1
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Brachi M, El Housseini W, Beaver K, Jadhav R, Dantanarayana A, Boucher DG, Minteer SD. Advanced Electroanalysis for Electrosynthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:141-187. [PMID: 38585515 PMCID: PMC10995937 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, environmentally friendly substitute for conventional organic methods. It involves using charge transfer to stimulate chemical reactions through the application of a potential or current between two electrodes. In addition to electrode materials and the type of reactor employed, the strategies for controlling potential and current have an impact on the yields, product distribution, and reaction mechanism. In this Review, recent advances related to electroanalysis applied in electrosynthesis were discussed. The first part of this study acts as a guide that emphasizes the foundations of electrosynthesis. These essentials include instrumentation, electrode selection, cell design, and electrosynthesis methodologies. Then, advances in electroanalytical techniques applied in organic, enzymatic, and microbial electrosynthesis are illustrated with specific cases studied in recent literature. To conclude, a discussion of future possibilities that intend to advance the academic and industrial areas is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brachi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Wassim El Housseini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Rohit Jadhav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Ashwini Dantanarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Dylan G. Boucher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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2
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Hertel JS, Bitterwolf P, Kröll S, Winterhalter A, Weber AJ, Grösche M, Walkowsky LB, Heißler S, Schwotzer M, Wöll C, van de Kamp T, Zuber M, Baumbach T, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Biocatalytic Foams from Microdroplet-Formulated Self-Assembling Enzymes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303952. [PMID: 37358068 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial biocatalysis plays an important role in the development of a sustainable economy, as enzymes can be used to synthesize an enormous range of complex molecules under environmentally friendly conditions. To further develop the field, intensive research is being conducted on process technologies for continuous flow biocatalysis in order to immobilize large quantities of enzyme biocatalysts in microstructured flow reactors under conditions that are as gentle as possible in order to realize efficient material conversions. Here, monodisperse foams consisting almost entirely of enzymes covalently linked via SpyCatcher/SpyTag conjugation are reported. The biocatalytic foams are readily available from recombinant enzymes via microfluidic air-in-water droplet formation, can be directly integrated into microreactors, and can be used for biocatalytic conversions after drying. Reactors prepared by this method show surprisingly high stability and biocatalytic activity. The physicochemical characterization of the new materials is described and exemplary applications in biocatalysis are shown using two-enzyme cascades for the stereoselective synthesis of chiral alcohols and the rare sugar tagatose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S Hertel
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Bitterwolf
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kröll
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Astrid Winterhalter
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Annika J Weber
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Grösche
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laurenz B Walkowsky
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heißler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwotzer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas van de Kamp
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcus Zuber
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Salley D, Manzano JS, Kitson PJ, Cronin L. Robotic Modules for the Programmable Chemputation of Molecules and Materials. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1525-1537. [PMID: 37637738 PMCID: PMC10450877 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Before leveraging big data methods like machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) in chemistry, there is an imperative need for an affordable, universal digitization standard. This mirrors the foundational requisites of the digital revolution, which demanded standard architectures with precise specifications. Recently, we have developed automated platforms tailored for chemical AI-driven exploration, including the synthesis of molecules, materials, nanomaterials, and formulations. Our focus has been on designing and constructing affordable standard hardware and software modules that serve as a blueprint for chemistry digitization across varied fields. Our platforms can be categorized into four types based on their applications: (i) discovery systems for the exploration of chemical space and novel reactivity, (ii) systems for the synthesis and manufacture of fine chemicals, (iii) platforms for formulation discovery and exploration, and (iv) systems for materials discovery and synthesis. We also highlight the convergent evolution of these platforms through shared hardware, firmware, and software alongside the creation of a unique programming language for chemical and material systems. This programming approach is essential for reliable synthesis, designing experiments, discovery, optimization, and establishing new collaboration standards. Furthermore, it is crucial for verifying literature findings, enhancing experimental outcome reliability, and fostering collaboration and sharing of unsuccessful experiments across different research labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salley
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - J. Sebastián Manzano
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Kitson
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University
of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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4
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Ex-situ generation and synthetic utilization of bare trifluoromethyl anion in flow via rapid biphasic mixing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1231. [PMID: 36869027 PMCID: PMC9984407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroform (CF3H) is the simplest reagent for nucleophilic trifluoromethylation intermediated by trifluoromethyl anion (CF3-). However, it has been well-known that CF3- should be generated in presence of a stabilizer or reaction partner (in-situ method) due to its short lifetime, which results in the fundamental limitation on its synthetic utilization. We herein report a bare CF3- can be ex-situ generated and directly used for the synthesis of diverse trifluoromethylated compounds in a devised flow dissolver for rapid biphasic mixing of gaseous CF3H and liquid reagents that was designed and structurally optimized by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In flow, various substrates including multi-functional compounds were chemoselectively reacted with CF3-, extending to the multi-gram-scale synthesis of valuable compounds by 1-hour operation of the integrated flow system.
