1
|
Rosell-Hidalgo A, Eakins J, Walker P, Moore AL, Ghafourian T. Risk Assessment of Psychotropic Drugs on Mitochondrial Function Using In Vitro Assays. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3272. [PMID: 38137493 PMCID: PMC10741027 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are potential targets responsible for some drug- and xenobiotic-induced organ toxicities. However, molecular mechanisms of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicities are mostly unknown. Here, multiple in vitro assays were used to investigate the effects of 22 psychotropic drugs on mitochondrial function. The acute extracellular flux assay identified inhibitors of the electron transport chain (ETC), i.e., aripiprazole, phenytoin, and fluoxetine, an uncoupler (reserpine), substrate inhibitors (quetiapine, carbamazepine, buspirone, and tianeptine), and cytotoxic compounds (chlorpromazine and valproic acid) in HepG2 cells. Using permeabilized HepG2 cells revealed minimum effective concentrations of 66.3, 6730, 44.5, and 72.1 µM for the inhibition of complex-I-linked respiration for quetiapine, valproic acid, buspirone, and fluoxetine, respectively. Assessing complex-II-linked respiration in isolated rat liver mitochondria revealed haloperidol is an ETC inhibitor, chlorpromazine is an uncoupler in basal respiration and an ETC inhibitor under uncoupled respiration (IC50 = 135 µM), while olanzapine causes a mild dissipation of the membrane potential at 50 µM. This research elucidates some mechanisms of drug toxicity and provides some insight into their safety profile for clinical drug decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rosell-Hidalgo
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (A.R.-H.); (J.E.)
| | - Julie Eakins
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (A.R.-H.); (J.E.)
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (A.R.-H.); (J.E.)
| | - Anthony L. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Taravat Ghafourian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hardy RE, Chung I, Yu Y, Loh SHY, Morone N, Soleilhavoup C, Travaglio M, Serreli R, Panman L, Cain K, Hirst J, Martins LM, MacFarlane M, Pryde KR. The antipsychotic medications aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine are off-target respiratory chain complex I inhibitors. Biol Direct 2023; 18:43. [PMID: 37528429 PMCID: PMC10391878 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and provide adjunct therapies for other prevalent psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. However, they also induce debilitating extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), such as Parkinsonism, in a significant minority of patients. The majority of antipsychotic drugs function as dopamine receptor antagonists in the brain while the most recent 'third'-generation, such as aripiprazole, act as partial agonists. Despite showing good clinical efficacy, these newer agents are still associated with EPS in ~ 5 to 15% of patients. However, it is not fully understood how these movement disorders develop. Here, we combine clinically-relevant drug concentrations with mutliscale model systems to show that aripiprazole and its primary active metabolite induce mitochondrial toxicity inducing robust declines in cellular ATP and viability. Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine were shown to directly inhibit respiratory complex I through its ubiquinone-binding channel. Importantly, all three drugs induced mitochondrial toxicity in primary embryonic mouse neurons, with greater bioenergetic inhibition in ventral midbrain neurons than forebrain neurons. Finally, chronic feeding with aripiprazole resulted in structural damage to mitochondria in the brain and thoracic muscle of adult Drosophila melanogaster consistent with locomotor dysfunction. Taken together, we show that antipsychotic drugs acting as partial dopamine receptor agonists exhibit off-target mitochondrial liabilities targeting complex I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hardy
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Injae Chung
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Yizhou Yu
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Samantha H Y Loh
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nobuhiro Morone
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Clement Soleilhavoup
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Marco Travaglio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Riccardo Serreli
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lia Panman
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Kelvin Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Judy Hirst
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Luis M Martins
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Kenneth R Pryde
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Misra SK, Rosenholm JM, Pathak K. Functionalized and Nonfunctionalized Nanosystems for Mitochondrial Drug Delivery with Metallic Nanoparticles. Molecules 2023; 28:4701. [PMID: 37375256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The application of metallic nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic tool has significant potential to facilitate the treatment and diagnosis of mitochondria-based disorders. Recently, subcellular mitochondria have been trialed to cure pathologies that depend on their dysfunction. Nanoparticles made from metals and their oxides (including gold, iron, silver, platinum, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide) have unique modi operandi that can competently rectify mitochondrial disorders. Materials: This review presents insight into the recent research reports on exposure to a myriad of metallic nanoparticles that can alter the dynamic ultrastructure of mitochondria (via altering metabolic homeostasis), as well as pause ATP production, and trigger oxidative stress. The facts and figures have been compiled from more than a hundred PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus indexed articles that describe the essential functions of mitochondria for the management of human diseases. Result: Nanoengineered metals and their oxide nanoparticles are targeted at the mitochondrial architecture that partakes in the management of a myriad of health issues, including different cancers. These nanosystems not only act as antioxidants but are also fabricated for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. However, the biocompatibility, safety, and efficacy of using metal nanoparticles is contested among researchers, which will be discussed further in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kiran Misra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CSJM University Kanpur, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity (3rd Floor), Tykistökatu, 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah 206130, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bin Dayel FF, Alfirevic A, Chadwick AE. Developing In Vitro Models to Define the Role of Direct Mitochondrial Toxicity in Frequently Reported Drug-Induced Rhabdomyolysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051485. [PMID: 37239154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) logged 27,140 rhabdomyolysis cases from 2004 to 31 March 2020. We used FAERS to identify 14 drugs frequently reported in 6583 rhabdomyolysis cases and to investigate whether mitochondrial toxicity is a common pathway of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis by these drugs. Preliminary screening for mitochondrial toxicity was performed using the acute metabolic switch assay, which is adapted here for use in murine L6 cells. Fenofibrate, risperidone, pregabalin, propofol, and simvastatin lactone drugs were identified as mitotoxic and underwent further investigation, using real-time respirometry (Seahorse Technology) to provide more detail on the mechanism of mitochondrial-induced toxicity. To confirm the human relevance of the findings, fenofibrate and risperidone were evaluated in primary human skeletal muscle-derived cells (HSKMDC), using the acute metabolic switch assay and real-time respirometry, which confirmed this designation, although the toxic effects on the mitochondria were more pronounced in HSKMDC. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the L6 model of acute modification may find utility as an initial, cost-effective screen for identifying potential myotoxicants with relevance to humans and, importantly, that drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may be a common mechanism shared by some drugs that induce myotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faten F Bin Dayel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ana Alfirevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Simone G, Mazza B, Vellucci L, Barone A, Ciccarelli M, de Bartolomeis A. Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040975. [PMID: 37107350 PMCID: PMC10135787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a worldwide mental illness characterized by alterations at dopaminergic and glutamatergic synapses resulting in global dysconnectivity within and between brain networks. Impairments in inflammatory processes, mitochondrial functions, energy expenditure, and oxidative stress have been extensively associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology. Antipsychotics, the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological treatment and all sharing the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, may affect antioxidant pathways as well as mitochondrial protein levels and gene expression. Here, we systematically reviewed the available evidence on antioxidants' mechanisms in antipsychotic action and the impact of first- and second-generation compounds on mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress. We further focused on clinical trials addressing the efficacy and tolerability of antioxidants as an augmentation strategy of antipsychotic treatment. EMBASE, Scopus, and Medline/PubMed databases were interrogated. The selection process was conducted in respect of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Several mitochondrial proteins involved in cell viability, energy metabolism, and regulation of oxidative systems were reported to be significantly modified by antipsychotic treatment with differences between first- and second-generation drugs. Finally, antioxidants may affect cognitive and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, and although the evidence is only preliminary, the results indicate that further studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Simone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou Y, Zou J, Xu J, Zhou Y, Cen X, Zhao Y. Recent advances of mitochondrial complex I inhibitors for cancer therapy: Current status and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115219. [PMID: 36893622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (CI) as a critical multifunctional respiratory complex of electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has been identified as vital and essence in ATP production, biosynthesis and redox balance. Recent progress in targeting CI has provided both insight and inspiration for oncotherapy, highlighting that the development of CI-targeting inhibitors is a promising therapeutic approach to fight cancer. Natural products possessing of ample scaffold diversity and structural complexity are the majority source of CI inhibitors, although low specificity and safety hinder their extensive application. Along with the gradual deepening in understanding of CI structure and function, significant progress has been achieved in exploiting novel and selective small molecules targeting CI. Among them, IACS-010759 had been approved by FDA for phase I trial in advanced cancers. Moreover, drug repurposing represents an effective and prospective strategy for CI inhibitor discovery. In this review, we mainly elaborate the biological function of CI in tumor progression, summarize the CI inhibitors reported in recent years and discuss the further perspectives for CI inhibitor application, expecting this work may provide insights into innovative discovery of CI-targeting drugs for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jiao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calzetti S, Negrotti A. Permanent non-progressive cinnarizine and flunarizine-induced parkinsonism: An under-recognized tardive syndrome in the elderly? J Neurol Sci 2023; 444:120526. [PMID: 36584558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Secondary parkinsonism induced by exposure to dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists as first and second generation antipsychotics, DA storage depleters, calcium channel blockers, benzamides substituted and other classes of drugs is traditionally believed to be completely reversible in most of patients following withdrawal of the offending drug even though after a variable time delay. The lack of recovery or initial full recovery with subsequent development of progressive parkinsonism has been regarded to result from an underlying subclinical degenerative process like PD unmasked by the inducing drug. These well-recognized clinical outcomes of drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) have disregarded the existence of another outcome, characterized by permanent non-progressive parkinsonism. This syndrome may fullfil the criteria of tardive parkinsonism, a controversial entity currently referred to as a persistent condition without indication of its long-term course and clinical features. On reviewing the published literature on DIP, we have identified two prospective long-term follow-up of elderly patients in which parkinsonism induced by the calcium channel antagonists cinnarizine and flunarizine became permanent and non-progressive following drug discontinuation in a non-negligible proportion of patients, consistent with the clinical concept of a true tardive syndrome, according to currently accepted criteria. The authors hypothesize that the development of tardive parkinsonism might be due to a neurotoxic effect of the pharmacodynamic proprieties of the calcium channel blockers and their metabolites, exerted on post-synaptic striatal neurons and/or a neurotoxic damage on presynaptic DA neurons in patients without an underlying subclinical degenerative parkinsonism, so accounting for the stable and non-progressive course over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calzetti
