1
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van Zadelhoff A, Vincken JP, de Bruijn WJC. Exploring the formation of heterodimers of barley hydroxycinnamoylagmatines by oxidative enzymes. Food Chem 2024; 446:138898. [PMID: 38447386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Dimers of hydroxycinnamoylagmatines are phenolic compounds found in barley and beer. Although they are bioactive and sensory-active compounds, systematic reports on their structure-property relationships are missing. This is partly due to lack of protocols to obtain a diverse set of hydroxycinnamoylagmatine homo- and heterodimers. To better understand dimer formation in complex systems, combinations of the monomers coumaroylagmatine (CouAgm), feruloylagmatine (FerAgm), and sinapoylagmatine (SinAgm) were incubated with horseradish peroxidase. For all combinations, the main oxidative coupling products were homodimers. Additionally, minor amounts of heterodimers were formed, except for the combination of FerAgm and CouAgm. Oxidative coupling was also performed with laccases from Agaricus bisporus and Trametes versicolor, resulting in formation of the same coupling products and no formation of CouAgm-FerAgm heterodimers. Our protocol for oxidative coupling combinations of hydroxycinnamoylagmatines yielded a structurally diverse set of coupling products, facilitating production of dimers for future research on their structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek van Zadelhoff
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Wang R, Yuan JL, Liang KL, Hu JY, Fu Q, Liang FS. Ambient-Light-Promoted Stereospecific Synthesis of ( Z)-Vinyl Thioesters under Solvent- and Catalyst-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9597-9608. [PMID: 38885461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
An ambient-light-promoted stereospecific olefinic C(sp2)-S bond construction of thioacids and 1,1-diarylethenes has been demonstrated, affording various (Z)-vinyl thioesters in 51-85% yields under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions. Mechanistic studies indicated that the formation of thioacid-olefin complexes is responsible for generating a carbonyl thiyl radical and dioxygen in the air participates in the reaction and functions as a traceless reagent. Moreover, synthetic applications have been demonstrated by the gram scale synthesis and aggregation-induced emission property of representative compound 3i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- YASUA Chemical Co., Ltd., Zhejiang 314200, China
| | - Jia-Long Yuan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Kun-Long Liang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Ji-Yun Hu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Fu-Shun Liang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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3
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Sato K, Egami H, Hamashima Y. Thiobenzoic Acid-Catalyzed Cα-H Cross Coupling of Benzyl Alcohols with α-Ketoacid Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:5285-5289. [PMID: 38869244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The C-H alkylation of benzyl alcohols with α-ketoacid derivatives was achieved in the presence of thiobenzoic acid with or without Ru or Ir photoredox catalysts. The thiobenzoic acid serves as a photoexcited single-electron reducing reagent and a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst, while addition of the metal photoredox catalyst assists the electron transfer and improves the reaction efficiency. Various functional groups were tolerant of the reaction conditions, and sterically hindered diols were produced in good to high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichi Sato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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4
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Zou L, Sun R, Tao Y, Wang X, Zheng X, Lu Q. Photoelectrochemical Fe/Ni cocatalyzed C-C functionalization of alcohols. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5245. [PMID: 38898017 PMCID: PMC11187109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous activation of reactants on the anode and cathode via paired electrocatalysis has not been extensively demonstrated. This report presents a paired oxidative and reductive catalysis based on earth-abundant iron/nickel cocatalyzed C-C functionalization of ubiquitous alcohols. A variety of alcohols (i.e., primary, secondary, tertiary, or unstrained cyclic alcohols) can be activated at very low oxidation potential of (~0.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl) via photoelectrocatalysis coupled with versatile electrophiles. This reactivity yields a wide range of structurally diverse molecules with broad functional group compatibility (more than 50 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
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5
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Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
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6
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Hota SK, Singh G, Murarka S. Direct C-H alkylation of 3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-ones with N-(acyloxy)phthalimides via radical-radical cross coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6268-6271. [PMID: 38808396 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We present an organophotoredox-catalyzed direct Csp3-H alkylation of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones employing N-(acyloxy)pthalimides to provide corresponding products in good yields. A broad spectrum of NHPI esters (1°, 2°, 3°, and sterically encumbered) participates in the photoinduced alkylation of a variety of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones. In general, mild conditions, broad scope with good functional group tolerance, and scalability are the salient features of this direct alkylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Gulshan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
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7
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Zhao X, Zhong B, Dong L, Zhang YS, Luo HT, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Hydroxylamine-Mediated C(sp 2)-H Trifluoromethylation of Terminal Alkenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400995. [PMID: 38600034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction of the trifluoromethyl (CF3) group into organic compounds has garnered substantial interest because of its significant role in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report a hydroxylamine-mediated radical process for C(sp2)-H trifluoromethylation of terminal alkenes. The reaction shows good reactivity, impressive E/Z selectivity (up to >20 : 1), and broad functional group compatibility. Expansion of this approach to perfluoroalkylation and late-stage trifluoromethylation of bioactive molecules demonstrates its promising application potential. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction follows a radical addition and subsequent elimination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhong
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Likun Dong
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hai-Tian Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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8
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Yang Z, Liu J, Xie LG. Stabilized Carbon-Centered Radical-Mediated Carbosulfenylation of Styrenes: Modular Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Glycine and Peptide Derivatives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402428. [PMID: 38852190 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids and peptides play critical roles in organisms. Thiol-ene reactions between the thiol residues of L-cysteine and the alkenyl fragments in the designed coupling partners serve as primary tools for constructing C─S bonds in the synthesis of unnatural sulfur-containing amino acid derivatives. These reactions are favored due to the preference for hydrogen transfer from thiol to β-sulfanyl carbon radical intermediates. In this paper, the study proposes utilizing carbon-centered radicals stabilized by the capto-dative effect, generated under photocatalytic conditions from N-aryl glycine derivatives. The aim is to compete with the thiol hydrogen, enabling radical C─C bond formation with β-sulfanyl carbon radicals. This protocol is robust in the presence of air and water, offers significant potential as a modular and efficient platform for synthesizing sulfur-containing amino acids and modifying peptides, particularly with abundant disulfides and styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lan-Gui Xie
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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9
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Patra S, Nandasana BN, Valsamidou V, Katayev D. Mechanochemistry Drives Alkene Difunctionalization via Radical Ligand Transfer and Electron Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402970. [PMID: 38829256 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy-functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo- and regioselective 1,2-nitronitrooxylation under solvent-free or solvent-less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Bhargav N Nandasana