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5
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Tan B, Zhang J, Xiao C, Liu Y, Yang X, Wang W, Li Y, Liu N. Progress of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Synthesis and Prospect of Its Application in Nitrification of Energetic Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:1900. [PMID: 36838887 PMCID: PMC9963094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence technology shows the advantages of improving efficiency, reducing costs, shortening time, reducing the number of staff on site and achieving precise operations, making impressive research progress in the fields of drug discovery and development, but there are few reports on application in energetic materials. This paper addresses the high safety risks in the current nitrification process of energetic materials, comprehensively analyses and summarizes the main safety risks and their control elements in the nitrification process, proposes possibilities and suggestions for using artificial intelligence technology to enhance the "essential safety" of the nitrification process in energetic materials, reviews the research progress of artificial intelligence in the field of drug synthesis, looks forward to the application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the nitrification of energetic materials and provides support and guidance for the safe processing of nitrification in the propellants and explosives industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Tan
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Academy of Ordnance Science, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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6
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. Towards Antibiotic Synthesis in Continuous-Flow Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031421. [PMID: 36771086 PMCID: PMC9919330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry has become a mainstream process and a notable trend among emerging technologies for drug synthesis. It is routinely used in academic and industrial laboratories to generate a wide variety of molecules and building blocks. The advantages it provides, in terms of safety, speed, cost efficiency and small-equipment footprint compared to analog batch processes, have been known for some time. What has become even more important in recent years is its compliance with the quality objectives that are required by drug-development protocols that integrate inline analysis and purification tools. There can be no doubt that worldwide government agencies have strongly encouraged the study and implementation of this innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly technology. In this brief review, we list and evaluate the development and applications of continuous-flow processes for antibiotic synthesis. This work spans the period of 2012-2022 and highlights the main cases in which either active ingredients or their intermediates were produced under continuous flow. We hope that this manuscript will provide an overview of the field and a starting point for a deeper understanding of the impact of flow chemistry on the broad panorama of antibiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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7
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Sato E, Tachiwaki G, Fujii M, Mitsudo K, Washio T, Takizawa S, Suga S. Electrochemical Carbon-Ferrier Rearrangement Using a Microflow Reactor and Machine Learning-Assisted Exploration of Suitable Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sato
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gaku Tachiwaki
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Washio
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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8
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A Review on Artificial Intelligence Enabled Design, Synthesis, and Process Optimization of Chemical Products for Industry 4.0. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining increasing attention for its performance in solving particularly complex problems in industrial chemistry and chemical engineering. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the application of AI techniques, in particular machine learning, in chemical design, synthesis, and process optimization over the past years. In this review, the focus is on the application of AI for structure-function relationship analysis, synthetic route planning, and automated synthesis. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future of AI in making chemical products.
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9
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Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang L. Microreactor Technology: Identifying Focus Fields and Emerging Trends by Using CiteSpace II. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200349. [PMID: 36482287 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microreactors have gained widespread attention from academia and industrial researchers due to their exceptionally fast mass and heat transfer and flexible control. In this work, CiteSpace software was used to systematically analyze the relevant literature to gain a comprehensively understand on the research status of microreactors in various fields. The results show that the research depth and application scope of microreactors are continuing to expand. The top 10 most popular research fields are photochemistry, pharmaceutical intermediates, multistep flow synthesis, mass transfer, computational fluid dynamics, μ-TAS (micro total analysis system), nanoparticles, biocatalysis, hydrogen production, and solid-supported reagents. The evolution trends of current focus areas are examined, including photochemistry, mass transfer, biocatalysis and hydrogen production and their milestone literature is analyzed in detail. This article demonstrates the development of different fields of microreactors technology and highlights the unending opportunities and challenges offered by this fascinating technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sun
- School of Economics and Management, School of Intellectual Property, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
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10
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Brown EE. Minireview: recent efforts toward upgrading lignin-derived phenols in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Chen TY, Hsiao YW, Baker-Fales M, Cameli F, Dimitrakellis P, Vlachos DG. Microflow chemistry and its electrification for sustainable chemical manufacturing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10644-10685. [PMID: 36320706 PMCID: PMC9491096 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability is vital in solving global societal problems. Still, it requires a holistic view by considering renewable energy and carbon sources, recycling waste streams, environmentally friendly resource extraction and handling, and green manufacturing. Flow chemistry at the microscale can enable continuous sustainable manufacturing by opening up new operating windows, precise residence time control, enhanced mixing and transport, improved yield and productivity, and inherent safety. Furthermore, integrating microfluidic systems with alternative energy sources, such as microwaves and plasmas, offers tremendous promise for electrifying and intensifying modular and distributed chemical processing. This review provides an overview of microflow chemistry, electrification, their integration toward sustainable manufacturing, and their application to biomass upgrade (a select number of other processes are also touched upon). Finally, we identify critical areas for future research, such as matching technology to the scale of the application, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Yung Wei Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Montgomery Baker-Fales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Fabio Cameli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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12