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Anna Negrotti
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Emerging roles of brain metabolism in cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104892. [PMID: 36181925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss the role of diverse environmental manipulations affecting cognition with special regard to psychiatric conditions. We present evidence supporting a direct causal correlation between the valence of the environmental stimulation and some psychopathological traits and how the environment influences brain structure and function with special regard to oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity. Increasing experimental evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain mitochondria are considered crucial mediators of allostasis, that is the capability to adapt to stress via a complex interaction between the autonomic, metabolic, and immune systems to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this process, mitochondria act as highly dynamic integrators by sensing and transducing stressors into adaptation mechanisms via metabolic stress mediators, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Alterations in cellular homeostasis induced by chronic stress are thought to predispose to disease by triggering the so-called "mitochondrial allostatic load". This process is characterized by functional and structural changes of the mitochondria, ultimately leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis. In this review we discuss the role of diverse environmental manipulations to affect cognition with special regard to psychiatric conditions. How the environment influences brain structure and function, and the interactions between rearing conditions, oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity are fundamental questions that are still poorly understood. As will be discussed, increasing experimental evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain mitochondria are considered crucial mediators of allostasis, that is the capability to adapt to stress via a complex interaction between the autonomic, metabolic, and immune systems to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this process, mitochondria act as highly dynamic integrators by sensing and transducing stressors into adaptation mechanisms via metabolic stress mediators, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Alterations in cellular homeostasis induced by chronic stress are thought to predispose to disease by triggering the so-called "mitochondrial allostatic load". This process is characterized by functional and structural changes of the mitochondria, ultimately leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis. The brain requires considerable mitochondrial reserve not only to sustain basal neuronal needs but a also to provide increasing energy demands during stress. Consistently with these high energetic requirements, it is reasonable to hypothesise that the brain is particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial defects. Thus, even subtle metabolic alterations might have a substantial impact on cognitive functions. Over the last decade, several experimental evidence supported the hypothesis that a suboptimal mitochondrial function, which could be of genetic origin or acquired following adverse life events, is a key vulnerability factor for stress-related psychopathologies. Chronic psychological stress is a major promoter of anxiety as well as of oxidative damage, as shown in several studies. Recent evidence from mouse models harbouring mutations in mitochondrial genes demonstrated the role of mitochondria in modulating the response to acute psychological stress. However, it has yet to be determined whether mitochondrial dysfunctions are the cause or the consequence of anxiety. In this review, we discuss how adverse psychosocial environments can impact mitochondrial bioenergetics at the molecular level and we gather evidence from several studies linking energy metabolism and stress resilience/vulnerability. Moreover, we review recent findings supporting that metabolic dysfunction can underlie deficits in complex social behaviours. As will be discussed, aberrations in mitochondrial functionality have been found in the nucleus accumbens of highly anxious mice and mediate low social competitiveness. In addition, alterations in sociability can be reversed by enhancing mitochondrial functions. Recent evidence also demonstrated that a specific mutation in mitochondrial DNA, previously linked to autism spectrum disorder, produces autistic endophenotypes in mice by altering respiration chain and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Finally, we discuss a "Negative Enrichment" model that can explain some of the psychopathological conditions relevant to humans. Evidence of a direct causal correlation of valence of environmental stimulation and psychopathological traits will be presented, and possible molecular mechanisms that focus on oxidative stress. Collectively, the findings described here have been achieved with a wide set of behavioural and cognitive tasks with translational validity. Thus, they will be useful for future work aimed to elucidate the fine metabolic alterations in psychopathologies and devise novel approaches targeting mitochondria to alleviate these conditions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Krajner F, Hadaya L, McQueen G, Sendt KV, Gillespie A, Avila A, Lally J, Hedges EP, Diederen K, Howes OD, Barker GJ, Lythgoe DJ, Kempton MJ, McGuire P, MacCabe JH, Egerton A. Subcortical volume reduction and cortical thinning 3 months after switching to clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:13. [PMID: 35236831 PMCID: PMC8891256 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological effects of clozapine are under characterised. We examined the effects clozapine treatment on subcortical volume and cortical thickness and investigated whether macrostructural changes were linked to alterations in glutamate or N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Data were acquired in 24 patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia before and 12 weeks after switching to clozapine. During clozapine treatment we observed reductions in caudate and putamen volume, lateral ventricle enlargement (P < 0.001), and reductions in thickness of the left inferior temporal cortex, left caudal middle frontal cortex, and the right temporal pole. Reductions in right caudate volume were associated with local reductions in NAA (P = 0.002). None of the morphometric changes were associated with changes in glutamate levels. These results indicate that clozapine treatment is associated with subcortical volume loss and cortical thinning and that at least some of these effects are linked to changes in neuronal or metabolic integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Krajner
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Laila Hadaya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Grant McQueen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Kyra-Verena Sendt
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Amy Gillespie
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alessia Avila
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - John Lally
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily P Hedges
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Kelly Diederen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - David J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: A critical review of the evidence focusing on mitochondrial complex one. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:449-464. [PMID: 34864002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Mitochondrial complex one (MCI) dysfunction may represent a mechanism linking bioenergetic impairment with the alterations in dopamine signalling, glutamatergic dysfunction, and oxidative stress found in the disorder. New lines of evidence from novel approaches make it timely to review evidence for mitochondrial involvement in schizophrenia, with a specific focus on MCI. The most consistent findings in schizophrenia relative to controls are reductions in expression of MCI subunits in post-mortem brain tissue (Cohen's d> 0.8); reductions in MCI function in post-mortem brains (d> 0.7); and reductions in neural glucose utilisation (d= 0.3 to 0.6). Antipsychotics may affect glucose utilisation, and, at least in vitro, affect MC1. The findings overall are consistent with MCI dysfunction in schizophrenia, but also highlight the need for in vivo studies to determine the link between MCI dysfunction and symptoms in patients. If new imaging tools confirm MCI dysfunction in the disease, this could pave the way for new treatments targeting this enzyme.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang T, Wang Y, Liao W, Zhang S, Wang S, Xu N, Xie W, Luo C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 mediated the brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases via damaging synthesis of NAD + and ATP. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:192. [PMID: 34758883 PMCID: PMC8579638 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging and neurodegenerative diseases are typical metabolic-related processes. As a metabolism-related long non-coding RNA, EPB41L4A-AS has been reported to be potentially involved in the development of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we sought to reveal the mechanisms of EPB41L4A-AS in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Human hippocampal gene expression profiles downloaded from the Genotype-Tissue Expression database were analyzed to obtain age-stratified differentially expressed genes; a weighted correlation network analysis algorithm was then used to construct a gene co-expression network of these differentially expressed genes to obtain gene clustering modules. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, protein–protein interaction network, and correlation analysis were used to reveal the role of EPB41L4A-AS1. The mechanism was verified using Gene Expression Omnibus dataset GSE5281 and biological experiments (construction of cell lines, Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, measurement of ATP and NAD+ levels, nicotinamide riboside treatment, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) in neurons and glial-derived cells. Results EPB41L4A-AS1 was downregulated in aging and Alzheimer's disease. EPB41L4A-AS1 related genes were found to be enriched in the electron transport chain and NAD+ synthesis pathway. Furthermore, these genes were highly associated with neurodegenerative diseases and positively correlated with EPB41L4A-AS1. In addition, biological experiments proved that the downregulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 could reduce the expression of these genes via histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation, resulting in decreased NAD+ and ATP levels, while EPB41L4A-AS1 overexpression and nicotinamide riboside treatment could restore the NAD+ and ATP levels. Conclusions Downregulation of EPB41L4A-AS1 not only disturbs NAD+ biosynthesis but also affects ATP synthesis. As a result, the high demand for NAD+ and ATP in the brain cannot be met, promoting the development of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS1 and nicotinamide riboside, a substrate of NAD+ synthesis, can reduce EPB41L4A-AS1 downregulation-mediated decrease of NAD+ and ATP synthesis. Our results provide new perspectives on the mechanisms underlying brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00705-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingpeng Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weijie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China.
