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Kuralay A, McDonough MC, Resch JM. Control of sodium appetite by hindbrain aldosterone-sensitive neurons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 592:112323. [PMID: 38936597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoids play a key role in hydromineral balance by regulating sodium retention and potassium wasting. Through favoring sodium, mineralocorticoids can cause hypertension from fluid overload under conditions of hyperaldosteronism, such as aldosterone-secreting tumors. An often-overlooked mechanism by which aldosterone functions to increase sodium is through stimulation of salt appetite. To drive sodium intake, aldosterone targets neurons in the hindbrain which uniquely express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2). This enzyme is a necessary precondition for aldosterone-sensing cells as it metabolizes glucocorticoids - preventing their activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. In this review, we will consider the role of hindbrain HSD2 neurons in regulating sodium appetite by discussing HSD2 expression in the brain, regulation of hindbrain HSD2 neuron activity, and the circuitry mediating the effects of these aldosterone-sensitive neurons. Reducing the activity of hindbrain HSD2 neurons may be a viable strategy to reduce sodium intake and cardiovascular risk, particularly for conditions of hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kuralay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Miriam C McDonough
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jon M Resch
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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2
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Yang H, Narayan S, Schmidt MV. From Ligands to Behavioral Outcomes: Understanding the Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Brain Function. Stress 2023; 26:2204366. [PMID: 37067948 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2023.2204366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a normal response to situational pressures or demands. Exposure to stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and leads to the release of corticosteroids, which act in the brain via two distinct receptors: mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Persistent HPA axis overactivation or dysregulation can disrupt an individual's homeostasis, thereby contributing to an increased risk for mental illness. On the other hand, successful coping with stressful events involves adaptive and cognitive processes in the brain that render individuals more resilient to similar stressors in the future. Here we review the role of the MR in these processes, starting with an overview of the physiological structure, ligand binding, and expression of MR, and further summarizing its role in the brain, its relevance to psychiatric disorders, and related rodent studies. Given the central role of MR in cognitive and emotional functioning, and its importance as a target for promoting resilience, future research should investigate how MR modulation can be used to alleviate disturbances in emotion and behavior, as well as cognitive impairment, in patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Yang
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Sowmya Narayan
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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3
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Lukacs IP, Francavilla R, Field M, Hunter E, Howarth M, Horie S, Plaha P, Stacey R, Livermore L, Ansorge O, Tamas G, Somogyi P. Differential effects of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors on spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents in spine-innervating double bouquet and parvalbumin-expressing dendrite-targeting GABAergic interneurons in human neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2101-2142. [PMID: 35667019 PMCID: PMC9977385 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse neocortical GABAergic neurons specialize in synaptic targeting and their effects are modulated by presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) suppressing neurotransmitter release in rodents, but their effects in human neocortex are unknown. We tested whether activation of group III mGluRs by L-AP4 changes GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in 2 distinct dendritic spine-innervating GABAergic interneurons recorded in vitro in human neocortex. Calbindin-positive double bouquet cells (DBCs) had columnar "horsetail" axons descending through layers II-V innervating dendritic spines (48%) and shafts, but not somata of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. Parvalbumin-expressing dendrite-targeting cell (PV-DTC) axons extended in all directions innervating dendritic spines (22%), shafts (65%), and somata (13%). As measured, 20% of GABAergic neuropil synapses innervate spines, hence DBCs, but not PV-DTCs, preferentially select spine targets. Group III mGluR activation paradoxically increased the frequency of sIPSCs in DBCs (to median 137% of baseline) but suppressed it in PV-DTCs (median 92%), leaving the amplitude unchanged. The facilitation of sIPSCs in DBCs may result from their unique GABAergic input being disinhibited via network effect. We conclude that dendritic spines receive specialized, diverse GABAergic inputs, and group III mGluRs differentially regulate GABAergic synaptic transmission to distinct GABAergic cell types in human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan P Lukacs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | - Martin Field
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Emily Hunter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Michael Howarth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sawa Horie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Puneet Plaha
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Richard Stacey
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Laurent Livermore
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gabor Tamas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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4
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Murck H, Lehr L, Jezova D. A viewpoint on aldosterone and BMI related brain morphology in relation to treatment outcome in patients with major depression. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13219. [PMID: 36539978 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An abundance of knowledge has been collected describing the involvement of neuroendocrine parameters in major depression. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis regulating cortisol release has been extensively studied; however, attempts to target the HPA axis pharmacologically to treat major depression have failed. This review focuses on the importance of the adrenocortical stress hormone aldosterone, which is released by adrenocorticotropic hormone and angiotensin, and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in depression. Depressed patients, in particular those with atypical depression, have signs of central hyperactivation of the aldosterone sensitive MR, potentially as a consequence of a reactive aldosterone release induced by low blood pressure and as a result of low sensitivity of peripheral MR. This is reflected in reduced heart rate variability, increased salt appetite and sleep changes in this group of patients. In addition, enlarged brain ventricles, compressed corpus callosum and changes of the choroid plexus are associated with increased aldosterone (in relation to cortisol). Furthermore, subjects with these features often show obesity. These characteristics are related to a worse antidepressant treatment outcome. Alterations in choroid plexus function as a consequence of increased aldosterone levels, autonomic dysregulation, metabolic changes and/or inflammation may be involved. The characterization of this regulatory system is in its early days but may identify new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Murck-Neuroscience LLC Westfield, Westfield, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa Lehr
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Neurobehavioral Mechanisms of Sodium Appetite. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030620. [PMID: 36771327 PMCID: PMC9919744 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this paper are to first present physiological and ecological aspects of the unique motivational state of sodium appetite, then to focus on systemic physiology and brain mechanisms. I describe how laboratory protocols have been developed to allow the study of sodium appetite under controlled conditions, and focus on two such conditions specifically. The first of these is the presentation a sodium-deficient diet (SDD) for at least one week, and the second is accelerated sodium loss using SDD for 1-2 days coupled with the diuretic furosemide. The modality of consumption is also considered, ranging from a free intake of high concentration of sodium solution, to sodium-rich food or gels, and to operant protocols. I describe the pivotal role of angiotensin and aldosterone in these appetites and discuss whether the intakes or appetite are matched to the physiological need state. Several brain systems have been identified, most recently and microscopically using molecular biological methods. These include clusters in both the hindbrain and the forebrain. Satiation of sodium appetite is often studied using concentrated sodium solutions, but these can be consumed in apparent excess, and I suggest that future studies of satiation might emulate natural conditions in which excess consumption does not occur, using either SDD only as a stimulus, offering a sodium-rich food for the assessment of appetite, or a simple operant task.