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Foley DJ, Waldmann H. Ketones as strategic building blocks for the synthesis of natural product-inspired compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4094-4120. [PMID: 35506561 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00101b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural product-inspired compound collections serve as excellent sources for the identification of new bioactive compounds to treat disease. However, such compounds must necessarily be more structurally-enriched than traditional screening compounds, therefore inventive synthetic strategies and reliable methods are needed to prepare them. Amongst the various possible starting materials that could be considered for the synthesis of natural product-inspired compounds, ketones can be especially valuable due to the vast variety of complexity-building synthetic transformations that they can take part in, their high prevalence as commercial building blocks, and relative ease of synthesis. With a view towards developing a unified synthetic strategy for the preparation of next generation bioactive compound collections, this review considers whether ketones could serve as general precursors in this regard, and summarises the opulence of synthetic transformations available for the annulation of natural product ring-systems to ketone starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. .,Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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13
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Pethő B, Szilágyi GB, Mengyel B, Nagy T, Farkas F, Kátai-Fadgyas K, Volk B. Development and Process Intensification of an Efficient Flow–Cascade Reaction Sequence in the Synthesis of Afizagabar. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Pethő
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor B. Szilágyi
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Mengyel
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Farkas
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kátai-Fadgyas
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Volk
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Burange AS, Osman SM, Luque R. Understanding flow chemistry for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. iScience 2022; 25:103892. [PMID: 35243250 PMCID: PMC8867129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-step organic syntheses of various drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other pharmaceutically and agriculturally important compounds have already been reported using flow synthesis. Compared to batch, hazardous and reactive reagents can be handled safely in flow. This review discusses the pros and cons of flow chemistry in today’s scenario and recent developments in flow devices. The review majorly emphasizes on the recent developments in the flow synthesis of pharmaceutically important products in last five years including flibanserin, imatinib, buclizine, cinnarizine, cyclizine, meclizine, ribociclib, celecoxib, SC-560 and mavacoxib, efavirenz, fluconazole, melitracen HCl, rasagiline, tamsulosin, valsartan, and hydroxychloroquine. Critical steps and new development in the flow synthesis of selected compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Burange
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400007, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 107198 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
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15
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Kang JH, Ahn GN, Lee H, Yim SJ, Lahore S, Lee HJ, Kim H, Kim JT, Kim DP. Scalable Subsecond Synthesis of Drug Scaffolds via Aryllithium Intermediates by Numbered-up 3D-Printed Metal Microreactors. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:43-50. [PMID: 35106371 PMCID: PMC8796307 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-flow microreactors enable ultrafast chemistry; however, their small capacity restricts industrial-level productivity of pharmaceutical compounds. In this work, scale-up subsecond synthesis of drug scaffolds was achieved via a 16 numbered-up printed metal microreactor (16N-PMR) assembly to render high productivity up to 20 g for 10 min operation. Initially, ultrafast synthetic chemistry of unstable lithiated intermediates in the halogen-lithium exchange reactions of three aryl halides and subsequent reactions with diverse electrophiles were carried out using a single microreactor (SMR). Larger production of the ultrafast synthesis was achieved by devising a monolithic module of 4 numbered-up 3D-printed metal microreactor (4N-PMR) that was integrated by laminating four SMRs and four bifurcation flow distributors in a compact manner. Eventually, the 16N-PMR system for the scalable subsecond synthesis of three drug scaffolds was assembled by stacking four monolithic modules of 4N-PMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ho Kang
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Noh Ahn
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekwon Lee
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Se-Jun Yim
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Lahore
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyune-Jea Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea
University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Center
for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University
of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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16
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Nandiwale KY, Hart T, Zahrt AF, Nambiar AMK, Mahesh PT, Mo Y, Nieves-Remacha MJ, Johnson MD, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Rincón JA, Jensen KF. Continuous stirred-tank reactor cascade platform for self-optimization of reactions involving solids. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research-scale fully automated flow platform for reaction self-optimization with solids handling facilitates identification of optimal conditions for continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals while reducing amounts of raw materials consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakasaheb Y. Nandiwale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Travis Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew F. Zahrt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Anirudh M. K. Nambiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Prajwal T. Mahesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Martin D. Johnson
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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18
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Butakova MA, Chernov AV, Kartashov OO, Soldatov AV. Data-Centric Architecture for Self-Driving Laboratories with Autonomous Discovery of New Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:12. [PMID: 35009962 PMCID: PMC8746699 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches continue to spread in almost every research and technology branch. However, a simple adaptation of AI methods and algorithms successfully exploited in one area to another field may face unexpected problems. Accelerating the discovery of new functional materials in chemical self-driving laboratories has an essential dependence on previous experimenters' experience. Self-driving laboratories help automate and intellectualize processes involved in discovering nanomaterials with required parameters that are difficult to transfer to AI-driven systems straightforwardly. It is not easy to find a suitable design method for self-driving laboratory implementation. In this case, the most appropriate way to implement is by creating and customizing a specific adaptive digital-centric automated laboratory with a data fusion approach that can reproduce a real experimenter's behavior. This paper analyzes the workflow of autonomous experimentation in the self-driving laboratory and distinguishes the core structure of such a laboratory, including sensing technologies. We propose a novel data-centric research strategy and multilevel data flow architecture for self-driving laboratories with the autonomous discovery of new functional nanomaterials.