| | - Yaou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kolar D, Kleteckova L, Brozka H, Vales K. Mini-review: Brain energy metabolism and its role in animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136003. [PMID: 34098028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial impairment is implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. To characterize and eventually find effective treatments of bioenergetic impairment in psychiatric disease, researchers find animal models indispensable. The present review focuses on brain energetics in several environmental, genetic, drug-induced, and surgery-induced animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Most reported deficits included decreased activity in the electron transport chain, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, decreased ATP levels, and decreased mitochondrial potential. Models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism shared many bioenergetic deficits. This is in concordance with the absence of a disease-specific brain energy phenotype in human patients. Unfortunately, due to the absence of null results in examined literature, indicative of reporting bias, we refrain from making generalized conclusions. Present review can be a valuable tool for comparing current findings, generating more targeted hypotheses, and selecting fitting models for further preclinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kolar
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Hana Brozka
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leong DY, Chee RY, Lui YS. Psychiatric care for a person with MELAS syndrome: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04146. [PMID: 34026177 PMCID: PMC8134952 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides information for future clinicians who may be involved in treating patients with mitochondrial disorders manifesting with psychiatric problems, as literature in treatment is limited. The interventions focus on both carefully crafted medication therapy and nondrug methods to manage the challenging behaviors in a medically infirmed person.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Yeung Leong
- Department of Psychological MedicineNational University HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Rei Yen Chee
- Department of Psychological MedicineNational University HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Yit Shiang Lui
- Department of Psychological MedicineNational University HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roberts RC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: With a focus on postmortem studies. Mitochondrion 2021; 56:91-101. [PMID: 33221354 PMCID: PMC7810242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the many brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are those related to mitochondrial functions such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism and synaptic efficacy. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of mitochondrial structure and function and then to present abnormalities in mitochondria in postmortem brain in schizophrenia with a focus on anatomy. Deficits in expression of various mitochondrial genes have been found in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Decreased activity of complexes I and IV are prominent as well as abnormal levels of individual subunits that comprise the complexes of the electron transport chain. Ultrastructural studies have shown layer, input and cell specific decreases in mitochondria. In cortex, there are fewer mitochondria in axon terminals, neuronal somata of pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in both grey and white matter. In the caudate and putamen mitochondrial number is linked with symptoms and symptom severity. While there is a decrease in the number of mitochondria in astrocytes, mitochondria are smaller in oligodendrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra, mitochondria are similar in density, size and structural integrity in schizophrenia compared to controls. Mitochondrial production of ATP and calcium buffering are essential in maintaining synaptic strength and abnormalities in these processes could lead to decreased metabolism and defective synaptic activity. Abnormalities in mitochondria in oligodendrocytes might contribute to myelin pathology and underlie dysconnectivity in the brain. In schizophrenia, mitochondria are affected differentially depending on the brain region, cell type in which they reside, subcellular location, treatment status, treatment response and predominant symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Makkar H, Corona CC, Wadhawan A, Stiller JW. Adult-Cerebral X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Mirage of Psychosis, Mania, and Substance Use. Psychiatr Ann 2020. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20200812-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
Bar-Yosef T, Hussein W, Yitzhaki O, Damri O, Givon L, Marom C, Gurman V, Levine J, Bersudsky Y, Agam G, Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondrial function parameters as a tool for tailored drug treatment of an individual with psychosis: a proof of concept study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12258. [PMID: 32703977 PMCID: PMC7378204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of mental disorders is currently decided based on "trial and error" strategy. Mitochondrial multifaceted dysfunction is assumed to be a major factor in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using a profile of mitochondrial function parameters as a tool to predict the optimal drug for an individual patient (personalized medicine). Healthy controls (n = 40), SZ (n = 48) and BD (n = 27) patients were recruited. Mental and global state of the subjects, six mitochondrial respiration parameters and 14 mitochondrial function-related proteins were assessed in fresh lymphocytes following in-vitro or in-vivo treatment with five antipsychotic drugs and two mood-stabilizers. In healthy controls, hierarchal clustering shows a drug-specific effect profile on the different mitochondrial parameters following in-vitro exposure. Similar changes were observed in untreated SZ and BD patients with psychosis. Following a month of treatment of the latter patients, only responders showed a significant correlation between drug-induced in-vitro effect (prior to in-vivo treatment) and short-term in-vivo treatment effect for 45% of the parameters. Long- but not short-term psychotropic treatment normalized mitochondria-related parameters in patients with psychosis. Taken together, these data substantiate mitochondria as a target for psychotropic drugs and provide a proof of concept for selective mitochondrial function-related parameters as a predictive tool for an optimized psychotropic treatment in a given patient. This, however, needs to be repeated with an expanded sample size and additional mitochondria related parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Bar-Yosef
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Wessal Hussein
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Yitzhaki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Odeya Damri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Limor Givon
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Joseph Levine
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yuly Bersudsky
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chan ST, McCarthy MJ, Vawter MP. Psychiatric drugs impact mitochondrial function in brain and other tissues. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:136-147. [PMID: 31744750 PMCID: PMC7228833 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). However, studies of mitochondria in SZ might be confounded by the effects of pharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and other common medications. This review summarizes findings on relevant mitochondria mechanisms underlying SZ, and the potential impact of psychoactive drugs including primarily APDs, but also antidepressants and anxiolytics. The summarized data suggest that APDs impair mitochondria function by decreasing Complex I activity and ATP production and dissipation of the mitochondria membrane potential. At the same time, in the brains of patients with SZ, antipsychotic drug treatment normalizes gene expression modules enriched in mitochondrial genes that are decreased in SZ. This indicates that APDs may have both positive and negative effects on mitochondria. The available evidence suggests three conclusions i) alterations in mitochondria functions in SZ exist prior to APD treatment, ii) mitochondria alterations in SZ can be reversed by APD treatment, and iii) APDs directly cause impairment of mitochondria function. Overall, the mechanisms of action of psychiatric drugs on mitochondria are both direct and indirect; we conclude the effects of APDs on mitochondria may contribute to both their therapeutic and metabolic side effects. These studies support the hypothesis that neuronal mitochondria are an etiological factor in SZ. Moreover, APDs and other drugs must be considered in the evaluation of this pathophysiological role of mitochondria in SZ. Considering these effects, pharmacological actions on mitochondria may be a worthwhile target for further APD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna T Chan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA; School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Psychiatry Service VA San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Holper L, Ben-Shachar D, Mann JJ. Psychotropic and neurological medication effects on mitochondrial complex I and IV in rodent models. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:986-1002. [PMID: 31320210 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome-c-oxidase) are reported to be affected by drugs used to treat psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs. We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of each drug category on complex I and IV. The electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1970 and 2018. Of 3105 screened studies, 68 articles covering 53 drugs were included in the meta-analyses. All studies assessed complex I and IV in rodent brain at the level of enzyme activity. Results revealed that selected antidepressants increase or decrease complex I and IV, antipsychotics and stimulants decrease complex I but increase complex IV, whereas anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs preserve or even enhance both complex I and IV. Potential contributions to the drug effects were found to be related to the drugs' neurotransmitter receptor profiles with adrenergic (α1B), dopaminergic (D1/2), glutaminergic (NMDA1,3), histaminergic (H1), muscarinic (M1,3), opioid (OP1-3), serotonergic (5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A) and sigma (σ1) receptors having the greatest effects. The findings are discussed in relation to pharmacological mechanisms of action that might have relevance for clinical and research applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Holper