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Wang M, Yang Y, Xu Y. Brain nuclear receptors and cardiovascular function. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 36670468 PMCID: PMC9854230 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-heart interaction has raised up increasing attentions. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are abundantly expressed in the brain, and emerging evidence indicates that a number of these brain NRs regulate multiple aspects of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, etc. In this review, we will elaborate recent findings that have established the physiological relevance of brain NRs in the context of cardiovascular function. In addition, we will discuss the currently available evidence regarding the distinct neuronal populations that respond to brain NRs in the cardiovascular control. These findings suggest connections between cardiac control and brain dynamics through NR signaling, which may lead to novel tools for the treatment of pathological changes in the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yong Xu
- grid.508989.50000 0004 6410 7501Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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7
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Bassi JK, Connelly AA, Butler AG, Liu Y, Ghanbari A, Farmer DGS, Jenkins MW, Melo MR, McDougall SJ, Allen AM. Analysis of the distribution of vagal afferent projections from different peripheral organs to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3072-3103. [PMID: 35988033 PMCID: PMC9804483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical tracing studies examining the vagal system can conflate details of sensory afferent and motor efferent neurons. Here, we used a serotype of adeno-associated virus that transports retrogradely and exhibits selective tropism for vagal afferents, to map their soma location and central termination sites within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). We examined the vagal sensory afferents innervating the trachea, duodenum, stomach, or heart, and in some animals, from two organs concurrently. We observed no obvious somatotopy in the somata distribution within the nodose ganglion. The central termination patterns of afferents from different organs within the NTS overlap substantially. Convergence of vagal afferent inputs from different organs onto single NTS neurons is observed. Abdominal and thoracic afferents terminate throughout the NTS, including in the rostral NTS, where the 7th cranial nerve inputs are known to synapse. To address whether the axonal labeling produced by viral transduction is so widespread because it fills axons traveling to their targets, and not just terminal fields, we labeled pre and postsynaptic elements of vagal afferents in the NTS . Vagal afferents form multiple putative synapses as they course through the NTS, with each vagal afferent neuron distributing sensory signals to multiple second-order NTS neurons. We observe little selectivity between vagal afferents from different visceral targets and NTS neurons with common neurochemical phenotypes, with afferents from different organs making close appositions with the same NTS neuron. We conclude that specific viscerosensory information is distributed widely within the NTS and that the coding of this input is probably determined by the intrinsic properties and projections of the second-order neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K. Bassi
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Angela A. Connelly
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew G. Butler
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yehe Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anahita Ghanbari
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - David G. S. Farmer
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Mariana R. Melo
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stuart J. McDougall
- Department of Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew M. Allen
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Daskalakis NP, Meijer OC, Ronald de Kloet E. Mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor work alone and together in cell-type-specific manner: Implications for resilience prediction and targeted therapy. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100455. [PMID: 35601687 PMCID: PMC9118500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
‘You can't roll the clock back and reverse the effects of experiences' Bruce McEwen used to say when explaining how allostasis labels the adaptive process. Here we will for once roll the clock back to the times that the science of the glucocorticoid hormone was honored with a Nobel prize and highlight the discovery of their receptors in the hippocampus as inroad to its current status as master regulator in control of stress coping and adaptation. Glucocorticoids operate in concert with numerous neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones with the aim to facilitate processing of information in the neurocircuitry of stress, from anticipation and perception of a novel experience to behavioral adaptation and memory storage. This action, exerted by the glucocorticoids, is guided by two complementary receptor systems, mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR), that need to be balanced for a healthy stress response pattern. Here we discuss the cellular, neuroendocrine, and behavioral studies underlying the MR:GR balance concept, highlight the relevance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) -axis patterns and note the limited understanding yet of sexual dimorphism in glucocorticoid actions. We conclude with the prospect that (i) genetically and epigenetically regulated receptor variants dictate cell-type-specific transcriptome signatures of stress-related neuropsychiatric symptoms and (ii) selective receptor modulators are becoming available for more targeted treatment. These two new developments may help to ‘restart the clock’ with the prospect to support resilience.
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Romanova Z, Hlavacova N, Jezova D. Psychotropic Drug Effects on Steroid Stress Hormone Release and Possible Mechanisms Involved. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020908. [PMID: 35055090 PMCID: PMC8779609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that chronic stress accompanied by adrenocortical stress hormone release affects the development and treatment outcome of several mental disorders. Less attention has been paid to the effects of psychotropic drugs on adrenocortical steroids, particularly in clinical studies. This review focuses on the knowledge related to the possible modulation of cortisol and aldosterone secretion under non-stress and stress conditions by antipsychotic drugs, which are being used in the treatment of several psychotic and affective disorders. The molecular mechanisms by which antipsychotic drugs may influence steroid stress hormones include the modulation of central and/or adrenocortical dopamine and serotonin receptors, modulation of inflammatory cytokines, influence on regulatory mechanisms in the central part of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene promoters, influencing glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription, indirect effects via prolactin release, alteration of signaling pathways of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions. Clinical studies performed in healthy subjects, patients with psychosis, and patients with bipolar disorder suggest that single and repeated antipsychotic treatments either reduce cortisol concentrations or do not affect its secretion. A single and potentially long-term treatment with dopamine receptor antagonists, including antipsychotics, has a stimulatory action on aldosterone release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Romanova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.R.); (N.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Natasa Hlavacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.R.); (N.H.)
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.R.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Signal Transduction of Mineralocorticoid and Angiotensin II Receptors in the Central Control of Sodium Appetite: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111735. [PMID: 34769164 PMCID: PMC8584094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium appetite is an innate behavior occurring in response to sodium depletion that induces homeostatic responses such as the secretion of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and the stimulation of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II). The synergistic action of these hormones signals to the brain the sodium appetite that represents the increased palatability for salt intake. This narrative review summarizes the main data dealing with the role of mineralocorticoid and ANG II receptors in the central control of sodium appetite. Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in PubMed. References to original articles and reviews were examined, selected, and discussed. Several brain areas control sodium appetite, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, which contains aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons, and the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) that contains ANG II-sensitive neurons. Furthermore, sodium appetite is under the control of signaling proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inositol 1,4,5-thriphosphate (IP3). ANG II stimulates salt intake via MAPK, while combined ANG II and aldosterone action induce sodium intake via the IP3 signaling pathway. Finally, aldosterone and ANG II stimulate OVLT neurons and suppress oxytocin secretion inhibiting the neuronal activity of the paraventricular nucleus, thus disinhibiting the OVLT activity to aldosterone and ANG II stimulation.