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19
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Continuous Flow Synthesis of Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226992. [PMID: 34834084 PMCID: PMC8625794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemistry is by now an established and valued synthesis technology regularly exploited in academic and industrial laboratories to bring about the improved preparation of a variety of molecular structures. Benefits such as better heat and mass transfer, improved process control and safety, a small equipment footprint, as well as the ability to integrate in-line analysis and purification tools into telescoped sequences are often cited when comparing flow to analogous batch processes. In this short review, the latest developments regarding the exploitation of continuous flow protocols towards the synthesis of anticancer drugs are evaluated. Our efforts focus predominately on the period of 2016-2021 and highlight key case studies where either the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or its building blocks were produced continuously. It is hoped that this manuscript will serve as a useful synopsis showcasing the impact of continuous flow chemistry towards the generation of important anticancer drugs.
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20
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Jia P, Pei J, Wang G, Pan X, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Ouyang L. The roles of computer-aided drug synthesis in drug development. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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21
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Souto JA. Continuous‐Flow Preparation of Benzotropolones: Combined Batch and Flow Synthesis of Epigenetic Modulators of the (JmjC)‐Containing Domain. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Souto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultade de Química Centro de Investigacións Biomédicas (CINBIO) and IIS Galicia Sur. Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
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22
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Yao H, Wan L, Zhao X, Guo Y, Zhou J, Bo X, Mao Y, Xin Z. Effective Phosphorylation of 2,2′-Methylene-bis(4,6-di- tert-butyl) Phenol in Continuous Flow Reactors. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaofan Bo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuxin Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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23
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Sato E, Fujii M, Tanaka H, Mitsudo K, Kondo M, Takizawa S, Sasai H, Washio T, Ishikawa K, Suga S. Application of an Electrochemical Microflow Reactor for Cyanosilylation: Machine Learning-Assisted Exploration of Suitable Reaction Conditions for Semi-Large-Scale Synthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16035-16044. [PMID: 34355889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds provides protected cyanohydrins, which can be converted into many kinds of compounds such as amino alcohols, amides, esters, and carboxylic acids. In particular, the use of trimethylsilyl cyanide as the sole carbon source can avoid the need for more toxic inorganic cyanides. In this paper, we describe an electrochemically initiated cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds and its application to a microflow reactor. Furthermore, to identify suitable reaction conditions, which reflect considerations beyond simply a high yield, we demonstrate machine learning-assisted optimization. Machine learning can be used to adjust the current and flow rate at the same time and identify the conditions needed to achieve the best productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujii
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaru Kondo
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Research Center, ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Washio
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, ISIR, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ishikawa
- Department of Reasoning for Intelligence, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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24
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Wellauer J, Miladinov D, Buchholz T, Schütz J, Stemmler RT, Medlock JA, Bonrath W, Sparr C. Organophotocatalytic Aerobic Oxygenation of Phenols in a Visible-Light Continuous-Flow Photoreactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:9748-9752. [PMID: 33871915 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A mild photocatalytic phenol oxygenation enabled by a continuous-flow photoreactor using visible light and pressurized air is described herein. Products for wide-ranging applications, including the synthesis of vitamins, were obtained in high yields by precisely controlling principal process parameters. The reactor design permits low organophotocatalyst loadings to generate singlet oxygen. It is anticipated that the efficient aerobic phenol oxygenation to benzoquinones and p-quinols contributes to sustainable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Wellauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Miladinov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Buchholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Schütz
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - René T Stemmler
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Werner Bonrath
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
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26
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Jiang T, Bordi S, McMillan AE, Chen KY, Saito F, Nichols PL, Wanner BM, Bode JW. An integrated console for capsule-based, automated organic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6977-6982. [PMID: 34123325 PMCID: PMC8153237 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01048d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The current laboratory practices of organic synthesis are labor intensive, impose safety and environmental hazards, and hamper the implementation of artificial intelligence guided drug discovery. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions with prepacked capsules. The machine conducts coupling reactions and delivers the purified products with minimal user involvement. Two desirable reaction classes – the synthesis of saturated N-heterocycles and reductive amination – were implemented, along with multi-step sequences that provide drug-like organic molecules in a fully automated manner. We envision that this system will serve as a console for developers to provide synthetic methods as integrated, user-friendly packages for conducting organic synthesis in a safe and convenient fashion. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions using prepacked capsules with minimal user involvement.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Jiang