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - J J Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The role of oxidative stress in ovarian toxicity induced by haloperidol and clozapine—a histological and biochemical study in albino rats. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:371-383. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
20
|
Cikánková T, Fišar Z, Bakhouche Y, Ľupták M, Hroudová J. In vitro effects of antipsychotics on mitochondrial respiration. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1209-1223. [PMID: 31104106 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions is important in drug development as well as in the understanding of molecular mechanism of therapeutic or adverse effects of drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three typical antipsychotics (APs) and seven atypical APs on mitochondrial bioenergetics. The effects of selected APs on citrate synthase, electron transport chain complexes (ETC), and mitochondrial complex I- or complex II-linked respiratory rate were measured using mitochondria isolated from pig brain. Complex I activity was decreased by chlorpromazine, haloperidol, zotepine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone, and clozapine. Complex II + III was significantly inhibited by zotepine, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and risperidone. Complex IV was inhibited by zotepine, chlorpromazine, and levomepromazine. Mitochondrial respiratory rate was significantly inhibited by all tested APs, except for olanzapine. Typical APs did not exhibit greater efficacy in altering mitochondrial function compared to atypical APs except for complex I inhibition by chlorpromazine and haloperidol. A comparison of the effects of APs on individual respiratory complexes and on the overall mitochondrial respiration has shown that mitochondrial functions may not fully reflect the disruption of complexes of ETC, which indicates AP-induced modulation of other mitochondrial proteins. Due to the complicated processes associated with mitochondrial activity, it is necessary to measure not only the effect of the drug on individual mitochondrial enzymes but also the respiration rate of the mitochondria or a similar complex process. The experimental approach used in the study can be applied to mitochondrial toxicity testing of newly developed drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cikánková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yousra Bakhouche
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Ľupták
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gokhale A, Hartwig C, Freeman AAH, Bassell JL, Zlatic SA, Sapp Savas C, Vadlamudi T, Abudulai F, Pham TT, Crocker A, Werner E, Wen Z, Repetto GM, Gogos JA, Claypool SM, Forsyth JK, Bearden CE, Glausier J, Lewis DA, Seyfried NT, Kwong JQ, Faundez V. Systems Analysis of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome Converges on a Mitochondrial Interactome Necessary for Synapse Function and Behavior. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3561-3581. [PMID: 30833507 PMCID: PMC6495129 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1983-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders offer insight into synaptic mechanisms. To unbiasedly uncover these mechanisms, we studied the 22q11.2 syndrome, a recurrent copy number variant, which is the highest schizophrenia genetic risk factor. We quantified the proteomes of 22q11.2 mutant human fibroblasts from both sexes and mouse brains carrying a 22q11.2-like defect, Df(16)A+/- Molecular ontologies defined mitochondrial compartments and pathways as some of top ranked categories. In particular, we identified perturbations in the SLC25A1-SLC25A4 mitochondrial transporter interactome as associated with the 22q11.2 genetic defect. Expression of SLC25A1-SLC25A4 interactome components was affected in neuronal cells from schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, hemideficiency of the Drosophila SLC25A1 or SLC25A4 orthologues, dSLC25A1-sea and dSLC25A4-sesB, affected synapse morphology, neurotransmission, plasticity, and sleep patterns. Our findings indicate that synapses are sensitive to partial loss of function of mitochondrial solute transporters. We propose that mitoproteomes regulate synapse development and function in normal and pathological conditions in a cell-specific manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We address the central question of how to comprehensively define molecular mechanisms of the most prevalent and penetrant microdeletion associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. This complex mutation reduces gene dosage of ∼63 genes in humans. We describe a disruption of the mitoproteome in 22q11.2 patients and brains of a 22q11.2 mouse model. In particular, we identify a network of inner mitochondrial membrane transporters as a hub required for synapse function. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial composition and function modulate the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Trishna Vadlamudi
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030
| | - Farida Abudulai
- Department of Chemistry, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia 30030
| | | | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont 05753
| | | | | | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, and
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, and
| | - Jill Glausier
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - David A Lewis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ježková J, Ďurovcová V, Wenchich L, Hansíková H, Zeman J, Hána V, Marek J, Lacinová Z, Haluzík M, Kršek M. The relationship of mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of insulin resistance in Cushing's syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1459-1471. [PMID: 31695455 PMCID: PMC6707348 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s209095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cushing's syndrome is characterized by metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one pathogenic factor in the development of insulin resistance in patients with obesity. We explored whether mitochondrial dysfunction correlates with insulin resistance and other metabolic complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the changes of mRNA expression of genes encoding selected subunits of oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and citrate synthase (CS) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) and peripheral monocytes (PM) and mitochondrial enzyme activity in platelets of 24 patients with active Cushing's syndrome and in 9 of them after successful treatment and 22 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Patients with active Cushing's syndrome had significantly increased body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and serum lipids relative to the control group. The expression of all investigated genes for selected mitochondrial proteins was decreased in SCAT in patients with active Cushing's syndrome and remained decreased after successful treatment. The expression of most tested genes in SCAT correlated inversely with BMI and HOMA-IR. The expression of genes encoding selected OXPHOS subunits and CS was increased in PM in patients with active Cushing's syndrome with a tendency to decrease toward normal levels after cure. Patients with active Cushing's syndrome showed increased enzyme activity of complex I (NQR) in platelets. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial function in SCAT in patients with Cushing's syndrome is impaired and only slightly affected by its treatment which may reflect ongoing metabolic disturbances even after successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ježková
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: Jana JežkováThird Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, U Nemocnice 1128 02 Praha 2, Prague, Czech RepublicTel +420 60 641 2613Fax +420 22 491 9780Email
| | - Viktória Ďurovcová
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laszlo Wenchich
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansíková
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Zeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hána
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Marek
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Lacinová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzík
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kršek
- Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dopamine perturbation of gene co-expression networks reveals differential response in schizophrenia for translational machinery. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:278. [PMID: 30546022 PMCID: PMC6293320 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia (SZ) postulates that positive symptoms of SZ, in particular psychosis, are due to disturbed neurotransmission via the dopamine (DA) receptor D2 (DRD2). However, DA is a reactive molecule that yields various oxidative species, and thus has important non-receptor-mediated effects, with empirical evidence of cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration. Here we examine non-receptor-mediated effects of DA on gene co-expression networks and its potential role in SZ pathology. Transcriptomic profiles were measured by RNA-seq in B-cell transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines from 514 SZ cases and 690 controls, both before and after exposure to DA ex vivo (100 μM). Gene co-expression modules were identified using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis for both baseline and DA-stimulated conditions, with each module characterized for biological function and tested for association with SZ status and SNPs from a genome-wide panel. We identified seven co-expression modules under baseline, of which six were preserved in DA-stimulated data. One module shows significantly increased association with SZ after DA perturbation (baseline: P = 0.023; DA-stimulated: P = 7.8 × 10-5; ΔAIC = -10.5) and is highly enriched for genes related to ribosomal proteins and translation (FDR = 4 × 10-141), mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and neurodegeneration. SNP association testing revealed tentative QTLs underlying module co-expression, notably at FASTKD2 (top P = 2.8 × 10-6), a gene involved in mitochondrial translation. These results substantiate the role of translational machinery in SZ pathogenesis, providing insights into a possible dopaminergic mechanism disrupting mitochondrial function, and demonstrates the utility of disease-relevant functional perturbation in the study of complex genetic etiologies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with psychosis severity and anti-psychotic treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12743. [PMID: 30143692 PMCID: PMC6109159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial pathology has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. A few studies have proposed reduced leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type I, compared to healthy controls. However, it is unknown if mtDNA copy number alteration is driven by psychosis, comorbidity or treatment. Whole blood mtDNA copy number was determined in 