1
|
Campanale A, Inserra A, Comai S. Therapeutic modulation of the kynurenine pathway in severe mental illness and comorbidities: A potential role for serotonergic psychedelics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111058. [PMID: 38885875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points towards a crucial role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in the altered gut-brain axis (GBA) balance in severe mental illness (SMI, namely depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia) and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Preliminary evidence shows that serotonergic psychedelics and their analogues may hold therapeutic potential in addressing the altered KP in the dysregulated GBA in SMI and comorbidities. In fact, aside from their effects on mood, psychedelics elicit therapeutic improvement in preclinical models of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and vascular inflammation, which are highly comorbid with SMI. Here, we review the literature on the therapeutic modulation of the KP in the dysregulated GBA in SMI and comorbidities, and the potential application of psychedelics to address the altered KP in the brain and systemic dysfunction underlying SMI and comorbidities. Psychedelics might therapeutically modulate the KP in the altered GBA in SMI and comorbidities either directly, via altering the metabolic pathway by influencing the rate-limiting enzymes of the KP and affecting the levels of available tryptophan, or indirectly, by affecting the gut microbiome, gut metabolome, metabolism, and the immune system. Despite promising preliminary evidence, the mechanisms and outcomes of the KP modulation with psychedelics in SMI and systemic comorbidities remain largely unknown and require further investigation. Several concerns are discussed surrounding the potential side effects of this approach in specific cohorts of individuals with SMI and systemic comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Inserra
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefano Comai
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, PD, Italy.; IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allen J, Dames SS, Foldi CJ, Shultz SR. Psychedelics for acquired brain injury: a review of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:671-685. [PMID: 38177350 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI), such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, is a leading cause of disability worldwide, resulting in debilitating acute and chronic symptoms, as well as an increased risk of developing neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. These symptoms can stem from various neurophysiological insults, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, imbalances in neurotransmission, and impaired neuroplasticity. Despite advancements in medical technology and treatment interventions, managing ABI remains a significant challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelics may rapidly improve neurobehavioral outcomes in patients with various disorders that share physiological similarities with ABI. However, research specifically focussed on psychedelics for ABI is limited. This narrative literature review explores the neurochemical properties of psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for ABI, with a focus on serotonin receptors, sigma-1 receptors, and neurotrophic signalling associated with neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation. The promotion of neuronal growth, cell survival, and anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by psychedelics strongly supports their potential benefit in managing ABI. Further research and translational efforts are required to elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms of action and to evaluate their effectiveness in treating the acute and chronic phases of ABI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shannon S Dames
- Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Post-Graduate Program, Health Sciences and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Claire J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Centre for Trauma and Mental Health Research, Health Sciences and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta SK, Vyavahare S, Duchesne Blanes IL, Berger F, Isales C, Fulzele S. Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism: Impacts on health, aging, and disease. Exp Gerontol 2023; 183:112319. [PMID: 37898179 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The intricate interplay between gut microbiota and the host is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis and health. Dietary tryptophan (TRP) metabolism initiates a cascade of essential endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, serotonin, and melatonin, as well as microbiota-derived Trp metabolites like tryptamine, indole propionic acid (IPA), and other indole derivatives. Notably, tryptamine and IPA, among the indole metabolites, exert crucial roles in modulating immune, metabolic, and neuronal responses at both local and distant sites. Additionally, these metabolites demonstrate potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The levels of microbiota-derived TRP metabolites are intricately linked to the gut microbiota's health, which, in turn, can be influenced by age-related changes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the cellular and molecular impacts of tryptamine and IPA on health and aging-related complications. Furthermore, we explore the levels of tryptamine and IPA and their corresponding bacteria in select diseased conditions, shedding light on their potential significance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ian L Duchesne Blanes
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ford Berger
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Centre for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Centre for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goya-Jorge E, Gonza I, Bondue P, Druart G, Al-Chihab M, Boutaleb S, Douny C, Scippo ML, Thonart P, Delcenserie V. Evaluation of Four Multispecies Probiotic Cocktails in a Human Colonic Fermentation Model. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10162-7. [PMID: 37725305 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriotherapy represents an attractive approach for both prophylaxis and treatment of human diseases. However, combining probiotic bacteria in "cocktails" is underexplored, despite its potential as an alternative multi-target therapy. Herein, three-strain probiotic mixtures containing different combinations of Bacillus (Bc.) coagulans [ATB-BCS-042], Levilactobacillus (Lv.) brevis [THT 0303101], Lacticaseibacillus (Lc.) paracasei [THT 031901], Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto [ATB-BSN-049], Enterococcus faecium [ATB-EFM-030], and Bifidobacterium (Bf.) animalis subsp. lactis [THT 010802] were prepared. Four cocktails (PA: Bc. coagulans + Lv. brevis + Lc. paracasei, PB: Bc. subtilis subsp. natto + Lv. brevis + Lc. paracasei, PC: E. faecium + Lv. brevis + Lc. paracasei, PD: Bc. coagulans + Lv. brevis + Bf. animalis subsp. lactis) were tested using a short-term (72 h) simulation of the human colonic microbiota in a final dose of 6 × 109 CFU. All these probiotic mixtures significantly increased butyrate production compared to the parallel control experiment. PA and PB promoted a bifidogenic effect and facilitated lactobacilli colonization. Furthermore, reporter gene assays using the AhR_HT29-Lucia cell line revealed that fermentation supernatants from PA and PB notably induced AhR transactivity. Subsequent examination of the metabolic outputs of PA and PB in intestinal epithelial models using cell culture inserts suggested no significant impact on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Assessment of the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as AhR-related target genes in the Caco-2 cell monolayers indicated that PB's metabolic output upregulated most of the measured endpoints. This in vitro investigation evaluated the potential impact of four multispecies probiotic mixtures in the human colonic microbiota and identified a promising formulation comprising a combination of Bc. subtilis subsp. natto, Lv. brevis, and Lc. paracasei as a promising formulation for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Goya-Jorge