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Valsamidou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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10
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Wang Y, Yi Z, Xie L, Mao Y, Ji W, Liu Z, Wei X, Su F, Chen CM. Releasing Free Radicals in Precursor Triggers the Formation of Closed Pores in Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401249. [PMID: 38529803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Increasing closed pore volume in hard carbon is considered to be the most effective way to enhance the electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries. However, there is a lack of systematic insights into the formation mechanisms of closed pores at molecular level. In this study, a regulation strategy of closed pores via adjustment of the content of free radicals is reported. Sufficient free radicals are exposed by part delignification of bamboo, which is related to the formation of well-developed carbon layers and rich closed pores. In addition, excessive free radicals from nearly total delignification lead to more reactive sites during pyrolysis, which competes for limited precursor debris to form smaller microcrystals and therefore compact the material. The optimal sample delivers a large closed pore volume of 0.203 cm3 g-1, which leads to a high reversible capacity of 350 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 and enhanced Na+ transfer kinetics. This work provides insights into the formation mechanisms of closed pores at molecular level, enabling rational design of hard carbon pore structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zonglin Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Lijing Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yixuan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xianxian Wei
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Fangyuan Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Cheng-Meng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Zheng K, Liang C, Chen H, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Cheng J. I 2 Catalyzed and TBHP/Ammonium-Promoted Conversion of Arylethanone to Nitriles via β-Scission of Iminyl Radicals. Org Lett 2024; 26:3935-3939. [PMID: 38668726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a general I2-catalyzed and TBHP/ammonium-promoted conversion of arylethanone to aromatic nitriles under air. This procedure proceeded with the β-scission of iminyl radical, which was facilitated via quenching the released alkyl radical by tert-butyl peroxyl radical leading to peroxide followed with Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement. A series of aryl methyl ketone and alkyl aryl ketone worked well with good functional group tolerance in high yields. As such, this metal-free procedure represents a facile, safe, green, and practical procedure in conversion of arylethanone to aromatic nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlian Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Lab of Biohealth Materials and Chemistry of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
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12
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Deng G, Chen Z, Bai Y, Zhang L, Xia D, Duan S, Chen W, Zhang H, Walsh PJ, Yang X. Sulfonamides as N-Centered Radical Precursors for C-N Coupling Reactions To Generate Amidines. Org Lett 2024; 26:3855-3860. [PMID: 38687847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-centered radicals (NCRs) are valuable intermediates for the construction of C-N bonds. Traditional methods for the generation of NCRs employ toxic radical initiators, transition metal catalysts, photocatalysts, or organometallic reagents. Herein, we report a novel strategy for the generation of NCRs toward the construction of C-N bonds under transition-metal-free conditions. Thus, super-electron-donor (SED) 2-azaallyl anions undergo single-electron transfer (SET) with sulfonamides, forming aminyl radicals (R2N•, R = alkyl) and culminating in the generation of amidines bearing various functional groups (33 examples, up to 96% yield). Broad substrate scope and gram-scale telescoped preparation demonstrate the practicality of this method. Radical clock and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments support the proposed radical coupling pathway between the generated N-centered radical and the C-centered 2-azaallyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lening Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhen Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
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13
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Cai Q, McWhinnie IM, Dow NW, Chan AY, MacMillan DWC. Engaging Alkenes in Metallaphotoredox: A Triple Catalytic, Radical Sorting Approach to Olefin-Alcohol Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12300-12309. [PMID: 38657210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox cross-coupling is a well-established strategy for generating clinically privileged aliphatic scaffolds via single-electron reactivity. Correspondingly, expanding metallaphotoredox to encompass new C(sp3)-coupling partners could provide entry to a novel, medicinally relevant chemical space. In particular, alkenes are abundant, bench-stable, and capable of versatile C(sp3)-radical reactivity via metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), although metallaphotoredox methodologies invoking this strategy remain underdeveloped. Importantly, merging MHAT activation with metallaphotoredox could enable the cross-coupling of olefins with feedstock partners such as alcohols, which undergo facile open-shell activation via photocatalysis. Herein, we report the first C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling of MHAT-activated alkenes with alcohols by performing deoxygenative hydroalkylation via triple cocatalysis. Through synergistic Ir photoredox, Mn MHAT, and Ni radical sorting pathways, this branch-selective protocol pairs diverse olefins and methanol or primary alcohols with remarkable functional group tolerance to enable the rapid construction of complex aliphatic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Cai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Iona M McWhinnie
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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14
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Venditto NJ, Boerth JA. Deoxy-Arylation of Amides via a Tandem Hydrosilylation/Radical- Radical Coupling Sequence. Org Lett 2024; 26:3617-3621. [PMID: 38651818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Vaska's complex is a prominent catalyst for the hydrosilylation of amides. The O-silyl hemiaminal intermediate formed in these processes has been demonstrated as an electrophile for nucleophilic additions. More recently, these intermediates have been shown to be suitable for single electron reduction to generate α-amino radicals. Leveraging the ability to generate α-amino radicals from these hemiaminals, we describe a two-step, one-pot, deoxy-arylation of amides utilizing iridium-catalyzed hydrosilylation and photoredox catalysis. This transformation can be tailored toward the late-stage functionalization of biologically relevant molecules, with drug discovery applications as shown in the streamlined synthesis of an NPY Y2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Venditto
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Boerth
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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15
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Yang L, Wu J, Li Y, Tang Y, Li J, Xu S. Construction of C-P Bonds from Free Cyclobutanone Oximes and Chlorophosphines via Radical-Radical Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:3208-3212. [PMID: 38597783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a catalyst-free reaction of cyclobutanone oximes with chlorophosphines (R2PCl), which forms a fragile C═N-O-PR2 species that undergoes N-O homolysis, fragmentation, and radical-radical coupling, leading to the formation of cyano-containing phosphine oxides in good yields. The reaction features an in situ activation of cyclobutanone oximes for radical generation, in which R2PCl plays a dual role as both an activator and a reactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- LuLu Yang
- School of Chemistry, and Engineering Research, Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiale Wu
- School of Chemistry, and Engineering Research, Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry, and Engineering Research, Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry, and Engineering Research, Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, and Engineering Research, Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Silong Xu
