals were exposed to conventional fractionation (200 +/- 4 cGy/day, 5 days/week for a total dose of 4000 cGy), and the effects of this regimen were assessed at 2 weeks and 3 months postirradiation. In rats evaluated 2 weeks after treatment, statistically significant decreases in cerebral metabolic activity were found in 13 of the 27 regions studied, compared to control animals. In rats studied 3 months after treatment, additional metabolic suppression and statistically significant decreases in cerebral metabolic activity were found in 11 of the 27 regions, compared to rats studied 2 weeks after treatment. A weighted-average rate for the brain as a whole was approximately 15% and approximately 25% below that of control animals 2 weeks and 3 months after exposure, respectively. Although the difference in species is significant enough so that direct extrapolation to humans may not be appropriate, the data reported here may have potential clinical implications for the evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio for radiotherapy. This model can be used reproducibly for further investigations, including evaluation of therapies that may reduce irradiation-induced brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D d'Avella
- Neurosurgical Clinic, University of Messina Medical School, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clauberg M, Smith CB, Dang T, Sokoloff L, Joshi JG. Effects of chronic dietary aluminum on local cerebral glucose utilization in rats. Neurobiol Aging 1994; 15:657-61. [PMID: 7824059 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(94)00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Beginning at 4 weeks of age normal, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were reared on Purina Laboratory Chow and drinking water containing 100 microM AlCl3. After 2 years, local rates of cerebral glucose utilization were determined with the autoradiographic [14C] deoxyglucose method in the brain as a whole and in 25 brain regions in 6 treated rats and 4 age-matched controls. The results indicate that any effects of chronic aluminum in the diet on rates of cerebral glucose utilization are small. In the brain as a whole, the mean rate of glucose utilization in the aluminum-treated rats was 6% lower than that of the controls (p = 0.09). In 21 of the 25 brain regions examined mean rates of glucose utilization were generally lower in the aluminum-treated rats but in none of the region were the effects statistically significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Clauberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0840
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Witte OW, Bruehl C, Schlaug G, Tuxhorn I, Lahl R, Villagran R, Seitz RJ. Dynamic changes of focal hypometabolism in relation to epileptic activity. J Neurol Sci 1994; 124:188-97. [PMID: 7964870 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)90325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The interictal hypometabolism in patients with focal epilepsy is usually regarded as stationary. In this study we investigated to which extent the hypometabolism may depend on the activity of the epileptic focus. In focal penicillin-induced epilepsy in rats the epileptic focus is hypermetabolic. This focus is accompanied by hypometabolism in widespread areas of adjacent cerebral cortex. The experiments revealed that these metabolic alterations are transient. Data from a patient experiencing a focal seizure during PET scanning gave similar results. They showed that the transition from interictal to ictal activity was accompanied by the development of hypermetabolic epileptic focus and the dynamic enlargement of the surrounding hypometabolism. Both, the experimental and clinical data provide evidence that the cerebral hypometabolism may vary in size depending on the activity of the epileptic focus. It is hypothesized that in human PET studies the large interictal hypometabolism may prevent the identification of hyperactive interictal epileptic foci due to the partial volume effects resulting from the limited spatial resolution of PET cameras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O W Witte
- Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Porro CA, Cavazzuti M. Spatial and temporal aspects of spinal cord and brainstem activation in the formalin pain model. Prog Neurobiol 1993; 41:565-607. [PMID: 8284437 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90044-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Porro
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Universita' di Modena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
el-Kashlan HK, Noorily AD, Niparko JK, Miller JM. Metabolic activity of the central auditory structures following prolonged deafferentation. Laryngoscope 1993; 103:399-405. [PMID: 8459749 DOI: 10.1002/lary.5541030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to evaluate, using autoradiographic techniques, the effects of variable periods of deafness on resting and evoked metabolic activity in central auditory structures elicited by direct electrical cochlear nucleus (CN) stimulation. Thirty-five pigmented guinea pigs, divided into five groups, underwent acute implantation of bipolar electrodes in the CN. One group was not deafened and served as hearing controls. The other four groups were deafened using an established protocol of sequential kanamycin/ethacrynic acid treatment and were tested at 4 weeks, 9 weeks, 16 weeks, and 15 months after deafening. Threshold currents for eliciting evoked middle latency responses (EMLRs) with direct CN stimulation were not significantly different between hearing and deafened groups. Autoradiographic data showed progressive reduction of the evoked metabolic response with incremental periods of deafferentation. Nevertheless, central auditory structures remained responsive to direct electrical stimulation of the CN. These data indicate that direct CN stimulation remains capable of activating the auditory tract despite prolonged periods of deafness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K el-Kashlan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dienel GA, Cruz NF, Nakanishi H, Melzer P, Moulis P, Sokoloff L. Comparison of rates of local cerebral glucose utilization determined with deoxy[1-14C]glucose and deoxy[6-14C]glucose. J Neurochem 1992; 59:1430-6. [PMID: 1402893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the pentose phosphate shunt pathway in brain is thought to be linked to neurotransmitter metabolism, glutathione reduction, and synthetic pathways requiring NADPH. There is currently no method available to assess flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway in localized regions of the brain of conscious animals in vivo. Because metabolites of deoxy[1-14C]glucose are lost from brain when the experimental period of the deoxy[14C]glucose method exceeds 45 min, the possibility was considered that the loss reflected activity of this shunt pathway and that this hexose might be used to assay regional pentose phosphate shunt pathway activity in brain. Decarboxylation of deoxy[1-14C]glucose by brain extracts was detected in vitro, and small quantities of 14C were recovered in the 6-phosphodeoxygluconate fraction when deoxy[14C]glucose metabolites were isolated from freeze-blown brains and separated by HPLC. Local rates of glucose utilization determined with deoxy[1-14C]glucose and deoxy[6-14C]glucose were, however, similar in 20 brain structures at 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after the pulse, indicating that the rate of loss of 14CO2 from deoxy[1-14C]glucose-6-phosphate in normal adult rat brain is too low to permit assay pentose phosphate shunt activity in vivo. Further metabolism of deoxy[1-14]glucose-6-phosphate via this pathway does not interfere during routine use of the deoxyglucose method or explain the progressive decrease in calculated metabolic rate when the experimental period exceeds 45 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Dienel
