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Anderson M, Bellenger C, Chaseling GK, Chalmers S. The Effect of Water Dousing on Heat Strain and Performance During Endurance Running in the Heat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39231499 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the effect of water dousing on heat strain and performance during self- and fixed-paced exercise in the heat. DESIGN Crossover, block-randomized controlled trial. METHODS Thirteen trained runners completed a 10-km time trial (TT) and 60-minute fixed-pace run (60% velocity of V˙O2max) in a 30.4 °C, 47.4% relative humidity environment using either water dousing (DOUSE) or no dousing (CON). RESULTS Ten-kilometer TT performance was faster in DOUSE compared to CON (44:11 [40:48, 47:34] vs 44:38 [41:21, 47:56] min:s; P = .033). Change in core temperature (Tc) was not different between groups during the TT (+0.02 [-0.04, 0.07] °C in DOUSE; P = .853) or fixed-pace run (+0.02 [-0.15, 0.18] °C; P = .848). Change in mean skin temperature was lower in DOUSE during the TT (-1.80 [-2.15, -1.46] °C; P < .001) and fixed-pace run (-1.38 [-1.81, -0.96] °C; P < .001). Heart rate was lower for DOUSE during the fixed-pace run (-3.5 [-6.8, -0.2] beats/min; P = .041) but not during the TT (-0.2 [-2.5, 2.1] beats/min; P = .853). Thermal sensation was lower for DOUSE during the TT (-49.3 [-72.1, -26.1] mm; P < .001) and fixed-pace run (-44.7 [-59.7, -29.6] mm; P < .001). Rating of perceived exertion was not different between groups for the TT (-0.2 [-0.7, 0.3]; P = .390) or fixed-pace run (-0.2 [-0.8, 0.4]; P = .480). Sweat rate was lower for DOUSE for the TT (-0.37 [-0.53, -0.22] L/h; P < .001) and fixed-pace run (-0.37 [-0.48, -0.26] L/h; P < .001). CONCLUSION Water dousing improves 10-km TT performance in the heat but does not affect Tc. The positive change in thermal perception (via lower skin temperature) during the TT likely drives this benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Anderson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Clint Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Georgia K Chaseling
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- SOLVE-CHD NHMRC Synergy Grant, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Lackner M, Grossmann F, Perret C, Flueck JL, Hertig-Godeschalk A. Chasing Gold: Heat Acclimation in Elite Handcyclists with Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:733-738. [PMID: 38885662 DOI: 10.1055/a-2321-1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is impaired in individuals with a spinal cord lesion (SCI), affecting sweat capacity, heat loss, and core temperature. This can be particularly problematic for athletes with SCI who exercise in hot and humid conditions, like those during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. Heat acclimation can support optimal preparation for exercise in such challenging environments, but evidence is limited in endurance athletes with SCI. We evaluated whether seven consecutive days of exercise in the heat would result in heat acclimation. Five elite para-cycling athletes with SCI participated (two females, three males, median (Q1-Q3) 35 (31-51) years, four with paraplegia and one with tetraplegia). All tests and training sessions were performed in a heat chamber (30°C and 75% relative humidity). A time-to-exhaustion test was performed on day 1 (pretest) and day 7 (posttest). On days 2-6, athletes trained daily for one hour at 50-60% of individual peak power (PPeak). Comparing pretest and posttest, all athletes increased their body mass loss (p=0.04), sweat rate (p=0.04), and time to exhaustion (p=0.04). Effects varied between athletes for core temperature and heart rate. All athletes appeared to benefit from our heat acclimation protocol, helping to optimize their preparation for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Lackner
- Sports Therapy, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Grossmann
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Perret
- Neuro-Musculoskeletal Functioning and Mobility, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Joelle L Flueck
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
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3
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Segreti A, Celeski M, Guerra E, Crispino SP, Vespasiano F, Buzzelli L, Fossati C, Papalia R, Pigozzi F, Grigioni F. Effects of Environmental Conditions on Athlete's Cardiovascular System. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4961. [PMID: 39201103 PMCID: PMC11355938 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors such as extreme temperatures, humidity, wind, pollution, altitude, and diving can significantly impact athletes' cardiovascular systems, potentially hindering their performance, particularly in outdoor sports. The urgency of this issue is heightened by the increasing prevalence of climate change and its associated conditions, including fluctuating pollution levels, temperature variations, and the spread of infectious diseases. Despite its critical importance, this topic is often overlooked in sports medicine. This narrative review seeks to address this gap by providing a comprehensive, evidence-based evaluation of how athletes respond to environmental stresses. A thorough assessment of current knowledge is essential to better prepare athletes for competition under environmental stress and to minimize the harmful effects of these factors. Specifically, adaptative strategies and preventative measures are vital to mitigating these environmental influences and ensuring athletes' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Segreti
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.C.); (F.V.); (L.B.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Mihail Celeski
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.C.); (F.V.); (L.B.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Guerra
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Simone Pasquale Crispino
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.C.); (F.V.); (L.B.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Vespasiano
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.C.); (F.V.); (L.B.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Buzzelli
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.C.); (F.V.); (L.B.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Rocco Papalia
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy;
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (C.F.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Grigioni
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (S.P.C.); (F.V.); (L.B.); (F.G.)
- Research Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Tyler CJ, Notley SR. Myths and methodologies: Considerations for evaluating the time course of thermoregulatory adaptation during heat acclimation. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1267-1273. [PMID: 38872315 PMCID: PMC11291862 DOI: 10.1113/ep091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Since the early 1900s, repeated heat exposure has been used as a method to induce physiological adaptations that enhance our ability to tolerate heat stress during athletic and occupational pursuits. Much of this work has been dedicated to quantifying the time course of adaptation and identifying the minimum duration of acclimation required to optimise performance or enhance safety. To achieve this, investigators have typically applied classical (constant load) heat acclimation, whereby 60-90 min exercise is performed at the same absolute or relative intensity in a hot environment for 3-24 days, with adaptations evaluated using an identical forcing function test before and after. This approach has provided a foundation from which to develop our understanding of changes in thermoregulatory function, but it has several, frequently overlooked shortcomings, which have resulted in misconceptions concerning the time course of adaptation. It is frequently suggested that most of the thermoregulatory adaptations during heat acclimation occur within a week, but this is an oversimplification and a predictable artefact of the experimental designs used. Consequently, the time course of complete human adaptation to heat remains poorly understood and appears to vary considerably due to numerous individual factors. The purpose of this communication is to highlight the key methodological considerations required when interpreting the existing literature documenting adaptation over time. We also propose potential means by which to improve the way we induce and quantify the magnitude of adaptation to expedite discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean R. Notley
- Department of DefenceDefence Science and Technology GroupMelbourneAustralia
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5
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Fan Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Wu H. Different humidity environments do not affect the subsequent exercise ability of college football players after aerobic high-intensity interval training. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16205. [PMID: 39003355 PMCID: PMC11246416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have explored the effect of differing heat and relative humidity (RH) environments on the performance of multiple anaerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Still, its impact on physiological responses and performance following aerobic HIIT has not been well studied. This study examined the effects of differing RH environments on physiological responses and performance in college football players following HIIT. Twelve college football completed HIIT under four different environmental conditions: (1) 25 °C/20% RH (Control group); (2) 35 °C/20% RH (H20 group); (3) 35 °C/40% RH (H40 group); (4) 35 °C/80% RH (H80 group). The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), lactate, tympanic temperature (TT), skin temperature (TS), thermal sensation (TS), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded continuously throughout the exercise. The heart rate variability (HRV): including root mean squared differences of the standard deviation (RMSSD)、standard deviation differences of the standard deviation (SDNN)、high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), squat jump height (SJH), cycling time to exhaustion (TTE), and sweat rate (SR) were monitored pre-exercise and post-exercise. The HR, MAP, lactate, TT, Ts, TS, and RPE in the 4 groups showed a trend of rapid increase, then decreased gradually. There was no significant difference in HR, MAP, TT, or RPE between the 4 groups at the same time point (p > 0.05), in addition to this, when compared to the C group, the lactate, Ts, TS in the other 3 groups significant differences were observed at the corresponding time points (p < 0.05). The RMSSD, SDNN, HF, and LF levels in the 4 groups before exercise were not significantly different. The RMSSD and HF in the H40 and H80 groups were significantly decreased and other HRV indicators showed no significant difference after exercise. In sports performance measurement, the SJH and TTE were significantly decreased, but there was no significant difference in the 4 groups. The SR was no significant difference in the 4 groups after exercise. In conclusion, heat and humidity environments elicited generally greater physiological effects compared with the normal environment but did not affect sports performance in college football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Department of Arts and Physical Education, Shantou Polytechnic, Shantou, 515078, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Physical Education Teaching and Research, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China.