- School of Chemistry, and Engineering Research, Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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16
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Feng S, Liu H, Li Y, Fang Y. Photoredox-catalyzed radical-radical cross coupling of ketyl radicals with unstabilized primary alkyl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4431-4434. [PMID: 38563261 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00620h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel protocol dealing with the preparation of sterically hindered alcohols has been successfully developed via radical-radical coupling reactions enabled by mild and redox-neutral photocatalysis. With alkylsilicates as the radical precursors, a range of primary alkyl radicals bearing various functional groups could couple with a range of phthalimides and activated ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishen Feng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, No. 368 YouyiDadao, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, No. 368 YouyiDadao, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, No. 368 YouyiDadao, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yewen Fang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, No. 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, No. 201 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, China
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17
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Laskar R, Dutta S, Spies JC, Mukherjee P, Rentería-Gómez Á, Thielemann RE, Daniliuc CG, Gutierrez O, Glorius F. γ-Amino Alcohols via Energy Transfer Enabled Brook Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10899-10907. [PMID: 38569596 PMCID: PMC11027157 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In the long-standing quest to synthesize fundamental building blocks with key functional group motifs, photochemistry in the recent past has comprehensively established its attractiveness. Amino alcohols are not only functionally diverse but are ubiquitous in the biologically active realm of compounds. We developed bench-stable bifunctional reagents that could then access the sparsely reported γ-amino alcohols directly from feedstock alkenes through energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis. A designed 1,3-linkage across alkenes is made possible by the intervention of a radical Brook rearrangement that takes place downstream to the EnT-mediated homolysis of our reagent(s). A combination of experimental mechanistic investigations and detailed computational studies (DFT) indicates a radical chain propagated reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Laskar
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan C. Spies
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Poulami Mukherjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Thielemann
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 77843 College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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18
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Hoving M, Haaksma JJ, Stoppel A, Chronc L, Hoffmann J, Beil SB. Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism in Copper Photocatalytic N- and O-Methylation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400560. [PMID: 38363220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Methylation reactions are chemically simple but challenging to perform under mild and non-toxic conditions. A photochemical energy transfer strategy was merged with copper catalysis to enable fast reaction times of minutes and broad applicability to N-heterocycles, (hetero-)aromatic carboxylic acids, and drug-like molecules in high yields and good functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic investigations, using kinetic analysis, aprotic MS, UV/Vis, and luminescence quenching experiments revealed a triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism between hypervalent iodine(III) reagents and readily available photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hoving
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob-Jan Haaksma
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Stoppel
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Chronc
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Zeng J, You F, Zhu J. Screening seven-electron boron-centered radicals for dinitrogen activation. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:648-654. [PMID: 38073508 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The activation of dinitrogen is significant as nitrogen-containing compounds play an important role in industries. However, the inert NN triple bond caused by its large HOMO-LUMO gap (10.8 eV) and high bond dissociation energy (945 kJ mol-1 ) renders its activation under mild conditions particularly challenging. Recent progress shows that a few main group species can mimic transition metal complexes to activate dinitrogen. Here, we demonstrate that a series of seven-electron (7e) boron-centered radical can be used to activate N2 via density functional theory calculations. It is found that boron-centered radicals containing amine ligand perform best on the thermodynamics of dinitrogen activation. In addition, when electron-donating groups are introduced at the boron atom, these radicals can be used to activate N2 with low reaction barriers. Further analysis suggests that the electron transfer from the boron atom to the π* orbitals of dinitrogen is essential for its activation. Our findings suggest great potential of 7e boron radicals in the field of dinitrogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiying You
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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20
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Yi ZY, Wang ZC, Li RN, Li ZH, Duan JJ, Yang XQ, Wang YQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wan LJ. Silver Surface-Assisted Dehydrobrominative Cross-Coupling between Identical Aryl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38598684 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions represent an indispensable tool in chemical synthesis. An intriguing challenge in this field is to achieve selective cross-coupling between two precursors with similar reactivity or, to the limit, the identical molecules. Here we report an unexpected dehydrobrominative cross-coupling between 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene molecules on silver surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we examine the reaction process at the single-molecular level, quantify the selectivity of the dehydrobrominative cross-coupling, and reveal the modulation of selectivity by substrate lattice-related catalytic activity or molecular assembly effect. Theoretical calculations indicate that the dehydrobrominative cross-coupling proceeds via regioselective C-H bond activation of debrominated TBPB and subsequent highly selective C-C coupling of the radical-based intermediates. The reaction kinetics plays an important role in the selectivity for the cross-coupling. This work not only expands the toolbox for chemical synthesis but also provides important mechanistic insights into the selectivity of coupling reactions on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruo-Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jie Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Wang C, Lin J, Huang H, Ye C, Bao H. Regio- and Diastereoselective Radical Dimerization Reactions for the Construction of Benzo[ f]isoindole Dimers. Org Lett 2024; 26:2580-2584. [PMID: 38526484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing benzo[f]isoindole dimers, which involves cascade cyclization and oxidative radical dimerization. Our method allows for the formation of up to five carbon-carbon bonds in a single reaction, exhibiting remarkable diastereoselectivity and regioselectivity. The mechanism and regioselectivity were investigated through a combination of experiments and calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanchuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
| | - Jingyi Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
| | - Haiyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
| | - Changqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
| | - Hongli Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. of China
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22