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Samuele Bordi
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Angus E McMillan
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kuang-Yen Chen
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Fumito Saito
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Paula L Nichols
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benedikt M Wanner
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Synple Chem AG 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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27
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Manneveau M, Tanii S, Gens F, Legros J, Chataigner I. Dearomatization of 3-cyanoindoles by (3 + 2) cycloaddition: from batch to flow chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3481-3486. [PMID: 32347286 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dipolar dearomatizing cycloadditions between a non-stabilized azomethine ylide and 3-cyanoindoles or benzofuran afford the corresponding 3D-heterocycles bearing a quaternary carbon centre at the ring junction. While 6 equivalents of ylide precursor 1 are required for full conversion in a classical flask, working under flow conditions limits the excess (3 equiv., tR = 1 min) and leads to a cleaner process, affording cycloadducts that are easier to isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Manneveau
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, CNRS, INSA Rouen, COBRA laboratory, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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28
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Flow Biocatalysis: A Challenging Alternative for the Synthesis of APIs and Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030990. [PMID: 33498198 PMCID: PMC7863935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts represent an efficient, highly selective and greener alternative to metal catalysts in both industry and academia. In the last two decades, the interest in biocatalytic transformations has increased due to an urgent need for more sustainable industrial processes that comply with the principles of green chemistry. Thanks to the recent advances in biotechnologies, protein engineering and the Nobel prize awarded concept of direct enzymatic evolution, the synthetic enzymatic toolbox has expanded significantly. In particular, the implementation of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems has attracted much attention, especially from industry. The advantages of flow chemistry enable biosynthesis to overcome well-known limitations of “classic” enzymatic catalysis, such as time-consuming work-ups and enzyme inhibition, as well as difficult scale-up and process intensifications. Moreover, continuous flow biocatalysis provides access to practical, economical and more sustainable synthetic pathways, an important aspect for the future of pharmaceutical companies if they want to compete in the market while complying with European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and green chemistry requirements. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the use of flow biocatalysis for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceuticals and natural products, and the advantages and limitations are discussed.
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29
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Miyamura H, Bergman RG, Raymond KN, Toste FD. Heterogeneous Supramolecular Catalysis through Immobilization of Anionic M4L6 Assemblies on Cationic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19327-19338. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Dennehy OC, Lynch D, Collins SG, Maguire AR, Moynihan HA. Scale-up and Optimization of a Continuous Flow Synthesis of an α-Thio-β-chloroacrylamide. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga C. Dennehy
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Humphrey A. Moynihan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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31
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Catalán M, Castro-Castillo V, Gajardo-de la Fuente J, Aguilera J, Ferreira J, Ramires-Fernandez R, Olmedo I, Molina-Berríos A, Palominos C, Valencia M, Domínguez M, Souto JA, Jara JA. Continuous flow synthesis of lipophilic cations derived from benzoic acid as new cytotoxic chemical entities in human head and neck carcinoma cell lines. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1210-1225. [PMID: 33479625 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemistry was used for the synthesis of a series of delocalized lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cations (DLCs) linked by means of an ester functional group to several hydroxylated benzoic acid derivatives and evaluated in terms of both reaction time and selectivity. The synthesized compounds showed cytotoxic activity and selectivity in head and neck tumor cell lines. The mechanism of action of the molecules involved a mitochondrial uncoupling effect and a decrease in both intracellular ATP production and apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Catalán
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program , Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380453 , Chile
| | - Vicente Castro-Castillo
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santos Dumont 964 , Santiago 8380494 , Chile
| | - Javier Gajardo-de la Fuente
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santos Dumont 964 , Santiago 8380494 , Chile
| | - Jocelyn Aguilera
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD) , Faculty of Dentistry , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380492 , Chile . ; Tel: +56 2 29781730
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program , Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380453 , Chile
| | | | - Ivonne Olmedo
- Physiopathology Program , Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago 8380453 , Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD) , Faculty of Dentistry , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380492 , Chile . ; Tel: +56 2 29781730
| | - Charlotte Palominos
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program , Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380453 , Chile
| | - Marcelo Valencia
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program , Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM) , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380453 , Chile
| | - Marta Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur , Universidade de Vigo , E-36310 , Vigo , Spain .
| | - José A Souto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur , Universidade de Vigo , E-36310 , Vigo , Spain .