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Irma Gonza
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pauline Bondue
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Germain Druart
- Lacto Research Sprl, Rue Herman Méganck 21, 5032, Isnes-Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Al-Chihab
- Lacto Research Sprl, Rue Herman Méganck 21, 5032, Isnes-Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Samiha Boutaleb
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Thonart
- Lacto Research Sprl, Rue Herman Méganck 21, 5032, Isnes-Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH - Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu L, Jia W, Wan X, Zhuang P, Ma G, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Advancing metabolic networks and mapping updated urinary metabolic fingerprints after exposure to typical carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120936. [PMID: 36572270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) were not only present in cooked foods and cigarette smoke, but also measured in airborne particles and diesel-exhaust particles. Typical HAAs have been reported to induce carcinogenicity and metabolic disturbances, but how these hazardous compounds interfere with metabolic networks by regulating metabolic pathways and fingerprinting signature metabolites as biomarkers remains ambiguous. We developed an advanced strategy that adopted chemical isotope labeling ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for urinary nontargeted metabolomics analysis to gain new insight into in vivo physiological responses stimulated by exposure to typical HAAs. Rats were orally administered with a single dose of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) or 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) (1 and 10 mg/kg bw) and their D3-isotopic compounds, respectively, and urine samples were then continuously collected within 36 h. Metabolomics data were acquired and processed by classical multivariate statistical analysis, while urinary metabolites were further identified and characterized according to mass spectrometric fragmentation rules, time- and dose-dependent profiles, and calibration of synthesized standards. We monitored 23 and 37 urinary metabolites as the biotransformation products of PhIP and MeIQx, respectively, and first identified demethylated metabolites of PhIP, tentatively named 2-amino-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and dihydroxylation products of classical HAAs as short-term biomarkers of exposure to further unravel the metabolic networks. In addition, our findings revealed that both HAAs significantly disturb histidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc. Furthermore, we found that histamine, methionine, alanine, and 4-guanidinobutanoic acid could be considered potential characteristic biomarkers for the oncogenicity or carcinogenicity of both PhIP and MeIQx and screened their specific key pivotal metabolites. The current metabolomics approach is applicable in mapping updated urinary metabolic fingerprints and identifying potential specific biomarkers for HAAs-induced early tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuzhi Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guicen Ma
- Tea Quality and Supervision Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoshioka S, Ikeda T, Fukuchi S, Kawai Y, Ohta K, Murakami H, Ogo N, Muraoka D, Takikawa O, Asai A. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Dual Inhibitor of
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221138456. [PMCID: PMC9716449 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221138456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (Kyn), a metabolite of tryptophan (Trp), is a key regulator of mammal
immune responses such as cancer immune tolerance. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
(IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are main enzymes regulating the first
and rate-limiting step of the Kyn pathway. To identify new small molecule
inhibitors of TDO, we selected A172 glioblastoma cell line constitutively
expressed TDO. Characterization of this cell line using kinase inhibitor library
resulted in identification of MEK/ERK pathway-dependent TDO expression. After
knowing the properties for TDO expression, we further proceeded to screen
chemical library for TDO inhibitors. We previously determined that
S-benzylisothiourea derivatives are enzymatic inhibitors of indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and suggested that the isothiourea moiety could be an
important pharmacophore for binding to heme. Based on this premise, we screened
an in-house library composed of various isothiourea derivatives and identified a
bisisothiourea derivative, PVZB3001, as an inhibitor of TDO. Interestingly,
PVZB3001 also inhibited the enzymatic activity of IDO1 in both cell-based and
cell-free assays but did not inhibit other heme enzymes. Molecular docking
studies suggested the importance of isothiourea moieties at the ortho position
of the phenyl ring for the inhibition of catalytic activity. PVZB3001 showed
competitive inhibition against TDO, and this was supported by the docking
simulation. PVZB3001 recovered natural killer (NK) cell viability and functions
by inhibiting Kyn accumulation in conditioned medium of both IDO1- and
TDO-expressing cells. Furthermore, oral administration of IDO1-overexpressing
tumor-bearing mice with PVZB3001 significantly inhibited tumor growth. Thus, we
identified a novel selective dual inhibitor of IDO1 and TDO using the Kyn
production assay with a glioblastoma cell line. This inhibitor could be a useful
pharmacological tool for modulating the Kyn pathway in a variety of experimental
systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yoshioka
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ikeda
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sogo Fukuchi
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yurika Kawai
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ohta
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Murakami
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naohisa Ogo
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Muraoka
- Department of Oncology, Nagasaki
University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Takikawa
- National Institute for Longevity
Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan,Akira Asai, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka
422-8526, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Ding B, Ali MRK, Zhao L, Zang X, Lv Z. Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11087. [PMID: 36232383 PMCID: PMC9569450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tryptophan metabolism is linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and tryptophan metabolites have been reported as potential prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers. However, little is known about the bioactivities of tryptophan metabolites on PCa cell growth. In this study, MTT and transwell assays were used to study the cytotoxicities of 13 major tryptophan metabolites on PCa and normal prostate epithelial cell lines. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was used to analyze metabolic changes in cells treated with tryptamine. Flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and Western blot were used to test the apoptosis induced by tryptamine. It was shown that tryptamine had obvious inhibitory effects on PCa cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, stronger than those on the normal prostate cell line RWPE-1. Tryptamine was further shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit PC-3 cell migration. Metabolic changes including amino acid metabolism related to cell proliferation and metastasis were found in PC-3 cells treated with tryptamine. Furthermore, a PC-3 xenograft mouse model was used to study the effect of tryptamine in vivo. The intratumoral injection of tryptamine was demonstrated to significantly reduce the tumor growth and tumor sizes in vivo; however, intraperitoneal treatment resulted in increased tumor growth. Such dual effects in vivo advanced our understanding of the bioactivity of tryptamine in regulating prostate tumor development, in addition to its major role as a neuromodulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Baoyan Ding