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Deckert J, Jorgensen MB. Post- and presynaptic lesions in the CA1 region of hippocampus: effect on [3H]forskolin and [3H]phorboldibutyrate ester binding. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1991; 83:205-14. [PMID: 2031710 DOI: 10.1007/bf01253390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of transient cerebral ischemia and intraventricular injection of kainic acid on adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C as labeled by [3H]forskolin ([3H]FOR) and [3H]phorboldibutyrate ester ([3H]PDBU) in several rat brain microregions was investigated in a quantitative autoradiographic study. Four days after transient four vessel occlusion a 80% loss of [3H]FOR and a 35% loss of [3H]PDBU binding could be measured in the CA1 stratum radiatum of operated Wistar rats as compared to control rats. Four days after intraventricular injection of kainic acid only a marginal loss of [3H]FOR and a 30% increase of [3H]PDBU binding was seen in the CA1 stratum radiatum while in the CA3 stratum lucidum and radiatum respectively a 30% loss of [3H]FOR and no significant change in [3H]PDBU binding was observed. As transient cerebral ischemia and intraventricular kainic acid injection are depleting the hippocampal CA1 region of CA1 pyramidal cells and axons of CA3 pyramidal cells respectively in rat brain, these findings strongly suggest that both adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C are localized in CA1 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Deckert
- Universitäts-Nervenklinik Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
el-Kashlan HK, Niparko JK, Altschuler RA, Miller JM. Direct electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus: surface vs. penetrating stimulation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 105:533-43. [PMID: 1762791 DOI: 10.1177/019459989110500405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic stimulation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) has been used for rehabilitation of profoundly deaf patients who are not suitable candidates for cochlear implants. The goal of this article was to assess the relative effectiveness of surface vs. penetrating stimulation of the CN. Electrophysiologic and autoradiographic measures were used to study central auditory system activation elicited by direct stimulation of the CN. Eighteen pigmented guinea pigs, divided into three groups, underwent acute implantation of bipolar electrodes in the CN. One group was not stimulated and acted as a control (n = 7). Electrodes were placed on the surface of the CN in one test group (n = 4) and within the CN in a second test group (n = 7). Thresholds for electrically evoked middle latency responses (EMLR) were determined and input/output (I/O) functions were obtained. The two test groups were then pulsed with [14C]-2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) intramuscularly and stimulated for 1 hour with biphasic; charge-balanced pulses having a total duration of 400 microseconds, a repetition rate of 100/sec, and an amplitude of 200 microA. After stimulation, animals were killed and brains were harvested and prepared for autoradiography using standard techniques. Threshold current for EMLRs in the surface-stimulated group had a mean of 67.5 +/- 23.9 microA (range, 40 to 100 microA). Thresholds for in-depth stimulated group had a mean of 11.4 +/- 3.5 microA (range, 10 to 20 microA). The saturation level of the I/O function for the surface-stimulated group had a mean of 287.5 +/- 41.5 microA (range, 250 to 350 microA). The saturation level for the in-depth stimulated group had a mean of 192.9 +/- 49.5 mciroA (range, 100 to 250 microA). The dynamic range for the surface electrodes had a mean of 13.1 +/- 2.7 dB (range, 9.9 to 15.9 dB), whereas the dynamic range for the penetrating electrodes had a mean of 24.5 +/- 2.6 dB (range, 20 to 28.0 dB). Autoradiographs generated by CNS tissue from stimulated animals demonstrated no significant difference in metabolic activity of the CN between surface and in-depth stimulated groups. However, there were highly significant differences in 2-DG uptake in the contralateral superior olivary complex, contralateral inferior colliculus, and ipsilateral and contralateral lateral lemniscus, with greater uptake in in-depth stimulated preparations. Electrophysiologic and autoradiographic data suggest that a penetrating CN prosthesis is capable of activating the auditory tract at a lower threshold, with a relatively wider dynamic range than a surface prosthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K el-Kashlan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kuhar MJ, Lloyd DG, Appel N, Loats HL. Imaging receptors by autoradiography: computer-assisted approaches. J Chem Neuroanat 1991; 4:319-27. [PMID: 1659833 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(91)90040-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor autoradiography is one of the first fields where 'desktop' computer-assisted image analysis has been applied. Less than 10 years ago, the first image analysis systems were commercially marketed. Improvements on these early systems have been substantial and there are currently a wide variety of systems available for investigators. These systems dramatically reduce the time required for analysis, improve accuracy and increase the willingness to work in these areas. New techniques allowing autoradiography without emulsion will further expand opportunities for image analysis. While great strides have been made, significant affordable improvements are likely in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kuhar
- Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lapin GD, Groothuis DR. Potential errors due to aliasing in digital video analysis of quantitative autoradiography. J Neurosci Methods 1991; 38:71-80. [PMID: 1921470 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(91)90156-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital image analysis of quantitative autoradiographic (QAR) films is widely used in neuroscience applications. Unless proper precautions are taken when autoradiographic images are converted to digital form they can be inadvertently modified by improper application of the sampling process. This type of modification is termed aliasing error and can cause nonexistent structures to appear in the reconstructed digital image, changing the apparent optical density values of the data. The theoretical basis of aliasing error is presented, along with examples of aliasing from optical resolution test patterns and 2-deoxy[14C]glucose (2-DG) experimental QAR images. We show that aliasing can change the apparent shape of structures, as well as the derived values obtained from QAR experiments. In an example with experimental 2-DG images, aliasing in the cerebellar cortex consistently underestimates tissue radioactivity levels in gray matter (P less than 0.001) and overestimates levels in adjacent white matter (P less than 0.001). Additional data transformations, such as the equations used for blood flow or glucose utilization, can, somewhat unpredictably, accentuate the errors introduced by aliasing. We present a discussion of the autoradiographic image features and electronic design that play a role in introducing aliasing errors and means by which aliasing can be recognized and minimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Lapin
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Evanston Hospital, IL 60201
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Palombo E, Porrino LJ, Crane AM, Bankiewicz KS, Kopin IJ, Sokoloff L. Cerebral metabolic effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition in normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine acutely treated monkeys. J Neurochem 1991; 56:1639-46. [PMID: 2013759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and clinical parkinsonism in humans and experimental animals. Pretreatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevents this cell death and associated parkinsonism by blocking the oxidation of MPTP to a toxic intermediate. The 2-deoxyglucose method was used to study the acute effects of MPTP in the monkey brain and the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition on local cerebral glucose utilization in both normal and MPTP-treated monkeys. MPTP administration alone caused a major increase in glucose utilization in the SNpc and smaller increases in some subnuclei within the ventral tegmental area in which eventual dopaminergic cell loss also occurs. Pretreatment with pargyline abolished these metabolic increases, a finding suggesting both that the oxidized product of MPTP generates the metabolic increases and that the increased glucose consumption may contribute to cell toxicity. On the other hand, in most cortical, thalamic, striatal, brainstem, and cerebellar areas MPTP alone caused reductions in glucose utilization, and pargyline failed to prevent these effects. Pargyline alone depressed metabolism in the locus coeruleus and a few other monoaminergic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Palombo
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Royston MC, Slater P, Simpson MD, Deakin JF. Analysis of laminar distribution of kappa opiate receptor in human cortex: comparison between schizophrenia and normal. J Neurosci Methods 1991; 36:145-53. [PMID: 1648154 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(91)90040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative receptor autoradiography using the ligand [3H]U 69593 and tritium sensitive film was used to visualize the kappa subtype of opiate receptor in sections from 4 normal human postmortem brains. Data obtained from cortical scans, which measured receptor densities across the left and right parahippocampal gyri, were subject to Fourier analysis. This revealed that the kappa receptor distribution was described by a curve having significant first and second component harmonics. This analysis method can be used to describe a binding pattern mathematically, thus enabling a comparison to be made between normal and diseased brains. The same analysis was applied to [3H]U 69593 autoradiograms prepared from sections of 4 schizophrenic postmortem brains. The kappa receptor distribution in the schizophrenic group not only failed to produce the same pattern as the controls, but also showed no consistent pattern within the group. The method described can be used to investigate alterations in receptor distribution which occur in neuropsychiatric diseases involving neuronal dysplasia or atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Royston
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Manchester, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sokoloff L. Measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization and its relation to local functional activity in the brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 291:21-42. [PMID: 1927683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5931-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Sokoloff
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herkenham M, Little MD, Bankiewicz K, Yang SC, Markey SP, Johannessen JN. Selective retention of MPP+ within the monoaminergic systems of the primate brain following MPTP administration: an in vivo autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 1991; 40:133-58. [PMID: 2052148 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90180-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in humans and other primates, producing a parkinsonian condition. MPTP is metabolized to the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) which is taken up by dopamine terminals. The subsequent events culminating in cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta are not understood. To examine these events we first produced a chronic hemiparkinsonian condition in monkeys by administering a toxic dose of MPTP via the right carotid artery. One year later, these monkeys were given a trace dose of [14C]MPTP intravenously and allowed to survive 1, 3, or 10 days. In two acute conditions, monkeys were either given the radiolabeled trace dose intravenously immediately following the toxic intracarotid dose, or were given a single toxic intracarotid radiolabeled dose, and allowed to survive 1, 3, or 10 days. We show by histology and autoradiography that the chronic hemiparkinsonian condition is characterized by selective unilateral loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and absence of MPP+ retention in the caudate-putamen. In the acute conditions, MPP+ is accumulated and selectively retained in high concentrations in the caudate-putamen bilaterally and throughout the nigrostriatal pathway only on the side receiving the toxic dose. In the substantia nigra pars compacta. MPP+ is accumulated in very low concentrations in the dopamine cell bodies and is not selectively retained there. At 10 days survival, the caudate-putamen on the side receiving the toxic dose loses its ability to retain MPP+. The apparent degeneration of the dopamine axon terminals in the caudate-putamen and the development of Parkinson-like behavioral signs seen at 10 days survival were observed to precede the loss of cell bodies in the substantia nigra, which appeared normal by the criteria of Nissl staining and neuromelanin content at all time points in the acute conditions. Other areas of dense MPP+ retention in all cases include noradrenergic and serotonergic cell groups and noradrenergic pathways. MPP+ in the locus coeruleus and other caudal catecholaminergic cell groups is apparently retrogradely transported there after uptake in terminal regions, and although it is retained in high concentrations, no cell loss occurs. These findings suggest that experimentally induced Parkinsonism results from molecular events initiated in the neostriatum and selectively elaborated in the nigrostriatal pathway, ultimately resulting in the death of substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons. They do not support a significant role for neuromelanin binding in the toxicity of MPP+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