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6
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Januário WM, Lessa NF, Schittine AJDO, Prata ERBDA, Marins JCB, Natali AJ, Wanner SP, Prímola-Gomes TN. Validity and reproducibility of the CALERA Research Sensor to estimate core temperature at different intensities of a cycling exercise in the heat. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103907. [PMID: 38950497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent heatwaves have highlighted the importance of accurate and continuous core temperature (TCORE) monitoring in sports settings. For example, accentuated rises in TCORE caused by physical exercises under environmental heat stress increase the risk of heat illnesses. Thus, using valid and reproducible devices is essential to ensure safe sports practice. In this study, we assessed the validity and reproducibility of the Calera Research Sensor (CRS) in estimating the TCORE of male and female participants during cycling exercise in a hot environment. Seven male (age: 36.2 ± 10.1 years) and eight female cyclists (age: 30.1 ± 5.0 years) underwent two identical cycling trials in a dry-bulb temperature of 32 °C and relative humidity of 60%. The protocol consisted of an initial 10-min rest followed by a 60-min exercise comprising 10 min at 20%, 25 min at 55%, and 25 min at 75% of maximal aerobic power, and an additional 25 min of post-exercise recovery. TCORE was recorded simultaneously every minute using a gastrointestinal capsule (TGi) and the CRS (TSENSOR). Bland-Altman analysis was performed to calculate bias, upper (LCS) and lower (LCI) concordance limits, and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The maximum acceptable difference between the two devices was predetermined at ±0.4 °C. A mixed linear model was used to assess the paired differences between the two measurement systems, considering the participants, trials, and environmental conditions as random effects and the cycling stages as fixed effects. An intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.98 was recorded when analyzing data from the entire experiment. A non-significant bias value of 0.01 °C, LCS of 0.38 °C, LCI of -0.35 °C, and CI95% of ±0.36 °C were found. When analyzing data according to the participants' sex, CRS reproducibility was high in both sexes: ICC values of 0.98 and 0.99 were reported for males and females, respectively. CI95% was 0.35 °C in experiments with males and 0.37 °C with females, thereby falling within the acceptable margin of difference. Therefore, CRS was considered valid (compared to TGi) and reproducible in estimating TCORE in both sexes at various intensities of cycling exercise in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Martins Januário
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Franciele Lessa
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia de Oliveira Schittine
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - João Carlos Bouzas Marins
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio José Natali
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thales Nicolau Prímola-Gomes
- Laboratório de Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Lôbo ILB, Wanner SP, Guerreiro RDC, Coelho BLP, Coimbra FEDS, Martins MEM, Duarte LCDA, Stieler E, de Mello MT, Silva A. Effects of two external cooling strategies on physiological and perceptual responses of athletes with tetraplegia during and after exercise in the heat. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103896. [PMID: 38906048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Athletes with tetraplegia may experience marked hyperthermia while exercising under environmental heat stress due to their limited ability to dissipate heat through evaporative means. This study investigated the effectiveness of two external cooling strategies (i.e., spraying water onto the body surface or using a cooling vest) on physiological and perceptual variables in tetraplegic athletes during and after an aerobic exercise session in a hot environment. Nine male wheelchair rugby players performed an incremental test to determine their maximum aerobic power output. After that, they were subjected to three experimental trials in a counter-balanced order: control (CON, no body cooling), cooling vest (CV), and water spraying (WS). During these trials, they performed 30 min of a submaximal exercise (at 65% of their maximum aerobic power) inside an environmental chamber set to maintain the dry-bulb temperature at 32 °C. The following variables were recorded at regular intervals during the exercise and for an additional 30 min following the exertion (i.e., post-exercise recovery) with the participants also exposed to 32 °C: body core temperature (TCORE), skin temperature (TSKIN), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal comfort (TC), and thermal sensation (TS). While exercising in CON conditions, the tetraplegic athletes had the expected increases in TCORE, TSKIN, HR, RPE, and TC and TS scores. HR, TC, and TS decreased gradually toward pre-exercise values after the exercise, whereas TCORE and TSKIN remained stable at higher values. Using a cooling vest decreased the temperature measured only on the chest and reduced the scores of RPE, TC, and TS during and after exercise but did not influence the other physiological responses of the tetraplegic athletes. In contrast, spraying water onto the athletes' body surface attenuated the exercise-induced increase in TSKIN, led to lower HR values during recovery, and was also associated with better perception during and after exercise. We conclude that water spraying is more effective than the cooling vest in attenuating physiological strain induced by exercise-heat stress. However, although both external cooling strategies do not influence exercise hyperthermia, they improve the athletes' thermal perception and reduce perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ludimila Bastos Lôbo
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano of the Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (DCMH/UEMG), Ibirité, MG, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (LAFISE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renato de Carvalho Guerreiro
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Lourenço Pinto Coelho
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Eduarda Machado Martins
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Cristina de Abreu Duarte
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Stieler
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CEPE/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Liu T. The roles of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X gene variants in heat acclimation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33172. [PMID: 38984309 PMCID: PMC11231590 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Roles of genes in heat acclimation (HA, repeated exercise-heat exposures) had not been explored. ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X genetic polymorphisms are closely associated with outstanding exercise performances. This study investigated whether the two polymorphisms influenced the response to HA. Fifty young Han nationality male subjects were selected and conducted HA for 2 weeks. Exercise indicators (5-km run, push-up and 100-m run) were tested and rest aural thermometry (RTau) was measured before and after HA. ACE gene was grouped by I homozygote and D carrier, and ACTN3 gene was grouped by R homozygote and X carrier. Results showed that there were no differences between groups in age, body mass index, exercise indicators and RTau before HA. After HA, RTau of ACE I homozygote was lower than that of D carrier [F (1, 48) = 9.12, p = 0.004, η = 0.40]. Compared with RTau before HA, that of I homozygote decreased after HA (Δ = -0.26 °C, 95 % CI -0.34-0.18, p < 0.001), while that of D carrier did not change. There was a ACE gene × HA interaction in RTau [F (1, 48) = 14.26, p < 0.001, η = 0.48]. No effect of ACTN3 gene on RTau was observed. For exercise indicators, there were no differences between groups after HA, and no gene × HA interactions were observed. There may be a strong interaction of ACE gene and HA in the change of rest core temperature. I homozygote may have an advantage on improving heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Special Operations Experiment Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army Special Warfare School, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Bennett S, Tiollier E, Owens DJ, Brocherie F, Louis JB. Implications of Heat Stress-induced Metabolic Alterations for Endurance Training. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:422-435. [PMID: 38401534 DOI: 10.1055/a-2251-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Inducing a heat-acclimated phenotype via repeated heat stress improves exercise capacity and reduces athletes̓ risk of hyperthermia and heat illness. Given the increased number of international sporting events hosted in countries with warmer climates, heat acclimation strategies are increasingly popular among endurance athletes to optimize performance in hot environments. At the tissue level, completing endurance exercise under heat stress may augment endurance training adaptation, including mitochondrial and cardiovascular remodeling due to increased perturbations to cellular homeostasis as a consequence of metabolic and cardiovascular load, and this may improve endurance training adaptation and subsequent performance. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the metabolic impact of heat stress during endurance exercise, including proposed underlying mechanisms of altered substrate utilization. Against this metabolic backdrop, the current literature highlighting the role of heat stress in augmenting training adaptation and subsequent endurance performance will be presented with practical implications and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Julien B Louis
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Dunn RA, Luk HY, Appell CR, Jiwan NC, Keefe MS, Rolloque JJS, Sekiguchi Y. Eccentric muscle-damaging exercise in the heat lowers cellular stress prior to and immediately following future exertional heat exposure. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:472-482. [PMID: 38735625 PMCID: PMC11131061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle-damaging exercise (e.g., downhill running [DHR]) or heat exposure bouts potentially reduce physiological and/or cellular stress during future exertional heat exposure; however, the true extent of their combined preconditioning effects is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of muscle-damaging exercise in the heat on reducing physiological and cellular stress during future exertional heat exposure. Ten healthy males (mean ± Standard Definition; age, 23 ± 3 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 11.5 kg; height, 176.9 ± 4.7 cm) completed this study. Participants were randomly assigned into two preconditioning groups: (a) DHR in the heat (ambient temperature [Tamb], 35 °C; relative humidity [RH], 40%) and (b) DHR in thermoneutral (Tamb, 20 °C; RH, 20%). Seven days following DHR, participants performed a 45-min flat run in the heat (FlatHEAT [Tamb, 35 °C; RH, 40%]). During exercise, heart rate and rectal temperature (Trec) were recorded at baseline and every 5-min. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated to assess heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) concentration between conditions at baseline, immediately post-DHR, and immediately pre-FlatHEAT and post-FlatHEAT. Mean Trec during FlatHEAT between hot (38.23 ± 0.38 °C) and thermoneutral DHR (38.26 ± 0.38 °C) was not significantly different (P = 0.68), with no mean heart rate differences during FlatHEAT between hot (172 ± 15 beats min-1) and thermoneutral conditions (174 ± 8 beats min-1; P = 0.58). Hsp72 concentration change from baseline to immediately pre-FlatHEAT was significantly lower in hot (-51.4%) compared to thermoneutral (+24.2%; P = 0.025) DHR, with Hsp72 change from baseline to immediately post-FlatHEAT also lower in hot (-52.6%) compared to thermoneutral conditions (+26.3%; P = 0.047). A bout of muscle-damaging exercise in the heat reduces cellular stress levels prior to and immediately following future exertional heat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Dunn
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hui-Ying Luk
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Casey R Appell
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nigel C Jiwan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marcos S Keefe
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jan-Joseph S Rolloque
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Dunn RA, Fry LA, Sekiguchi Y, Benjamin CL, Manning CN, Huggins RA, Stearns RL, Casa DJ. Effect of Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Heat Training on Maximal Oxygen Uptake. Sports Health 2024:19417381241249470. [PMID: 38708678 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241249470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important determinant of endurance performance. Heat acclimation/acclimatization (HA/HAz) elicits improvements in endurance performance. Upon heat exposure reduction, intermittent heat training (IHT) may alleviate HA/HAz adaptation decay; however, corresponding VO2max responses are unknown. HYPOTHESIS VO2max is maintained after HAz/HA; IHT mitigates decrements in aerobic power after HAz/HA. STUDY DESIGN Interventional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 27 male endurance runners (mean ± SD; age, 36 ± 12 years; body mass, 73.03 ± 8.97 kg; height, 178.81 ± 6.39 cm) completed VO2max testing at 5 timepoints; baseline, post-HAz, post-HA, and weeks 4 and 8 of IHT (IHT4, IHT8). After baseline testing, participants completed HAz, preceded by 5 days of HA involving exercise to induce hyperthermia for 60 minutes in the heat (ambient temperature, 39.13 ± 1.37°C; relative humidity, 51.08 ± 8.42%). Participants were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 IHT groups: once-weekly, twice-weekly, or no IHT. Differences in VO2max, velocity at VO2max (vVO2), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) at all 5 timepoints were analyzed using repeated-measure analyses of variance with Bonferroni corrections post hoc. RESULTS No significant VO2max or vVO2 differences were observed between baseline, post-HAz, or post-HA (P = 0.36 and P = 0.09, respectively). No significant group or time effects were identified for VO2max or vVO2 at post-HA, IHT4, and IHT8 (P = 0.67 and P = 0.21, respectively). Significant HRmax differences were observed between baseline and post-HA tests (P < 0.01). No significant group or time HRmax differences shown for post-HA, IHT4, and IHT8 (P = 0.59). CONCLUSION VO2max was not reduced among endurance runners after HA/HAz and IHT potentially due to participants' similar aerobic training status and high aerobic fitness levels. CLINICAL RELEVANCE HAz/HA and IHT maintain aerobic power in endurance runners, with HAz/HA procuring reductions in HRmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Dunn
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Lauren A Fry
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas and Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut and Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ciara N Manning
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca L Stearns