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Mustafa R. K. Ali
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lizhen Zhao
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoling Zang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a potent psychedelic naturally produced by many plants and animals, including humans. Whether or not DMT is significant to mammalian physiology, especially within the central nervous system, is a debate that started in the early 1960s and continues to this day. This review integrates historical and recent literature to clarify this issue, giving special attention to the most controversial subjects of DMT's biosynthesis, its storage in synaptic vesicles and the activation receptors like sigma-1. Less discussed topics, like DMT's metabolic regulation or the biased activation of serotonin receptors, are highlighted. We conclude that most of the arguments dismissing endogenous DMT's relevance are based on obsolete data or misleading assumptions. Data strongly suggest that DMT can be relevant as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, hormone and immunomodulator, as well as being important to pregnancy and development. Key experiments are addressed to definitely prove what specific roles DMT plays in mammalian physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hidalgo Jiménez
- ICEERS Foundation (International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Bouso
- ICEERS Foundation (International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ye X, Li H, Anjum K, Zhong X, Miao S, Zheng G, Liu W, Li L. Dual Role of Indoles Derived From Intestinal Microbiota on Human Health. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903526. [PMID: 35784338 PMCID: PMC9248744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous indole and its derivatives (indoles), considered as promising N-substituted heterocyclic compounds, are tryptophan metabolites derived from intestinal microbiota and exhibit a range of biological activities. Recent studies indicate that indoles contribute to maintaining the biological barrier of the human intestine, which exert the anti-inflammatory activities mainly through activating AhR and PXR receptors to affect the immune system’s function, significantly improving intestinal health (inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhagic colitis, colorectal cancer) and further promote human health (diabetes mellitus, central system inflammation, and vascular regulation). However, the revealed toxic influences cannot be ignored. Indoxyl sulfate, an indole derivative, performs nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. We addressed the interaction between indoles and intestinal microbiota and the indoles’ effects on human health as double-edged swords. This review provides scientific bases for the correlation of indoles with diseases moreover highlights several directions for subsequent indoles-related studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Komal Anjum
- Department of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinye Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuping Miao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guowan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li, ; Wei Liu,
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li, ; Wei Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reckweg JT, Uthaug MV, Szabo A, Davis AK, Lancelotta R, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG. The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). J Neurochem 2022; 162:128-146. [PMID: 35149998 PMCID: PMC9314805 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine that primarily acts as an agonist at the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A receptors, whereby affinity for the 5‐HT1A subtype is highest. Subjective effects following 5‐MeO‐DMT administration include distortions in auditory and time perception, amplification of emotional states, and feelings of ego dissolution that usually are short‐lasting, depending on the route of administration. Individual dose escalation of 5‐MeO‐DMT reliably induces a “peak” experience, a state thought to be a core predictor of the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics. Observational studies and surveys have suggested that single exposure to 5‐MeO‐DMT can cause rapid and sustained reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. 5‐MeO‐DMT also stimulates neuroendocrine function, immunoregulation, and anti‐inflammatory processes, which may contribute to changes in mental health outcomes. To date, only one clinical trial has been published on 5‐MeO‐DMT, demonstrating the safety of vaporized dosing up to 18 mg. Importantly, the rapid onset and short duration of the 5‐MeO‐DMT experience may render it more suitable for individual dose‐finding strategies compared with longer‐acting psychedelics. A range of biotech companies has shown an interest in the development of 5‐MeO‐DMT formulations for a range of medical indications, most notably depression. Commercial development will therefore be the most important resource for bringing 5‐MeO‐DMT to the clinic. However, fundamental research will also be needed to increase understanding of the neurophysiological and neural mechanisms that contribute to the potential clinical effects of 5‐MeO‐DMT and its sustainability and dissemination over time. Such studies are less likely to be conducted as part of drug development programs and are more likely to rely on independent, academic initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Reckweg
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - M V Uthaug
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - A Szabo
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A K Davis
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Lancelotta
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N L Mason
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gerschenfeld G, Aid R, Simon-Yarza T, Lanouar S, Charnay P, Letourneur D, Topilko P. Tuning Physicochemical Properties of a Macroporous Polysaccharide-Based Scaffold for 3D Neuronal Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12726. [PMID: 34884531 PMCID: PMC8657966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) lesions are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Three-dimensional neural cultures in biomaterials offer more physiologically relevant models for disease studies, toxicity screenings or in vivo transplantations. Herein, we describe the development and use of pullulan/dextran polysaccharide-based scaffolds for 3D neuronal culture. We first assessed scaffolding properties upon variation of the concentration (1%, 1.5%, 3% w/w) of the cross-linking agent, sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). The lower STMP concentration (1%) allowed us to generate scaffolds with higher porosity (59.9 ± 4.6%), faster degradation rate (5.11 ± 0.14 mg/min) and lower elastic modulus (384 ± 26 Pa) compared with 3% STMP scaffolds (47 ± 2.1%, 1.39 ± 0.03 mg/min, 916 ± 44 Pa, respectively). Using primary cultures of embryonic neurons from PGKCre, Rosa26tdTomato embryos, we observed that in 3D culture, embryonic neurons remained in aggregates within the scaffolds and did not attach, spread or differentiate. To enhance neuronal adhesion and neurite outgrowth, we then functionalized the 1% STMP scaffolds with laminin. We found that treatment of the scaffold with a 100 μg/mL solution of laminin, combined with a subsequent freeze-drying step, created a laminin mesh network that significantly enhanced embryonic neuron adhesion, neurite outgrowth and survival. Such scaffold therefore constitutes a promising neuron-compatible and biodegradable biomaterial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Gerschenfeld
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.); (P.C.)