594 psychosis patients and corrected for platelet to leukocyte count ratio (mtDNAcnres). The dependence of mtDNAcnres on clinical profile, metabolic comorbidity and antipsychotic drug exposure was assessed. mtDNAcnres was reduced with age (β = −0.210, p < 0.001), use of clozapine (β = −0.110,p = 0.012) and risperidone (β = −0.109,p = 0.014), dependent on prescribed dosage (p = 0.006 and p = 0.026, respectively), and the proportion of life on treatment (p = 0.006). Clozapine (p = 0.0005) and risperidone (p = 0.0126) had a reducing effect on the mtDNA copy number also in stem cell-derived human neurons in vitro at therapeutic plasma levels. For patients not on these drugs, psychosis severity had an effect (β = −0.129, p = 0.017), similar to age (β = −0.159, p = 0.003) and LDL (β = −0.119, p = 0.029) on whole blood mtDNAcnres. Further research is required to determine if mtDNAcnres reflects any psychosis-intrinsic mitochondrial changes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mitochondrial function in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6216. [PMID: 29670128 PMCID: PMC5906614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial function have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. Most studies have investigated alterations in mitochondrial function in patients in which the disorder is already established; however, whether mitochondrial dysfunction predates the onset of psychosis remains unknown. We measured peripheral mitochondrial complex (I–V) function and lactate/pyruvate levels in 27 antipsychotic-naïve individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and 16 healthy controls. We also explored the association between mitochondrial function and brain microglial activation and glutathione levels using a translocator protein 18 kDa [18F]FEPPA PET scan and 1H-MRS scan, respectively. There were no significant differences in mitochondrial complex function and lactate/pyruvate levels between CHR and healthy controls. In the CHR group, mitochondrial complex III function (r = −0.51, p = 0.008) and lactate levels (r = 0.61, p = 0.004) were associated with prodromal negative symptoms. As previously reported, there were no significant differences in microglial activation and glutathione levels between groups, however, mitochondrial complex IV function was inversely related to microglial activation in the hippocampus in CHR (r = −0.42, p = 0.04), but not in healthy controls. In conclusion, alterations in mitochondrial function are not yet evident in CHR, but may relate to the severity of prodromal symptoms, particularly negative symptoms.
Collapse
|
26
|
Scaini G, Quevedo J, Velligan D, Roberts DL, Raventos H, Walss-Bass C. Second generation antipsychotic-induced mitochondrial alterations: Implications for increased risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:369-380. [PMID: 29449054 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is seen more frequently in persons with schizophrenia than in the general population, and these metabolic abnormalities are further aggravated by second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs. Although the underlying mechanisms responsible for the increased prevalence of MetS among patients under SGA treatment are not well understood, alterations in mitochondria function have been implicated. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of drug-induced MetS in schizophrenia. We found a downregulation in genes encoding subunits of the electron transport chain complexes (ETC), enzyme activity, and mitochondrial dynamics in peripheral blood cells from patients at high-risk for MetS. Additionally, we evaluated several markers of energy metabolism in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with schizophrenia and controls following exposure to antipsychotics. We found that the high-risk drugs clozapine and olanzapine induced a general down-regulation of genes involved in the ETC, as well as decreased activities of the corresponding enzymes, ATP levels and a significant decrease in all the functional parameters of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in cells from patients and controls. We also observed that the medium-risk SGA quetiapine decreased oxygen consumption and respiratory control ratio in controls and patients. Additionally, clozapine and olanzapine induced a downregulation of Drp1 and Mfn2 both in terms of mRNA and protein levels. Together, these data suggest that an intrinsic defect in multiple components of oxidative metabolism may contribute to the increased prevalence of MetS in patients under treatment with SGAs known to cause risk for MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Dawn Velligan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Henriette Raventos
- Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chung SJ, Yoo HS, Moon H, Oh JS, Kim JS, Park YH, Hong JY, Ye BS, Sohn YH, Lee PH. Early-onset drug-induced parkinsonism after exposure to offenders implies nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:169-174. [PMID: 28912301 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-315873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The onset of parkinsonism in patients with drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) exhibits extensive individual variability following exposure to offending drugs. We investigated whether the individual variations in the onset time of parkinsonism reflected the underlying subtle dopaminergic dysfunction in DIP. METHODS We enrolled 71 patients with DIP who had visually normal striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in 18F-FP-CIT positron emission tomography scans. According to their exposure durations to the offending drugs prior to onset of the parkinsonism, the patients were divided into the early-onset group (duration ≤6 months; n=35) and delayed-onset group (duration >6 months; n=36). We performed the quantitative analysis of the DAT availability in each striatal subregion between the groups. RESULTS No patients with DIP had DAT availability that was more than 2 SD below the normal mean of DAT availability. Compared with the delayed-onset group, the early-onset DIP group had decreased DAT availability in the striatal subregions including the posterior putamen (p=0.018), anterior putamen (p=0.011), caudate (p=0.035) and ventral striatum (p=0.027). After adjusting for age, sex and cross-cultural smell identification test scores, a multivariate analysis revealed that the DAT availability in the striatal subregions of the patients with DIP was significantly and positively associated with the natural logarithm of the duration of drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a short exposure to the offending drugs before the development of parkinsonism would be associated with subtle nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with DIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojeong Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsu S Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondrial multifaceted dysfunction in schizophrenia; complex I as a possible pathological target. Schizophr Res 2017; 187:3-10. [PMID: 27802911 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players in various essential cellular processes beyond being the main energy supplier of the cell. Accordingly, they are involved in neuronal synaptic transmission, neuronal growth and sprouting and consequently neuronal plasticity and connectivity. In addition, mitochondria participate in the modulation of gene transcription and inflammation as well in physiological responses in health and disease. Schizophrenia is currently regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with impaired immune system, aberrant neuronal differentiation and abnormalities in various neurotransmitter systems mainly the dopaminergic, glutaminergic and GABAergic. Ample evidence has been accumulated over the last decade indicating a multifaceted dysfunction of mitochondria in schizophrenia. Indeed, mitochondrial deficit can be of relevance for the majority of the pathologies observed in this disease. In the present article, we overview specific deficits of the mitochondria in schizophrenia, with a focus on the first complex (complex I) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). We argue that complex I, being a major factor in the regulation of mitochondrial ETC, is a possible key modulator of various functions of the mitochondria. We review biochemical, molecular, cellular and functional evidence for mitochondrial impairments and their possible convergence to impact in-vitro neuronal differentiation efficiency in schizophrenia. Mitochondrial function in schizophrenia may advance our knowledge of the disease pathophysiology and open the road for new treatment targets for the benefit of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rosebush PI, Anglin RE, Rasmussen S, Mazurek MF. Mental illness in patients with inherited mitochondrial disorders. Schizophr Res 2017; 187:33-37. [PMID: 28545943 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P I Rosebush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Canada; MiNDS Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - R E Anglin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, McMaster University, Canada; MiNDS Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada
| | - S Rasmussen
- MiNDS Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada
| | - M F Mazurek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, McMaster University, Canada; MiNDS Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Programme, McMaster University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roberts RC. Postmortem studies on mitochondria in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 187:17-25. [PMID: 28189530 PMCID: PMC5550365 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of mitochondrial structure as it relates to function and then present abnormalities in mitochondria in postmortem schizophrenia with a focus on ultrastructure. Function, morphology, fusion, fission, motility, ΔΨmem, ATP production, mitochondrial derived vesicles, and mitochondria-associated ER membranes will be briefly covered. Pathology in mitochondria has long been implicated in schizophrenia, as shown by genetic, proteomic, enzymatic and anatomical abnormalities. The cortex and basal ganglia will be reviewed. In the anterior cingulate cortex, the number of mitochondria per neuronal somata in layers 5/6 in schizophrenia is decreased by 43%. There are also fewer mitochondria in terminals forming axospinous synapses. In the caudate and putamen the number of mitochondria is abnormal in both glial cells and neurons in schizophrenia subjects, the extent of which depends on treatment, response and predominant lifetime symptoms. Treatment-responsive schizophrenia subjects had about a 40% decrease in the number of mitochondria per synapse in the caudate nucleus and putamen, while treatment resistant cases had normal values. A decrease in mitochondrial density in the neuropil distinguishes paranoid from undifferentiated schizophrenia. The appearance, size and density of mitochondria were normal in the nucleus accumbens. In the substantia nigra, COX subunits were affected in rostral regions. Mitochondrial hyperplasia occurs within axon terminals that synapse onto dopamine neurons, but mitochondria in dopamine neuronal somata are similar in size and number. In schizophrenia, mitochondria are differentially affected depending on the brain region, cell type, subcellular location, treatment status, treatment response and symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Uchihara Y, Kataoka H, Yoshino H, Syobatake R, Hattori N, Ueno S. Parkin mutation may be associated with serious akinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2017; 379:119-121. [PMID: 28716221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute akinesia (AA) is an unusual motor complication in Parkinson's disease (PD). Reported risk factors for AA include infection, trauma, surgical intervention, and the withdrawal of antiparkinsonian medication. Recently, patients with genetic PD were reported to have a three-fold risk of AA than patients with non-genetic PD. We describe a patient with PD associated with a Parkin mutation in whom serious akinesia developed. A 42-year-old man with exon 2 heterozygous deletion and exon 4 heterozygous deletion in the PARK2 gene showed five unexpected AA for several 12h. At fifth AA, he could not move any part of the body while lying in front of a stove in his house all night. He was admitted to our hospital because a third-degree burn had developed on 16% of the body surface area. Parkin mutation in addition to POLG1 or PINK1 mutation may be associated with serious AA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Uchihara