d'Argy R, Sperber GO, Larsson BS, Ullberg S. Computer-assisted quantification and image processing of whole-body autoradiograms. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS 1990; 24:165-81. [PMID: 2074717 DOI: 10.1016/0160-5402(90)90027-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A computerized image-processing system especially adapted for analysis of whole-body autoradiograms has been developed. It consists of commercially available standard components, including a black-and-white video camera, a microcomputer, and graphics equipment. The lower performance of the hardware has been compensated for by more flexible software. When the system was calibrated, special attention was paid to local variations in the measuring system in different parts of the picture. Utility programs for the manipulation of contrast, pseudocoloring, and image enhancement, etc., are available. Some programs have been especially designed to comply with specific problems and demands related to different autoradiographic applications. A program displaying the density histogram for an area of interest is particularly useful for the quantitation of whole-body autoradiograms. It allows the operator to select interactively a range of densities. Image elements (pixels) corresponding to the densities in this range are shown in red on the monitor, and their average true density is calculated. This procedure permits the marking and analysis of delicate structures on autoradiograms. Other programs allow a picture, stored in memory, to be rotated or translated, and two pictures to be superimposed for comparison. Various applications of using image analyses in whole-body autoradiography are presented and illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R d'Argy
- Department of Toxicology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Image analysis systems are becoming more sophosticated, less costly, and very common in research laboratories. Therefore, the bioscience researcher is faced with a bewildering array of choices in establishing an image analysis facility. Critical components and characteristics of commercial image analyzers are discussed. State-of-the-art systems feature a graphical user interface, a powerful operating system (e.g., Microsoft OS/2), 1000 line image acquisition, processing and display, true color imaging, and very flexible scanner interfaces. Such systems are best suited to technically difficult applications, such as ratio fluorescence, or to automated analysis of anatomical features, particularly in stained material. Less powerful image analyzers offer medium resolution, and typically work with monochrome data acquired from video cameras. Such systems are suitable for many bioscience applications, including quantitative autoradiography and routine morphometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ramm
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mies G, Paschen W, Ebhardt G, Hossmann KA. Relationship between of blood flow, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, glucose and ATP content in experimentally-induced glioma (RG1 2.2) of rat brain. J Neurooncol 1990; 9:17-28. [PMID: 2213113 DOI: 10.1007/bf00167064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In experimental RG1 2.2 glioma of rat brain, local blood flow, glucose utilization, protein synthesis, glucose and ATP content were measured by means of triple tracer autoradiography and bioluminescence technique, respectively, to determine hemodynamic and metabolic thresholds for local tumor energy failure. Perfusion thresholds were estimated at tumor blood flow values of 69.0 +/- 0.1 ml/100 g/min (estimate +/- standard error) and of 69 +/- 7.1 ml/100 g/min for the beginning of the decline in regional ATP and glucose content, respectively. Metabolic thresholds were derived at tumor glucose utilization values of 70.6 +/- 8.3 mumol/100 g/min for reduced protein synthesis, of 55.0 +/- 0.2 mumol/100 g/min for the decrease in glucose content, and 34.7 +/- 4.7 mumol/100 g/min for decline in ATP content. Our results suggest that blood flow limits glucose supply to tumor tissue at much higher flow rates than in normal brain which, in turn, is associated with a decrease in tumor glucose utilization. A reduction and not an increase in tumor glucose availability could be a more appropriate strategy for the induction of energy failure in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Mies
- Max-Planck-Institut für neurologische Forschung Abteilung für experimentelle Neurologie, FRG
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Suda S, Shinohara M, Miyaoka M, Lucignani G, Kennedy C, Sokoloff L. The lumped constant of the deoxyglucose method in hypoglycemia: effects of moderate hypoglycemia on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1990; 10:499-509. [PMID: 2347881 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1990.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of the [14C]deoxyglucose method for measuring local cerebral glucose utilization (lCMRglc) has been extended for use in hypoglycemia by determination of the values of the lumped constant to be used in rats with plasma glucose concentrations ranging from approximately 2 to 6 mM. Lumped constant values were higher in hypoglycemia and declined from a value of 1.2 at the lowest arterial plasma glucose level (1.9 mM) to about 0.48 in normoglycemia. The distribution of glucose, and therefore also of the lumped constant, was found to remain relatively uniform throughout the brain at the lowest plasma glucose levels studied. lCMRglc in moderate, insulin-induced hypoglycemia (mean arterial plasma glucose concentration +/- SD of 2.4 +/- 0.3 mM) was determined with the appropriate lumped constant corresponding to the animal's plasma glucose concentration and compared with the results obtained in six normoglycemic rats. The weighted average rate of glucose utilization for the brain as a whole was significantly depressed by 14% in the hypoglycemic animals, i.e., 61 mumols/100 g/min in hypoglycemia compared to 71 mumols/100 g/min in the normoglycemic controls (p less than 0.05). lCMRglc was lower in 47 of 49 structures examined but statistically significantly below the rate in normoglycemic rats in only six structures (p less than 0.05) by multiple comparison statistics. Regions within the brainstem were most prominently affected. The greatest reductions, statistically significant or not, occurred in structures in which glucose utilization is normally high, suggesting that glucose delivery and transport to the tissue became rate-limiting first in those structures with the greatest metabolic demands for glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Suda