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachida Aid
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 Rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.A.); (T.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- INSERM UMS-34, FRIM, Université de Paris, X Bichat School of Medicine, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 Rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.A.); (T.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Av JB Clément, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Soraya Lanouar
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 Rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.A.); (T.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Av JB Clément, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 Rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.A.); (T.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (D.L.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Av JB Clément, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.); (P.C.)
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), INSERM U955, F-94010 Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070606. [PMID: 34201791 PMCID: PMC8308824 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancies are unquestionably a significant public health problem. Their effective treatment is still a big challenge for modern medicine. Tumors have developed a wide range of mechanisms to evade an immune and therapeutic response. As a result, there is an unmet clinical need for research on solutions aimed at overcoming this problem. An accumulation of tryptophan metabolites belonging to the kynurenine pathway can enhance neoplastic progression because it causes the suppression of immune system response against cancer cells. They are also involved in the development of the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to antitumor therapy. Kynurenine belongs to the most potent immunosuppressive metabolites of this pathway and has a significant impact on the development of malignancies. This fact prompted researchers to assess whether targeting the enzymes responsible for its synthesis could be an effective therapeutic strategy for various cancers. To date, numerous studies, both preclinical and clinical, have been conducted on this topic, especially regarding the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and their results can be considered noteworthy. This review gathers and systematizes the knowledge about the role of the kynurenine pathway in neoplastic progression and the findings regarding the usefulness of modulating its activity in anticancer therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fan L, Liu B, Han Z, Ren W. Insights into host-microbe interaction: What can we do for the swine industry? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:17-23. [PMID: 33997327 PMCID: PMC8110873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have underscored the cross-talk between intestinal microbes and their hosts. Notably, intestinal microbiota impacts the development, physiological function and social behavior of hosts. This influence usually revolves around the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). In this review, we firstly outline the impacts of the host on colonization of intestinal microorganisms, and then highlight the influence of intestinal microbiota on hosts focusing on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and tryptophan metabolite-mediated MGBA. We also discuss the intervention of intestinal microbial metabolism by dietary supplements, which may provide new strategies for improving the welfare and production of pigs. Overall, we summarize a state-of-the-art theory that gut microbiome affects brain functions via metabolites from dietary macronutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bingnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been significant research on the mental health effects of classic psychedelic use, but there is very little evidence on how classic psychedelics might influence physical health. AIMS The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health. METHODS Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2018) with 171,766 (unweighted) adults aged 18 or above in the United States, the current study examined the associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and three markers of physical health (self-reported overall health, body mass index, and heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months) while controlling for a range of covariates. RESULTS Respondents who reported having tried a classic psychedelic at least once in their lifetime had significantly higher odds of greater self-reported overall health and significantly lower odds of being overweight or obese versus having a normal weight. The association between lifetime classic psychedelic use and having a heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months approached conventional levels of significance, with lower odds of having a heart condition and/or cancer in the past 12 months for respondents who had tried a classic psychedelic at least once. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that classic psychedelics may be beneficial to physical health. Future research should investigate the causal effects of classic psychedelics on physical health and evaluate possible mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Simonsson
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James D Sexton
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Inserra A, De Gregorio D, Gobbi G. Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:202-277. [PMID: 33328244 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 production and release; and 3) modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and norepinephrinergic receptors, transporters, and turnover systems. We discuss arising concerns and ways to assess potential neurobiological changes, dependence, and immunosuppression. Although larger cohorts are required to corroborate preliminary findings, the results obtained so far are promising and represent a critical opportunity for improvement of pharmacotherapies in psychiatry, an area that has seen limited therapeutic advancement in the last 20 years. Studies are underway that are trying to decouple the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. However, understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating improvement remains limited. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the effects of psychedelic compounds on pathways that modulate neuroplasticity, immunity, and neurotransmitter systems. This work aims to be a reference for psychiatrists who may soon be faced with the possibility of prescribing psychedelic compounds as medications, helping them assess which compound(s) and regimen could be most useful for decreasing specific psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Inserra
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hung TKW, Dong TS, Chen Z, Elashoff D, Sinsheimer JS, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Vora P, Stains J, Mayer EA, Gupta A. Understanding the Heterogeneity of Obesity and the Relationship to the Brain-Gut Axis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123701. [PMID: 33266058 PMCID: PMC7761087 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is best understood as a multifactorial metabolic imbalances disorder. In a cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore sociodemographic and dietary determinants of obesity in relation to brain-gut homeostasis among overweight and obese individuals. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine obesity and its association with sociodemographic and dietary factors. Biological variables examined included the gut microbiome, fecal amino acid metabolites and brain structural volumes. Among 130 participants, there were higher odds of obesity if individuals were Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.56, p = 0.014). Compared to non-Hispanics, Hispanics differed in gut microbial composition (p = 0.046) with lower microbial species richness (Chao1) (p = 0.032) and evenness (Shannon) (p = 0.0029). Fourteen of the twenty fecal amino acids including branch-chain- and aromatic- amino acids were increased among Hispanics (q < 0.05). Brain structural volumes in reward regions were decreased in Hispanics (pallidum, q = 0.036; brainstem, q = 0.011). Correlation patterns suggest complex brain-gut interactions differ by Hispanic ethnicity. In conclusion, Hispanics expressed a unique brain-gut microbial signature, which was associated with obesity despite sociodemographic and dietary differences. Addressing ethnic disparities guided by biologic phenotypes may unlock novel understanding of obesity heterogeneity and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony K. W. Hung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tien S. Dong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zixi Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Janet S. Sinsheimer