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Wang JZ, Lyon WL, MacMillan DWC. Alkene dialkylation by triple radical sorting. Nature 2024; 628:104-109. [PMID: 38350601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The development of bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2) catalysis has expanded cross-coupling chemistries by enabling the selective combination of any primary radical with any secondary or tertiary radical through a radical sorting mechanism1-8. Biomimetic9,10 SH2 catalysis can be used to merge common feedstock chemicals-such as alcohols, acids and halides-in various permutations for the construction of a single C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond. The ability to sort these two distinct radicals across commercially available alkenes in a three-component manner would enable the simultaneous construction of two C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds, greatly accelerating access to complex molecules and drug-like chemical space11. However, the simultaneous in situ formation of electrophilic and primary nucleophilic radicals in the presence of unactivated alkenes is problematic, typically leading to statistical radical recombination, hydrogen atom transfer, disproportionation and other deleterious pathways12,13. Here we report the use of bimolecular homolytic substitution catalysis to sort an electrophilic radical and a nucleophilic radical across an unactivated alkene. This reaction involves the in situ formation of three distinct radical species, which are then differentiated by size and electronics, allowing for regioselective formation of the desired dialkylated products. This work accelerates access to pharmaceutically relevant C(sp3)-rich molecules and defines a distinct mechanistic approach for alkene dialkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Z Wang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - William L Lyon
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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23
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Man Y, Xu B. Generation and Radical-Radical Cross-Coupling of Alkenyloxy Radical. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38502939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Alkene-attached oxygen radicals are rarely used, as highly reactive oxygen radicals are incompatible with the alkene moiety. The direct radical-radical cross-coupling of O radicals is also challenging (limited to N-O bond formation) because of the lack of suitable persistent radical species. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using Breslow intermediate radical (BIR) as a persistent radical to capture unstable π-conjugated O radicals and allow the C-O radical-radical cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Man
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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24
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Li W, Huang Z, Zhong D, Li H. Photocatalyst-Free Activation of Sulfamoyl Chlorides for Regioselective Sulfamoyl-Oximation of Alkenes via Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) and Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) Relay Strategy. Org Lett 2024; 26:2062-2067. [PMID: 38451173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The use of readily available and diverse sulfamoyl chlorides for synthesizing sulfonamide compounds presents an intriguing, yet significantly underexplored strategy. Activating sulfamoyl chlorides via single-electron reduction poses challenges due to their high reduction potential. Alternatively, the SO2-Cl bond in sulfamoyl chlorides could be readily cleaved by XAT. However, the existing methodologies have been limited to either the use of photocatalyst or the monofunctionalization of activated alkenes. Here, we report a regioselective sulfamoyl-oximation of alkenes by involving the activation of sulfamoyl chlorides through a HAT and XAT relay strategy in a photocatalyst-free way. The key to this success lies in the dual roles of tert-butyl nitrite (TBN), which not only serves as the source of oximes but also acts as the HAT reagent to generate the crucial XAT reactive species. The exclusion of metal catalysts or photosensitizers for utilizing light energy renders this protocol versatile and universally applicable for synthesizing a broad range of structurally diverse oxime-containing alkyl sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Deliang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huaifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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25
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Roy S, Unnikrishnan KA, Chakraborty A, Kuniyil R, Chatterjee I. Exploiting N-Centered Umpolung Reactivity of α-Iminomalonates for the Synthesis of N-Sulfenylimines and Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1629-1634. [PMID: 38380999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and interesting N-centered umpolung method has been disclosed to construct beneficial S-N bonds, furnishing N-sulfenylimines, which can readily be converted into the corresponding sulfonamide derivatives in a one-pot sequential operation. N-Sulfenylimines are potent intermediates in organic synthesis, whereas sulfonamides are of major molecular interest due to their rich biological activities and wide applicability in medicinal chemistry. Owing to the simple reaction conditions and setup, this protocol displays a broad and versatile substrate scope, resulting in excellent functional group tolerability toward the synthesis of both N-sulfenylimines and sulfonamides. A density functional theory (DFT) computed and experimentally supported convenient mechanism has been proposed for this unique method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | | | - Arijit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kanjikode (P. O.), Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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26
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Li S, Zhang C, Wang S, Yang W, Fang X, Fan S, Zhang Q, Li XX, Feng YS. Cooperative Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis Suzuki-Miyaura-Type Reaction: Radical Coupling of Aroyl Fluorides and Alkyl Boronic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:1728-1733. [PMID: 38385808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
An intermolecular Suzuki-Miyaura-type reaction of benzoyl fluorides with alkyl boronic acids to synthetic ketone was revealed by cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and photoredox catalysis. Various alkyl boric acids can be converted into alkyl radicals without external oxidants or activators. Moreover, the catalytic system was feasible for the difunctionalization of styrenes via a radical relay process. Mechanistic experiments suggested that the benzoate anion intermediate might play a unique role in this reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Xinru Fang
- Hangzhou Xiaobei Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, 398 Haida North Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Shilu Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yi-Si Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, China
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27
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Wei J, Meng J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiao N. Dioxygen compatible electron donor-acceptor catalytic system and its enabled aerobic oxygenation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1886. [PMID: 38424055 PMCID: PMC10904740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The photochemical properties of Electron Donor-Acceptor (EDA) complexes present exciting opportunities for synthetic chemistry. However, these strategies often require an inert atmosphere to maintain high efficiency. Herein, we develop an EDA complex photocatalytic system through rational design, which overcomes the oxygen-sensitive limitation of traditional EDA photocatalytic systems and enables aerobic oxygenation reactions through dioxygen activation. The mild oxidation system transfers electrons from the donor to the effective catalytic acceptor upon visible light irradiation, which are subsequently captured by molecular oxygen to form the superoxide radical ion, as demonstrated by the specific fluorescent probe, dihydroethidine (DHE). Furthermore, this visible-light mediated oxidative EDA protocol is successfully applied in the aerobic oxygenation of boronic acids. We believe that this photochemical dioxygen activation strategy enabled by EDA complex not only provides a practical approach to aerobic oxygenation but also promotes the design and application of EDA photocatalysis under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Caifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, 102206, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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28
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Huang C, Qin YS, Wang CL, Xiao P, Tang S, Liu HJ, Wei Z, Cai H. Visible light-induced C(sp 3)-H azolation of ethers via radical-polar crossover. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2669-2672. [PMID: 38351890 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is a photochemical strategy for C(sp3)-H azolation of ethers via a hydrogen-atom transfer and radical-polar crossover process, offering efficient access to valuable N-alkylated azoles under visible-light irradiation. The protocol is metal-free and photocatalyst-free, and exhibits good to excellent yields and broad substrate scope with regard to azoles. EPR experiments provide evidence for the formation of intermediates formed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Shu Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Jun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China.