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lear JL, Pratt JP, Ackermann RF, Plotnick J, Rumley S. Ultra-high performance, solid-state, autoradiographic image digitization and analysis system. Metab Brain Dis 1990; 5:57-64. [PMID: 2385214 DOI: 10.1007/bf01001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We developed a Macintosh II-based, charge-coupled device (CCD), image digitization and analysis system for high-speed, high-resolution quantification of autoradiographic image data. A linear CCD array with 3,500 elements was attached to a precision drive assembly and mounted behind a high-uniformity lens. The drive assembly was used to sweep the array perpendicularly to its axis so that an entire 20 x 25-cm autoradiographic image-containing film could be digitized into 256 gray levels at 50-microns resolution in less than 30 sec. The scanner was interfaced to a Macintosh II computer through a specially constructed NuBus circuit board and software was developed for autoradiographic data analysis. The system was evaluated by scanning individual films multiple times, then measuring the variability of the digital data between the different scans. Image data were found to be virtually noise free. The coefficient of variation averaged less than 1%, a value significantly exceeding the accuracy of both high-speed, low-resolution, video camera (VC) systems and low-speed, high-resolution, rotating drum densitometers (RDD). Thus, the CCD scanner-Macintosh computer analysis system offers the advantage over VC systems of the ability to digitize entire films containing many autoradiograms, but with much greater speed and accuracy than achievable with RDD scanners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Lear
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cicciarello R, d'Avella D, De Blasi F, Princi P, Russo F, Palazzolo A, Canale F, Albiero F, Mesiti M, Germanò A. Autoradiographic assessment of pineal gland glucose utilization and capillary permeability in the unanesthetized rat. Childs Nerv Syst 1990; 6:222-4. [PMID: 2383878 DOI: 10.1007/bf01850978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pineal gland glucose utilization (GU) and capillary permeability (CP) were measured in unanesthetized rats, using complementary quantitative autoradiographic techniques. GU values within the pineal tissue were homogeneously distributed around 70 mumol of glucose/100 g each min, i.e., they were approximately 30% lower than in the cortical gray structures. The blood-to-brain transfer constant of [14C]-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, as an index of CP, was up to ten orders of magnitude higher than that for the rest of the brain. These measurements were carried out at that point in the circadian rhythm that corresponds to the minimum level of neurosecretory activity of the pineal gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cicciarello
- Institute of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kadekaro M, Nermo-Lindquist E, Terrell ML, Kelly SM, Freeman S, Gross PM, Eisenberg HM. Desmopressin, but not vasopressin, decreases activity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in Brattleboro rats. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1990; 28:153-9. [PMID: 2343162 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(90)90014-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary neural lobe of homozygous Brattleboro rats has high rates of glucose utilization not affected by chronic treatment with exogenous vasopressin, despite attenuation of polydipsia and polyuria. We evaluated whether this effect may result from the inability of vasopressin to affect the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial metabolism or from the development of resistance to chronic vasopressin treatment. We used the [14C]deoxyglucose method to compare 28-h effects of vasopressin treatment (5 U/kg, i.m., twice a day) with that of desmopressin (100 micrograms/kg, i.p., once a day), a long-lasting antidiuretic hormone, on glucose utilization of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system and related structures in conscious homozygous Brattleboro rats. Vasopressin and desmopressin reduced water intake, plasma osmolality and plasma Na+ concentration similarly. Vasopressin decreased glucose utilization in the supraoptic nucleus, subfornical organ and median preoptic nucleus, but did not alter activity in the paraventricular nucleus and neural lobe. Desmopressin decreased glucose utilization in all these structures. The results indicate that desmopressin has a more potent inhibitory action on the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system than vasopressin over this short duration of treatment. The lack of response in the neural lobe from chronic treatment with vasopressin seems to be due to its inability to affect the paraventricular nucleus metabolism. The maintenance of metabolic activity in the paraventricular nucleus of vasopressin-treated Brattleboro rats suggests that this structure contributes importantly to the metabolism of neural lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kadekaro
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brown J, Czarnecki A. Binding of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in brains of hypertensive rats. Brain Res 1990; 512:132-7. [PMID: 2140067 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91181-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Displacement of bound [125I]alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-ANP) by brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was used to map receptors common to both peptides in rat brain by in vitro autoradiography. Both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto control strain (WKY) were studied. In both strains, [125I]alpha-ANP bound densely to subfornical organ, choroid plexus and arachnoid mater. Binding at these sites in either strain was displaced similarly by 1 microM unlabelled alpha-ANP or BNP. However, no [125I]alpha-ANP was displaced by peptides unrelated to alpha-ANP or BNP. In WKY, both alpha-ANP and BNP competed with similarly high affinities for binding sites occupied by [125I]alpha-ANP. This was also true for SHR. However, SHR showed a substantial reduction in the maximum number of binding sites in the subfornical organ and choroid plexus which were competed for by the peptides. Therefore, BNP may be a significant high affinity ligand for brain receptors previously thought specific for atrial natriuretic peptides, including receptors which vary between WKY and SHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Brown
- Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Segu L, Rage P, Boulenguez P. A new system for computer-assisted quantitative receptor autoradiography. J Neurosci Methods 1990; 31:197-205. [PMID: 2329839 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(90)90111-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a computer-assisted analytic system for quantifying autoradiograms. The system was tested by studying the characteristics of high affinity serotonin binding sites (5-HT1) in rat brain sections, using [3H]5-HT as a radioligand. Autoradiographic data are digitized and transferred to a Macintosh II by means of a high speed, high resolution solid state camera. The physical characteristics of the device (uniformity, temporal stability, linearity) are such that the accuracy of the measurements obtained is highly satisfactory. The autoradiogram grey levels were measured and converted into radioligand concentrations (fmol/mg tissue) with the "BIOLAB" program which was specially written at our department in Macintosh Programming Workshop (MPW). The consistency of the measurements performed on small anatomical structures confirms the reliability of the system. The greatest discrepancies were due to the processing of the sections and also to the biological variability from one animal to another. The low cost of the device described, the high picture definition, the speed with which measurements can be obtained, the reliability of the system, and the original character of the program make it a valuable means to easier analyse quantitative autoradiography in pharmacological and physiological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Segu
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie E6, C.N.R.S., Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Double- and Single-Label Quantitative Autoradiography for Cerebral Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185255-9.50009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
40
|
Cicciarello R, d'Avella D, Albiero F, Mesiti M, Rosati G, Princi P, d'Aquino S, Hayes RL. Effect of injections of contrast media on regional uptake of (14C)-2-deoxyglucose by the rat brain. Brain Inj 1990; 4:71-6. [PMID: 2297603 DOI: 10.3109/02699059009026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms contributing to the rare but consistent neurotoxicity of contrast media currently in clinical use for the radiological examination of the subarachnoid space remain to be isolated. We assessed, by means of the (14C)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) autoradiographic method, the effect of three non-ionic, low-osmolar contrast media, namely metrizamide, iopamidol and iohexol, on the local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat brain after intracisternal application. A significant (-30%) global reduction of the brain's metabolic activity occurred following intracisternal metrizamide injection. When compared with the mock-CSF control group the greater relative changes were observed in the supratentorial grey matter structures. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in metabolic brain activity in rats treated intracisternally with iopamidol and iohexol. These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that metrizamide is a competitive inhibitor of human brain hexokinase. The apparent lack of interference on neural tissue metabolism makes the second generation contrast media less neurotoxic and more suitable for neuroradiological subarachnoid investigations in clinical settings. The present experimental work establishes the 2-DG method as a viable laboratory approach to investigate aspects of neuronal dysfunction induced by contrast media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cicciarello
- Institute of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mori K, Schmidt K, Jay T, Palombo E, Nelson T, Lucignani G, Pettigrew K, Kennedy C, Sokoloff L. Optimal duration of experimental period in measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization with the deoxyglucose method. J Neurochem 1990; 54:307-19. [PMID: 2403433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb13316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The time course and magnitude of the effects of product loss on the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) by the 2-[14C]deoxyglucose (DG) method were studied by determination of LCGU in 38 rats with 25-120 min experimental periods after a [14C]DG pulse and in 45 rats with experimental periods of 2.5-120 min during which arterial plasma [14C]DG concentrations (C*P) were maintained constant. LCGU was calculated by the operational equation, which assumes no product loss, with the original set of rate constants and with a new set redetermined in the rats used in the present study; in each case the rate constants were those specific to the structure. Data on local tissue 14C concentrations and C*P were also plotted according to the multiple time/graphic evaluation technique ("Patlak Plot"). The results show that with both pulse and constant arterial inputs of [14C]DG the influence of the rate constants is critical early after onset of tracer administration but diminishes with time and becomes relatively minor by 30 min. After a [14C]DG pulse calculated LCGU remains constant between 25 and 45 min, indicating a negligible effect of product loss during that period; at 60 min it begins to fall and declines progressively with increasing time, indicating that product loss has become significant. When C*P is maintained constant, calculated LCGU does not change significantly over the full 120 min. The "Patlak Plots" reinforced the conclusions drawn from the time courses of calculated LCGU; evidence for loss of product was undetectable for at least 45 min after a pulse of [14C]DG and for at least 60 min after onset of a constant arterial input of [14C]DG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mori
- Laboratory of Cerebral Metabolism, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schmid U, Bihl H, Matzku S. Antibody accumulation in small tissue samples: assessment by quantitative autoradiography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART B, NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 17:585-96. [PMID: 2254095 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2897(90)90134-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of radiolabeled 125I monoclonal antibodies in small metastases can only be characterized by autoradiographic techniques. To obtain quantitative data out of autoradiographic images, a transformation of the essentially two-dimensional signal into the Bq per unit volume information is needed. Part of the calibration problem could be solved by using tissue-equivalent standard preparations. However, when aiming at a quantification of radioactivity in small areas (less than or equal to 2 mm diameter), special criteria had to be expanded upon for the reconstruction of the area in the dose matrix and for the correct integration of the radioactivity content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Schmid