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Hostler DP, Schlader ZJ. Diagnostic accuracy of thermal, hydration, and heart rate assessments in discriminating positive acute kidney injury risk following physical work in the heat. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:326-341. [PMID: 38512776 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2315161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Occupational heat stress increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). This study presents a secondary analysis to generate novel hypotheses for future studies by investigating the diagnostic accuracy of thermal, hydration, and heart rate assessments in discriminating positive AKI risk following physical work in the heat in unacclimatized individuals. Unacclimatized participants (n = 13, 3 women, age: ∼23 years) completed four trials involving 2 h of exercise in a 39.7 ± 0.6 °C, 32 ± 3% relative humidity environment that differed by experimental manipulation of hyperthermia (i.e., cooling intervention) and dehydration (i.e., water drinking). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Positive AKI risk was identified when the product of concentrations insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 [IGFBP7∙TIMP-2] exceeded 0.3 (ng∙mL-1)2∙1000-1. Peak absolute core temperature had the acceptable discriminatory ability (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.009), but a relatively large variance (AUC 95% CI: 0.57-0.86). Mean body temperature, urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, peak heart rate, and the peak percent of both maximum heart rate and heart rate reserve had poor discrimination (AUC = 0.66-0.69, p ≤ 0.051). Mean skin temperature, percent change in body mass and plasma volume, and serum sodium and osmolality had no discrimination (p ≥ 0.072). A peak increase in mean skin temperature of >4.7 °C had a positive likelihood ratio of 11.0 which suggests clinical significance. These data suggest that the absolute value of peak core temperature and the increase in mean skin temperature may be valuable to pursue in future studies as a biomarker for AKI risk in unacclimatized workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Chapman
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - David P Hostler
- Department of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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13
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Taggart SM, Girard O, Landers GJ, Ecker UKH, Wallman KE. A seasonal comparison of a 14-day swing on cognitive function and psycho-physiological responses in mine service workers. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 117:104241. [PMID: 38354553 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of season on cognitive function and psycho-physiological responses during a 14-day swing in mine-service workers. Cognitive function, thermal sensation and comfort, rating of perceived exertion, fatigue, hydration, core temperature and heart rate were assessed throughout a shift, on three separate days over a swing. Working memory and processing efficiency did not differ between seasons (p > 0.05), however counting and recall latencies improved throughout the swing (p < 0.05). Participants reported greater fatigue post-shift compared to pre-shift (p < 0.05). Thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and hydration were significantly elevated in summer compared to winter (p < 0.05). Specifically, workers were significantly/minimally dehydrated in summer/winter (urinary specific gravity = 1.025 ± 0.007/1.018 ± 0.007). Although cognitive function and thermal strain were not impaired in summer compared to winter, it is essential to reinforce worker's knowledge regarding hydration requirements. Additional education and/or incorporating scheduled rest breaks for hydration should be considered to ensure the health and safety of mine workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Taggart
- School of Human Sciences (Sport Science, Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Sport Science, Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Grant J Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Sport Science, Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ullrich K H Ecker
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Karen E Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Sport Science, Exercise and Health), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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14
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Ryan BJ, Spiering BA, Hoogkamer W, Looney DP. 'Super boots' for soldiers: theoretical ergogenic and thermoprotective benefits of energetically optimised military combat boots. BMJ Mil Health 2024:e002614. [PMID: 38658041 DOI: 10.1136/military-2023-002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Soldiers typically perform physically demanding tasks while wearing military uniforms and tactical footwear. New research has revealed a substantial increase of ~10% in energetic cost of walking when wearing modern combat boots versus running shoes. One approach to mitigating these costs is to follow in the footsteps of recent innovations in athletic footwear that led to the development of 'super shoes', that is, running shoes designed to lower the energetic cost of locomotion and maximise performance. We modelled the theoretical effects of optimised combat boot construction on physical performance and heat strain with the intent of spurring similarly innovative research and development of 'super boots' for soldiers. We first assessed the theoretical benefits of super boots on 2-mile run performance in a typical US Army soldier using the model developed by Kipp and colleagues. We then used the Heat Strain Decision Aid thermoregulatory model to determine the metabolic savings required for a physiologically meaningful decrease in heat strain in various scenarios. Combat boots that impart a 10% improvement in running economy would result in 7.9%-15.1% improvement in 2-mile run time, for faster to slower runners, respectively. Our thermal modelling revealed that a 10% metabolic savings would more than suffice for a 0.25°C reduction in heat strain for the vast majority of work intensities and durations in both hot-dry and hot-humid environments. These findings highlight the impact that innovative military super boots would have on physical performance and heat strain in soldiers, which could potentially maximise the likelihood of mission success in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Ryan
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B A Spiering
- New Balance Sports Research Lab, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D P Looney
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Taylor KM, Giersch GEW, Caldwell AR, Epstein Y, Charkoudian N. Relation of body surface area-to-mass ratio to risk of exertional heat stroke in healthy men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:549-554. [PMID: 38234291 PMCID: PMC11219003 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00597.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Risk of exertional heat stroke (EHS) is an ongoing challenge for United States military personnel, for athletes and for individuals with occupational stressors that involve prolonged activity in hot environments. Higher body mass index (BMI) is significantly associated with increased risk for EHS in activity duty U.S. Soldiers. During exercise, heat is generated primarily by contracting skeletal muscle (and other metabolically active body mass) and dissipated based on body surface area (BSA). Thus, in compensable environments, a higher BSA·mass-1 may be a benefit to heat dissipation and decrease the risk of EHS. The purpose of the present analysis was to test the hypothesis that BSA·mass-1 ratio is an important biophysical characteristic contributing to the risk of EHS. We employed a matched case-control approach, where each individual with a diagnosis of EHS was matched to five controls who were never diagnosed with EHS but were in the same unit and had the same job title. We used a multivariate conditional logistic regression model including variables of BSA·mass-1, sex, age, military rank, and race. BSA·mass-1 significantly predicted EHS risk (P = 0.006), such that people with higher BSA·mass-1 were at lower risk of developing EHS when controlling for other potential factors such as age and race. This relationship persisted after adjustment for other anthropometric measures of body size including weight, BMI, and BSA. These data suggest that biophysical factors play an important role in EHS risk, particularly in a healthy military-aged cohort of men and women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY With the impacts of climate change yielding higher average ambient temperatures over time, the incidence of EHS for individuals participating in outdoor activities may consequently increase. With the larger sample size in this study compared with prior research in this field, we were able to use various methods that had not been applied before. For example, we were able to mutually adjust for different measurements of body size to understand which metric had the highest association with EHS risk. Understanding factors that may be modifiable may be important for developing interventions to counteract the increased risk of EHS associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Taylor
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yoram Epstein
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
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16
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Brown HA, Topham TH, Clark B, Ioannou LG, Flouris AD, Smallcombe JW, Telford RD, Jay O, Périard JD. Quantifying Exercise Heat Acclimatisation in Athletes and Military Personnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:727-741. [PMID: 38051495 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes and military personnel are often expected to compete and work in hot and/or humid environments, where decrements in performance and an increased risk of exertional heat illness are prevalent. A physiological strategy for reducing the adverse effects of heat stress is to acclimatise to the heat. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to quantify the effects of relocating to a hotter climate to undergo heat acclimatisation in athletes and military personnel. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies investigating the effects of heat acclimatisation in non-acclimatised athletes and military personnel via relocation to a hot climate for < 6 weeks were included. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL Plus with Full Text and Scopus were searched from inception to June 2022. RISK OF BIAS A modified version of the McMaster critical review form was utilised independently by two authors to assess the risk of bias. DATA SYNTHESIS A Bayesian multi-level meta-analysis was conducted on five outcome measures, including resting core temperature and heart rate, the change in core temperature and heart rate during a heat response test and sweat rate. Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), daily training duration and protocol length were used as predictor variables. Along with posterior means and 90% credible intervals (CrI), the probability of direction (Pd) was calculated. RESULTS Eighteen articles from twelve independent studies were included. Fourteen articles (nine studies) provided data for the meta-analyses. Whilst accounting for WBGT, daily training duration and protocol length, population estimates indicated a reduction in resting core temperature and heart rate of - 0.19 °C [90% CrI: - 0.41 to 0.05, Pd = 91%] and - 6 beats·min-1 [90% CrI: - 16 to 5, Pd = 83%], respectively. Furthermore, the rise in core temperature and heart rate during a heat response test were attenuated by - 0.24 °C [90% CrI: - 0.67 to 0.20, Pd = 85%] and - 7 beats·min-1 [90% CrI: - 18 to 4, Pd = 87%]. Changes in sweat rate were conflicting (0.01 L·h-1 [90% CrI: - 0.38 to 0.40, Pd = 53%]), primarily due to two studies demonstrating a reduction in sweat rate following heat acclimatisation. CONCLUSIONS Data from athletes and military personnel relocating to a hotter climate were consistent with a reduction in resting core temperature and heart rate, in addition to an attenuated rise in core temperature and heart rate during an exercise-based heat response test. An increase in sweat rate is also attainable, with the extent of these adaptations dependent on WBGT, daily training duration and protocol length. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42022337761.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Brown
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Thomas H Topham
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Brad Clark
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Leonidas G Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - James W Smallcombe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Heat and Health Research Incubator, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard D Telford
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Ollie Jay
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Heat and Health Research Incubator, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
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Geng Z, Wang J, Cao G, Tan C, Li L, Qiu J. Differential impact of heat and hypoxia on dynamic oxygen uptake and deoxyhemoglobin parameters during incremental exhaustive exercise. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1247659. [PMID: 38260100 PMCID: PMC10801013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1247659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore the relationship between the dynamic changes in oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 ) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) and peripheral fatigue in athletes during incremental exhaustive exercise under different environmental conditions, including high temperature and humidity environment, hypoxic environment, and normal conditions. Methods: 12 male modern pentathlon athletes were recruited and performed incremental exhaustive exercise in three different environments: normal condition (23°C, 45%RH, FiO2 = 21.0%, CON), high temperature and humidity environment (35°C, 70%RH, FiO2 = 21.0%, HOT), and hypoxic environment (23°C, 45%RH, FiO2 = 15.6%, HYP). Gas metabolism data of the athletes were collected, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin content in the vastus lateralis muscles (VL) were measured to calculate the deoxyhemoglobin content. Linear and nonlinear function models were used to fit the characteristic parameters of V ˙ O 2 and HHb changes. Results: The results showed that compared to the CON, V ˙ O 2 , V ˙ CO 2 , and exercise time were decreased in the HOT and HYP (p < 0.05). Δ E V ˙ O 2 and OUES were reduced in the HOT and HYP compared to the CON (p < 0.05). The Gas exchange threshold in the CON corresponded to higher V ˙ O 2 than in the HYP and HOT (p < 0.05). Δ E V ˙ O 2 - 1 was reduced in the HOT compared to the HYP (p < 0.05). ΔEHHb was higher in the HOT compared to the CON (p < 0.05). ΔEHHb-1 was increased in the HYP compared to the CON (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between ΔEHHb and corresponding V ˙ O 2 max in the HOT (r = -0.655, p < 0.05), and a negative correlation between ΔEHHb-1 and corresponding V ˙ O 2 max in the HYP (r = -0.606, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Incremental exhaustive exercise in hypoxic environment and high temperature and humidity environments inhibits gas exchange and oxygen supply to skeletal muscle tissue in athletes. For athletes, the accelerated deoxygenation response of skeletal muscles during incremental exhaustive exercise in high temperature and humidity environments, as well as the excessive deoxygenation response before BP of deoxyhemoglobin in hypoxic environment, may be contributing factors to peripheral fatigue under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Geng
- School of Sports and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhao Wang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohuan Cao
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Tan