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Insutitute for Disease of Old Age, Graduated School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryogo Syobatake
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Martino D, Morgante F. Movement disorders and chronic psychosis: Five new things. Neurol Clin Pract 2017; 7:163-169. [PMID: 29185545 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review To discuss selected peer-reviewed research articles published between 2014 and 2016 and highlight 5 clinically relevant messages related to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders in patients with chronic psychosis. Recent findings A recent population-based study complemented data from clinical trials in showing increased risk of developing extrapyramidal symptoms with antipsychotic use. A community service-based longitudinal study showed that dopamine transporter imaging could help identify subgroups of patients with parkinsonism associated with antipsychotics with a progressive course, potentially manageable with l-dopa. Data from recent noteworthy clinical trials showed that a new VMAT-2 inhibitor and, for pharmacologically refractory tardive dyskinesia, deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus are promising interventions. Finally, a population-based study has confirmed that hyperkinesias (encompassing chorea, dystonia, and stereotypies) may be early predictors of psychosis even in childhood and adolescence. Summary Movement disorders associated with new-generation antipsychotics, including widely used agents (e.g., aripiprazole), are not rare occurrences. Better monitoring is needed to assess their true effect on patients' quality of life and functioning and to prevent underascertainment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martino
- Movement Disorders Program (DM), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (FM), University of Messina, Italy; and Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (FM), St George's University of London, UK
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Movement Disorders Program (DM), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (FM), University of Messina, Italy; and Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences (FM), St George's University of London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Effect of antipsychotics on mitochondrial bioenergetics of rat ovarian theca cells. Toxicol Lett 2017; 272:94-100. [PMID: 28322891 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotics (APs) are widely prescribed drugs, which are well known to cause reproductive adverse effects through mechanisms yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of antipsychotics on mitochondrial bioenergetics of rat ovarian theca cells as a possible mechanism of reproductive toxicity. METHODS Isolated rat theca interstitial cells (TICs) were treated with two typical (chlorpromazine [CPZ] and haloperidol [HAL]) and two atypical APs (risperidone [RIS] and clozapine [CLZ]). The effects of these APs on TICs bioenergetics (ATP content, mitochondrial complexes I and III activities, oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) and lactate production) and on steroidogenesis (androstenedione and progesterone synthesis) were investigated. RESULTS All APs resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the ATP content of TICs. All APs at their estimated IC50s (6μM, 21μM, 35μM and 37μM for CPZ, HAL, CLZ and RIS respectively) significantly decreased TICs OCRs (p<0.0001), MPP (p<0.0001) and significantly (p=0.0003) inhibited mitochondrial complex I activity. Only typical APs inhibited complex III (p=0.005). Also, APs at IC50s increased TICs lactate production to varying degrees. All APs used at their IC50s significantly inhibited progesterone (p=0.0022) and androstenedione (p=0.0027) production. Only CPZ was found to inhibit these hormones at the low concentration (1μM). CONCLUSION All four antipsychotics seem to inhibit mitochondrial bioenergetics and steroidogenesis in rat's ovarian theca cells. These findings support the hypothesis that APs-induced reproductive toxicity may be through mechanisms involving mitochondrial insult>. Further research is required to establish the link between APs-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and disordered steroidogenesis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Giannoccaro MP, La Morgia C, Rizzo G, Carelli V. Mitochondrial DNA and primary mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:346-363. [PMID: 28251677 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1979, it was observed that parkinsonism could be induced by a toxin inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory complex I. This initiated the long-standing hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). This hypothesis evolved, with accumulating evidence pointing to complex I dysfunction, which could be caused by environmental or genetic factors. Attention was focused on the mitochondrial DNA, considering the occurrence of mutations, polymorphic haplogroup-specific variants, and defective mitochondrial DNA maintenance with the accumulation of multiple deletions and a reduction of copy number. Genetically determined diseases of mitochondrial DNA maintenance frequently manifest with parkinsonism, but the age-related accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA errors also represents a major driving mechanism for PD. Recently, the discovery of the genetic cause of rare inherited forms of PD highlighted an extremely complex homeostatic control over mitochondria, involving their dynamic fission/fusion cycle, the balancing of mitobiogenesis and mitophagy, and consequently the quality control surveillance that corrects faulty mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Many genes came into play, including the PINK1/parkin axis, but also OPA1, as pieces of the same puzzle, together with mitochondrial DNA damage, complex I deficiency and increased oxidative stress. The search for answers will drive future research to reach the understanding necessary to provide therapeutic options directed not only at limiting the clinical evolution of symptoms but also finally addressing the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in PD. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that ultimately result from dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. There is some evidence to suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in neuropsychiatric illness; however, the data are inconclusive. This article summarizes the available literature published in the area of neuropsychiatric manifestations in both children and adults with primary mitochondrial disease, with a focus on autism spectrum disorder in children and mood disorders and schizophrenia in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Marin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive #0935, La Jolla, CA 92093-0935, USA
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, 4800 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bergman O, Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation System (OXPHOS) Deficits in Schizophrenia: Possible Interactions with Cellular Processes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:457-69. [PMID: 27412728 PMCID: PMC4959648 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716648290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players in the generation and regulation of cellular bioenergetics, producing the majority of adenosine triphosphate molecules by the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). Linked to numerous signaling pathways and cellular functions, mitochondria, and OXPHOS in particular, are involved in neuronal development, connectivity, plasticity, and differentiation. Impairments in a variety of mitochondrial functions have been described in different general and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), a severe, chronic, debilitating illness that heavily affects the lives of patients and their families. This article reviews findings emphasizing the role of OXPHOS in the pathophysiology of SCZ. Evidence accumulated during the past few decades from imaging, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies points at OXPHOS deficit involvement in SCZ. Abnormalities have been reported in high-energy phosphates generated by the OXPHOS, in the activity of its complexes and gene expression, primarily of complex I (CoI). In addition, cellular signaling such as cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca(+2), neuronal development, connectivity, and plasticity have been linked to OXPHOS function and are reported to be impaired in SCZ. Finally, CoI has been shown as a site of interaction for both dopamine (DA) and antipsychotic drugs, further substantiating its role in the pathology of SCZ. Understanding the role of mitochondria and the OXPHOS in particular may encourage new insights into the pathophysiology and etiology of this debilitating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Bergman
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Abstract