- Institute of Radiology and Pathophysiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Valverius P, Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. Brain forskolin binding in mice dependent on and tolerant to ethanol. Brain Res 1989; 503:38-43. [PMID: 2611657 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol ingestion by mice was previously shown to result in decreased activation of adenylate cyclase by guanine nucleotides and beta-adrenergic agonists, and in the loss of the high affinity beta-adrenergic agonist binding site in frontal cortex and hippocampus but not in cerebellum. These results indicate a regional specificity of ethanol's actions on beta-adrenergic receptors, the guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gs) and/or adenylate cyclase. To further detail the anatomical specificity of the effects of ethanol ingestion on receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase (AC) systems we have quantified the binding of [3H]forskolin to brain sections of control and ethanol-fed mice. High-affinity forskolin binding, thought to represent the complex of the alpha-subunit of Gs (as) and AC, was decreased in several brain areas including frontal cortex and hippocampus, but not in cerebellum, nucleus accumbens and certain other brain areas of ethanol-fed mice. Guanine nucleotides, such as Gpp(NH)p, generally enhanced forskolin binding in control animals. In ethanol-fed mice, however, Gpp(NH)p failed to enhance forskolin binding in most brain regions. These findings suggest that chronic ethanol ingestion may decrease the amount or function of as-AC in certain brain regions. Moreover, the regulation of the formation of this complex in different brain regions may affect responses to ethanol ingestion in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Valverius
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Crockett DP, Smith WK, Proshansky E, Kauer JS, Stewart WB, Woodward DJ, Schlusselberg DS, Egger MD. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstructions of [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose metabolism in cat lumbosacral spinal cord following cutaneous stimulation of the hindfoot. J Comp Neurol 1989; 288:326-38. [PMID: 2794141 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902880210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of spinal cord activity associated with stimulation of the plantar cushion (PC) as revealed by [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) serial autoradiographs. Moderate PC stimulation in cats elicits a reflex phasic plantar flexion of the toes. Four cats were chronically spinalized at about T6 under barbiturate anesthesia. Four to 11 days later, the cats were injected (i.v.) with 2-DG (100 microCi/kg) and the PC was electrically stimulated with needle electrodes at 2-5 times threshold for eliciting a reflex. Following stimulation, the spinal cord was processed for autoradiography. Subsequently, autoradiographs, representing approximately 8-18 mm from spinal segments L6-S1, were digitized for computer analysis and 3-D reconstruction. Several strategies of analysis were employed: 1) Three-dimensional volume images were color-coded to represent different levels of functional activity. 2) On the reconstructed volumes, "virtual" sections were made in the horizontal, sagittal, and transverse planes to view regions of 2-DG activity. 3) In addition, we were able to sample different regions within the grey and white matter semi-quantitatively (i.e., pixel intensity) from section to section to reveal differences between ipsi- and contralateral activity, as well as possible variation between sections. These analyses revealed 2-DG activity associated with moderate PC stimulation, not only in the ipsilateral dorsal horn as we had previously demonstrated, but also in both the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral horns, as well as in the intermediate grey matter. The use of novel computer analysis techniques--combined with an unanesthetized preparation--enabled us to demonstrate that the increased metabolic activity in the lumbosacral spinal cord associated with PC stimulation was much more extensive than had heretofore been observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Crockett
- Department of Anatomy, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Perese DA, Ulman J, Viola J, Ewing SE, Bankiewicz KS. A 6-hydroxydopamine-induced selective parkinsonian rat model. Brain Res 1989; 494:285-93. [PMID: 2528389 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous parkinsonian rat models have generally been characterized by unilateral destruction of both the nigrostriatal pathway and the mesolimbic pathway using the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We created a hemiparkinsonian model in which there is 6-OHDA-induced destruction of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway but sparing of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway. This resulted in reproducible, quantifiable rotational behavior in response to either amphetamine or apomorphine and a near total depletion of dopamine in the striatum ipsilateral to the lesion with a dorsolateral distribution of supersensitive dopaminergic D2 receptors. This model parallels the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced hemiparkinsonian model in primates and more closely approximates the extent of neurodegeneration seen in human idiopathic Parkinson's disease than previous parkinsonian rat models. It may therefore prove a convenient model for studying the recently reported phenomenon of sprouting from host dopaminergic neurons following tissue implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Perese
- Surgical Neurology Branch, NINCDS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rössle M, Deckert J, Jones EA. Autoradiographic analysis of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors in an animal model of acute hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1989; 10:143-7. [PMID: 2545587 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To complement analogous studies using conventional ligand-membrane binding assays, the densities of gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors in the brain have been assessed using an autoradiographic technique in an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy due to fulminant hepatic failure was induced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of galactosamine. The specific binding of three radiolabeled ligands was assessed densitometrically in several microregions of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. [3H]Muscimol was used to assess gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor density and [3H]flunitrazepam or [3H]Ro 15-1788 was used to assess benzodiazepine receptor density. No significant differences were observed between the magnitude of binding of the three ligands to each of the microregions of brain from control rabbits and rabbits in Stage III or IV hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that the behavioral expression of hepatic encephalopathy in the model studied is not dependent upon an increase in the number of gamma-aminobutyric acid or benzodiazepine receptors, but do not conflict with the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic tone is increased in hepatic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rössle