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29
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Vo DV, Su S, Karmakar R, Lee D. Reactivity of Enyne-Allenes Generated via an Alder-Ene Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:1299-1303. [PMID: 38330294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Tandem transformations of 1,3-diynyl propiolate derivatives are described. The Alder-ene reaction generates an enyne-allene, which undergoes a formal 1,7-H shift or a Diels-Alder reaction, depending on the substituent on the alkyne. A terminal or aryl-substituted alkyne promotes a 1,7-H shift to generate a new enyne-allene, which undergoes a Myers-Saito cycloaromatization followed by a 1,5-H transfer-mediated cyclization to form highly functionalized benzo-fused 6-membered cycles. The reactivity of the preformed enyne-allene shows comparable reactivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Viet Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois─Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Siyuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois─Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Rajdip Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois─Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois─Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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30
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Yuan PF, Huang XT, Long L, Huang T, Sun CL, Yu W, Wu LZ, Chen H, Liu Q. Regioselective Dearomative Amidoximation of Nonactivated Arenes Enabled by Photohomolytic Cleavage of N-nitrosamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317968. [PMID: 38179800 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative spirocyclization reactions represent a promising means to convert arenes into three-dimensional architectures; however, controlling the regioselectivity of radical dearomatization with nonactivated arenes to afford the spirocyclizative 1,2-difunctionalization other than its kinetically preferred 1,4-difunctionalization is exceptionally challenging. Here we disclose a novel strategy for dearomative 1,2- or 1,4-amidoximation of (hetero)arenes enabled by direct visible-light-induced homolysis of N-NO bonds of nitrosamides, giving rise to various highly regioselective amidoximated spirocycles that previously have been inaccessible or required elaborate synthetic efforts. The mechanism and origins of the observed regioselectivities were investigated by control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xie-Tian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linhong Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chun-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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31
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Xia J, Guo Y, Lv Z, Sun J, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Visible Light-Mediated Monofluoromethylation/Acylation of Olefins by Dual Organo-Catalysis. Molecules 2024; 29:790. [PMID: 38398543 PMCID: PMC10892033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Monofluoromethyl (CH2F) motifs exhibit unique bioactivities and are considered privileged units in drug discovery. The radical monofluoromethylative difunctionalization of alkenes stands out as an appealing approach to access CH2F-containing compounds. However, this strategy remains largely underdeveloped, particularly under metal-free conditions. In this study, we report on visible light-mediated three-component monofluoromethylation/acylation of styrene derivatives employing NHC and organic photocatalyst dual catalysis. A diverse array of α-aryl-β-monofluoromethyl ketones was successfully synthesized with excellent functional group tolerance and selectivity. The mild and metal-free CH2F radical generation strategy from NaSO2CFH2 holds potential for further applications in fluoroalkyl radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuli Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (J.X.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yunliang Guo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China;
| | - Zhiguang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (J.X.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China;
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (J.X.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule Design & Synthesis of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (J.X.); (Z.L.); (Q.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Shah JA, Banerjee A, Mukherjee U, Ngai MY. Merging Excited-State Copper Catalysis and Triplet Nitro(hetero)arenes for Direct Synthesis of 2-Aminophenol Derivatives. Chem 2024; 10:686-697. [PMID: 38405332 PMCID: PMC10882994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nitro(hetero)arene derivatives are essential commodity chemicals used in various products, such as drugs, polymers, and agrochemicals. In this study, we leverage the excited-state reactivities of copper catalysts and nitro(hetero)arenes, and the Umpolung reactivity of acyl radicals to convert readily available nitro(hetero)arenes directly to valuable 2-aminophenol derivatives, which are important scaffolds in many top-selling pharmaceuticals. This reaction is applicable to a variety of nitro(hetero)arenes, acyl chlorides, and late-stage modifications of complex molecules, making it a useful tool for the discovery of new functional molecules. Mechanistic studies, including radical trapping experiments, Stern Volmer quenching studies, light ON/OFF experiments, and 18O-labeling studies, suggest a reaction mechanism involving photoexcitation of a copper complex, diradical couplings, and an in-cage contact ion pair (CIP) migration. Our findings offer a streamlined protocol for synthesizing essential pharmacophores from nitro(hetero)arenes while simultaneously advancing knowledge in excited-state and radical chemistry and stimulating new reaction design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
- Lead Contact
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33
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Dutta S, Erchinger JE, Strieth-Kalthoff F, Kleinmans R, Glorius F. Energy transfer photocatalysis: exciting modes of reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1068-1089. [PMID: 38168974 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited (triplet) states offer a myriad of attractive synthetic pathways, including cycloadditions, selective homolytic bond cleavages and strain-release chemistry, isomerizations, deracemizations, or the fusion with metal catalysis. Recent years have seen enormous advantages in enabling these reactivity modes through visible-light-mediated triplet-triplet energy transfer catalysis (TTEnT). This tutorial review provides an overview of this emerging strategy for synthesizing sought-after organic motifs in a mild, selective, and sustainable manner. Building on the photophysical foundations of energy transfer, this review also discusses catalyst design, as well as the challenges and opportunities of energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Roman Kleinmans
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Frank Glorius
- University of Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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34