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Priten Vora
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jean Stains
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.K.W.H.); (T.S.D.); (Z.C.); (D.E.); (J.P.J.); (V.L.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (E.A.M.)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sandri S, Watanabe LRM, Oliveira EAD, Faião-Flores F, Migliorini S, Tiago M, Felipe-Silva A, Vazquez VDL, da Costa Souza P, Consolaro MEL, Campa A, Maria-Engler SS. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in melanoma progression and BRAF inhibitor resistance. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104998. [PMID: 32535222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is associated with the progression of many types of tumors, including melanoma. However, there is limited information about IDO modulation on tumor cell itself and the effect of BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) treatment and resistance. Herein, IDO expression was analyzed in different stages of melanoma development and progression linked to BRAFi resistance. IDO expression was increased in primary and metastatic melanomas from patients' biopsies, especially in the immune cells infiltrate. Using a bioinformatics approach, we also identified an increase in the IDO mRNA in the vertical growth and metastatic phases of melanoma. Using in silico analyses, we found that IDO mRNA was increased in BRAFi resistance. In an in vitro model, IDO expression and activity induced by interferon-gamma (IFNγ) in sensitive melanoma cells was decreased by BRAFi treatment. However, cells that became resistant to BRAFi presented random IDO expression levels. Also, we identified that treatment with the IDO inhibitor, 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), was able to reduce clonogenicity for parental and BRAFi-resistant cells. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that the decreased IDO expression in tumor cells is one of the many additional outcomes contributing to the therapeutic effects of BRAFi. Still, the IDO production changeability by the BRAFi-resistant cells reiterates the complexity of the response arising from resistance, making it not possible, at this stage, to associate IDO expression in tumor cells with resistance. On the other hand, the maintenance of 1-MT off-target effect endorses its use as an adjuvant treatment of melanoma that has become BRAFi-resistant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Sandri
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis R M Watanabe
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Aparecida de Oliveira
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silene Migliorini
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aloisio Felipe-Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Lima Vazquez
- Institute of Research and Education and Melanoma/Sarcoma Surgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Campa
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Skin Biology Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang XX, Sun SY, Dong QQ, Wu XX, Tang W, Xing YQ. Recent advances in the discovery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1740-1754. [PMID: 32055299 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an important immunoregulatory enzyme ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and cells, plays a key role in tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway and has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. IDO1 has diverse biological roles in immune suppression and tumor progression by tryptophan catabolism. In addition, IDO1-mediated immune tolerance assists tumor cells in escaping the immune surveillance. Recently, extensive and enormous investigations have been made in the discovery of IDO1 inhibitors in both academia and pharmaceutical companies. In this review, IDO1 inhibitors are grouped as tryptophan derivatives, inhibitors with an imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole or tetrazole scaffold, inhibitors with quinone or iminoquinone, N-hydroxyamidines and other derivatives, and their enzymatic inhibitory activity, selectivity and other biological activities are also introduced and summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Si-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Xiao-Xiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Ya-Qun Xing
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oliphant K, Allen-Vercoe E. Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:91. [PMID: 31196177 PMCID: PMC6567490 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a critical component of digestion, breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and to a lesser extent fats that reach the lower gastrointestinal tract. This process results in a multitude of microbial metabolites that can act both locally and systemically (after being absorbed into the bloodstream). The impact of these biochemicals on human health is complex, as both potentially beneficial and potentially toxic metabolites can be yielded from such microbial pathways, and in some cases, these effects are dependent upon the metabolite concentration or organ locality. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of how macronutrient metabolism by the gut microbiome influences human health. Metabolites to be discussed include short-chain fatty acids and alcohols (mainly yielded from monosaccharides); ammonia, branched-chain fatty acids, amines, sulfur compounds, phenols, and indoles (derived from amino acids); glycerol and choline derivatives (obtained from the breakdown of lipids); and tertiary cycling of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Key microbial taxa and related disease states will be referred to in each case, and knowledge gaps that could contribute to our understanding of overall human wellness will be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Oliphant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Macedo Pereira G, Moreira LGL, Neto TDSN, Moreira de Almeida WA, Almeida-Lima J, Rocha HAO, Barbosa EG, Zuanazzi JAS, de Almeida MV, Grazul RM, Navarro-Vázquez A, Hallwass F, Ferreira LDS, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF, Giordani RB. Isolation, spectral characterization, molecular docking, and cytotoxic activity of alkaloids from Erythroxylum pungens O. E. Shulz. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:12-18. [PMID: 30056276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem bark, root bark, and leaf extracts of Erythroxylum pungens were subjected to phytochemical analysis. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was isolated and characterized from E. pungens roots. This unprecedented result is remarkable since no indole alkaloid has been previously reported from Erythroxylaceae so far. Eleven known tropane alkaloids were identified by their mass spectra and 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6,7-diol as well as 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)nortropan-6,7-diol were isolated and characterized based on mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C, COSY, and NOESY NMR analysis. The complete NMR data are reported for the first time. Inverse Structure-based and Ligand-Based virtual screening were carried out to identify possible targets for 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6,7-diol. The level of cytotoxicity of this tropane alkaloid aliphatic ester was discrete with potencies on the order of 0.3-1.0 mg/mL and better results against HeLa (50% cell viability reduction). Otherwise, atropine (0.3 mg/mL), a Solanaceae tropane alkaloid, and DMT (0.5 mg/mL) from E. pungens roots impaired at 50% the cell viability against HeLa, SiHa, PC3, and 786-0. This study stimulates scientific investigation of the impact of edaphoclimatic features in a semi-arid environment on tropane alkaloid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jailma Almeida-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Angelo S Zuanazzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Armando Navarro-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hallwass