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11
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Sepúlveda V, Maurelia F, González M, Aguayo J, Caprile T. SCO-spondin, a giant matricellular protein that regulates cerebrospinal fluid activity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 34600566 PMCID: PMC8487547 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that occupies the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces within and around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is a dynamic signaling milieu that transports nutrients, waste materials and neuroactive substances that are crucial for the development, homeostasis and functionality of the central nervous system. The mechanisms that enable cerebrospinal fluid to simultaneously exert these homeostatic/dynamic functions are not fully understood. SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted since the early stages of development into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its domain architecture resembles a combination of a matricellular protein and the ligand-binding region of LDL receptor family. The matricellular proteins are a group of extracellular proteins with the capacity to interact with different molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines and cellular receptors; enabling the integration of information to modulate various physiological and pathological processes. In the same way, the LDL receptor family interacts with many ligands, including β-amyloid peptide and different growth factors. The domains similarity suggests that SCO-spondin is a matricellular protein enabled to bind, modulate, and transport different cerebrospinal fluid molecules. SCO-spondin can be found soluble or polymerized into a dynamic threadlike structure called the Reissner fiber, which extends from the diencephalon to the caudal tip of the spinal cord. Reissner fiber continuously moves caudally as new SCO-spondin molecules are added at the cephalic end and are disaggregated at the caudal end. This movement, like a conveyor belt, allows the transport of the bound molecules, thereby increasing their lifespan and action radius. The binding of SCO-spondin to some relevant molecules has already been reported; however, in this review we suggest more than 30 possible binding partners, including peptide β-amyloid and several growth factors. This new perspective characterizes SCO-spondin as a regulator of cerebrospinal fluid activity, explaining its high evolutionary conservation, its apparent multifunctionality, and the lethality or severe malformations, such as hydrocephalus and curved body axis, of knockout embryos. Understanding the regulation and identifying binding partners of SCO-spondin are crucial for better comprehension of cerebrospinal fluid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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12
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Tenorio-Lopes L, Kinkead R. Sex-Specific Effects of Stress on Respiratory Control: Plasticity, Adaptation, and Dysfunction. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2097-2134. [PMID: 34107062 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of respiratory control evolves, we appreciate how the basic neurobiological principles of plasticity discovered in other systems shape the development and function of the respiratory control system. While breathing is a robust homeostatic function, there is growing evidence that stress disrupts respiratory control in ways that predispose to disease. Neonatal stress (in the form of maternal separation) affects "classical" respiratory control structures such as the peripheral O2 sensors (carotid bodies) and the medulla (e.g., nucleus of the solitary tract). Furthermore, early life stress disrupts the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), a structure that has emerged as a primary determinant of the intensity of the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Although underestimated, the PVH's influence on respiratory function is a logical extension of the hypothalamic control of metabolic demand and supply. In this article, we review the functional and anatomical links between the stress neuroendocrine axis and the medullary network regulating breathing. We then present the persistent and sex-specific effects of neonatal stress on respiratory control in adult rats. The similarities between the respiratory phenotype of stressed rats and clinical manifestations of respiratory control disorders such as sleep-disordered breathing and panic attacks are remarkable. These observations are in line with the scientific consensus that the origins of adult disease are often found among developmental and biological disruptions occurring during early life. These observations bring a different perspective on the structural hierarchy of respiratory homeostasis and point to new directions in our understanding of the etiology of respiratory control disorders. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-38, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tenorio-Lopes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Lucera GM, Menani JV, Colombari E, Colombari DSA. ANG II and Aldosterone Acting Centrally Participate in the Enhanced Sodium Intake in Water-Deprived Renovascular Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679985. [PMID: 34113255 PMCID: PMC8186501 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension is a type of secondary hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis, leading to an increase in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Two-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) is a model of renovascular hypertension in which rats have an increased sodium intake induced by water deprivation (WD), a common situation found in the nature. In addition, a high-sodium diet in 2K1C rats induces glomerular lesion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether angiotensin II (ANG II) and/or aldosterone participates in the increased sodium intake in 2K1C rats under WD. In addition, we also verified if central AT1 and mineralocorticoid receptor blockade would change the high levels of arterial pressure in water-replete (WR) and WD 2K1C rats, because blood pressure changes can facilitate or inhibit water and sodium intake. Finally, possible central areas activated during WD or WD followed by partial rehydration (PR) in 2K1C rats were also investigated. Male Holtzman rats (150–180 g) received a silver clip around the left renal artery to induce renovascular hypertension. Six weeks after renal surgery, a stainless-steel cannula was implanted in the lateral ventricle, followed by 5–7 days of recovery before starting tests. Losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist) injected intracerebroventricularly attenuated water intake during the thirst test. Either icv losartan or RU28318 (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) reduced 0.3 M NaCl intake, whereas the combination of losartan and RU28318 icv totally blocked 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by WD in 2K1C rats. Losartan and RU28318 icv did not change hypertension levels of normohydrated 2K1C rats, but reduced the increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) produced by WD. c-Fos expression increased in the lamina terminalis and in the NTS in WD condition, and increased even more after WD-PR. These results suggest the participation of ANG II and aldosterone acting centrally in the enhanced sodium intake in WD 2K1C rats, and not in the maintenance of hypertension in satiated and fluid-replete 2K1C rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maria Lucera
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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15
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Fazan FS, Colombari E, Loewy AD, Geerling JC. Despite increasing aldosterone, elevated potassium is not necessary for activating aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons or sodium appetite. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14714. [PMID: 33463885 PMCID: PMC7814482 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricting dietary sodium promotes sodium appetite in rats. Prolonged sodium restriction increases plasma potassium (pK), and elevated pK is largely responsible for a concurrent increase in aldosterone, which helps promote sodium appetite. In addition to increasing aldosterone, we hypothesized that elevated potassium directly influences the brain to promote sodium appetite. To test this, we restricted dietary potassium in sodium‐deprived rats. Potassium restriction reduced pK and blunted the increase in aldosterone caused by sodium deprivation, but did not prevent sodium appetite or the activation of aldosterone‐sensitive HSD2 neurons. Conversely, supplementing potassium in sodium‐deprived rats increased pK and aldosterone, but did not increase sodium appetite or the activation of HSD2 neurons relative to potassium restriction. Supplementing potassium without sodium deprivation did not significantly increase aldosterone and HSD2 neuronal activation and only modestly increased saline intake. Overall, restricting dietary sodium activated the HSD2 neurons and promoted sodium appetite across a wide range of pK and aldosterone, and saline consumption inactivated the HSD2 neurons despite persistent hyperaldosteronism. In conclusion, elevated potassium is important for increasing aldosterone, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient for activating HSD2 neurons and increasing sodium appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico S Fazan
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Arthur D Loewy
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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16
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Murck H, Schlageter L, Schneider A, Adolf C, Heinrich D, Quinkler M, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Künzel H. The potential pathophysiological role of aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in anxiety and depression - Lessons from primary aldosteronism. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:82-88. [PMID: 32798773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High levels of aldosterone appear to be related to depressive and anxiety related behavior as demonstrated in therapy refractory depression and primary aldosteronism (PA). We analyzed data from a large register of patients with PA in order to clarify mediators and moderators of this influence. Up to 624 subjects were analyzed, however not all subjects had a complete dataset. Due to the known gender differences in subjects with PA we performed the analyses adjusted for gender. We compared subjects with (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) vs. no depressive symptomatology. 56% of men and 61% of women met this depression criterion. In women aldosterone concentration was significantly higher in depressed patients and renin levels were significantly increased with higher anxiety scores. This was not found in men. Depressive symptoms in men and women were significantly associated to BMI (men: dep vs non-dep: 29.6 vs. 28.4, p < 0.05; women: 26.9 vs. 24.5) and body weight (p < 0.05). Neither blood pressure nor electrolytes were different between depression groups. The relationship of these parameters to anxiety was less pronounced and partially unexpected: only in men higher anxiety (GAD ≥ 5) was related to lower systolic blood pressure. In conclusion, higher aldosterone appears to be associated with depressive symptoms in women, but less so in men with PA. BMI appears to be strongly and independently associated with depressive symptoms in patients with PA, independent of gender. Further studies are required to clarify the causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Lena Schlageter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Anna Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Christian Adolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Daniel Heinrich
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | | | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany
| | - Heike Künzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany.