| | - José A Jara
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD) , Faculty of Dentistry , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , 8380492 , Chile . ; Tel: +56 2 29781730
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33
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Adebar N, Gröger H. Heterogeneous Catalysts “on the Move”: Flow Chemistry with Fluid Immobilised (Bio)Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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Lima F, André J, Marziale A, Greb A, Glowienke S, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Martin B, Sedelmeier J. Continuous Flow as Enabling Technology: Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Sulfinates as Bench Stable Cross-Coupling Partners. Org Lett 2020; 22:6082-6085. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme André
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Marziale
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Greb
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Glowienke
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Mark Meisenbach
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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Kern MK, Pohl NLB. Automated Solution-Phase Synthesis of S-Glycosides for the Production of Oligomannopyranoside Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:4156-4159. [PMID: 32432478 PMCID: PMC7493207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioglycosides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than their O-linked counterparts, thereby becoming attractive targets for carbohydrate-based therapeutic development. We report the first development of methods for the site-selective incorporation of S-linkages into automated solution-phase oligosaccharide protocols. The protocols were shown to be compatible with the formation of S- or O-glycosides for the synthesis of mannopyranoside trimmers that incorporate both S- and O-linkages to allow the selective incorporation of an S-glycoside in various stages in an automated program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory K Kern
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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36
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Mao M, Zhang L, Yao H, Wan L, Xin Z. Development and Scale-up of the Rapid Synthesis of Triphenyl Phosphites in Continuous Flow. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9503-9509. [PMID: 32363302 PMCID: PMC7191834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of triphenyl phosphite and its derivatives has been developed in continuous flow. With a total residence time of 20 s, the target product was prepared in a microreactor, and the reaction time was significantly shortened compared with standard single batch reaction conditions. In addition, the reaction of various substrates gave the corresponding products in good to excellent yields under optimized conditions. The reactants could be employed in a stoichiometric ratio, making the reaction more efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. In addition, scale-up apparatus was designed and assembled, and the kilogram-scale production (up to 18.4 kg/h) of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite was achieved in 88% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanlin Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, East China
University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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37
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Li J, Li J, Liu R, Tu Y, Li Y, Cheng J, He T, Zhu X. Autonomous discovery of optically active chiral inorganic perovskite nanocrystals through an intelligent cloud lab. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2046. [PMID: 32341340 PMCID: PMC7184584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed an intelligent cloud lab that integrates lab automation with cloud servers and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect chirality in perovskites. Driven by the materials acceleration operating system in cloud (MAOSIC) platform, on-demand experimental design by remote users was enabled in this cloud lab. By employing artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) technology, synthesis, characterization, and parameter optimization can be autonomously achieved. Through the remote collaboration of researchers, optically active inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (IPNCs) were first synthesized with temperature-dependent circular dichroism (CD) and inversion control. The inter-structure (structural patterns) and intra-structure (screw dislocations) dual-pattern-induced mechanisms detected by MAOSIC were comprehensively investigated, and offline theoretical analysis revealed the thermodynamic mechanism inside the materials. This self-driving cloud lab enables efficient and reliable collaborations across the world, reduces the setup costs of in-house facilities, combines offline theoretic analysis, and is practical for accelerating the speed of material discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiagen Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Junzi Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Rulin Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiao Tu
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jiaji Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Tingchao He
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Zhu
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P.R. China.
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38
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Kleoff M, Schwan J, Boeser L, Hartmayer B, Christmann M, Sarkar B, Heretsch P. Scalable Synthesis of Functionalized Ferrocenyl Azides and Amines Enabled by Flow Chemistry. Org Lett 2020; 22:902-907. [PMID: 31939308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A scalable access to functionalized ferrocenyl azides has been realized in flow. By halogen-lithium exchange of ferrocenyl halides and trapping with tosyl azide, a variety of functionalized ferrocenyl azides were obtained in high yields. To allow a scalable preparation of these potentially explosive compounds, a flow protocol was developed accelerating the reaction time to minutes and circumventing accumulation of potentially hazardous intermediates. The corresponding ferrocenyl amines were then prepared by a reliable reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Johannes Schwan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Lisa Boeser
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Bence Hartmayer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstr. 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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Fitzpatrick DE, O'Brien M, Ley SV. A tutored discourse on microcontrollers, single board computers and their applications to monitor and control chemical reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00407f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This Tutored Discourse constitutes a preliminary exposure on how synthesis chemists can engage positively with inexpensive, low-power microcontrollers to aid control, monitoring and optimisation of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry
- Keele University
- Staffordshire ST5 5BG
- UK
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
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40
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Fath V, Kockmann N, Otto J, Röder T. Self-optimising processes and real-time-optimisation of organic syntheses in a microreactor system using Nelder–Mead and design of experiments. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparing an enhanced simplex algorithm with model-free design of experiments, this work presents a flexible platform for multi-objective, real-time optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- TU Dortmund University