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Longji Li
- School of Sports and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 4: evolution, thermal adaptation and unsupported theories of thermoregulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:147-218. [PMID: 37796290 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is the final contribution to a four-part, historical series on human exercise physiology in thermally stressful conditions. The series opened with reminders of the principles governing heat exchange and an overview of our contemporary understanding of thermoregulation (Part 1). We then reviewed the development of physiological measurements (Part 2) used to reveal the autonomic processes at work during heat and cold stresses. Next, we re-examined thermal-stress tolerance and intolerance, and critiqued the indices of thermal stress and strain (Part 3). Herein, we describe the evolutionary steps that endowed humans with a unique potential to tolerate endurance activity in the heat, and we examine how those attributes can be enhanced during thermal adaptation. The first of our ancestors to qualify as an athlete was Homo erectus, who were hairless, sweating specialists with eccrine sweat glands covering almost their entire body surface. Homo sapiens were skilful behavioural thermoregulators, which preserved their resource-wasteful, autonomic thermoeffectors (shivering and sweating) for more stressful encounters. Following emigration, they regularly experienced heat and cold stress, to which they acclimatised and developed less powerful (habituated) effector responses when those stresses were re-encountered. We critique hypotheses that linked thermoregulatory differences to ancestry. By exploring short-term heat and cold acclimation, we reveal sweat hypersecretion and powerful shivering to be protective, transitional stages en route to more complete thermal adaptation (habituation). To conclude this historical series, we examine some of the concepts and hypotheses of thermoregulation during exercise that did not withstand the tests of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zanetti GDO, Pessoa PWM, Vieira TS, Garcia RDA, Santos Barbosa NH, Arantes RME, Kettelhut IDC, Navegantes LCC, Wanner SP, Soares DD, Gonçalves DAP. Long-term heat acclimation training in mice: Similar metabolic and running performance adaptations despite a lower absolute intensity than training at temperate conditions. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103797. [PMID: 38340467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of long-term heat acclimation (HA) training on mouse thermoregulation, metabolism, and running performance in temperate (T) and hot (H) environments. Male Swiss mice were divided into 1) Sedentary (SED) mice kept in T (22 °C; SED/T), 2) Endurance Trained mice (ET, 1 h/day, 5 days/week, 8 weeks, 60 % of maximum speed) in T (ET/T), 3) SED kept in H (32 °C; SED/H), and 4) ET in H (ET/H). All groups performed incremental load tests (ILT) in both environments before (pre-ET) and after four and eight weeks of ET. In the pre-ET period, H impaired (∼30 %) performance variables (maximum speed and external work) and increased (1.3 °C) maximum abdominal body temperature compared with T. In T, after four weeks, although ET/H exercised at a lower (∼30 %) absolute intensity than ET/T, performance variables and aerobic power (peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak) were similarly increased in both ET groups compared with SED/T. After eight weeks, the external work was higher in both ET groups compared with SED/T. Only ET/T significantly increased VO2peak (∼11 %) relative to its pre-ET period. In H, only after eight weeks, both ET groups improved (∼19 %) maximum speed and reduced (∼46 %) post-ILT blood lactate concentrations compared with their respective pre-ET values. Liver glycogen content increased (34 %) in both ET groups and SED/H compared with SED/T. Thus, ET/H was performed at a lower absolute intensity but promoted similar effects to ET/T on metabolism, aerobic power, and running performance. Our findings open perspectives for applying HA training as part of a training program or orthopedic and metabolic rehabilitation programs in injured or even obese animals, reducing mechanical load with equivalent or higher physiological demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Oliveira Zanetti
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Pedro William Martins Pessoa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tales Sambrano Vieira
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida Garcia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Henrique Santos Barbosa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Departments of Biochemistry & Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danusa Dias Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dawit Albieiro Pinheiro Gonçalves
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory (LAFISE), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Section of Sports Physiology (SFE), Sports Training Center (CTE), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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20
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Yoder HA, Mulholland AM, MacDonald HV, Wingo JE. Acute work rate adjustments during high-intensity interval training in a hot and temperate environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:962-973. [PMID: 37657087 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate drifts upward over time during interval exercise and during exercise in hot conditions. As such, work rate must be lowered to maintain target heart rate. The purpose was to characterize acute work rate adjustments during high-intensity interval training based on target heart rate. Seven humans (three females) completed five study visits: a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure maximal heart rate (HRmax) in ∼22 °C and four trials performed in ∼22 °C (TEMP) or ∼35 °C (HOT), consisting of an 8 min warm-up at 70% HRmax followed by one (15TEMP and 15HOT) or five (43TEMP and 43HOT) rounds of high-intensity interval training (one round = 4 min work at 90% HRmax and 3 min recovery at 70% HRmax) totaling 15 min or 43 min of exercise, respectively. Work rate was lowered 33 ± 20 W (p = 0.005) in 43TEMP and 56 ± 30 W (p = 0.003) in 43HOT between the first and fifth work intervals. Thermal strain (0.2 °C higher rectal temperature, p = 0.01) and cardiovascular strain (6 beats·min-1 larger increase in heart rate from first to fifth recovery interval, p = 0.01) were greater in 43HOT versus 43TEMP. Using target heart rate during high-intensity interval training may reduce the training stimulus, especially in hot environments, but it may also limit thermal strain and enable participants to complete the prescribed workout despite the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Yoder
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Anne M Mulholland
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan E Wingo
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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22
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Willmott AGB, James CA, Hayes M, Maxwell NS, Roberts J, Gibson OR. The reliability of a portable steam sauna pod for the whole-body passive heating of humans. J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103743. [PMID: 37979477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive heating is receiving increasing attention within human performance and health contexts. A low-cost, portable steam sauna pod may offer an additional tool for those seeking to manipulate physiological (cardiovascular, thermoregulatory and sudomotor) and perceptual responses for improving sporting or health profiles. This study aimed to 1) report the different levels of heat stress and determine the pods' inter-unit reliability, and 2) quantify the reliability of physiological and perceptual responses to passive heating. METHOD In part 1, five pods were assessed for temperature and relative humidity (RH) every 5 min across 70 min of heating for each of the 9 settings. In part 2, twelve males (age: 24 ± 4 years) completed two 60 min trials of passive heating (3 × 20 min at 44 °C/99% RH, separated by 1 week). Heart rate (HR), rectal (Trectal) and tympanic temperature (Ttympanic) were recorded every 5 min, thermal comfort (Tcomfort) and sensation (Tsensation) every 10 min, mean arterial pressure (MAP) at each break period and sweat rate (SR) after exiting the pod. RESULTS In part 1, setting 9 provided the highest temperature (44.3 ± 0.2 °C) and longest time RH remained stable at 99% (51±7 min). Inter-unit reliability data demonstrated agreement between pods for settings 5-9 (intra-class correlation [ICC] >0.9), but not for settings 1-4 (ICC <0.9). In part 2, between-visits, high correlations, and low typical error of measurement (TEM) and coefficient of variation (CV) were found for Trectal, HR, MAP, SR, and Tcomfort, but not for Ttympanic or Tsensation. A peak Trectal of 38.09 ± 0.30 °C, HR of 124 ± 15 b min-1 and a sweat loss of 0.73 ± 0.33 L were reported. No between-visit differences (p > 0.05) were observed for Trectal, Ttympanic, Tsensation or Tcomfort, however HR (+3 b.min-1) and MAP (+4 mmHg) were greater in visit 1 vs. 2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Portable steam sauna pods generate reliable heat stress between-units. The highest setting (44 °C/99% RH) also provides reliable but modest adjustments in physiological and perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G B Willmott
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
| | - C A James
- Hong Kong Sports Institute (HKSI), Hong Kong; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University. Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - M Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - N S Maxwell
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - J Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - O R Gibson
- Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease (CHPAD), Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Chang L, Gardner L, House C, Daly C, Allsopp A, Roiz de Sa D, Shaw MA, Hopkins PM. Comparison of Transcriptomic Changes in Survivors of Exertional Heat Illness with Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptible Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16124. [PMID: 38003313 PMCID: PMC10671540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat illness (EHI) is an occupational health hazard for athletes and military personnel-characterised by the inability to thermoregulate during exercise. The ability to thermoregulate can be studied using a standardised heat tolerance test (HTT) developed by The Institute of Naval Medicine. In this study, we investigated whole blood gene expression (at baseline, 2 h post-HTT and 24 h post-HTT) in male subjects with either a history of EHI or known susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MHS): a pharmacogenetic condition with similar clinical phenotype. Compared to healthy controls at baseline, 291 genes were differentially expressed in the EHI cohort, with functional enrichment in inflammatory response genes (up to a four-fold increase). In contrast, the MHS cohort featured 1019 differentially expressed genes with significant down-regulation of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). A number of differentially expressed genes in the inflammation and OXPHOS pathways overlapped between the EHI and MHS subjects, indicating a common underlying pathophysiology. Transcriptome profiles between subjects who passed and failed the HTT (based on whether they achieved a plateau in core temperature or not, respectively) were not discernable at baseline, and HTT was shown to elevate inflammatory response gene expression across all clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chang
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Lois Gardner
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Carol House
- Survival and Thermal Medicine Department, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Catherine Daly
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
| | - Adrian Allsopp
- Survival and Thermal Medicine Department, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Daniel Roiz de Sa
- Survival and Thermal Medicine Department, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Philip M. Hopkins
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
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24
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Choi KS, Roh HT, Cho SY. The Impact of Neck Cooling on Serum Oxidant/Antioxidant Status and HSP70 Levels during High-Intensity Cycling. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2178. [PMID: 38004318 PMCID: PMC10672271 DOI: 10.3390/life13112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to discover cooling strategies that can be effective in improving exercise performance. However, the mechanism by which neck cooling relieves exercise-induced physiological stress and the optimal cooling temperature are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of neck cooling at different temperatures during high-intensity cycling on body temperature, physiological variables, oxidant/antioxidant status, heat shock protein (HSP) 70 levels, and exercise performance in adolescent athletes. Seven well-trained male adolescent cyclists (age, 17.00 ± 0.76 years; athletic career, 3.86 ± 0.90 years) participated in three exercise trials involving three cooling regimens: control (CON), low-temperature (7 °C) neck cooling (LNC), and mixed-temperature (14 + 20 °C) neck cooling (MNC). The experimental condition used a cross-over design to minimize adaption to the repetitive cycling trials. Cycling consisted of a 20 km warm-up session and a two 2 km race session. Neck cooling at different temperatures was administered for 20 min during each rest period: after the warm-up, after the first 2 km race, and after the second 2 km race. Blood samples were taken to assess serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and HSP70 levels. In addition, tympanic temperature (Tty), thermal sensation (TS), heart rate (HR), and the saturation of percutaneous oxygen (SpO2) were measured before, immediately after, and 24 h after exercise. As a measure of cycling performance, the race record and speed were measured in the first and second 2 km races. In all trials, Tty, TS, HR, MDA, SOD, and HSP70 levels significantly increased (p < 0.05), and SpO2 levels significantly decreased (p < 0.05). TS significantly decreased 24 h after exercise compared to that immediately after exercise in the LNC and MNC trials (p < 0.05). Serum HSP70 levels were significantly higher 24 h after exercise (0.87 ± 0.10 ng/mL) than immediately after exercise (0.79 ± 0.04 ng/mL) in the CON trial (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hours after exercise, the CON (0.87 ± 0.10 ng/mL) trial showed significantly higher serum HSP70 levels than the LNC (0.73 ± 0.01 ng/mL) trial (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in cycling race record or speed between the trials (p > 0.05). Our findings suggest that neck cooling can induce a positive effect on thermal perception during recovery after cycling and that neck cooling at a relatively low temperature may be more effective in reducing exercise-induced HSP70 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Su Choi
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Roh
- Division of Sports Science, College of Arts and Sports, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Youn Cho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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25