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17
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Gasparini S, Howland JM, Thatcher AJ, Geerling JC. Central afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2708-2728. [PMID: 32307700 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) regulates life-sustaining functions ranging from appetite and digestion to heart rate and breathing. It is also the brain's primary sensory nucleus for visceral sensations relevant to symptoms in medical and psychiatric disorders. To better understand which neurons may exert top-down control over the NTS, here we provide a brain-wide map of all neurons that project axons directly to the caudal, viscerosensory NTS, focusing on a medial subregion with aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons. Injecting an axonal tracer (cholera toxin b) into the NTS produces a similar pattern of retrograde labeling in rats and mice. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) contain the densest concentrations of NTS-projecting neurons. PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express Slc17a6/Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons. CeA afferents are GABAergic (express Slc32a1/Vgat) and are distributed largely in the medial CeA subdivision. Other retrogradely labeled neurons are located in a variety of brain regions, including the cerebral cortex (insular and infralimbic areas), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, hindbrain reticular formation, and rostral NTS. Similar patterns of retrograde labeling result from tracer injections into different NTS subdivisions, with dual retrograde tracing revealing that many afferent neurons project axon collaterals to both the lateral and medial NTS subdivisions. This information provides a roadmap for studying descending axonal projections that may influence visceromotor systems and visceral "mind-body" symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gasparini
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob M Howland
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew J Thatcher
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
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18
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Fuller PJ, Yao YZ, Yang J, Young MJ. Structural determinants of activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor: an evolutionary perspective. J Hum Hypertens 2020; 35:110-116. [PMID: 32467588 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-0360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a central role in sodium homoeostasis by transducing the response to aldosterone in the distal nephron and other sodium transporting epithelia. The MR is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors; it is unusual in being the receptor for two steroid hormones aldosterone and cortisol (which also binds to the closely related glucocorticoid receptor). Less well recognised is that progesterone also binds to the MR with high affinity. The conformation of the ligand-bound receptor is determined by the ligand including whether the conformation is agonist or antagonist. An agonist MR conformation then enables interactions with DNA, other MR (homodimerization) and coregulatory molecules to regulate gene expression. Insights into the structural determinants of an agonist response to ligand come from studies of the evolution of the MR. Progesterone is an agonist in the fish MR, but antagonist in the MR of terrestrial vertebrates; this switch results from the loss of a critical leucine that mediates a leucine:leucine interaction between helix 1 and helix 8 which enables the agonist response to progesterone. The insights into the intramolecular dynamics of activation suggest novel ways in which MR antagonism may be achieved beyond the current, progesterone-based antagonists in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular Translational Science, The Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Yi-Zhou Yao
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, The Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, The Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular Translational Science, The Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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19
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Izakova L, Hlavacova N, Segeda V, Kapsdorfer D, Morovicsova E, Jezova D. Salivary Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Their Morning to Evening Slopes in Patients with Depressive Disorder and Healthy Subjects: Acute Episode and Follow-Up 6 Months after Reaching Remission. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1001-1009. [PMID: 31935730 DOI: 10.1159/000505921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Cortisol is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Less attention has been given to other neuroendocrine factors. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that adrenocortical steroids aldosterone and cortisol show different dynamic changes in the course of clinical depression with the assumption that aldosterone is a state marker of depression. METHODS A total of 78 adult subjects (39 patients with depressive disorder and 39 healthy controls) participated in a prospective non-interventional clinical study. Patients were investigated at the time of an acute episode and 6 months after reaching remission. The clinical and personal characteristics, and morning and evening salivary concentrations of aldosterone and cortisol were evaluated. RESULTS Patients with an acute depressive episode exhibited higher evening aldosterone and lower morning cortisol concentrations compared to healthy subjects. In these patients, both hormone concentrations showed flatter morning to evening slopes. Salivary aldosterone, but not cortisol concentrations, were lower in patients 6 months after reaching remission compared to those in the acute state. Similarly, 6 months of remission resulted in a steeper morning to evening slope of salivary aldosterone compared to the acute state. The cortisol rhythm remained dysregulated. A significant negative correlation between trait anxiety scores and morning cortisol concentrations in patients at 6 months of clinical remission was observed. CONCLUSION Diurnal changes in salivary aldosterone concentrations appear to be a state marker, whilst those of cortisol a trait marker of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomira Izakova
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Natasa Hlavacova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktor Segeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Kapsdorfer
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Morovicsova
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia ,
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20
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Ch'ng SS, Lawrence AJ. The subfornical organ in sodium appetite: Recent insights. Neuropharmacology 2019; 154:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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de Kloet ER, de Kloet SF, de Kloet CS, de Kloet AD. Top-down and bottom-up control of stress-coping. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12675. [PMID: 30578574 PMCID: PMC6519262 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this 30th anniversary issue review, we focus on the glucocorticoid modulation of limbic-prefrontocortical circuitry during stress-coping. This action of the stress hormone is mediated by mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) that are co-expressed abundantly in these higher brain regions. Via both receptor types, the glucocorticoids demonstrate, in various contexts, rapid nongenomic and slower genomic actions that coordinate consecutive stages of information processing. MR-mediated action optimises stress-coping, whereas, in a complementary fashion, the memory storage of the selected coping strategy is promoted via GR. We highlight the involvement of adipose tissue in the allocation of energy resources to central regulation of stress reactions, point to still poorly understood neuronal ensembles in the prefrontal cortex that underlie cognitive flexibility critical for effective coping, and evaluate the role of cortisol as a pleiotropic regulator in vulnerability to, and treatment of, trauma-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo R. de Kloet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sybren F. de Kloet
- Department of Integrative NeurophysiologyCenter for Neurogenomics and Cognitive ResearchVU‐University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Annette D. de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional GenomicsUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
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22
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Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:387-417. [PMID: 30343334 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sodium deficiency elevates aldosterone, which in addition to epithelial tissues acts on the brain to promote dysphoric symptoms and salt intake. Aldosterone boosts the activity of neurons that express 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2), a hallmark of aldosterone-sensitive cells. To better characterize these neurons, we combine immunolabeling and in situ hybridization with fate mapping and Cre-conditional axon tracing in mice. Many cells throughout the brain have a developmental history of Hsd11b2 expression, but in the adult brain one small brainstem region with a leaky blood-brain barrier contains HSD2 neurons. These neurons express Hsd11b2, Nr3c2 (mineralocorticoid receptor), Agtr1a (angiotensin receptor), Slc17a6 (vesicular glutamate transporter 2), Phox2b, and Nxph4; many also express Cartpt or Lmx1b. No HSD2 neurons express cholinergic, monoaminergic, or several other neuropeptidergic markers. Their axons project to the parabrachial complex (PB), where they intermingle with AgRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminal fields overlapping FoxP2 neurons in the central lateral subnucleus (PBcL) and pre-locus coeruleus (pLC). Their axons also extend to the forebrain, intermingling with AgRP- and CGRP-immunoreactive axons to form dense terminals surrounding GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvL). Sparse axons target the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Dual retrograde tracing revealed that largely separate HSD2 neurons project to pLC/PB or BSTvL. This projection pattern raises the possibility that a subset of HSD2 neurons promotes the dysphoric, anorexic, and anhedonic symptoms of hyperaldosteronism via AgRP-inhibited relay neurons in PB.