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raquel Brandt Giordani
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barker SA. N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an Endogenous Hallucinogen: Past, Present, and Future Research to Determine Its Role and Function. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:536. [PMID: 30127713 PMCID: PMC6088236 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This report provides a historical overview of research concerning the endogenous hallucinogen N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), focusing on data regarding its biosynthesis and metabolism in the brain and peripheral tissues, methods and results for DMT detection in body fluids and brain, new sites of action for DMT, and new data regarding its possible physiological and therapeutic roles. Research that further elaborates its consideration as a putative neurotransmitter is also addressed. Taking these studies together, the report proposes several new directions and experiments to ascertain the role of DMT in the brain, including brain mapping of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of DMT, further studies to elaborate its presence and role in the pineal gland, a reconsideration of binding site data, and new administration and imaging studies. The need to resolve the "natural" role of an endogenous hallucinogen from the effects observed from peripheral administration are also emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Barker
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bo L, Guojun T, Li G. An Expanded Neuroimmunomodulation Axis: sCD83-Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Kynurenine Pathway and Updates of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurologic Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1363. [PMID: 29963055 PMCID: PMC6013554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurologic diseases are related to autoimmune dysfunction and a variety of molecules or reaction pathways are involved in the regulation of immune function of the nervous system. Soluble CD83 (sCD83) is the soluble form of CD83, a specific marker of mature dendritic cell, which has recently been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; corresponding enzyme intrahepatic, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, TDO), a rate-limiting enzyme of extrahepatic tryptophan kynurenine pathway (KP) participates in the immunoregulation through a variety of mechanisms solely or with the synergy of sCD83, and the imbalances of metabolites of KP were associated with immune dysfunction. With the complement of sCD83 to IDO-KP, a previously known immunomodulatory axis, this review focused on an expanded neuroimmunomodulation axis: sCD83-IDO-KP and its involvement in nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Bo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tan Guojun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gao J, Xu K, Liu H, Liu G, Bai M, Peng C, Li T, Yin Y. Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29468141 PMCID: PMC5808205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the health of the host, especially with regard to gut immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. In addition to serving as a nutrient enhancer, L-tryptophan (Trp) plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Recent discoveries have underscored that changes in the microbiota modulate the host immune system by modulating Trp metabolism. Moreover, Trp, endogenous Trp metabolites (kynurenines, serotonin, and melatonin), and bacterial Trp metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) have profound effects on gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, the host's immune system, the host-microbiome interface, and host immune system-intestinal microbiota interactions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the regulation of intestinal immunity by Trp metabolites (as ligands of AhR), which is beneficial for immune homeostasis. Among Trp metabolites, AhR ligands consist of endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid, and bacterial metabolites, including indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and tryptamine. Additional factors, such as aging, stress, probiotics, and diseases (spondyloarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), which are associated with variability in Trp metabolism, can influence Trp-microbiome-immune system interactions in the gut and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review clarifies how the gut microbiota regulates Trp metabolism and identifies the underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions. Increased mechanistic insight into how the microbiota modulates the intestinal immune system through Trp metabolism may allow for the identification of innovative microbiota-based diagnostics, as well as appropriate nutritional supplementation of Trp to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this review provides new insight regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on Trp metabolism. Additional comprehensive analyses of targeted Trp metabolites (including endogenous and bacterial metabolites) are essential for experimental preciseness, as the influence of the gut microbiota cannot be neglected, and may explain contradictory results in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Can Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Crosignani S, Bingham P, Bottemanne P, Cannelle H, Cauwenberghs S, Cordonnier M, Dalvie D, Deroose F, Feng JL, Gomes B, Greasley S, Kaiser SE, Kraus M, Négrerie M, Maegley K, Miller N, Murray BW, Schneider M, Soloweij J, Stewart AE, Tumang J, Torti VR, Van Den Eynde B, Wythes M. Discovery of a Novel and Selective Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO-1) Inhibitor 3-(5-Fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (EOS200271/PF-06840003) and Its Characterization as a Potential Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9617-9629. [PMID: 29111717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumors use tryptophan-catabolizing enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) to induce an immunosuppressive environment. IDO-1 is induced in response to inflammatory stimuli and promotes immune tolerance through effector T-cell anergy and enhanced Treg function. As such, IDO-1 is a nexus for the induction of a key immunosuppressive mechanism and represents an important immunotherapeutic target in oncology. Starting from HTS hit 5, IDO-1 inhibitor 6 (EOS200271/PF-06840003) has been developed. The structure-activity relationship around 6 is described and rationalized using the X-ray crystal structure of 6 bound to human IDO-1, which shows that 6, differently from most of the IDO-1 inhibitors described so far, does not bind to the heme iron atom and has a novel binding mode. Clinical candidate 6 shows good potency in an IDO-1 human whole blood assay and also shows a very favorable ADME profile leading to favorable predicted human pharmacokinetic properties, including a predicted half-life of 16-19 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Bingham
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Hélène Cannelle
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Marie Cordonnier
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Frederik Deroose
- Asclepia Outsourcing Solutions , Damvalleistraat 49, Destelbergen 9070, Belgium
| | - Jun Li Feng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bruno Gomes
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Samantha Greasley
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen E Kaiser
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Manfred Kraus
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michel Négrerie
- Ecole Polytechnique, Unité Inserm 1182 UMR 7645 , Route de Saclay, Palaiseau 91128, France
| | - Karen Maegley
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nichol Miller
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brion W Murray