Antipsychotics, risperidone, and risperidone’s active metabolite, paliperidone (9-hydroxyrisperidone), are related molecules used for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Differences in receptor binding, 5-HT2A/D2 (serotonin/dopamine) binding ratios, and mitochondrial proteomics suggest that the effects of risperidone and paliperidone on neuronal firing, regulation of mitochondrial function, and movement are different. This review seeks to explore the most significant differences at the molecular level between risperidone and paliperidone, as reported in preclinical studies. Although risperidone shows higher affinity for 5-HT receptors, paliperidone does not fit this profile. Thus, the risperidone 5-HT2A/D2 binding ratio is significantly lower than the paliperidone 5-HT2A/D2 binding ratio. Paliperidone, similar to lithium and valproate, affects expression levels and phosphorylation of complex I and V proteins in synaptoneurosomal preparations of rat prefrontal cortex, suggesting that paliperidone behaves as a mood stabilizer. It is apparent that the presence of a hydroxyl group in the paliperidone molecule confers increased hydrophilicity to this drug compared with its parent, risperidone; thus, this contributes to differential effects on mitochondrial movement, protein expression, and phosphorylation. These differences are reflected in synaptic plasticity and neuronal firing and have only recently been implicated in the mechanisms of mitochondrial function and movement.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hargreaves IP, Al Shahrani M, Wainwright L, Heales SJR. Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity. Drug Saf 2016; 39:661-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-016-0417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
40
|
Mamah D, Alpert KI, Barch DM, Csernansky JG, Wang L. Subcortical neuromorphometry in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 11:276-286. [PMID: 26977397 PMCID: PMC4781974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Disorders within the schizophrenia spectrum genetically overlap with bipolar disorder, yet questions remain about shared biological phenotypes. Investigation of brain structure in disease has been enhanced by developments in shape analysis methods that can identify subtle regional surface deformations. Our study aimed to identify brain structure surface deformations that were common across related psychiatric disorders, and characterize differences. Methods Using the automated FreeSurfer-initiated Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping, we examined volumes and shapes of seven brain structures: hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen, globus pallidus and thalamus. We compared findings in controls (CON; n = 40), and those with schizophrenia (SCZ; n = 52), schizotypal personality disorder (STP; n = 12), psychotic bipolar disorder (P-BP; n = 49) and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder (N-BP; n = 24), aged 15–35. Relationships between morphometric measures and positive, disorganized and negative symptoms were also investigated. Results Inward deformation was present in the posterior thalamus in SCZ, P-BP and N-BP; and in the subiculum of the hippocampus in SCZ and STP. Most brain structures however showed unique shape deformations across groups. Correcting for intracranial size resulted in volumetric group differences for caudate (p < 0.001), putamen (p < 0.01) and globus pallidus (p < 0.001). Shape analysis showed dispersed patterns of expansion on the basal ganglia in SCZ. Significant clinical relationships with hippocampal, amygdalar and thalamic volumes were observed. Conclusions Few similarities in surface deformation patterns were seen across groups, which may reflect differing neuropathologies. Posterior thalamic contraction in SCZ and BP suggest common genetic or environmental antecedents. Surface deformities in SCZ basal ganglia may have been due to antipsychotic drug effects. Shape analysis identified structural abnormalities in psychiatric disorders, where volume analysis did not Few similarities in surface deformation patterns were seen across diagnostic groups Posterior thalamic contraction was seen in both schizophrenia and bipolar patients Expansion of basal ganglia regions were seen in schizophrenia patients
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States.
| | - Kathryn I Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States; Department of Psychology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States; Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States
| | - John G Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mnif L, Sellami R, Masmoudi J. Schizophrenia and Leigh syndrome, a simple comorbidity or the same etiopathogeny: about a case. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 22:333. [PMID: 26977240 PMCID: PMC4773053 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.22.333.8288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome is a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that occurs due to "cytochrome c oxidase deficiency". Few psychiatric disorders have been defined that are associated with Leigh syndrome. The objective of this work is to study relations between mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. It was a 20 year old male patient, who received Modopar, for severe extra pyramidal symptoms caused by Leigh syndrome. He developed, four months ago, acute psychotic symptoms such as audio-visual hallucinations, persecution and mystic delirium. The cerebral MRI has shown signal abnormalities in central grey nucleus. The EEG recording and blood test were normal. The hypothesis of drug induced psychiatric disorders (Modopar) was possible. The evolution under atypical antipsychotic was only partial. In this case, the cerebrospinal fluid and lactate levels mean that mitochondria were not an overall explanation for these psychiatric disorders but may at least play a partial role. Psychiatric disorders may just be acomorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mnif
- Department of Psychiatry «A», Hédi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Sellami
- Department of Psychiatry «A», Hédi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jawaher Masmoudi
- Department of Psychiatry «A», Hédi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abnormal high-energy phosphate molecule metabolism during regional brain activation in patients with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1079-84. [PMID: 25754079 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests bioenergetic abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD). In the brain, phosphocreatine (PCr) acts a reservoir of high-energy phosphate (HEP) bonds, and creatine kinases (CK) catalyze the transfer of HEP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to PCr and from PCr back to ATP, at times of increased need. This study examined the activity of this mechanism in BD by measuring the levels of HEP molecules during a stimulus paradigm that increased local energy demand. Twenty-three patients diagnosed with BD-I and 22 healthy controls (HC) were included. Levels of phosphorus metabolites were measured at baseline and during visual stimulation in the occipital lobe using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T. Changes in metabolite levels showed different patterns between the groups. During stimulation, HC had significant reductions in PCr but not in ATP, as expected. In contrast, BD patients had significant reductions in ATP but not in PCr. In addition, PCr/ATP ratio was lower at baseline in patients, and there was a higher change in this measure during stimulation. This pattern suggests a disease-related failure to replenish ATP from PCr through CK enzyme catalysis during tissue activation. Further studies measuring the CK flux in BD are required to confirm and extend this finding.
Collapse
|
43
|
Martino G, Capasso M, Nasuti M, Bonanni L, Onofrj M, Thomas A. Dopamine transporter single-photon emission computerized tomography supports diagnosis of akinetic crisis of parkinsonism and of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e649. [PMID: 25837755 PMCID: PMC4554017 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Akinetic crisis (AC) is akin to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and is the most severe and possibly lethal complication of parkinsonism. Diagnosis is today based only on clinical assessments yet is often marred by concomitant precipitating factors. Our purpose is to evidence that AC and NMS can be reliably evidenced by FP/CIT single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) performed during the crisis. Prospective cohort evaluation in 6 patients. In 5 patients, affected by Parkinson disease or Lewy body dementia, the crisis was categorized as AC. One was diagnosed as having NMS because of exposure to risperidone. In all FP/CIT, SPECT was performed in the acute phase. SPECT was repeated 3 to 6 months after the acute event in 5 patients. Visual assessments and semiquantitative evaluations of binding potentials (BPs) were used. To exclude the interference of emergency treatments, FP/CIT BP was also evaluated in 4 patients currently treated with apomorphine. During AC or NMS, BP values in caudate and putamen were reduced by 95% to 80%, to noise level with a nearly complete loss of striatum dopamine transporter-binding, corresponding to the "burst striatum" pattern. The follow-up re-evaluation in surviving patients showed a recovery of values to the range expected for Parkinsonisms of same disease duration. No binding effects of apomorphine were observed. By showing the outstanding binding reduction, presynaptic dopamine transporter ligand can provide instrumental evidence of AC in Parkinsonism and NMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Martino
- From the Department of Radiology and Radiotherapy, Nuclear Medicine University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara (GM, MN); Neurology Clinic, State Hospital (MC, LB, MO, AT); and Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and Aging Research Center, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy (LB, MO, AT)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Elmorsy E, Smith PA. Bioenergetic disruption of human micro-vascular endothelial cells by antipsychotics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:857-62. [PMID: 25824037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics (APs) are widely used medications, however these are not without side effects such as disruption of blood brain barrier function (BBB). To investigate this further we have studied the chronic effects of the typical APs, chlorpromazine (CPZ) and haloperidol (HAL) and the atypical APs, risperidone (RIS) and clozapine (CLZ), on the bioenergetics of human micro-vascular endothelial cells (HBVECs) of the BBB. Alamar blue (AB) and ATP assays showed that these APs impair bioenergenesis in HBVECs in a concentration and time dependent manner. However since these effects were incomplete they suggest a population of cell bioenergetically heterogeneous, an idea supported by the bistable nature by which APs affected the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. CPZ, HAL and CLZ inhibited the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and III. Our data demonstrates that at therapeutic concentrations, APs can impair the bioenergetic status of HBVECs, an action that help explains the adverse side effects of these drugs when used clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Elmorsy
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2UH, UK; Departments of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Paul A Smith