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23
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Powrie YSL, Smith C. Central intracrine DHEA synthesis in ageing-related neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: therapeutic potential? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:289. [PMID: 30326923 PMCID: PMC6192186 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a well-known fact that DHEA declines on ageing and that it is linked to ageing-related neurodegeneration, which is characterised by gradual cognitive decline. Although DHEA is also associated with inflammation in the periphery, the link between DHEA and neuroinflammation in this context is less clear. This review drew from different bodies of literature to provide a more comprehensive picture of peripheral vs central endocrine shifts with advanced age—specifically in terms of DHEA. From this, we have formulated the hypothesis that DHEA decline is also linked to neuroinflammation and that increased localised availability of DHEA may have both therapeutic and preventative benefit to limit neurodegeneration. We provide a comprehensive discussion of literature on the potential for extragonadal DHEA synthesis by neuroglial cells and reflect on the feasibility of therapeutic manipulation of localised, central DHEA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S L Powrie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - C Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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24
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Trebak F, Li W, Feng Y. Neuronal (pro)renin receptor regulates deoxycorticosterone-induced sodium intake. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:904-912. [PMID: 30142028 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00065.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased sodium appetite is a physiological response to sodium deficiency; however, it has also been implicated in disease conditions such as congestive heart failure, kidney failure, and salt-sensitive hypertension. The central nervous system is the major regulator of sodium appetite and intake behavior; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this behavior remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the involvement of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a component of the brain renin-angiotensin system, in the regulation of sodium intake in a neuron-specific PRR knockout (PRRKO) mouse model generated previously in our laboratory. Sodium intake following deoxycorticosterone (DOCA) stimulation was tested by assessing the preference of mice for 0.9% saline or regular water in single-animal metabolic cages. Blood pressure was monitored in conscious, freely moving mice by a telemetry system. We found that saline intake and total fluid intake were significantly reduced in PRRKO mice following DOCA treatment compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas regular water intake was similar between the genotypes. Sodium preference and total sodium intake were significantly reduced in PRRKO mice compared with WT mice. PRRKO mice also excreted less urine and urinary sodium compared with WT mice following DOCA treatment, whereas potassium excretion was similar between the two groups. Finally, we found that the sodium balance, calculated by subtracting urinary sodium excretion from sodium intake, was greater in WT mice than in PRRKO mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that the neuronal PRR plays a regulatory role in DOCA-induced sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Trebak
- Pharmacology and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yumei Feng
- Pharmacology and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine , Reno, Nevada
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25
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Fortin SM, Roitman MF. Challenges to Body Fluid Homeostasis Differentially Recruit Phasic Dopamine Signaling in a Taste-Selective Manner. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6841-6853. [PMID: 29934352 PMCID: PMC6070668 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0399-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The internal environment of an organism must remain stable to ensure optimal performance and ultimately survival. The generation of motivated behaviors is an adaptive mechanism for defending homeostasis. Although physiological state modulates motivated behaviors, the influence of physiological state on phasic dopamine signaling, an underlying neurobiological substrate of reward-driven behavior, is underexplored. Here, we use sodium depletion and water restriction, manipulations of body fluid homeostasis, to determine the flexibility and specificity of dopamine responses. Changes in dopamine concentration were measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the nucleus accumbens shell of male rats in response to intraoral infusions of fluids that either satisfied or did not satisfy homeostatic need. Increases in dopamine concentration during intraoral infusions were observed only under conditions of physiological deficit. Furthermore, dopamine increases were selective and limited to those that satisfied the need state of the animal. Thus, dopamine neurons track fluid balance and respond to salt and water stimuli in a state- and taste-dependent manner. Using Fluoro-Gold tracing and immunohistochemistry for c-Fos and Foxp2, a marker of sodium-deprivation responsive neurons, we revealed brainstem populations of neurons that are activated by sodium depletion and project directly to the ventral tegmental area. The identified projections may modulate dopamine neuron excitability and consequently the state-specific dopamine release observed in our experiments. This work illustrates the impact of physiological state on mesolimbic dopamine signaling and a potential circuit by which homeostatic disruptions are communicated to mesolimbic circuitry to drive the selective reinforcement of biologically-required stimuli under conditions of physiological need.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Motivated behaviors arise during physiological need and are highly selective for homeostasis-restoring stimuli. Although phasic dopamine signaling has been shown to contribute to the generation of motivated behaviors, the state and stimulus specificity of phasic dopamine signaling is less clear. These studies use thirst and sodium appetite to show that dopamine neurons dynamically track body fluid homeostasis and respond to water and salt stimuli in a state- and taste-dependent manner. We also identify hindbrain sodium deprivation-responsive neurons that project directly to the ventral tegmental area, where dopamine neuron cell bodies reside. This work demonstrates command of homeostasis over dopamine signaling and proposes a circuit by which physiological need drives motivated behavior by state- and taste-selective recruitment of phasic dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, 60607
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Gasparini S, Melo MR, Andrade-Franzé GMF, Geerling JC, Menani JV, Colombari E. Aldosterone infusion into the 4th ventricle produces sodium appetite with baroreflex attenuation independent of renal or blood pressure changes. Brain Res 2018; 1698:70-80. [PMID: 29928872 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone infusion into the 4th ventricle (4th V), upstream the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), produces strong 0.3 M NaCl intake. In the present study, we investigated whether aldosterone infusion into the 4th V activates HSD2 neurons, changes renal excretion, or alters blood pressure and cardiovascular reflexes. Chronic infusion of aldosterone (100 ng/h) into the 4th V increased daily 0.3 M NaCl intake (up to 44 ± 10, vs. vehicle: 5.6 ± 3.4 ml/24 h) and also c-Fos expression in HSD2 neurons in the NTS and in non-HSD2 neurons in the NTS. Natriuresis, diuresis and positive sodium balance were present in rats that ingested 0.3 M NaCl, however, renal excretion was not modified by 4th V aldosterone in rats that had no access to NaCl. 4th V aldosterone also reduced baroreflex sensitivity (-2.8 ± 0.5, vs. vehicle: -5.1 ± 0.9 bpm/mmHg) in animals that had sodium available, without changing blood pressure. The results suggest that sodium intake induced by aldosterone infused into the 4th V is associated with activation of NTS neurons, among them the HSD2 neurons. Aldosterone infused into the 4th V in association with sodium intake also impairs baroreflex sensitivity, without changing arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gasparini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Departament of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M R Melo
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - G M F Andrade-Franzé
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J C Geerling
- Departament of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - E Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Alijani A, Parandin R, Yousofvand N, Oryan SH. Effects of Testosterone on Analgesia in Formalin-Treated Mice. JOURNAL OF ARDABIL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/jarums.18.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Hermidorff MM, de Assis LVM, Isoldi MC. Genomic and rapid effects of aldosterone: what we know and do not know thus far. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 22:65-89. [PMID: 27942913 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-016-9591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the most known mineralocorticoid hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex. The genomic pathway displayed by aldosterone is attributed to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling. Even though the rapid effects displayed by aldosterone are long known, our knowledge regarding the receptor responsible for such event is still poor. It is intense that the debate whether the MR or another receptor-the "unknown receptor"-is the receptor responsible for the rapid effects of aldosterone. Recently, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1) was elegantly shown to mediate some aldosterone-induced rapid effects in several tissues, a fact that strongly places GPER-1 as the unknown receptor. It has also been suggested that angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) also participates in the aldosterone-induced rapid effects. Despite this open question, the relevance of the beneficial effects of aldosterone is clear in the kidneys, colon, and CNS as aldosterone controls the important water reabsorption process; on the other hand, detrimental effects displayed by aldosterone have been reported in the cardiovascular system and in the kidneys. In this line, the MR antagonists are well-known drugs that display beneficial effects in patients with heart failure and hypertension; it has been proposed that MR antagonists could also play an important role in vascular disease, obesity, obesity-related hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Taken altogether, our goal here was to (1) bring a historical perspective of both genomic and rapid effects of aldosterone in several tissues, and the receptors and signaling pathways involved in such processes; and (2) critically address the controversial points within the literature as regarding which receptor participates in the rapid pathway display by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Marques Hermidorff
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro César Isoldi
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Research Center in Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.