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Guo Y, Qi J, Guo H, Liu R, Zhou R. Cross-Coupling of Benzylic and Aldehydic C-H Bonds via Photocatalytic Tandem Radical-Radical Coupling and Acceptorless Alcohol Dehydrogenation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2032-2038. [PMID: 38226644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The construction of a C-C bond by cross-coupling of two different C-H bonds with the release of hydrogen gas represents an ideal yet challenging bond formation strategy. Herein, we report a photocatalytic metal-free cross-coupling of benzylic and aldehydic C-H bonds by synergistic catalysis of organophotocatalyst 4CzIPN and a thiol, which affords the corresponding α-aryl ketones in acceptable yields along with hydrogen evolution. The mechanistic investigation indicates a radical-radical coupling to give an intermediary alcohol, followed by an acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Rongfang Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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35
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Zhang J, Zhu W, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Guo C. Dual-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Electrooxidative Homocoupling of Benzoxazolyl Acetate. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1522-1531. [PMID: 38166394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of a reliable strategy for stereodivergent radical reactions that allows convenient access to all stereoisomers of homocoupling adducts with multiple stereogenic centers remains an unmet goal in organic synthesis. Herein, we describe a dual-catalyzed electrooxidative C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H homocoupling with complete absolute and relative stereocontrol for the synthesis of molecules with contiguous quaternary stereocenters in a general and predictable manner. The stereodivergent electrooxidative homocoupling reaction is achieved by synergistically utilizing two distinct chiral catalysts that convert identical racemic substrates into inherently distinctive reactive chiral intermediates, dictate enantioselective radical addition, and allow access to the full complement of stereoisomeric products via simple catalyst permutation. The successful execution of the dual-electrocatalytic strategy programmed via electrooxidative activation provides a significant conceptual advantage and will serve as a useful foundation for further research into cooperative stereocontrolled radical transformations and diversity-oriented synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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36
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Cerveri A, Scarica G, Sparascio S, Hoch M, Chiminelli M, Tegoni M, Protti S, Maestri G. Boosting Energy-Transfer Processes via Dispersion Interactions. Chemistry 2024:e202304010. [PMID: 38224554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The generation of open-shell intermediates under mild conditions has opened broad synthetic opportunities during this century. However, these reactive species often require a case specific and tailored tuning of experimental parameters in order to efficiently convert substrates into products. We report a general approach that can overcome these ubiquitous limitations for several visible-light promoted energy-transfer processes. The use of either naphthalene (5-20 equiv.) or simple binaphthyl derivatives (10-30 mol %) greatly increases their efficiency, giving rise to a new strategy for catalysis. The trend is consistent among different media, photocatalysts, light sources and substrates, allowing one to improve existing methods, to more easily optimize conditions for new ones, and, moreover, to disclose otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scarica
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sparascio
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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37
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Huang C, Xiao P, Ye ZM, Wang CL, Kang C, Tang S, Wei Z, Cai H. Direct C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Unprotected Benzyl Anilines and Alkylarenes by Organocatalysis under Visible Light. Org Lett 2024; 26:304-309. [PMID: 38165162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is direct C(sp3)-H arylation of unprotected benzyl anilines and alkylarenes via consecutive photoinduced electron transfer by visible light irradiation. Reductive quenching cycles and radical-radical cross-coupling were involved, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments provide evidence for the formation of radical intermediates formed in situ. The protocol highlights transition metal free, external oxidant free, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency (>60 examples, up to 96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
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38
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Song S, Li Z, Wang L, Zeng T, Hu Q, Zhu J. Photoredox and NHC Enabled Deoxygenative Alcohol Homologation via Formal 1,2-Addition. Org Lett 2024; 26:264-268. [PMID: 38147643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient photoinduced iron-catalyzed method has been developed for the direct use of alcohols as surrogates for organometallic reagents in the synthesis of tertiary alcohols. This method can be applied to both primary and secondary alcohols with diverse structures, enabling their reaction with aryl ketones under mild conditions. A variety of functional groups, including those that are typically reactive under conventional tertiary alcohol synthesis conditions, are compatible. Mechanistically, this reaction proceeds through the direct addition of the radical to the carbonyl pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhongxian Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Tianlong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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39
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Sun Y, Zhang N, Ren J, Huang H, Luan X, Zuo Z. Highly Selective 1,4-Diacylation/Cycloisomerization of 1,3-Enynes: De Novo Synthetic Strategy to Polysubstituted Furans. Org Lett 2024; 26:35-40. [PMID: 38117816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of a de novo synthetic strategy for rapid assembly of biologically relevant multisubstituted furans is an appealing but challenging task. Herein, we disclose NHC and organophotocatalysis cocatalyzed three-component radical 1,4-diacylation/cycloisomerization cascade process of readily available 1,3-enynes, which provides an efficient and straightforward entry to a wide range of polysubstituted furans with good yields and excellent regio- and chemoselectivities. The reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scopes, and good functional group compatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jingyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Haohao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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40
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Cai J, Zeng G, Jiang K, Luo H, Yin B. Intramolecular Cobalt/Visible Light Cocatalyzed Reductive Coupling of Unactivated Arenes with Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:327-331. [PMID: 38160449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A protocol for the intramolecular reductive coupling of unactivated arenes with unactivated alkenes has been developed with the aid of a cooperative visible light/cobalt catalytic system. This coupling is achieved via radical cascade cyclization using amines as terminal reducing reagents and water as the main hydrogen source. In their form, readily available N-allyl benzamides are converted to the corresponding spiro cyclohexadiene-lactam or β-phenethylamine analogues in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangzhou Addenda Chemical Corp. Ltd, 31 Kefeng, Huangpu, Guangzhou,510663, China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangzhou Addenda Chemical Corp. Ltd, 31 Kefeng, Huangpu, Guangzhou,510663, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangzhou Addenda Chemical Corp. Ltd, 31 Kefeng, Huangpu, Guangzhou,510663, China