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Henderson MJ, Grandou C, Chrismas BCR, Coutts AJ, Impellizzeri FM, Taylor L. Core Body Temperatures in Intermittent Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2147-2170. [PMID: 37526813 PMCID: PMC10587327 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia (and associated health and performance implications) can be a significant problem for athletes and teams involved in intermittent sports. Quantifying the highest thermal strain (i.e. peak core body temperature [peak Tc]) from a range of intermittent sports would enhance our understanding of the thermal requirements of sport and assist in making informed decisions about training or match-day interventions to reduce thermally induced harm and/or performance decline. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to synthesise and characterise the available thermal strain data collected in competition from intermittent sport athletes. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed on Web of Science, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus to identify studies up to 17 April 2023. Electronic databases were searched using a text mining method to provide a partially automated and systematic search strategy retrieving terms related to core body temperature measurement and intermittent sport. Records were eligible if they included core body temperature measurement during competition, without experimental intervention that may influence thermal strain (e.g. cooling), in healthy, adult, intermittent sport athletes at any level. Due to the lack of an available tool that specifically includes potential sources of bias for physiological responses in descriptive studies, a methodological evaluation checklist was developed and used to document important methodological considerations. Data were not meta-analysed given the methodological heterogeneity between studies and therefore were presented descriptively in tabular and graphical format. RESULTS A total of 34 studies were selected for review; 27 were observational, 5 were experimental (2 parallel group and 3 repeated measures randomised controlled trials), and 2 were quasi-experimental (1 parallel group and 1 repeated measures non-randomised controlled trial). Across all included studies, 386 participants (plus participant numbers not reported in two studies) were recruited after accounting for shared data between studies. A total of 4 studies (~ 12%) found no evidence of hyperthermia, 24 (~ 71%) found evidence of 'modest' hyperthermia (peak Tc between 38.5 and 39.5 °C), and 6 (~ 18%) found evidence of 'marked' hyperthermia (peak Tc of 39.5 °C or greater) during intermittent sports competition. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners and coaches supporting intermittent sport athletes are justified to seek interventions aimed at mitigating the high heat strain observed in competition. More research is required to determine the most effective interventions for this population that are practically viable in intermittent sports settings (often constrained by many competing demands). Greater statistical power and homogeneity among studies are required to quantify the independent effects of wet bulb globe temperature, competition duration, sport and level of competition on peak Tc, all of which are likely to be key modulators of the thermal strain experienced by competing athletes. REGISTRATION This systematic review was registered on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/vfb4s ; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EZYFA , 4 January 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Henderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Clementine Grandou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryna C R Chrismas
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, Australia
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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26
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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27
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Wang J, Jiang C, Yang G, Bai G, Yu S. Study on thermal health and its safety management mode for the working environment. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1227630. [PMID: 37670839 PMCID: PMC10475595 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1227630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal health concerns have gained significant attention due to the heightened health risks faced by workers who are exposed to extreme thermal environments for prolonged periods. To ensure the occupational health and safety of such workers, and to enhance work efficiency, it is imperative to examine the characteristics of thermal health in the working environment. This study proposes three key elements of thermal health in the working environment, namely thermal health states, absence of heat-related illnesses, and heat adaptability, which can be used to develop a safety management framework for thermal health. By exploring the interconnections between these elements, the study summarizes their features and outlines the necessary precautions to safeguard them. The PDCA (plan/do/check/action) cycle management mode is utilized as a framework, with the three components of thermal health forming the core, to establish a safety management mode for thermal health. To ensure that employees work in a safe, healthy, comfortable, and productive environment, the assessment and control objectives of the thermal environment are regularly revised through the use of labor protection technology and thermal environment control technology. This paper presents a PDCA cycle safety management mode based on the characteristics of thermal health, which offers novel insights and approaches for assessing and managing workers' thermal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mine Thermodynamic Disasters and Control of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
| | - Gang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Mine Thermodynamic Disasters and Control of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
| | - Shixuan Yu
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning, China
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Spector JT, Sampson L, Flunker JC, Adams D, Bonauto DK. Occupational heat-related illness in Washington State: A descriptive study of day of illness and prior day ambient temperatures among cases and clusters, 2006-2021. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:623-636. [PMID: 37291066 PMCID: PMC10330917 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient heat acclimatization is a risk factor for heat-related illness (HRI) morbidity, particularly during periods of sudden temperature increase. We sought to characterize heat exposure on days before, and days of, occupational HRIs. METHODS A total of 1241 Washington State workers' compensation State Fund HRI claims from 2006 to 2021 were linked with modeled parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model (PRISM) meteorological data. We determined location-specific maximum temperatures (Tmax,PRISM ) on the day of illness (DOI) and prior days, and whether the Tmax,PRISM was ≥10.0°F (~5.6°C) higher than the average of past 5 days ("sudden increase") for each HRI claim. Claims occurring on days with ≥10 HRI claims ("clusters") were compared with "non-cluster" claims using t tests and χ2 tests. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of analyzed HRI claims occurred on days with a Tmax,PRISM ≥ 80°F. Claims occurring on "cluster" days, compared to "non-cluster" days, had both a significantly higher mean DOI Tmax,PRISM (99.3°F vs. 85.8°F [37.4°C vs. 29.9°C], t(148) = -18, p < 0.001) and a higher proportion of "sudden increase" claims (80.2% vs. 24.3%, χ2 [1] = 132.9, p < 0.001). Compared to "cluster" days, HRI claims occurring during the 2021 Pacific Northwest "heat dome" had a similar increased trajectory of mean Tmax,PRISM on the days before the DOI, but with higher mean Tmax,PRISM. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational HRI risk assessments should consider both current temperatures and changes in temperatures relative to prior days. Heat prevention programs should include provisions to address acclimatization and, when increases in temperature occur too quickly to allow for sufficient acclimatization, additional precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- June T. Spector
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, Washington, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luke Sampson
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, Washington, USA
- CSTE Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John C. Flunker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darrin Adams
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - David K. Bonauto
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, Washington, USA
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Taggart SM, Girard O, Landers GJ, Ecker UKH, Wallman KE. Impact of living and working in the heat on cognitive and psycho-physiological responses in outdoor fly-in fly-out tradesmen: a mining industry study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210692. [PMID: 37501924 PMCID: PMC10368878 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate complex cognitive function, manual dexterity and psycho-physiological parameters in tradesmen working outdoors in the mining industry during summer and winter. Methods: Twenty-six males working in a mining village in the north-west of Australia were assessed pre- and post-an 11-h shift at the start, middle, and end of a 14-day swing in summer (average daily temperature: 33.9°C, 38% RH; n = 12) and winter (24.3°C, 36% RH; n = 14). Results: Working memory performance did not differ between seasons, over the swing or shift (p ≥ 0.053). Processing efficiency and manual dexterity performance did not differ between seasons (p ≥ 0.243), yet improved over the course of the swing (p ≤ 0.001) and shift (p ≤ 0.001). Core temperature, heart rate, thermal comfort, rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were not significantly different between seasons (p ≥ 0.076); however, average shift dehydration was greater in winter compared to summer (1.021 ± 0.005 vs. 1.018 ± 0.006; p = 0.014). Conclusion: The ability to self-regulate the intensity of activity likely helped outdoor workers to thermoregulate effectively, minimising thermal strain during their swings and shifts, in turn explaining unaltered cognitive function and manual dexterity performance between seasons. Regardless of season, workers should receive education on dehydration and workplace risks to protect their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Taggart
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Grant J. Landers
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ullrich K. H. Ecker
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Karen E. Wallman
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Matias AA, Albin IF, Glickman L, Califano PA, Faller JM, Layec G, Ives SJ. Impact of high intensity interval exercise with and without heat stress on cardiovascular and aerobic performance: a pilot study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:83. [PMID: 37434243 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress during aerobic exercise training may offer an additional stimulus to improve cardiovascular function and performance in a cool-temperate environment. However, there is a paucity of information on the additive effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and acute heat stress. We aimed to determine the effects of HIIE in combination with acute heat stress on cardiovascular function and exercise performance. METHODS Twelve active (peak O2 consumption [VO2peak]: 47 ± 8 ml·O2/min/kg) young adults were counterbalanced to six sessions of HIIE in hot (HIIE-H, 30 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 5% relative humidity [RH]) or temperate conditions (HIIE-T, 20 ± 2 °C, 15 ± 10% RH). Resting heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), central (cBP) and peripheral blood pressure (pBP), peripheral mean arterial pressure (pMAP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), VO2peak, and 5-km treadmill time-trial were measured pre- and post-training. RESULTS Resting HR and HRV were not significantly different between groups. However, expressed as percent change from baseline, cSBP (HIIE-T: + 0.9 ± 3.6 and HIIE-H: -6.6 ± 3.0%, p = 0.03) and pSBP (HIIE-T: -2.0 ± 4.6 and HIIE-H: -8.4 ± 4.7%, p = 0.04) were lower in the heat group. Post-training PWV was also significantly lower in the heat group (HIIE-T: + 0.4% and HIIE-H: -6.3%, p = 0.03). Time-trial performance improved with training when data from both groups were pooled, and estimated VO2peak was not significantly different between groups (HIIE-T: 0.7% and HIIE-H: 6.0%, p = 0.10, Cohen's d = 1.4). CONCLUSIONS The addition of acute heat stress to HIIE elicited additive adaptations in only cardiovascular function compared to HIIE alone in active young adults in temperate conditions, thus providing evidence for its effectiveness as a strategy to amplify exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexs A Matias
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle F Albin
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Leah Glickman
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Peter A Califano
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Justin M Faller
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Gwenael Layec
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
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31