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Otto
- Institute for Applied Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
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41
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Knox ST, Warren NJ. Enabling technologies in polymer synthesis: accessing a new design space for advanced polymer materials. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how developments in laboratory technologies can push the boundaries of what is achievable using existing polymer synthesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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42
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Abstract
With water providing a highly favored solution environment for industrial processes (and in biological processes), it is interesting to develop water-based electrolysis processes for the synthesis and conversion of organic and biomass-based molecules. Molecules with low solubility in aqueous media can be dispersed/solubilized (i) by physical dispersion tools (e.g., milling, power ultrasound, or high-shear ultraturrax processing), (ii) in some cases by pressurization/supersaturation (e.g., for gases), (iii) by adding cosolvents or "carriers" such as chremophor EL, or (iv) by adding surfactants to generate micelles, microemulsions, and/or stabilized biphasic conditions. This Account examines and compares methodologies to bring the dispersed or multiphase system into contact with an electrode. Both the microscopic process based on individual particle impact and the overall electro-organic transformation are of interest. Distinct mechanistic cases for multiphase redox processes are considered. Most traditional electro-organic transformations are performed in homogeneous solution with reagents, products, electrolyte, and possibly mediators or redox catalysts all in the same (usually organic) solution phase. This may lead to challenges in the product separation step and in the reuse of solvents and electrolytes. When aqueous electrolyte media are used, reagents and products (or even the electrolyte) may be present as microdroplets or nanoparticles. Redox transformations then occur during interfacial "collisions" under multiphase conditions or within a reaction layer when a redox mediator is present. Benefits of this approach can be (i) the use of a highly conducting aqueous electrolyte, (ii) simple separation of products and reuse of the electrolyte, (iii) phase-transfer conditions in redox catalysis, (iv) new reaction pathways, and (v) improved sustainability. In some cases, a surface phase or phase boundary processes can lead to interesting changes in reaction pathways. Controlling the reaction zone within the multiphase redox system poses a challenge, and methods based on microchannel flow reactors have been developed to provide a higher degree of control. However, detrimental effects in microchannel systems are also observed, in particular for limited current densities (which can be very low in microchannel multiphase flow) or in the development of technical solutions for scale-up of multiphase redox transformations. This Account describes physical approaches (and reactor designs) to bring multiphase redox systems into effective contact with the electrode surface as well as cases of important electro-organic multiphase transformations. Mechanistic cases considered are "impacts" by microdroplets or particles at the electrode, effects of dissolved intermediates or redox mediators, and effects of dissolved redox catalysts. These mechanistic cases are discussed for important multiphase transformations for gaseous, liquid, and solid dispersed phases. Processes based on mesoporous membranes and hydrogen-permeable palladium membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Jay D. Wadhawan
- School of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston upon Hull, North Humberside HU6 7RX, U.K
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43
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Watanabe E, Chen Y, May O, Ley SV. A Practical Method for Continuous Production of sp3-Rich Compounds from (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Redox-Active Esters. Chemistry 2019; 26:186-191. [PMID: 31692149 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A practically useful coupling reaction between aromatic halides and redox-active esters was realized by nickel catalysis through the use of a packed zinc bed column in continuous flow. Multiple reuse of the column showed a negligible decrease in efficiency, affording high space/time yields. A wide range of substrates, including a number of heteroaryl halides and polyfunctional materials were coupled in generally good yields. Longer-time and larger-scale experiments further demonstrates the robustness of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Watanabe
- New Path Molecular Ltd., Building 580, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Oliver May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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44
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Lee HJ, Roberts RC, Im DJ, Yim SJ, Kim H, Kim JT, Kim DP. Enhanced Controllability of Fries Rearrangements Using High-Resolution 3D-Printed Metal Microreactor with Circular Channel. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1905005. [PMID: 31729122 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution 3D-printed stainless steel metal microreactors (3D-PMRs) with different cross-sectional geometry are fabricated to control ultrafast intramolecular rearrangement reactions in a comparative manner. The 3D-PMR with circular channel demonstrates the improved controllability in rapid Fries-type rearrangement reactions, because of the superior mixing efficiency to rectangular cross-section channels (250 µm × 125 µm) which is confirmed based on the computational flow dynamics simulation. Even in case of very rapid intramolecular rearrangement of sterically small acetyl group occurring in 333 µs of reaction time, the desired intermolecular reaction can outpace to the undesired intramolecular rearrangement using 3D-PMR to result in high conversion and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyune-Jea Lee
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Robert C Roberts
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Do Jin Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Se-Jun Yim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Pyo Kim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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45
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Debnath M, Sasmal S, Podder D, Haldar D. Pentapeptide Nanoreactor as a Platform for Halogenations, Diels-Alder Reaction, and Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13872-13878. [PMID: 31497704 PMCID: PMC6714524 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A pentapeptide nanoreactor has been designed and synthesized as a platform to carry out the traditional organic reactions such as bromination, iodination, cycloaddition, and condensation reactions. The pentapeptide Boc-Phe-Phe-Aib-Phe-Phe-OMe with a supramolecular helical structure and π-rich channel provides nanoconfinements and thus facilitates the organic reactions. Bromination and iodination of aniline take place without any halogen carrier (Lewis acid) in the pentapeptide platform. Iodination produced p-iodoaniline only. The Diels-Alder reaction between furan and maleic anhydride increased 2-fold in the pentapeptide platform and the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of benzaldehyde and ethyl acrylate in methanol enhanced 1.5-fold.