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottinghamshire, NG7 2UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Erro R, Bhatia KP, Tinazzi M. Parkinsonism following neuroleptic exposure: A double-hit hypothesis? Mov Disord 2015; 30:780-5. [PMID: 25801826 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced parkinsonism is caused by an offending drug and should resolve after the causative agent has been withdrawn. However, in a number of patients, symptoms persist or may even worsen over time, suggesting the development of concomitant Parkinson's disease. The prevalence estimates of Parkinson's disease after neuroleptic exposure are unexpectedly high, suggesting a causal relationship. We critically review available literature in this regard, and some pathophysiological hypotheses that might explain such a relationship are suggested. Some patients may have an undetermined genetic susceptibility to parkinsonism. We speculate that the possible neurotoxic effect of neuroleptics exerted on a susceptible dopaminergic system would lead over the long-term to a self-fostering, progressive process. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, Università di Verona, Italy
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e del Movimento, Università di Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zong X, Hu M, Li Z, Cao H, He Y, Liao Y, Zhou J, Sang D, Zhao H, Tang J, Lv L, Chen X. N-acetylaspartate reduction in the medial prefrontal cortex following 8 weeks of risperidone treatment in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9109. [PMID: 25778460 PMCID: PMC4894446 DOI: 10.1038/srep09109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether N-acetylaspartate (NAA) depletions documented in schizophrenia patients might be due to the disease progression or medications. Here we investigated longitudinal NAA changes in drug-naïve first-episode patients (FEP) who are relatively free from chronicity. Forty-two drug-naïve FEP and 38 controls were enrolled in this study to explore the effect of 8-week risperidone monotherapy on NAA. All spectra were obtained from the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) on a 3.0 T MRI and analyzed with LCModel. At baseline, patients presented no significant differences in NAA (P = 0.084) or NAA/Cr + Pcr (P = 0.500) compared to controls; NAA levels were negatively correlated with PANSS total scores (P = 0.001) and WCST-PE (P = 0.041). After treatment, patients demonstrated significant reductions of NAA (P < 0.001) and NAA/Cr + Pcr (P < 0.001), and significant improvement in PANSS-P (P < 0.001) and PANSS-G (P < 0.001) symptoms. We detected no significant correlations between NAA alterations and PANSS-P (P = 0.679) or PANSS-G (P = 0.668) symptom changes; nor did NAA/Cr + Pcr changes with alterations in PANSS-P (P = 0.677) and PANSS-G (P = 0.616). This is the first evidence that short-term risperidone treatment induces an acute reduction of MPFC NAA during the early phase of schizophrenia, which may be a previously unavailable biomarker to indicate risperidone with a similar pharmacological mechanism, although the functional significance is still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Zong
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Maolin Hu
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zongchang Li
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Ying He
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Deen Sang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hongzeng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- 1] Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China [2] Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China [3] National Technology of Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Akarsu S, Torun D, Bolu A, Erdem M, Kozan S, Ak M, Akar H, Uzun Ö. Mitochondrial complex I and III gene mRNA levels in schizophrenia, and their relationship with clinical features. J Mol Psychiatry 2014; 2:6. [PMID: 25713723 PMCID: PMC4307627 DOI: 10.1186/s40303-014-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of schizophrenia is not precisely known; however, mitochondrial function and cerebral energy metabolism abnormalities were determined to be possible factors associated with the etiology of schizophrenia. Impaired mitochondrial function negatively affects neuronal plasticity, and can cause cognitive deficits and behavioral abnormalities observed during the clinical course of schizophrenia. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the clinical features of schizophrenia, and mitochondrial complex activation, based on measurement of mRNA levels in the NDUFV1, NDUFV2, NDUFS1, and UQCR10 genes involved in the peripheral mitochondrial complex. Methods The study included 138 schizophrenia patients and 42 healthy controls. The schizophrenia group was divided into a chronic schizophrenia subgroup (n = 84) and a first-episode schizophrenia subgroup (n = 54). The symptoms profile and severity of disorder were evaluated using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results The level of mRNA expression of NDUFV1, NDUFV2, and NDUFS1 was significantly higher in the schizophrenia group than in the control group. The mRNA level of NDUFV2 was positively correlated with BPRS and SAPS scores in the first-episode schizophrenia subgroup. Conclusion The findings showed that there was a positive correlation between gene mRNA levels and psychotic symptomatology, especially positive symptoms. Our results suggest that mRNA levels of the NDUFV1, NUDFV2, and NDUFS1 genes of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain might become a possible peripheral marker for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Akarsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Aksaz Military Hospital, Marmaris, Muğla Turkey
| | - Deniz Torun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bolu
- Aircrew's Health Research and Training Center, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Murat Erdem
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Kozan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ak
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Akar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özcan Uzun
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Military Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Elmorsy E, Elzalabany LM, Elsheikha HM, Smith PA. Adverse effects of antipsychotics on micro-vascular endothelial cells of the human blood-brain barrier. Brain Res 2014; 1583:255-68. [PMID: 25139421 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms of action of antipsychotics (APs) on neuronal function are well understood, very little is known about their effects on cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); one function of which is to limit the access of these amphiphilic compounds to the central nervous system. To address this question we have investigated the cytological and functional effects of four APs: chlorpromazine (CLP), haloperidol (HAL), risperidone (RIS) and clozapine (CLZ), at concentrations typical of high therapeutic dosage on a human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) model of the BBB. At ~10 µM all four APs impaired the ability of HBMECs to reduce MTT which was followed by decreased Trypan blue exclusion and increased Lactate dehydrogenase release. These effects were associated with oxidative stress which was partly reversed by incubation in 10mM glutathione. At their EC50 concentrations for MTT reduction, all four APs disrupted cellular ultrastructure and morphology. HAL, CPZ and CLZ increased Caspase -3, -8 and -9 activity, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, data indicative of apoptosis. These events were associated with decreased transcytosis of Evans blue and increased transendothelial potential difference and electrical resistance of this BBB model. These findings suggest that at high therapeutic concentrations, CPZ and CLZ are likely to incur cytoxic effects and apoptosis of BBB endothelia with an impairment of barrier functionality. Such events may underlie the aetiology of neuroleptic associated cerebral oedema and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Elmorsy
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottinghamshire NG7 2UH, UK; Departments of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Laila M Elzalabany
- Departments of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Paul A Smith
- School of Life Science, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottinghamshire NG7 2UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rice MW, Smith KL, Roberts RC, Perez-Costas E, Melendez-Ferro M. Assessment of cytochrome C oxidase dysfunction in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100054. [PMID: 24941246 PMCID: PMC4062438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in metabolism are a well-documented but complex facet of schizophrenia pathology. Optimal cellular performance requires the proper functioning of the electron transport chain, which is constituted by four enzymes located within the inner membrane of mitochondria. These enzymes create a proton gradient that is used to power the enzyme ATP synthase, producing ATP, which is crucial for the maintenance of cellular functioning. Anomalies in a single enzyme of the electron transport chain are sufficient to cause disruption of cellular metabolism. The last of these complexes is the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) enzyme, which is composed of thirteen different subunits. COX is a major site for oxidative phosphorylation, and anomalies in this enzyme are one of the most frequent causes of mitochondrial pathology. The objective of the present report was to assess if metabolic anomalies linked to COX dysfunction may contribute to substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) pathology in schizophrenia. We tested COX activity in postmortem SN/VTA from schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. We also tested the protein expression of key subunits for the assembly and activity of the enzyme, and the effect of antipsychotic medication on subunit expression. COX activity was not significantly different between schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. However, we found significant decreases in the expression of subunits II and IV-I of COX in schizophrenia. Interestingly, these decreases were observed in samples containing the entire rostro-caudal extent of the SN/VTA, while no significant differences were observed for samples containing only mid-caudal regions of the SN/VTA. Finally, rats chronically treated with antipsychotic drugs did not show significant changes in COX subunit expression. These findings suggest that COX subunit expression may be compromised in specific sub-regions of the SN/VTA (i.e. rostral regions), which may lead to a faulty assembly of the enzyme and a greater vulnerability to metabolic insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Emma Perez-Costas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Miguel Melendez-Ferro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|