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Manfred Schneider
- iTeos Therapeutics , Rue des Frères Wright 29, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - James Soloweij
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Albert E Stewart
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joseph Tumang
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vince R Torti
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benoit Van Den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain , 74 Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Wythes
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Coletti A, Greco FA, Dolciami D, Camaioni E, Sardella R, Pallotta MT, Volpi C, Orabona C, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Advances in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 medicinal chemistry. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1378-1392. [PMID: 30108849 PMCID: PMC6072487 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mediates multiple immunoregulatory processes including the induction of regulatory T cell differentiation and activation, suppression of T cell immune responses and inhibition of dendritic cell function, which impair immune recognition of cancer cells and promote tumor growth. On this basis, this enzyme is widely recognized as a valuable drug target for the development of immunotherapeutic small molecules in oncology. Although medicinal chemistry has made a substantial contribution to the discovery of numerous chemical classes of potent IDO1 inhibitors in the past 20 years, only very few compounds have progressed in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of structure-function relationships of the enzyme, and discuss structure-activity relationships of selected classes of inhibitors that have shaped the hitherto few successes of IDO1 medicinal chemistry. An outlook opinion is also given on trends in the design of next generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Francesco Antonio Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zulfiqar B, Mahroo A, Nasir K, Farooq RK, Jalal N, Rashid MU, Asghar K. Nanomedicine and cancer immunotherapy: focus on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:463-476. [PMID: 28176942 PMCID: PMC5268369 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine application in cancer immunotherapy is currently one of the most challenging areas in cancer therapeutic intervention. Innovative solutions have been provided by nanotechnology to deliver cytotoxic agents to the cancer cells partially affecting the healthy cells of the body during the process. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery is an emerging approach to stimulate the immune responses against cancer. The inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a pivotal area of research in cancer immunotherapy. IDO is a heme-containing immunosuppressive enzyme, which is responsible for the degradation of tryptophan while increasing the concentration of kynurenine metabolites. Various preclinical studies showed that IDO inhibition in certain diseases may result in significant therapeutic effects. Here, we provide a review of the natural and synthetic inhibitors of IDO. These inhibitors are classified according to their source, inhibitory concentrations, the chemical structure, and the mechanism of action. Tumor-targeted chemotherapy is an advanced technique and has more advantages as compared to the conventional chemotherapy. Search for more efficient and less toxic nanoparticles in conjunction with compounds to inhibit IDO is still an area of interest for several research groups worldwide, especially revealing to be an extensive and a promising area in cancer therapeutic innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad
| | - Amnah Mahroo
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad
| | - Kaenat Nasir
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad
| | - Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Jalal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad; Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Carbonaro TM, Gatch MB. Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:74-88. [PMID: 27126737 PMCID: PMC5048497 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an indole alkaloid widely found in plants and animals. It is best known for producing brief and intense psychedelic effects when ingested. Increasing evidence suggests that endogenous DMT plays important roles for a number of processes in the periphery and central nervous system, and may act as a neurotransmitter. This paper reviews the current literature of both the recreational use of DMT and its potential roles as an endogenous neurotransmitter. Pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action in the periphery and central nervous system, clinical uses and adverse effects are also reviewed. DMT appears to have limited neurotoxicity and other adverse effects except for intense cardiovascular effects when administered intravenously in large doses. Because of its role in nervous system signaling, DMT may be a useful experimental tool in exploring how the brain works, and may also be a useful clinical tool for treatment of anxiety and psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Carbonaro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael B Gatch
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morris G, Berk M, Carvalho A, Caso JR, Sanz Y, Walder K, Maes M. The Role of the Microbial Metabolites Including Tryptophan Catabolites and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Pathophysiology of Immune-Inflammatory and Neuroimmune Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4432-4451. [PMID: 27349436 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that gut commensal metabolites play a major role in host physiology and indeed the pathophysiology of several illnesses. The composition of the microbiota largely determines the levels of tryptophan in the systemic circulation and hence, indirectly, the levels of serotonin in the brain. Some microbiota synthesize neurotransmitters directly, e.g., gamma-amino butyric acid, while modulating the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). The composition of the microbiota determines the levels and nature of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) which in turn has profound effects on aryl hydrocarbon receptors, thereby influencing epithelial barrier integrity and the presence of an inflammatory or tolerogenic environment in the intestine and beyond. The composition of the microbiota also determines the levels and ratios of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and propionate. Butyrate is a key energy source for colonocytes. Dysbiosis leading to reduced levels of SCFAs, notably butyrate, therefore may have adverse effects on epithelial barrier integrity, energy homeostasis, and the T helper 17/regulatory/T cell balance. Moreover, dysbiosis leading to reduced butyrate levels may increase bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation. As examples, we describe the role of microbial metabolites in the pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 and autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-040, Brazil
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Okada SS, de Oliveira EM, de Araújo TH, Rodrigues MR, Albuquerque RC, Mortara RA, Taniwaki NN, Nakaya HI, Campa A, Moreno ACR. Myeloperoxidase in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: Production and subcellular localization. Cell Immunol 2015; 300:18-25. [PMID: 26632272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an important enzyme in the front-line protection against microorganisms. In peripheral blood, it is accepted that MPO is only produced by myeloid-lineage cells. Thus, MPO presence is unexpected in lymphocytes. We showed recently that B1-lymphocytes from mice have MPO. Here, we showed that subsets of human peripheral B, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes express MPO. The content of MPO in lymphocytes was very low compared to neutrophils/monocytes with a preferential distribution in the nucleus and perinuclear region. Also, we performed a MPO mRNA expression analysis from human blood cells derived from microarray raw data publicly available, showing that MPO is modulated in infectious disease. MPO was increased in CD4(+) T lymphocytes from HIV chronic infection and in CD8(+) T lymphocytes from HCV-positive patients. Our study points out MPO as a multifunctional protein due to its subcellular localization and expression modulation in lymphocytes indicating alternative unknown functions for MPO in lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sayori Okada