| | - Hui Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangzhou Addenda Chemical Corp. Ltd, 31 Kefeng, Huangpu, Guangzhou,510663, China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangzhou Addenda Chemical Corp. Ltd, 31 Kefeng, Huangpu, Guangzhou,510663, China
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41
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Wu Z, Vlaming R, Donohoe M, Pratt DA. Interrupted Homolytic Substitution Enables Organoboron Compounds to Inhibit Radical Chain Reactions Rather than Initiate Them. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1153-1166. [PMID: 38156607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The reactions of organoboranes with peroxyl radicals are key to their use as radical initiators for a vast array of radical chain reactions, particularly at low temperatures where high stereoselectivity or regioselectivity is desired. Whereas these reactions generally proceed via concerted homolytic substitution (SH2) mechanisms, organoboranes that bear groups that can stabilize tetracoordinate boron radical "ate" complexes (e.g., catecholboranes) undergo this reaction via a stepwise addition/fragmentation sequence and serve as useful stoichiometric alkyl radical precursors. Here we show that arylboronic esters and amides derived from catecholborane and diaminonaphthaleneborane, respectively, are potent radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs). Mechanistic studies reveal that this is because the radical "ate" complexes derived from peroxyl radical addition to boron are sufficiently persistent to trap another radical in an interrupted SH2 reaction. Remarkably, the reactivity of these organoboranes as inhibitors of autoxidation was shown to translate from simple hydrocarbons to the phospholipids of biological membranes such that they can inhibit ferroptosis, the cell death modality driven by lipid autoxidation and relevant in neurodegeneration and other major pathologies. The unique mechanism of these organoboranes is one of only a handful of RTA mechanisms that are not based on H-atom transfer processes and provide a new dimension to boron chemistry and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robynne Vlaming
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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42
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Mayerhofer VJ, Lippolis M, Teskey CJ. Dual-Catalysed Intermolecular Reductive Coupling of Dienes and Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314870. [PMID: 37947372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild, catalytic method for the intermolecular reductive coupling of feedstock dienes and styrenes with ketones. Our conditions allow concomitant formation of a cobalt hydride species and single-electron reduction of ketones. Subsequent selective hydrogen-atom transfer from the cobalt hydride generates an allylic radical which can selectively couple with the persistent radical-anion of the ketone. This radical-radical coupling negates unfavourable steric interactions of ionic pathways and avoids the unstable alkoxy radical of previous radical olefin-carbonyl couplings, which were limited, as a result, to aldehydes. Applications of this novel and straightforward approach include the efficient synthesis of drug molecules, key intermediates in drug synthesis and site-selective late-stage functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Lippolis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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43
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Yu X, Huang N, Huo Y, Li X, Liu Y, Maruoka K, Chen Q. Photoredox-Mediated Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of 1,3-Diketones to Access 1,2-Diketones and ( Z)-1,4-Enediones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38175988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An aerobic oxidative cleavage of 1,3-diketones under visible light irradiation using an organic dye as a photocatalyst is disclosed. The newly developed reaction provides practical access to 1,2-diketones and (Z)-1,4-enediones in moderate to good yields with absolute regio- and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies of the reaction suggest that tetraketone intermediates might undergo a photocatalytic energy transfer from the excited photocatalyst to form biradical-like (n,π*) states of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nan Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianwei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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44
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Yuan PF, Yang Z, Zhang SS, Zhu CM, Yang XL, Meng QY. Deconstructive Carboxylation of Activated Alkenes with Carbon Dioxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202313030. [PMID: 38072915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylation with carbon dioxide (CO2 ) represents one notable methodology to produce carboxylic acids. In contrast to carbon-heteroatom bonds, carbon-carbon bond cleavage for carboxylation with CO2 is far more challenging due to their inherent and less favorable orbital directionality for interacting with transition metals. Here we report a photocatalytic protocol for the deconstructive carboxylation of alkenes with CO2 to generate carboxylic acids in the absence of transition metals. It is emphasized that our protocol provides carboxylic acids with obviously unchanged carbon numbers when terminal alkenes were used. To show the power of this strategy, a variety of pharmaceutically relevant applications including the modular synthesis of propionate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the late-stage carboxylation of bioactive molecule derivatives are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Feng Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 (P. R., China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 (P. R., China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 (P. R., China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Can-Ming Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 (P. R., China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Long Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 (P. R., China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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45
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Yang S, Wang Y, Xu W, Tian X, Bao M, Yu X. Visible-Light-Driven Iron-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C-N Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Carboxylic Acids with NaNO 2. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38054743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient visible-light-driven iron-catalyzed decarboxylative C-N coupling reaction of alkyl carboxylic acids with NaNO2 under mild conditions was developed. The reaction proceeds under photosensitizer-free conditions and features good to excellent yields, broad functional group tolerance, and an easy operation procedure. Preliminary mechanistic investigations showed that visible-light-driven iron catalysis not only achieved oxidative decarboxylation of alkyl carboxylic acids to alkyl radicals but also promoted the reduction of NO2- to NO, thus leading to the C-N radical coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
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46