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Hernandez M, Watkins J, Vu J, Hayward L. DOCA/salt hypertension alters Period1 and orexin-related gene expression in the medulla and hypothalamus of male rats: Diurnal influences. Auton Neurosci 2018; 210:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Joseph JJ, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kalyani RR, Yeh HC, Bertoni AG, Effoe VS, Casanova R, Sims M, Wu WC, Wand GS, Correa A, Golden SH. Aldosterone, Renin, Cardiovascular Events, and All-Cause Mortality Among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2017; 5:642-651. [PMID: 28822744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the association of aldosterone and plasma renin activity (PRA) with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), using a composite endpoint of coronary heart disease, stroke, and/or heart failure and mortality among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data for the association of aldosterone and PRA with incident CVD or all-cause mortality among community-dwelling African Americans. METHODS A total of 4,985 African American adults, 21 to 94 years of age, were followed for 12 years. Aldosterone, PRA, and cardiovascular risk factors were collected at baseline (from 2000 to 2004). Incident events included coronary heart disease and stroke (assessed from 2000 to 2011) and heart failure (assessed from 2005 to 2011). Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident CVD and mortality, adjusting for age, sex, education, occupation, current smoking, physical activity, dietary intake, and body mass index. RESULTS Among 4,160 participants without prevalent CVD over a median follow-up of 7 years, there were 322 incident CVD cases. In adjusted analyses, each 1-U SD increase in log-aldosterone and log-PRA were associated with HR of 1.26 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.14 to 1.40) and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.33) for incident CVD, respectively. Over a median of 8 years, 513 deaths occurred among 4,985 participants. In adjusted analyses, each 1-U SD increase in log-aldosterone and log-PRA were associated with HRs of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.23) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.24) for mortality, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Elevated aldosterone and PRA may play a significant role in the development of CVD and all-cause mortality among African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Bostons, Massachusetts
| | - Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hsin-Chieh Yeh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Valery S Effoe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ramon Casanova
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gary S Wand
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sherita H Golden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Thirst motivates animals to find and consume water. More than 40 years ago, a set of interconnected brain structures known as the lamina terminalis was shown to govern thirst. However, owing to the anatomical complexity of these brain regions, the structure and dynamics of their underlying neural circuitry have remained obscure. Recently, the emergence of new tools for neural recording and manipulation has reinvigorated the study of this circuit and prompted re-examination of longstanding questions about the neural origins of thirst. Here, we review these advances, discuss what they teach us about the control of drinking behaviour and outline the key questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Zimmerman
- Department of Physiology, the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - David E Leib
- Department of Physiology, the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Hypothalamic and inflammatory basis of hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:211-223. [PMID: 28057892 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major health problem with great consequences for public health. Despite its role as the primary cause of significant morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease, the pathogenesis of essential hypertension remains largely unknown. The central nervous system (CNS) in general, and the hypothalamus in particular, are intricately involved in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Over the last several decades, the understanding of the brain's role in the development of hypertension has dramatically increased. This brief review is to summarize the neural mechanisms of hypertension with a focus on neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter involvement, highlighting recent findings that suggest that hypothalamic inflammation disrupts key signalling pathways to affect the central control of blood pressure, and therefore suggesting future development of interventional strategies that exploit recent findings pertaining to the hypothalamic control of blood pressure as well as the inflammatory-sympathetic mechanisms involved in hypertension.
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Joëls M, de Kloet ER. 30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: The brain mineralocorticoid receptor: a saga in three episodes. J Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28634266 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1968, Bruce McEwen discovered that 3H-corticosterone administered to adrenalectomised rats is retained in neurons of hippocampus rather than those of hypothalamus. This discovery signalled the expansion of endocrinology into the science of higher brain regions. With this in mind, our contribution highlights the saga of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in three episodes. First, the precloning era dominated by the conundrum of two types of corticosterone-binding receptors in the brain, which led to the identification of the high-affinity corticosterone receptor as the 'promiscuous' MR cloned in 1987 by Jeff Arriza and Ron Evans in addition to the classical glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Then, the post-cloning period aimed to disentangle the function of the brain MR from that of the closely related GR on different levels of biological complexity. Finally, the synthesis section that highlights the two faces of brain MR: Salt and Stress. 'Salt' refers to the regulation of salt appetite, and reciprocal arousal, motivation and reward, by a network of aldosterone-selective MR-expressing neurons projecting from nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and circumventricular organs. 'Stress' is about the limbic-forebrain nuclear and membrane MRs, which act as a switch in the selection of the best response to cope with a stressor. For this purpose, activation of the limbic MR promotes selective attention, memory retrieval and the appraisal process, while driving emotional expressions of fear and aggression. Subsequently, rising glucocorticoid concentrations activate GRs in limbic-forebrain circuitry underlying executive functions and memory storage, which contribute in balance with MR-mediated actions to homeostasis, excitability and behavioural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceBrain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Rapid stimulation of sodium intake combining aldosterone into the 4th ventricle and the blockade of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neuroscience 2017; 346:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Meijer OC, de Kloet ER. A Refill for the Brain Mineralocorticoid Receptor: The Benefit of Cortisol Add-On to Dexamethasone Therapy. Endocrinology 2017; 158:448-454. [PMID: 27967238 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some serious medical conditions require life-saving treatment with high doses of synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone. A substantial number of patients subjected to this treatment develops psychosis, mood disturbances, or sleep problems. A recent clinical trial demonstrated that dexamethasone therapy for young patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia caused severe adverse psychological effects and sleep disturbances in about 30% of these patients. These side effects were ameliorated by coadministration of a low dose of the naturally occurring glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. This paradoxical finding was predicted by the idea that the synthetic glucocorticoid targets the glucocorticoid receptor, causing suppression of cortisol secretion and, thus, depletion of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) of its endogenous ligand. The refill of the unoccupied brain MR with physiological amounts of cortisol ameliorates the dexamethasone-induced psychological side effects. In the present report, we discuss the mechanistic underpinning of the MR refill concept in glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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de Kloet ER, Joëls M. Brain mineralocorticoid receptor function in control of salt balance and stress-adaptation. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:13-20. [PMID: 28089704 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We will highlight in honor of Randall Sakai the peculiar characteristics of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in its response pattern to the classical mineralocorticoid aldosterone and the naturally occurring glucocorticoids corticosterone and cortisol. Neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and circumventricular organs express MR, which mediate selectively the action of aldosterone on salt appetite, sympathetic outflow and volume regulation. The MR-containing NTS neurons innervate limbic-forebrain circuits enabling aldosterone to also modulate reciprocally arousal, motivation, fear and reward. MR expressed in abundance in this limbic-forebrain circuitry, is target of cortisol and corticosterone in modulation of appraisal processes, memory performance and selection of coping strategy. Complementary to this role of limbic MR is the action mediated by the lower affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GR), which promote subsequently memory storage of the experience and facilitate behavioral adaptation. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that an imbalance between MR- and GR-mediated actions compromises resilience and adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pitts R, Gunzburger E, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Kallend D, Leiter LA, Leitersdorf E, Nicholls SJ, Shah PK, Tardif JC, Olsson AG, McMurray JJV, Kittelson J, Schwartz GG. Aldosterone Does Not Predict Cardiovascular Events Following Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients Initially Without Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.004119. [PMID: 28073769 PMCID: PMC5523625 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Aldosterone may have adverse effects in the myocardium and vasculature. Treatment with an aldosterone antagonist reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure (HF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. However, most patients with acute coronary syndrome do not have advanced HF. Among such patients, it is unknown whether aldosterone predicts cardiovascular risk. Methods and Results To address this question, we examined data from the dal‐OUTCOMES trial that compared the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor dalcetrapib with placebo, beginning 4 to 12 weeks after an index acute coronary syndrome. Patients with New York Heart Association class II (with LVEF <40%), III, or IV HF were excluded. Aldosterone was measured at randomization in 4073 patients. The primary outcome was a composite of coronary heart disease death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. Hospitalization for HF was a secondary endpoint. Over a median follow‐up of 37 months, the primary outcome occurred in 366 patients (9.0%), and hospitalization for HF occurred in 72 patients (1.8%). There was no association between aldosterone and either the time to first occurrence of a primary outcome (hazard ratio for doubling of aldosterone 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.78‐1.09, P=0.34) or hospitalization for HF (hazard ratio 1.38, 95% CI 0.96‐1.99, P=0.08) in Cox regression models adjusted for covariates. Conclusions In patients with recent acute coronary syndrome but without advanced HF, aldosterone does not predict major cardiovascular events. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00658515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynaria Pitts