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rita Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG 37130, Brazil
| | - Renata Chaves Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia Imunobiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023, Brazil
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Núcleo de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP 01246, Brazil
| | - Helder Imoto Nakaya
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ana Campa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ramos Moreno
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Szabo A. Psychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Immunol 2015; 6:358. [PMID: 26236313 PMCID: PMC4500993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant modulatory effects on immune responses by altering signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cellular proliferation, and cell survival via activating NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Recently, several neurotransmitter receptors involved in the pharmacology of psychedelics, such as serotonin and sigma-1 receptors, have also been shown to play crucial roles in numerous immunological processes. This emerging field also offers promising treatment modalities in the therapy of various diseases including autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions, infections, and cancer. However, the scarcity of available review literature renders the topic unclear and obscure, mostly posing psychedelics as illicit drugs of abuse and not as physiologically relevant molecules or as possible agents of future pharmacotherapies. In this paper, the immunomodulatory potential of classical serotonergic psychedelics, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine will be discussed from a perspective of molecular immunology and pharmacology. Special attention will be given to the functional interaction of serotonin and sigma-1 receptors and their cross-talk with toll-like and RIG-I-like pattern-recognition receptor-mediated signaling. Furthermore, novel approaches will be suggested feasible for the treatment of diseases with chronic inflammatory etiology and pathology, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Zoete V, Michielin O. Challenges in the Discovery of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9421-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute F. Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a botanical hallucinogen traditionally used by indigenous groups of the northwest Amazon. In the last decade, the use of ayahuasca has spread from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru to the U.S., Europe, Asia, and Africa. Despite acute and long-term evidence of good tolerability and safety for ayahuasca administered in the laboratory or ritually consumed in religious contexts, little is known about the immunological impact of ayahuasca on humans. Since ayahuasca is used by an increasing number of consumers, and considering its therapeutic potential, more information is needed regarding ayahuasca potential risks. This article presents a brief overview of the available data regarding the immunological impact of ayahuasca in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Guimarães dos Santos
- a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior , Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Advisory Board, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service, ICEERS , Halsteren , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gomes MM, Coimbra JB, Clara RO, Dörr FA, Moreno ACR, Chagas JR, Tufik S, Pinto E, Catalani LH, Campa A. Biosynthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in a melanoma cell line and its metabolization by peroxidases. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:393-401. [PMID: 24508833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is essential for many physiological processes, and its metabolism changes in some diseases such as infection and cancer. The most studied aspects of TRP metabolism are the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. A minor metabolic route, tryptamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) biosynthesis, has received far less attention, probably because of the very low amounts of these compounds detected only in some tissues, which has led them to be collectively considered as trace amines. In a previous study, we showed a metabolic interrelationship for TRP in melanoma cell lines. Here, we identified DMT and N,N-dimethyl-N-formyl-kynuramine (DMFK) in the supernatant of cultured SK-Mel-147 cells. Furthermore, when we added DMT to the cell culture, we found hydroxy-DMT (OH-DMT) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the cell supernatant at 24 h. We found that SK-Mel-147 cells expressed mRNA for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and also had peroxidase activity. We further found that DMT oxidation was catalyzed by peroxidases. DMT oxidation by horseradish peroxidase, H2O2 and MPO from PMA-activated neutrophils produced DMFK, N,N-dimethyl-kynuramine (DMK) and OH-DMT. Oxidation of DMT by peroxidases apparently uses the common peroxidase cycle involving the native enzyme, compound I and compound II. In conclusion, this study describes a possible alternative metabolic pathway for DMT involving peroxidases that has not previously been described in humans and identifies DMT and metabolites in a melanoma cell line. The extension of these findings to other cell types and the biological effects of DMT and its metabolites on cell proliferation and function are key questions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Gomes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janine B Coimbra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan O Clara
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Dörr
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina R Moreno
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair R Chagas
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Catalani
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Campa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comprehensively review the evidence regarding the use of ayahuasca, an Amerindian medicine traditionally used to treat many different illnesses and diseases, to treat some types of cancer. METHODS An in-depth review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, books, institutional magazines, conferences and online texts in nonprofessional sources regarding the biomedical knowledge about ayahuasca in general with a specific focus in its possible relations to the treatment of cancer. RESULTS At least nine case reports regarding the use of ayahuasca in the treatment of prostate, brain, ovarian, uterine, stomach, breast, and colon cancers were found. Several of these were considered improvements, one case was considered worse, and one case was rated as difficult to evaluate. A theoretical model is presented which explains these effects at the cellular, molecular, and psychosocial levels. Particular attention is given to ayahuasca's pharmacological effects through the activity of N,N-dimethyltryptamine at intracellular sigma-1 receptors. The effects of other components of ayahuasca, such as harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline, are also considered. CONCLUSION The proposed model, based on the molecular and cellular biology of ayahuasca's known active components and the available clinical reports, suggests that these accounts may have consistent biological underpinnings. Further study of ayahuasca's possible antitumor effects is important because cancer patients continue to seek out this traditional medicine. Consequently, based on the social and anthropological observations of the use of this brew, suggestions are provided for further research into the safety and efficacy of ayahuasca as a possible medicinal aid in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo E Schenberg
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Plantando Consciencia, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|