- Liver Diseases Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Daval JL, Von Lubitz DK, Deckert J, Redmond DJ, Marangos PJ. Protective effect of cyclohexyladenosine on adenosine A1-receptors, guanine nucleotide and forskolin binding sites following transient brain ischemia: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res 1989; 491:212-26. [PMID: 2504437 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of an i.p. administration of cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) have been examined upon ischemic brain damage in gerbils. Ischemia was induced for 20 min by occlusion of both carotid arteries, and CHA was administered 5 min after recirculation at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed either 1, 3 or 6 days after ischemia and their brains were used for examination of cell morphology and quantitative autoradiography. In animals subject to ischemia, the deterioration of the laminar organization of the hippocampus was associated with a significant decrease in adenosine A1-receptors (labeled with [3H]CHA), G-protein (labeled with [3H]forskolin). The treatment with CHA considerably improved the morphological preservation of cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and prevented the reduction in the specific binding of all radioligands. Adenosine, its analogues and other substances modulating adenosine receptors may thus provide new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of ischemia-induced brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Daval
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Saavedra JM, Juorio AV, Shigematsu K, Pinto JE. Specific insulin binding sites in snail (Helix aspersa) ganglia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1989; 9:273-9. [PMID: 2663169 DOI: 10.1007/bf00713034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Insulin binding sites were characterized and quantified in snail (Helix aspersa) ganglia by incubation of tissue sections with 125I-porcine insulin, autoradiography with [3H]Ultrofilm, image analysis coupled to computer-assisted microdensitometry, and comparison with 125I-standards. Cellular localization was performed in the same sections by emulsion autoradiography. 2. Specific insulin binding sites were demonstrated in discretely localized groups of neurons of the cerebral, pleural, parietal, visceral, and pedal ganglia and in nerves. Scatchard analysis performed with consecutive sections from single animals revealed a single class of high-affinity insulin binding sites (Kd, 0.13 +/- 0.01 nM; Bmax, 157 +/- 10 fmol/mg protein). 3. Our results suggest that insulin may play a role as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in snail ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Saavedra
- Section on Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dow-Edwards DL, Trachtman H, Riley EP, Freed LA, Milhorat TH. Arginine vasopressin and body fluid homeostasis in the fetal alcohol exposed rat. Alcohol 1989; 6:193-8. [PMID: 2736078 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(89)90018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies involving fluid homeostasis were carried out in adult Long-Evans rats born to mothers given liquid diets containing 35% of the calories derived from ethanol and compared to offspring of dams given isocaloric liquid diets containing no ethanol. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP), plasma and urine osmolality, and urine production were determined in water-sated and water-deprived offspring. In the water-sated condition, the group exposed to alcohol prenatally had plasma levels of AVP seven-fold above control levels. This increase was associated with a large increase in within-group variability. Water consumption was also significantly elevated in the group of fetal alcohol exposed (FAE) rats. Plasma and urine osmolality and urine production were similar to control levels. In the control animals, 24-hr of water deprivation produced the expected increase in AVP, in plasma and urine osmolality, and decrease in urine production. The FAE animals, however, showed parallel changes in plasma and urine osmolality and urine production with no significant change in AVP. Examination of basal glucose metabolic rates in the cerebral structures involved in fluid homeostasis revealed that despite the large increase in AVP levels in the FAE rats, only the neurohypophysis and supraoptic nuclei showed significant increases in activity. These data suggest that fetal alcohol exposure causes a long-term disruption in the central mechanisms regulating vasopressin release and fluid homeostatic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Dow-Edwards
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Plunkett RJ, Saris SC, Bankiewicz KS, Ikejiri B, Weber RJ. Implantation of dispersed cells into primate brain. J Neurosurg 1989; 70:441-5. [PMID: 2644401 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1989.70.3.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although several experimental therapies such as dopaminergic cell implantation in parkinsonian models and intratumoral placement of lymphokine-activated killer cells require intracerebral deposition of dispersed cell suspensions, a successful technique of needle implantation of cells into primate brain has not been demonstrated. The authors have sought to establish a stereotaxic technique to predictably deposit dispersed cells in primate brain. Human lymphocytes were cultured in recombinant interleukin-2, labeled with sodium 51 chromate (51Cr), and stereotaxically injected into the frontal white matter of six anesthetized rhesus monkeys. A 10-microliters aliquot of cell suspension (2 X 10(7) cells/ml) was deposited 16 mm deep to the dura at 5 microliters/min via Hamilton No. 22s or 26s needles. Five control aliquots were counted for each injection. Reflux out of the needle track was absorbed on gauze, and the recovered cells were counted. The animals were sacrificed 1 hour after implantation and the brain was removed and sectioned such that the cortex and white matter along the needle track were separate. The tissue sections were then counted. Recovery was expressed as the percentage of total injected radioactivity (cpm) that was present in each brain section. Two additional injected hemispheres were processed for autoradiography and histological study. Cell recovery in the brain (mean +/- standard deviation) was 87.2% +/- 13.9% (3.3% +/- 4.9% in cortex and 83.9% +/- 15.9% in white matter). The autoradiograms and histological examination showed a dense accumulation of radioactivity (cells) at the target site and minimal radioactivity (cells) in the needle track. Accurate intracerebral deposition of dispersed cells in primates was achieved with the technique described. This knowledge permits reliable stereotaxic implantation of cells into the brains of nonhuman primates and humans for investigation and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Plunkett
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Implantation, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|