- Cardiology Section, VA Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Stephen J Nicholls
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - John Kittelson
- University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- Cardiology Section, VA Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
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Qiao H, Hu B, Zhou H, Yan J, Jia R, Lu B, Sun B, Luo X, Fan Y, Wang N. Aldosterone induces rapid sodium intake by a nongenomic mechanism in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38631. [PMID: 27934887 PMCID: PMC5146675 DOI: 10.1038/srep38631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether aldosterone has a rapid action in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that increases sodium intake, and to examine whether this effect of aldosterone, if present, is mediated by G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a stainless-steel cannula in the NTS were used. Aldosterone was injected into the NTS at the doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 ng 0.1 μl−1. A rapid dose-related increase of 0.3 M NaCl intake was induced within 30 min and this increase was not suppressed by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone (10 ng 0.1 μl−1). Water intake was not affected by aldosterone. The GPER agonist G-1 produced a parallel and significant increase in sodium intake, while pre-treatment with GPER antagonist G15 (10 ng 0.1 μl−1) blocked the G-1 or aldosterone-induced rapid sodium intake. In addition, sodium intake induced by sodium depletion or low-sodium diet fell within 30 min after injection into the NTS of the MR antagonist spironolactone, while G15 had no effect. Our results confirm previous reports, and support the hypothesis that aldosterone evokes rapid sodium intake through a non-genomic mechanism involving GPER in NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China.,Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China.,Department of Orthodontics, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98# Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Science, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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39
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Jarvie BC, Palmiter RD. HSD2 neurons in the hindbrain drive sodium appetite. Nat Neurosci 2016; 20:167-169. [PMID: 27918529 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-depleted animals develop an appetite for aversive concentrations of sodium. Here we show that chemogenetic activation of aldosterone-sensitive neurons that express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) in the nucleus of the solitary tract is sufficient to drive consumption of sodium-containing solutions in mice, independently of thirst or hunger. These HSD2-positive neurons are necessary for full expression of sodium appetite and have distinct downstream targets that are activated during sodium depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke C Jarvie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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40
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de Kloet ER, Otte C, Kumsta R, Kok L, Hillegers MHJ, Hasselmann H, Kliegel D, Joëls M. Stress and Depression: a Crucial Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26970338 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone act on the appraisal process, which comprises the selection of an appropriate coping style and the encoding of the experience for storage in the memory. This action exerted by the stress hormones is mediated by mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), which are expressed abundantly in the limbic circuitry, particularly in the hippocampus. Limbic MR is down-regulated by chronic stress and during depression but induced by antidepressants. Increased MR activity inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, promotes slow wave sleep, reduces anxiety and switches circuit connectivity to support coping. Cortisol and emotion-cognition are affected by MR gene haplotypes based on rs5522 and rs2070951. Haplotype 1 (GA) moderates the effects of (early) life stressors, reproductive cycle and oral contraceptives. MR haplotype 2 (CA) is a gain of function variant that protects females against depression by association with an optimistic, resilient phenotype. Activation of MR therefore may offer a target for alleviating depression and cognitive dysfunction. Accordingly, the MR agonist fludrocortisone was found to enhance the efficacy of antidepressants and to improve memory and executive functions in young depressed patients. In conclusion, CORT coordinates via MR the networks underlying how an individual copes with stress, and this action is complemented by the widely distributed lower affinity glucocorticoid receptor (GR) involved in the subsequent management of stress adaptation. In this MR:GR regulation, the MR is an important target for promoting resilience.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Corticosterone/physiology
- Depression/metabolism
- Depression/physiopathology
- Fludrocortisone/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/agonists
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Otte
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Kumsta
- Genetic Psychology, Fakultät für Psychologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - L Kok
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M H J Hillegers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Hasselmann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Kliegel
- Department of Biological und Clinical Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - M Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Grafe LA, Flanagan-Cato LM. Differential effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II on incentive and mesolimbic activity. Horm Behav 2016; 79:28-36. [PMID: 26730722 PMCID: PMC4765502 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The controls of thirst and sodium appetite are mediated in part by the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II (AngII). The present study examined the behavioral and neural mechanisms of altered effort-value in animals treated with systemic mineralocorticoids, intracerebroventricular AngII, or both. First, rats treated with mineralocorticoid and AngII were tested in the progressive ratio operant task. The willingness to work for sodium versus water depended on hormonal treatment. In particular, rats treated with both mineralocorticoid and AngII preferentially worked for access to sodium versus water compared with rats given only one of these hormones. Second, components of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway were examined for modulation by mineralocorticoids and AngII. Based on cFos immunohistochemistry, AngII treatment activated neurons in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, with no enhancement by mineralocorticoid pretreatment. In contrast, Western blot analysis revealed that combined hormone treatment increased levels of phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental area. Thus, mineralocorticoid and AngII treatments differentially engaged the mesolimbic pathway based on tyrosine hydroxylase levels versus cFos activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Grafe
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Loretta M Flanagan-Cato
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Mahoney Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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42
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11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition as a new potential therapeutic target for alcohol abuse. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e760. [PMID: 26978742 PMCID: PMC4872439 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of new and more effective treatments for alcohol abuse remains a priority. Alcohol intake activates glucocorticoids, which have a key role in alcohol's reinforcing properties. Glucocorticoid effects are modulated in part by the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD) acting as pre-receptors. Here, we tested the effects on alcohol intake of the 11β-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid 3β-O-hemisuccinate), which has been extensively used in the clinic for the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcer and is active on both 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 isoforms. We observed that CBX reduces both baseline and excessive drinking in rats and mice. The CBX diastereomer 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid 3β-O-hemisuccinate (αCBX), which we found to be selective for 11β-HSD2, was also effective in reducing alcohol drinking in mice. Thus, 11β-HSD inhibitors may be a promising new class of candidate alcohol abuse medications, and existing 11β-HSD inhibitor drugs may be potentially re-purposed for alcohol abuse treatment.
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43
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Haque M, Wilson R, Sharma K, Mills NJ, Teruyama R. Localisation of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expressing Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neurones of the Rat Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:835-49. [PMID: 26403275 PMCID: PMC5019266 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that the activity of the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, in the brain via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. MR was recently found in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesising magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei in the hypothalamus. Considering the physiological effects of these hormones, MR in these neurones may be an important site mediating the action of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation within the brain. However, aldosterone activation of MR in the hypothalamus remains controversial as a result of the high binding affinity of glucocorticoids to MR at substantially higher concentrations compared to aldosterone. In aldosterone-sensitive epithelia, the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) prevents glucocorticoids from binding to MR by converting glucocorticoids into inactive metabolites. The present study aimed to determine whether 11β-HSD2, which increases aldosterone selectivity, is expressed in MNCs. Specific 11β-HSD2 immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm of the MNCs in both the SON and PVN. In addition, double-fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated that MR-immunoreactivity and 11β-HSD2-in situ hybridised products are colocalised in MNCs. Lastly, single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction detected MR and 11β-HSD2 mRNAs from cDNA libraries derived from single identified MNCs. These findings strongly suggest that MNCs in the SON and PVN are aldosterone-sensitive neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - K Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - N J Mills
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Teruyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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44