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Kelly MK, Bowe SJ, Jardine WT, Condo D, Guy JH, Snow RJ, Carr AJ. Heat Adaptation for Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Physiological Adaptations and Exercise Performance in the Heat. Sports Med 2023; 53:1395-1421. [PMID: 37222863 PMCID: PMC10289939 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat adaptation regimes are used to prepare athletes for exercise in hot conditions to limit a decrement in exercise performance. However, the heat adaptation literature mostly focuses on males, and consequently, current heat adaptation guidelines may not be optimal for females when accounting for the biological and phenotypical differences between sexes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine: (1) the effects of heat adaptation on physiological adaptations in females; (2) the impact of heat adaptation on performance test outcomes in the heat; and (3) the impact of various moderators, including duration (minutes and/or days), total heat dose (°C.min), exercise intensity (kcal.min-1), total energy expended (kcal), frequency of heat exposures and training status on the physiological adaptations in the heat. METHODS SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE Complete and Embase databases were searched to December 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses for resting and exercise core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, plasma volume and performance tests in the heat were completed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. Sub-group meta-analyses were performed to explore the effect of duration, total heat dose, exercise intensity, total energy expended, frequency of heat exposure and training status on resting and exercise core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate and sweat rate. An explorative meta-regression was conducted to determine the effects of physiological adaptations on performance test outcomes in the heat following heat adaptation. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in the systematic review; 22 studies were meta-analysed. After heat adaptation, a reduction in resting core temperature (effect size [ES] = - 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.69, - 0.22; p < 0.001), exercise core temperature (ES = - 0.81; 95% CI - 1.01, - 0.60; p < 0.001), skin temperature (ES = - 0.64; 95% CI - 0.79, - 0.48; p < 0.001), heart rate (ES = - 0.60; 95% CI - 0.74, - 0.45; p < 0.001) and an increase in sweat rate (ES = 0.53; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.001) were identified in females. There was no change in plasma volume (ES = - 0.03; 95% CI - 0.31, 0.25; p = 0.835), whilst performance test outcomes were improved following heat adaptation (ES = 1.00; 95% CI 0.56, 1.45; p < 0.001). Across all moderators, physiological adaptations were more consistently observed following durations of 451-900 min and/or 8-14 days, exercise intensity ≥ 3.5 kcal.min-1, total energy expended ≥ 3038 kcal, consecutive (daily) frequency and total heat dose ≥ 23,000 °C.min. The magnitude of change in performance test outcomes in the heat was associated with a reduction in heart rate following heat adaptation (standardised mean difference = - 10 beats.min-1; 95% CI - 19, - 1; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Heat adaptation regimes induce physiological adaptations beneficial to thermoregulation and performance test outcomes in the heat in females. Sport coaches and applied sport practitioners can utilise the framework developed in this review to design and implement heat adaptation strategies for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Faculty and School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Joshua H Guy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Andrade MT, Nunes‐Leite MMS, Bruzzi RS, Souza CH, Uendeles‐Pinto JP, Prado LS, Soares DD, Gonçalves DAP, Coimbra CC, Wanner SP. Predicting the body core temperature of recreational athletes at the end of a 10 km self-paced run under environmental heat stress. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:852-864. [PMID: 37018484 PMCID: PMC10988464 DOI: 10.1113/ep091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The aim was to identify the factors predicting the body core temperature of athletes at the end of a 10 km self-paced run in a hot environment. What is the main finding and its importance? Hyperthermia in athletes subjected to self-paced running depends on several factors, highlighting the integrated control of core temperature during exercise under environmental heat stress. Five of the seven variables that significantly predicted core temperature are not invasive and, therefore, practical for use outside the laboratory environment: heart rate, sweat rate, wet-bulb globe temperature, running speed and maximal oxygen consumption. ABSTRACT Measurement of body core temperature (Tcore ) is paramount to determining the thermoregulatory strain of athletes. However, standard measurement procedures of Tcore are not practical for extended use outside the laboratory environment. Therefore, determining the factors that predict Tcore during a self-paced run is crucial for creating more effective strategies to minimize the heat-induced impairment of endurance performance and reduce the occurrence of exertional heatstroke. The aim of this study was to identify the factors predicting Tcore values attained at the end of a 10 km time trial (end-Tcore ) under environmental heat stress. Initially, we extracted data obtained from 75 recordings of recreationally trained men and women. Next, we ran hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses to understand the predictive power of the following variables: wet-bulb globe temperature, average running speed, initial Tcore , body mass, differences between Tcore and skin temperature (Tskin ), sweat rate, maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate and change in body mass. Our data indicated that Tcore increased continuously during exercise, attaining 39.6 ± 0.5°C (mean ± SD) after 53.9 ± 7.5 min of treadmill running. This end-Tcore value was primarily predicted by heart rate, sweat rate, differences between Tcore and Tskin , wet-bulb globe temperature, initial Tcore , running speed and maximal oxygen uptake, in this order of importance (β power values corresponded to 0.462, -0.395, 0.393, 0.327, 0.277, 0.244 and 0.228, respectively). In conclusion, several factors predict Tcore in athletes subjected to self-paced running under environmental heat stress. Moreover, considering the conditions investigated, heart rate and sweat rate, two practical (non-invasive) variables, have the highest predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T. Andrade
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Matheus M. S. Nunes‐Leite
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Rúbio S. Bruzzi
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Carlos H. Souza
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - João P. Uendeles‐Pinto
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Luciano S. Prado
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
- Sports Training Center, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Danusa D. Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Dawit A. P. Gonçalves
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
- Sports Training Center, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Cândido C. Coimbra
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Samuel P. Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
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Bennett S, Brocherie F, Phelan MM, Tiollier E, Guibert E, Morales‐Artacho AJ, Lalire P, Morton JP, Louis JB, Owens DJ. Acute heat stress amplifies exercise-induced metabolomic perturbations and reveals variation in circulating amino acids in endurance-trained males. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:838-851. [PMID: 36691850 PMCID: PMC10988456 DOI: 10.1113/ep090911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Whole-body substrate utilisation is altered during exercise in hot environments, characterised by increased glycolytic metabolism: does heat stress alter the serum metabolome in response to high intensity exercise? What are the main finding and its importance? Alongside increases in glycolytic metabolite abundance, circulating amino acid concentrations are reduced following exercise under heat stress. Prior research has overlooked the impact of heat stress on protein metabolism during exercise, raising important practical implications for protein intake recommendations in the heat. ABSTRACT Using untargeted metabolomics, we aimed to characterise the systemic impact of environmental heat stress during exercise. Twenty-three trained male triathletes (V ̇ O 2 peak ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_2}{\rm{peak}}}}$ = 64.8 ± 9.2 ml kg min-1 ) completed a 30-min exercise test in hot (35°C) and temperate (21°C) conditions. Venous blood samples were collected immediately pre- and post-exercise, and the serum fraction was assessed via untargeted 1 H-NMR metabolomics. Data were analysed via uni- and multivariate analyses to identify differences between conditions. Mean power output was higher in temperate (231 ± 36 W) versus hot (223 ± 31 W) conditions (P < 0.001). Mean heart rate (temperate, 162 ± 10 beats min-1 , hot, 167 ± 9 beats min-1 , P < 0.001), peak core temperature (Trec ), core temperature change (ΔTrec ) (P < 0.001) and peak rating of perceived exertion (P = 0.005) were higher in hot versus temperate conditions. Change in metabolite abundance following exercise revealed distinct clustering following multivariate analysis. Six metabolites increased (2-hydroxyvaleric acid, acetate, alanine, glucarate, glucose, lactate) in hot relative to temperate (P < 0.05) conditions. Leucine and lysine decreased in both conditions but to a greater extent in temperate conditions (P < 0.05). Citrate (P = 0.04) was greater in temperate conditions whilst creatinine decreased in hot conditions only (P > 0.05). Environmental heat stress increased glycolytic metabolite abundance and led to distinct alterations in the circulating amino acid availability, including increased alanine, glutamine, leucine and isoleucine. The data highlight the need for additional exercise nutrition and metabolism research, specifically focusing on protein requirements for exercise under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Laboratory SportExpertise and Performance (EA 7370)French Institute of SportParisFrance
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory SportExpertise and Performance (EA 7370)French Institute of SportParisFrance
| | - Marie M. Phelan
- NMR Metabolomics Shared Research FacilityTechnology DirectorateUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory SportExpertise and Performance (EA 7370)French Institute of SportParisFrance
| | - Elodie Guibert
- Laboratory SportExpertise and Performance (EA 7370)French Institute of SportParisFrance
| | | | - Paul Lalire
- French Triathlon Federation (FFTri)Saint Denis La PlaineFrance
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Julien B. Louis
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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Brearley M, Berry R, Hunt AP, Pope R. A Systematic Review of Post-Work Core Temperature Cooling Rates Conferred by Passive Rest. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050695. [PMID: 37237510 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Physical work increases energy expenditure, requiring a considerable elevation of metabolic rate, which causes body heat production that can cause heat stress, heat strain, and hyperthermia in the absence of adequate cooling. Given that passive rest is often used for cooling, a systematic search of literature databases was conducted to identify studies that reported post-work core temperature cooling rates conferred by passive rest, across a range of environmental conditions. Data regarding cooling rates and environmental conditions were extracted, and the validity of key measures was assessed for each study. Forty-four eligible studies were included, providing 50 datasets. Eight datasets indicated a stable or rising core temperature in participants (range 0.000 to +0.028 °C min-1), and forty-two datasets reported reducing core temperature (-0.002 to -0.070 °C min-1) during passive rest, across a range of Wet-Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT). For 13 datasets where occupational or similarly insulative clothing was worn, passive rest resulted in a mean core temperature decrease of -0.004 °C min-1 (-0.032 to +0.013 °C min-1). These findings indicate passive rest does not reverse the elevated core temperatures of heat-exposed workers in a timely manner. Climate projections of higher WBGT are anticipated to further marginalise the passive rest cooling rates of heat-exposed workers, particularly when undertaken in occupational attire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Brearley
- Thermal Hyperformance, Hervey Bay, QLD 4655, Australia
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, NT 0800, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
| | - Rachel Berry
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Rodney Pope
- School of Allied Health, Exercise & Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
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35
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Andrade MT, Barbosa NHS, Souza-Junior RCS, Fonseca CG, Damasceno WC, Regina-Oliveira K, Drummond LR, Bittencourt MA, Kunstetter AC, Andrade PVR, Hudson ASR, Paula PH, Teixeira-Coelho F, Coimbra CC, Pires W, Wanner SP. Determinants of body core temperatures at fatigue in rats subjected to incremental-speed exercise: The prominent roles of ambient temperature, distance traveled, initial core temperature, and measurement site. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:761-775. [PMID: 36935415 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that underlie the physical exercise-induced increase in body core temperature (TCORE) is essential to developing strategies to counteract hyperthermic fatigue and reduce the risk of exertional heatstroke. This study analyzed the contribution of six factors to TCORE attained at fatigue in Wistar rats (n = 218) subjected to incremental-speed treadmill running: ambient temperature (TAMB), distance traveled, initial TCORE, body mass, measurement site, and heat loss index (HLI). First, we ran hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses with data from different studies conducted in our laboratory (n = 353 recordings). We observed that TAMB, distance traveled, initial TCORE, and measurement site were the variables with predictive power. Next, regression analyses were conducted with data for each of the following TCORE indices: abdominal (TABD), brain cortex (TBRAIN), or colonic (TCOL) temperature. Our findings indicated that TAMB, distance traveled (i.e., an exercise performance-related variable), initial TCORE, and HLI predicted the three TCORE indices at fatigue. Most intriguingly, HLI was inversely related to TABD and TBRAIN but positively associated with TCOL. Lastly, we compared the temperature values at fatigue among these TCORE indices, and the following descendent order was noticed - TCOL, TABD, and TBRAIN - irrespective of TAMB where experiments were conducted. In conclusion, TCORE in rats exercised to fatigue depends primarily on environmental conditions, performance, pre-exercise TCORE, and measurement site. Moreover, the influence of cutaneous heat loss on TCOL is qualitatively different from the influence on TABD and TBRAIN, and the temperature values at fatigue are not homogenous within the body core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Andrade
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nicolas H S Barbosa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberto C S Souza-Junior
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cletiana G Fonseca
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - William C Damasceno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kássya Regina-Oliveira
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Drummond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Unidade Divinópolis, MG, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Myla A Bittencourt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C Kunstetter
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro V R Andrade
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S R Hudson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Paula
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francisco Teixeira-Coelho
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, MG, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Washington Pires
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Physical Activity Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, MG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Marquez D, Krenz JE, Santos EC, Torres E, Palmández P, Sampson PD, Blancas M, Carmona J, Spector JT. The Effect of Participatory Heat Education on Agricultural Worker Knowledge. J Agromedicine 2023; 28:187-198. [PMID: 35345983 PMCID: PMC9573936 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2022.2058667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Farmworkers disproportionately experience preventable adverse health effects from heat exposure. We sought to evaluate the effect of participatory heat education on farmworker knowledge. METHODS We conducted a parallel, comparison group intervention study to investigate the effectiveness of a Spanish/English participatory, culturally-tailored, heat education-based intervention on farmworker heat knowledge in the Summer 2019. We used convenience sampling to recruit adult outdoor farmworkers from Central/Eastern Washington State, USA. Crews were randomized to receive the intervention (n = 40 participants) versus not receive the intervention (n = 43 participants). We assessed changes in heat knowledge, scored on a scale from 0 to 11, between baseline, immediate post-intervention, and post-season, which was approximately three months after baseline, using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We compared differences in knowledge scores from baseline to post-season between groups using analysis of variance. RESULTS Average knowledge scores improved from 4.6 (standard deviation [sd] 1.5) to 6.3 (sd 2.0) pre to post season in the intervention group (p < 0.001). There was a greater improvement in pre-post knowledge scores in the intervention (average difference 1.6, sd 2.0) versus the comparison group (average difference 0.41, sd 1.7) (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Participatory heat training was effective in improving farmworker heat knowledge over the course of a summer season. Results of this study will be used to guide heat prevention efforts for farmworkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT04234802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marquez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Krenz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Torres