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46
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de Almeida AF, Moreira R, Rodrigues T. Synthetic organic chemistry driven by artificial intelligence. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Lee H, Kim H, Kim D. From
p
‐Xylene to Ibuprofen in Flow: Three‐Step Synthesis by a Unified Sequence of Chemoselective C−H Metalations. Chemistry 2019; 25:11641-11645. [PMID: 31338883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyune‐Jea Lee
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis Department of Chemical Engineering POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) Pohang 790-784 South Korea
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Dong‐Pyo Kim
- Centre for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis Department of Chemical Engineering POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology) Pohang 790-784 South Korea
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48
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Amar Y, Schweidtmann AM, Deutsch P, Cao L, Lapkin A. Machine learning and molecular descriptors enable rational solvent selection in asymmetric catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6697-6706. [PMID: 31367324 PMCID: PMC6625492 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational solvent selection remains a significant challenge in process development. Here we describe a hybrid mechanistic-machine learning approach, geared towards automated process development workflow. A library of 459 solvents was used, for which 12 conventional molecular descriptors, two reaction-specific descriptors, and additional descriptors based on screening charge density, were calculated. Gaussian process surrogate models were trained on experimental data from a Rh(CO)2(acac)/Josiphos catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation of a chiral α-β unsaturated γ-lactam. With two simultaneous objectives - high conversion and high diastereomeric excess - the multi-objective algorithm, trained on the initial dataset of 25 solvents, has identified solvents leading to better reaction outcomes. In addition to being a powerful design of experiments (DoE) methodology, the resulting Gaussian process surrogate model for conversion is, in statistical terms, predictive, with a cross-validation correlation coefficient of 0.84. After identifying promising solvents, the composition of solvent mixtures and optimal reaction temperature were found using a black-box Bayesian optimisation. We then demonstrated the application of a new genetic programming approach to select an appropriate machine learning model for a specific physical system, which should allow the transition of the overall process development workflow into the future robotic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Amar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge , CB3 0AS , UK .
| | - Artur M Schweidtmann
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Process Systems Engineering , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Paul Deutsch
- UCB Pharma S.A. Allée de la Recherche , 60 1070 , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Liwei Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge , CB3 0AS , UK .
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd. , 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05 , 138602 , Singapore
| | - Alexei Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , Philippa Fawcett Drive , Cambridge , CB3 0AS , UK .
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd. , 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05 , 138602 , Singapore
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49
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Hansen SH, Kabbeck T, Radtke CP, Krause S, Krolitzki E, Peschke T, Gasmi J, Rabe KS, Wagner M, Horn H, Hubbuch J, Gescher J, Niemeyer CM. Machine-assisted cultivation and analysis of biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8933. [PMID: 31222095 PMCID: PMC6586868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are the natural form of life of the majority of microorganisms. These multispecies consortia are intensively studied not only for their effects on health and environment but also because they have an enormous potential as tools for biotechnological processes. Further exploration and exploitation of these complex systems will benefit from technical solutions that enable integrated, machine-assisted cultivation and analysis. We here introduce a microfluidic platform, where readily available microfluidic chips are connected by automated liquid handling with analysis instrumentation, such as fluorescence detection, microscopy, chromatography and optical coherence tomography. The system is operable under oxic and anoxic conditions, allowing for different gases and nutrients as feeding sources and it offers high spatiotemporal resolution in the analysis of metabolites and biofilm composition. We demonstrate the platform's performance by monitoring the productivity of biofilms as well as the spatial organization of two bacterial species in a co-culture, which is driven by chemical gradients along the microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silla H Hansen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kabbeck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten P Radtke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Krause
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Krolitzki
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jannis Gasmi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Peris E, Porcar R, García-Álvarez J, Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Divergent Multistep Continuous Synthetic Transformations of Allylic Alcohol Enabled by Catalysts Immobilized in Ionic Liquid Phases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1684-1691. [PMID: 30803157 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two individual catalytic platforms (metal- and organo-catalyzed) based on the use of an ionic liquid phase were successfully integrated for the synthesis of α-cyano-amine and cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers from allylic alcohol. The right combination of continuous flow processes enabled access to the divergent preparation of two alternative and interesting intermediate compounds from the same starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Peris
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Porcar
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" (Unidad asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Burguete
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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