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Askew ML, Muckelrath HD, Johnston JR, Curtis KS. Neuroanatomical association of hypothalamic HSD2-containing neurons with ERα, catecholamines, or oxytocin: implications for feeding? Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:91. [PMID: 26124709 PMCID: PMC4466453 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used immunohistochemical methods to investigate the possibility that hypothalamic neurons that contain 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) are involved in the control of feeding by rats via neuroanatomical associations with the α subtype of estrogen receptor (ERα), catecholamines, and/or oxytocin (OT). An aggregate of HSD2-containing neurons is located laterally in the hypothalamus, and the numbers of these neurons were greatly increased by estradiol treatment in ovariectomized (OVX) rats compared to numbers in male rats and in OVX rats that were not given estradiol. However, HSD2-containing neurons were anatomically segregated from ERα-containing neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus and the Arcuate Nucleus. There was an absence of OT-immunolabeled fibers in the area of HSD2-labeled neurons. Taken together, these findings provide no support for direct associations between hypothalamic HSD2 and ERα or OT neurons in the control of feeding. In contrast, there was catecholamine-fiber labeling in the area of HSD2-labeled neurons, and these fibers occasionally were in close apposition to HSD2-labeled neurons. Therefore, we cannot rule out interactions between HSD2 and catecholamines in the control of feeding; however, given the relative sparseness of the appositions, any such interaction would appear to be modest. Thus, these studies do not conclusively identify a neuroanatomical substrate by which HSD2-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may alter feeding, and leave the functional role of hypothalamic HSD2-containing neurons subject to further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maegan L Askew
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University - Center for Health Sciences Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Halie D Muckelrath
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University - Center for Health Sciences Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jonathon R Johnston
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University - Center for Health Sciences Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Kathleen S Curtis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University - Center for Health Sciences Tulsa, OK, USA
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45
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Hajjar I, Hart M, Mack W, Lipsitz LA. Aldosterone, cognitive function, and cerebral hemodynamics in hypertension and antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:319-25. [PMID: 25213687 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in neurocognitive function and the response to antihypertensive therapy. We investigated the impact of circulating aldosterone and renin activity on cognition and cerebral hemodynamics at baseline and after antihypertensive therapy for 1 year. METHODS Participants were older adults (n = 47; mean age = 71 years) enrolled in a clinical trial. Routine antihypertensive medications were replaced with the study regimen to achieve a blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg. Executive function, memory, cerebral hemodynamics (blood flow velocity), CO2 vasoreactivity (measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography), plasma renin activity, and aldosterone were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS At baseline, higher levels of circulating aldosterone were associated with lower blood flow velocity (β = -0.02; P = 0.03), lower CO2 vasoreactivity (β = -0.11; P = 0.007), and decreased autoregulation abilities (β = -0.09; P = 0.01). Those with higher levels of aldosterone at baseline demonstrated the greatest improvement in executive function (P = 0.014 for the aldosterone effect) and in CO2 vasoreactivity (P = 0.026 for the aldosterone effect) after 12 months of lowering blood pressure (<140/90 mm Hg). Plasma renin activity was not associated with any of the measures. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of aldosterone may be associated with decreased cerebrovascular function in hypertension. Those with higher aldosterone levels may benefit the most from lowering blood pressure. The role of aldosterone in brain health warrants further investigation in a larger trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Hajjar
- Division of Geriatrics and General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Meaghan Hart
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lewis A Lipsitz
- Harvard Medical School, Institute for Aging Research, and Hebrew SeniorLife, Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Brain mineralocorticoid receptors in cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. Steroids 2014; 91:20-31. [PMID: 25173821 PMCID: PMC4302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate diverse functions supporting osmotic and hemodynamic homeostasis, response to injury and inflammation, and neuronal changes required for learning and memory. Inappropriate MR activation in kidneys, heart, vessels, and brain hemodynamic control centers results in cardiovascular and renal pathology and hypertension. MR binds aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone with similar affinity, while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has less affinity for cortisol and corticosterone. As glucocorticoids are more abundant than aldosterone, aldosterone activates MR in cells co-expressing enzymes with 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase activity to inactivate them. MR and GR co-expressed in the same cell interact at the molecular and functional level and these functions may be complementary or opposing depending on the cell type. Thus the balance between MR and GR expression and activation is crucial for normal function. Where 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that inactivates cortisol and corticosterone in aldosterone target cells of the kidney and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is not expressed, as in most neurons, MR are activated at basal glucocorticoid concentrations, GR at stress concentrations. An exception may be pre-autonomic neurons of the PVN which express MR and 11β-HSD1 in the absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase required to generate the requisite cofactor for reductase activity, thus it acts as a dehydrogenase. MR antagonists, valuable adjuncts to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, also inhibit MR in the brain that are crucial for memory formation and exacerbate detrimental effects of excessive GR activation on cognition and mood. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors combat metabolic and cognitive diseases related to glucocorticoid excess, but may exacerbate MR action where 11β-HSD1 acts as a dehydrogenase, while non-selective 11β-HSD1&2 inhibitors cause injurious disruption of MR hemodynamic control. MR functions in the brain are multifaceted and optimal MR:GR activity is crucial. Therefore selectively targeting down-stream effectors of MR specific actions may be a better therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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47
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Murck H, Büttner M, Kircher T, Konrad C. Genetic, Molecular and Clinical Determinants for the Involvement of Aldosterone and Its Receptors in Major Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 128:17-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000368265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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49
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Daubert DL, Looney BM, Clifton RR, Cho JN, Scheuer DA. Elevated corticosterone in the dorsal hindbrain increases plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y, and recruits a vasopressin response to stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R212-24. [PMID: 24829502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00326.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeated stress and chronically elevated glucocorticoids cause exaggerated cardiovascular responses to novel stress, elevations in baseline blood pressure, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that elevated corticosterone (Cort) within the dorsal hindbrain (DHB) would: 1) enhance arterial pressure and neuroendocrine responses to novel and repeated restraint stress, 2) increase c-Fos expression in regions of the brain involved in sympathetic stimulation during stress, and 3) recruit a vasopressin-mediated blood pressure response to acute stress. Small pellets made of 10% Cort were implanted on the surface of the DHB in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. Cort concentration was increased in the DHB in Cort-treated compared with Sham-treated rats (60 ± 15 vs. 14 ± 2 ng Cort/g of tissue, P < 0.05). DHB Cort significantly increased the integrated arterial pressure response to 60 min of restraint stress on days 6, 13, and 14 following pellet implantation (e.g., 731 ± 170 vs. 1,204 ± 68 mmHg/60 min in Sham- vs. Cort-treated rats, day 6, P < 0.05). Cort also increased baseline blood pressure by day 15 (99 ± 2 vs. 108 ± 3 mmHg for Sham- vs. Cort-treated rats, P < 0.05) and elevated baseline plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y concentrations. Cort significantly enhanced stress-induced c-Fos expression in vasopressin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and blockade of peripheral vasopressin V1 receptors attenuated the effect of DHB Cort to enhance the blood pressure response to restraint. These data indicate that glucocorticoids act within the DHB to produce some of the adverse cardiovascular consequences of chronic stress, in part, by a peripheral vasopressin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L Daubert
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin M Looney
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebekah R Clifton
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jake N Cho
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Deborah A Scheuer
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
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50
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Chen J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Penman A, May PJ, Gomez-Sanchez E. Expression of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in preautonomic neurons of the rat paraventricular nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R328-40. [PMID: 24381176 PMCID: PMC3949076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00506.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases sympathetic excitation. To determine whether MR and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are expressed in preautonomic neurons of the PVN and how they relate to endogenous aldosterone levels in healthy rats, retrograde tracer was injected into the intermediolateral cell column at T4 to identify preautonomic neurons in the PVN. Expression of MR, GR, 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase1 and 2 (11β-HSD1, 2), and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) required for 11β-HSD1 reductase activity was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine MR gene and protein expression. Most preautonomic neurons were in the caudal mediocellular region of PVN, and most expressed MR; none expressed GR. 11β-HSD1, but not 11β-HSD2 nor H6PD immunoreactivity, was detected in the PVN. In rats with chronic low or high sodium intakes, the low-sodium diet was associated with significantly higher plasma aldosterone, MR mRNA and protein expression, and c-Fos immunoreactivity within labeled preautonomic neurons. Plasma corticosterone and sodium and expression of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein in the PVN did not differ between groups, suggesting osmotic adaptation to the altered sodium intake. These results suggest that MR within preautonomic neurons in the PVN directly participate in the regulation of sympathetic nervous system drive, and aldosterone may be a relevant ligand for MR in preautonomic neurons of the PVN under physiological conditions. Dehydrogenase activity of 11β-HSD1 occurs in the absence of H6PD, which regenerates NADP(+) from NADPH and may increase MR gene expression under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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