- Northwest Communities Education Center/Radio KDNA, Granger, WA, USA
| | - Pablo Palmández
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D. Sampson
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Blancas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jose Carmona
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - June T. Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Yamashita N, Kume M, Satake T, Yoshida T. Subjective perceived risk factors of exertional heat exhaustion-related symptoms in male collegiate athletes in Japan: a case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:649-659. [PMID: 36840761 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between lifestyle habits, health factors, athletic activity conditions, and exertional heat exhaustion (EHE)-related symptoms among male college athletes in Japan based on a self-completed questionnaire. The paper-based questionnaires were distributed to 11 universities in Japan, and 2006 respondents completed the survey. Data of personal characteristics (age, body mass), lifestyle habits (sleep duration, use of air-conditioner while sleeping, and practice duration), perceived health factors (loss of appetite, sleep deprivation, sickness, dehydration, accumulated fatigue, and mental stress), perceived athletic activity (insufficient rest breaks, high ambient temperature, excessive humidity, strong solar radiation, lack of ambient wind, and clothing discomfort), and EHE-related symptoms (dizziness, headaches, nausea, and malaise) were collected. The association between lifestyle habits, health factors, athletic activity conditions (explanatory variables), and EHE-related symptoms (objective variables) was analyzed using the partial-proportional odds model. "Perceived dehydration" (odds ratios [ORs] 1.70-2.31, p < 0.002)," "sickness" (ORs 1.35-1.76), p < 0.001), "perceived accumulated fatigue" (ORs 1.13-1.31, p ≤ 0.001), "perceived mental stress" (ORs 1.17-1.31, p < 0.019), "lack of ambient wind" (ORs 1.12-1.19, p < 0.022), "loss of appetite" (ORs 1.16-1.23, p < 0.037), and "sleep deprivation" (ORs 1.15-1.17, p < 0.025) were positively associated with EHE-related symptoms, whereas "using an air conditioner during sleeping" (ORs 0.91, p = 0.047) during summer seasons was negatively associated. These findings suggest that athletes should be allowed to postpone or downregulate exercise intensity and/or volume based on their perceptions of dehydration, sickness, accumulated fatigue, mental stress, loss of appetite, and/or sleep deprivation in the summer to prevent heat illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Yamashita
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikamicho Matsugasaki Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Masashi Kume
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Bunkyo Junior College, Uji, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Satake
- Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikamicho Matsugasaki Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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Manning CN, Benjamin CL, Sekiguchi Y, Butler CR, Szymanski MR, Stearns RL, Armstrong LE, Lee EC, Casa DJ. Environmental Stress Symptoms during Heat Acclimatization, Heat Acclimation, and Intermittent Heat Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3219. [PMID: 36833912 PMCID: PMC9962616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes training in heat experience physiological and perceptual symptoms that risk their safety and performance without adaptation. PURPOSE We examined the changes in environmental symptoms, assessed with the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ), during heat acclimatization (HAz), heat acclimation (HA), and intermittent heat training (HT). METHODS Twenty-seven participants (mean ± standard deviation [M ± SD], age of 35 ± 12 y, VO2max of 57.7 ± 6.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed five trials involving 60 mins of running (60% vVO2max) followed by a 4 km time trial in heat (M ± SD, temperature of 35.5 ± 0.7 °C, humidity of 46.4 ± 1.5%). The trials occurred at baseline, post-HAz, post-HA, at week 4 of HT (post-HT4), and at week 8 of HT (post-HT8). The participants completed HT once/week (HTMIN), completed HT twice/week (HTMAX), or did not complete HT (HTCON). ESQ symptoms, thermal sensation (TS), and heart rate (HR) were measured pre- and post-trial. RESULTS Post-ESQ symptoms improved post-HA (3[0.40, 4.72], p = 0.02) and post-HAz (3[0.35, 5.05], p = 0.03) from baseline. During HT, symptoms improved in the HTMAX group and worsened in the HTMIN and HTCON groups. Symptoms improved in the HTMAX group versus the HTCON group at post-HT8 (4[1.02, 7.23], p = 0.012). Higher TS and HR values were weakly associated with ESQ symptoms during HT (r = 0.20, p = 0.04), only explaining 20% of variance. CONCLUSIONS ESQ symptoms improved during HAz, HA, and HT 2x/week. ESQ symptoms were not statistically correlated with HR during exercise heat stress. TS was not sensitive to detecting adaptation and did not subjectively change. The ESQ may be valuable in monitoring adaptation and may contribute to performance post-acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara N. Manning
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Courteney L. Benjamin
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
| | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Sports Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Cody R. Butler
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Special Warfare Human Performance Squadron, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA
| | - Michael R. Szymanski
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Stearns
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Armstrong
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Elaine C. Lee
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Douglas J. Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Ryan BJ, Charkoudian N, Joyner MJ. Human performance augmentation: the importance of integrative physiological quantification. J Physiol 2023; 601:407-416. [PMID: 36518016 DOI: 10.1113/jp283975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosion of new approaches (technological, methodological, pharmacological, etc.) designed to improve physical performance for athletes, the military and in other applications. The goal of the present discussion is to review and quantify several ways in which physiology can provide important insights about which tools may lead to improved performance (and may therefore be worth resource investment) and which tools are less likely to provide meaningful enhancement. To address these objectives, we review examples of technological solutions/approaches in terms of the magnitude of their potential (or actual) influences: transformational, moderate, ineffective or undetermined. As one example, if there were a technology which significantly increased arterial oxygen partial pressure by 10%, this would be relatively meaningless in healthy people resting at sea level, where it would have a minimal effect on arterial oxygen content. However, there might be specific situations where such an effect would be very helpful, including at high altitude or in some patient populations. We discuss the importance of quantitative evaluation of putative approaches to performance enhancement and highlight the important role of integrative physiologists in the development and critical appraisal of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Ryan
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Fernández-Lázaro D, García JF, Corchete LA, Del Valle Soto M, Santamaría G, Seco-Calvo J. Is the Cooling Vest an Ergogenic Tool for Physically Active Individuals? Assessment of Perceptual Response, Thermo-Physiological Behavior, and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020132. [PMID: 36829626 PMCID: PMC9952803 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity is limited by environmental heat stress because thermoregulatory systems are altered and cannot prevent the elevation of body temperature due to a complex interplay of physiological, physical, and perceptual alterations. Cooling is an effective strategy to attenuate the temperature rise. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the PEDro scale for assessing methodological quality, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, Science Direct, Sportdiscus, and Scopus, to evaluate the effects of the cooling vest (CVs) on perceptual response, physiological behavior, and sports performance in adult physical activity practitioners under heat stress conditions. Among the 711 studies identified in the search, 10 studies for the systematic review and eight for the meta-analysis met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, the use of CVs showed improvements in certain sports performance indicators, being significant (p < 0.05) in test time and substantial in peak power that could be influenced directly by the significant reduction (p < 0.05) in skin temperature and indirectly by the significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thermal and exertional perceptual responses, without the involvement of core temperature. In conclusion, the use of CVs is a cooling technique that influences perceptual response, thermo-physiological behavior, and sports performance. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the relevance of its application to CVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan F. García
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospatiale Engineering, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Del Valle Soto
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gema Santamaría
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus de Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 León, Spain
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48900 Leioa, Spain
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Gordon RJFH, Moss JN, Castelli F, Reeve T, Diss CE, Tyler CJ, Tillin NA. Heat acclimation reduces the effects of whole-body hyperthermia on knee-extensor relaxation rate, but does not affect voluntary torque production. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1067-1080. [PMID: 36637508 PMCID: PMC10119217 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of acute hyperthermia and heat acclimation (HA) on maximal and rapid voluntary torque production, and their neuromuscular determinants. METHODS Ten participants completed 10 days of isothermic HA (50 °C, 50% rh) and had their knee-extensor neuromuscular function assessed in normothermic and hyperthermic conditions, pre-, after 5 and after 10 days of HA. Electrically evoked twitch and octet (300 Hz) contractions were delivered at rest. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT), surface electromyography (EMG) normalised to maximal M-wave, and voluntary activation (VA) were assessed during brief maximal isometric voluntary contractions. Rate of torque development (RTD) and normalised EMG were measured during rapid voluntary contractions. RESULTS Acute hyperthermia reduced neural drive (EMG at MVT and during rapid voluntary contractions; P < 0.05), increased evoked torques (P < 0.05), and shortened contraction and relaxation rates (P < 0.05). HA lowered resting rectal temperature and heart rate after 10 days (P < 0.05), and increased sweating rate after 5 and 10 days (P < 0.05), no differences were observed between 5 and 10 days. The hyperthermia-induced reduction in twitch half-relaxation was attenuated after 5 and 10 days of HA, but there were no other effects on neuromuscular function either in normothermic or hyperthermic conditions. CONCLUSION HA-induced favourable adaptations to the heat after 5 and 10 days of exposure, but there was no measurable benefit on voluntary neuromuscular function in normothermic or hyperthermic conditions. HA did reduce the hyperthermic-induced reduction in twitch half-relaxation time, which may benefit twitch force summation and thus help preserve voluntary torque in hot environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Joseph Frederick Hills Gordon
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Psychology & Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Jodie Natasha Moss
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK
| | - Federico Castelli
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK
| | - Thomas Reeve
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK
| | - Ceri Elen Diss
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK
| | - Christopher James Tyler
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK
| | - Neale Anthony Tillin
- School of Life and Health Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, England, UK
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Racinais S, Hosokawa Y, Akama T, Bermon S, Bigard X, Casa DJ, Grundstein A, Jay O, Massey A, Migliorini S, Mountjoy M, Nikolic N, Pitsiladis YP, Schobersberger W, Steinacker JM, Yamasawa F, Zideman DA, Engebretsen L, Budgett R. IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:8-25. [PMID: 36150754 PMCID: PMC9811094 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This document presents the recommendations developed by the IOC Medical and Scientific Commission and several international federations (IF) on the protection of athletes competing in the heat. It is based on a working group, meetings, field experience and a Delphi process. The first section presents recommendations for event organisers to monitor environmental conditions before and during an event; to provide sufficient ice, shading and cooling; and to work with the IF to remove regulatory and logistical limitations. The second section summarises recommendations that are directly associated with athletes' behaviours, which include the role and methods for heat acclimation; the management of hydration; and adaptation to the warm-up and clothing. The third section explains the specific medical management of exertional heat stroke (EHS) from the field of play triage to the prehospital management in a dedicated heat deck, complementing the usual medical services. The fourth section provides an example for developing an environmental heat risk analysis for sport competitions across all IFs. In summary, while EHS is one of the leading life-threatening conditions for athletes, it is preventable and treatable with the proper risk mitigation and medical response. The protection of athletes competing in the heat involves the close cooperation of the local organising committee, the national and international federations, the athletes and their entourages and the medical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takao Akama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Xavier Bigard
- Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institiute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Grundstein
- Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ollie Jay
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Massey
- Medical Department, Federation Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT Tirol – Private University for Health Sciences and technology, Hall, Austria,University Hospital/Tirol Kliniken, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - David Anthony Zideman
- International Olympic Committee Medical and Scientific Games Group, Pinner, Middlesex, UK
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Carmo AAL, Goulart KNO, Cabido CET, Martins YAT, Santos GCF, Shang FLT, Prado LS, Soares DD, de Mello MT, Mendes TT, Silami-Garcia E, Wanner SP. Active warm-up and time-of-day effects on repeated-sprint performance and post-exercise recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:49-64. [PMID: 36152058 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of both an active warm-up and the time-of-day variation on repeated-sprint performance. A second objective was to compare the post-exercise recovery between the experimental conditions. METHODS Eleven male participants performed ten maximal cycling sprints (6 s each, with a 30-s interval between them) in the morning and late afternoon, either after a warm-up or control condition. The warm-up consisted of cycling for 10 min at 50% of the peak aerobic power. RESULTS Rest measurements of rectal, muscle, and skin temperatures were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in heart rate (p = 0.079) and blood lactate concentration (p = 0.300). Warm-up increased muscle temperature, heart rate, and lactate, and reduced skin temperature (all p < 0.001), though no significant differences were observed for rectal temperature (p = 0.410). The number of revolutions (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.375), peak (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.375), and mean (p = 0.037, ηp2 = 0.365) power of the first sprint (not the average of ten sprints) were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning, regardless of warm-up. However, beneficial performance effects of warming up were evident for the first (p < 0.001) and the average of ten sprints (p < 0.05), regardless of time of day. More remarkable changes during the 60-min post-exercise were observed for rectal temperature (p = 0.005) and heart rate (p = 0.010) in the afternoon than in the morning. CONCLUSION Warming-up and time-of-day effects in enhancing muscular power are independent. Although warm-up ensured further beneficial effects on performance than the time-of-day variation, a faster post-exercise recovery was observed in the late afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano A L Carmo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Karine N O Goulart
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Christian E T Cabido
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Ygor A T Martins
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C F Santos
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe L T Shang
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciano S Prado
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Danusa D Soares
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Psychobiology and Exercise Study Center, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silami-Garcia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Samuel P Wanner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627. Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Pawłowska M, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Boraczyński T, Boraczyński M, Szewczyk-Golec K, Sutkowy P, Wesołowski R, Budek M, Woźniak A. The Influence of Ambient Temperature Changes on the Indicators of Inflammation and Oxidative Damage in Blood after Submaximal Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2445. [PMID: 36552653 PMCID: PMC9774713 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has a positive effect on human health and well-being, but intense exercise can cause adverse changes in the organism, leading to the development of oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of short-term cold water immersion (CWI) and a sauna bath as methods of postexercise regeneration on the indicators of inflammation and oxidative damage in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Forty-five male volunteers divided into two groups: 'winter swimmers' who regularly use winter baths (n = 22, average age 43.2 ± 5.9 years) and 'novices' who had not used winter baths regularly before (n = 23, mean age 25 ± 4.8 years) participated in the study. The research was divided into two experiments, differing in the method of postexercise regeneration used, CWI (Experiment I) and a sauna bath (Experiment II). During Experiment I, the volunteers were subjected to a 30-min aerobic exercise, combined with a 20-min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20-min rest at room temperature with an initial 3-min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). During the Experiment II, the volunteers were subjected to the same aerobic exercise, followed by a RT-REST or a sauna bath (SAUNA-REST). The blood samples were taken before physical exercise (control), immediately after exercise and 20 min after completion of regeneration. The concentrations of selected indicators of inflammation, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as the activity of indicators of oxidative damage: α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase A (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP) and cathepsin D (CTS D), were determined. CWI seems to be a more effective post-exercise regeneration method to reduce the inflammatory response compared to a sauna bath. A single sauna bath is associated with the risk of proteolytic tissue damage, but disturbances of cellular homeostasis are less pronounced in people who regularly use cold water baths than in those who are not adapted to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawłowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Boraczyński
- Department of Health Sciences, Olsztyn University College, 10-283 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Boraczyński
- Department of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina Szewczyk-Golec
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Sutkowy
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Roland Wesołowski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marlena Budek
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Chmura P, Liu H, Andrzejewski M, Tessitore A, Sadowski J, Chmura J, Rokita A, Tański W, Cicirko L, Konefał M. Responses of soccer players performing repeated maximal efforts in simulated conditions of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: A holistic approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276314. [PMID: 36490259 PMCID: PMC9733889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the capacity for repeated maximal effort (RME) of soccer players in the thermo-natural conditions (NC) and in simulated conditions for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar (QSC). Twenty-four semi-professional soccer players participated in the study. The exercise test consisted of ten 6-second maximal efforts on a cycloergometer. A 90-second passive rest interval was used. The test was performed in a Weiss Technik WK-26 climate test chamber in two different conditions: 1) thermo-neutral conditions (NC-20.5°C; 58.7% humidity); and 2) simulated conditions for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar (QSC-28.5 ± 1.92°C; 58.7 ± 8.64% humidity). Power-related, physiological, psychomotor, blood, and electrolyte variables were recorded. Results showed that (1) players achieved higher peak power (max 1607,46 ± 192,70 [W] - 3rd rep), needed less time to peak power (min 0,95 ± 0,27 [s] - 3rd rep), and had a higher fatigue slope (max 218,67 ± 59,64 [W/sek] - 7th rep) in QSC than in NC (in each repetition of study protocol); (2) between the 1st repetition and subsequent repetitions a number of significants in among physiological, blood-related, and electrolyte variables were noted, but their direction was similar in both simulated conditions (e.g. V'O2/kg 37,59 ± 3,96 vs 37,95 ± 3,17 [ml/min/kg] - 3rd rep, LAC 13,16 ± 2,61 vs 14,18 ± 3,13 [mg/dl] - 10th rep or K 4,54 ± 0,29 vs 4,79 ± 0,36 [mmol/l] - 2nd rep when compare QCS and NC respectively); (3) an 8°C of temperature difference between the climatic conditions did not significantly affect the soccer players' physical and physiological responses in RME. The study results can be used in the design of training programs aimed to increase players' physiological adaptations by simulating soccer-specific conditions of play in terms of anaerobic capacity, in particular, repetitive maximal efforts. These findings will be useful during the upcoming 2022 World Cup in Qatar and in locations where high ambient temperatures are customary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hongyou Liu
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Jerzy Sadowski
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tański
- 4th Military Teaching Hospital with Clinic, Independent Public Health Care Centre in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leszek Cicirko
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Individual variability in achievement of short-term heat acclimation during a fixed intensity protocol. J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Effectiveness of short-term isothermic-heat acclimation (4 days) on physical performance in moderately trained males. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270093. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
A typical heat acclimation (HA) protocol takes 5–7 d of 60–90 minutes of heat exposure. Identifying the minimum dose of HA required to elicit a heat adapted phenotype could reduce financial constraints on participants and aid in the tapering phase for competition in hot countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate a 4 d HA regimen on physical performance
Methods
Twelve moderately trained males were heat acclimated using controlled hyperthermia (Tre>38.5°C), with no fluid intake for 90 min on 4 consecutive days, with a heat stress test (HST) being completed one week prior to (HST2), and within one-week post (HST3) HA. Eleven completed the control study of HST1 versus HST2, one week apart with no intervention. Heat stress tests comprised of cycling for 90 min @ 40% Peak Power Output (PPO); 35°C; 60%RH followed by 10 minutes of passive recovery before an incremental test to exhaustion. Physical performance outcomes time to exhaustion (TTE), PPO, end rectal temperature (Tre END), and heart rate (HREND) was measured during the incremental test to exhaustion.
Results
Physiological markers indicated no significant changes in the heat; however descriptive statistics indicated mean resting Tre lowered 0.24°C (-0.54 to 0.07°C; d = 2.35: very large) and end-exercise lowered by 0.32°C (-0.81 to 0.16; d = 2.39: very large). There were significant improvements across multiple timepoints following HA in perceptual measures; Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), Thermal Sensation (TS), and Thermal Comfort (TC) (P<0.05). Mean TTE in the HST increased by 142 s (323±333 to 465±235s; P = 0.04) and mean PPO by 76W (137±128 to 213±77 W; P = 0.03).
Conclusion
Short-term isothermic HA (4 d) was effective in enhancing performance capacity in hot and humid conditions. Regardless of the level of physiological adaptations, behavioural adaptations were sufficient to elicit improved performance and thermotolerance in hot conditions. Additional exposures may be requisite to ensure physiological adaptation.
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Lee SJ, Kim TW, Park TH, Lee IH, Jang EC, Kwon SC, Lee HJ, Choi JH, Lee JB. Thermotherapy as an alternative to exercise for metabolic health in obese postmenopausal women: focus on circulating irisin level. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:501-509. [PMID: 36302624 PMCID: PMC9614401 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.6.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine caused by exercise that improves insulin resistance and weight loss. However, under unfavorable conditions such as air pollution, and during the pandemic, outdoor activities are uncomfortable. Therefore, in this study, the effect of heat therapy (half bath 42 ± 0.5°C for 30 min) on irisin circulation levels as an exercise alternative for middle-aged obese women after menopause was investigated. Subjects were 33 women aged 49.54 ± 6.04 years, with parameters of height, 160.12 ± 4.33 cm, weight, 69.71 ± 7.52 kg, body surface area 1.73 ± 0.13 m2, body mass index, 27.19 ± 3.40 kg/m2. The results suggest that circulating irisin levels showed a significant increase after one-time thermotherapy (TH-1). However, the increase in circulating irisin levels after 15 treatments (TH-15, 5 days/week, 3 weeks) was significantly varied. The level of adiponectin, which increases fatty oxidation to reduce fatty deposition, increased significantly at TH-1, but further increased at TH-15, which was significantly different from the level of TH-1. In addition, the basic serum free fatty acid (FFA) level was significantly increased at TH-15 compared to TH-1. Significant differences were also found in the lipid profile (body mass index, waist circumference, and % body fat). Thermotherapy can significantly increase the tympanic temperature and induce changes in circulating irisin and adiponectin levels. Thus, it resulted in positive changes in FFA and lipid profiles. Therefore, repeated thermotherapy is effective in increasing circulating irisin levels in postmenopausal obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea,Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - In-Ho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Eun-Chul Jang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Soon-Chan Kwon
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea,Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Choi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea
| | - Jeong-Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea,Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31238, Korea,Correspondence Jeong-Beom Lee, E-mail:
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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The use of thermal imaging for monitoring the training progress of professional male sweep rowers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16507. [PMID: 36192419 PMCID: PMC9530168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the thermal profile of the skin in highly trained rowers and investigates the relationship between resting skin temperature (Ts) and the muscle peak torque (PT) measured in statics at the beginning (autumn) and the end (spring) of the preparatory period. Ten professional male sweep rowers, members of the Polish national rowing team, were investigated. A thermal imaging camera was used to analyze the Ts. The PT of the muscles involved in the rowing cycle were measured isometrically. No significant temperature asymmetries were found, except in front of arms after exercise in the spring (p = 0.0228). In contrast, the PT test in the autumn confirmed the significant asymmetry of the knee joint extensors (p = 0.0192). In spring compared to autumn, Ts in many areas of the body were slightly higher, as was PT of underlying muscles. Significant correlations between resting Ts and PT of the underlying muscles were found. Thermal imaging makes it possible to observe changes in skin temperature and symmetry before and after exercise. At this stage, it does not appear to be a method that, without supporting of other methods such as those assessing muscle function, will allow monitoring of training progress.
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