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Johnston B, Loh DM, Nocera DG. Substrate-Mediator Duality of 1,4-Dicyanobenzene in Electrochemical C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) Bond Formation with Alkyl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312128. [PMID: 37857567 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical approaches to form C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) bonds have focused on coupling C(sp3 ) electrophiles that form stabilized carbon-centered radicals upon reduction or oxidation. Whereas alkyl bromides are desirable C(sp3 ) coupling partners owing to their availability and cost-effectiveness, their tendency to undergo radical-radical homocoupling makes them challenging substrates for electroreductive cross-coupling. Herein, we disclose a metal-free regioselective cross-coupling of 1,4-dicyanobenzene, a useful precursor to aromatic nitriles, and alkyl bromides. Alkyl bromide reduction is mediated directly by 1,4-dicyanobenzene radical anions, leading to negligible homocoupling and high cross-selectivity to form 1,4-alkyl cyanobenzenes. The cross-coupling scheme is compatible with oxidatively sensitive and acidic functional groups such as amines and alcohols, which have proven difficult to incorporate in alternative electrochemical approaches using carboxylic acids as C(sp3 ) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel M Loh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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47
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Yu X, Maity A, Studer A. Cooperative Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Fluoroaroylation for the Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310288. [PMID: 37812525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Trifluoromethylated ketones have attracted significant attention as valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. Such compounds are generally accessed through trifluoromethylation of ketones. Here we report an alternative disconnection approach for the construction of α-CF3 carbonyl compounds by using aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents for fluoroaroylation of gem-difluoroalkenes through cooperative photoredox and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis. This strategy bypasses the use of expensive or sensitive trifluoromethylation reagents and/or the requirement for ketone pre-functionalization, thus enabling an efficient and general synthetic method to access α-CF3 -substituted ketones. A wide variety of gem-difluoroalkenes and aroyl fluorides bearing a diverse set of functional groups are eligible substrates. Notably, the developed methodology also provides rapid access to mono- or difluoroalkyl ketones. Mechanistic studies reveal that merging photoredox catalysis with NHC catalysis is essential for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anirban Maity
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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48
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Yuan X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yin J, Wang S, Xiong T, Zhang Q. Asymmetric Radical Oxyboration of β-Substituted Styrenes via Late-Stage Stereomutation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313770. [PMID: 37819256 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an unprecedented copper-catalyzed highly enantio- and diastereoselective radical oxyboration of β-substituted styrenes. The lynchpin of success is ascribed to the development of a late-stage stereomutation strategy, which enables enantioenriched cis-isomers among a couple of early-generated diastereomers to be converted into trans-isomer counterparts, thus fulfilling high diastereocontrol; while the degree of enantio-differentiation is determined by the borocupration process of the C=C bond. This reaction provides an efficient protocol to access enantioenriched trans-1,2- dioxygenation products. The value of this method has further been highlighted in a diversity of follow-up stereospecific transformations and further modifying complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Yuan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jianjun Yin
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Simin Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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49
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Patel S, Chakraborty A, Chatterjee I. C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Radical-Cross-Coupling Reaction via Photoexcitation. Org Lett 2023; 25:8246-8251. [PMID: 37947520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines (alkyl-DHPs) in the presence of a base triggers the single-electron-transfer-mediated desulfonative radical-cross-coupling (RCC) reaction without the need for any metal or photocatalyst. 4-Alkyl-substituted 1,4-DHPs as the electron donor (reductant) and alkyl sulfones as the electron acceptor (oxidant) are chosen strategically as the two best-matched modular radical precursors for the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (365 nm) have proven to be adequate for inducing single-electron transfer between two radical precursors in the excited state. Following this designed strategy, a diverse collection of primary, secondary, and tertiary persistent alkyl radicals from both radical precursors have been used to forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This blueprint features good functional group compatibility, a broad scope, and detailed mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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50
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Qin J, Barday M, Jana S, Sanosa N, Funes-Ardoiz I, Teskey CJ. Photoinduced Cobalt Catalysis for the Reductive Coupling of Pyridines and Dienes Enabled by Paired Single-Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310639. [PMID: 37676106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective hydroarylation of dienes has potential to provide swift access to useful building blocks. However, most existing methods rely on dienes stabilised by an aromatic group and transmetallation or nucleophilic attack steps require electron-rich aryl coupling partners. As such, there are few examples which tolerate wide-spread heteroarenes such as pyridine. Whilst allylic C-H functionalisation could be considered an alternative approach, the positional selectivity of unsymmetrical substrates is hard to control. Here, we report a general approach for selective hydropyridylation of dienes under mild conditions using metal catalysed hydrogen-atom transfer. Photoinduced, reductive conditions enable simultaneous formation of a cobalt-hydride catalyst and the persistent radical of easily-synthesised pyridyl phosphonium salts. This facilitates selective coupling of dienes in a traceless manner at the C4-position of a wide-range of pyridine substrates. The mildness of the method is underscored by its functional-group tolerance and demonstrated by applications in late-stage functionalisation. Based on a combination of experimental and computational studies, we propose a mechanistic pathway which proceeds through non-reversible hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from a cobalt hydride species which is uniquely selective for dienes in the presence of other olefins due to a much higher relative barrier associated with olefin HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Qin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Barday
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Samikshan Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nil Sanosa
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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