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Janapati YK, Junapudi S. Progress in experimental models to investigate the in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity of drugs. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38837635 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's most prevalent and complex metabolic disorders, and it is a rapidly growing global public health issue. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, a condition involving a high blood glucose level brought on by deficiencies in insulin secretion, decreased activity of insulin, or both. Prolonged effects of diabetes include cardiovascular problems, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular alterations in both macro- and micro-blood vessels. In vivo and in vitro models have always been important for investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis, identifying targets, and reviewing novel treatment options and medications. Fully understanding these models is crucial for the researchers so this review summarizes the different experimental in vivo and in vitro model options used to study diabetes and its consequences. The most popular in vivo studies involves the small animal models, such as rodent models, chemically induced diabetogens like streptozotocin and alloxan, and the possibility of deleting or overexpressing a specific gene by knockout and transgenic technologies on these animals. Other models include virally induced models, diet/nutrition induced diabetic animals, surgically induced models or pancreatectomy models, and non-obese models. Large animals or non-rodent models like porcine (pig), canine (dog), nonhuman primate, and Zebrafish models are also outlined. The in vitro models discussed are murine and human beta-cell lines and pancreatic islets, human stem cells, and organoid cultures. The other enzymatic in vitro tests to assess diabetes include assay of amylase inhibition and inhibition of α-glucosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasodha Krishna Janapati
- School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, United States International University-AFRICA (USIU-A), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunil Junapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Geethanjali College of Pharmacy, Keesara, India
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2
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Liang T, Chen H, Liu L, Zheng Y, Ma Z, Min L, Zhang J, Wu L, Ma J, Liu Z, Zhang Q, Luo K, Hu D, Ji T, Yu X. Antibody Profiling of Pan-Cancer Viral Proteome Reveals Biomarkers for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Prognosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100729. [PMID: 38309569 PMCID: PMC10933552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing, predicting disease outcome, and identifying effective treatment targets for virus-related cancers are lacking. Protein biomarkers have the potential to bridge the gap between prevention and treatment for these types of cancers. While it has been shown that certain antibodies against EBV proteins could be used to detect nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), antibodies targeting are solely a tiny part of the about 80 proteins expressed by the EBV genome. Furthermore, it remains unclear what role other viruses play in NPC since many diseases are the result of multiple viral infections. For the first time, this study measured both IgA and IgG antibody responses against 646 viral proteins from 23 viruses in patients with NPC and control subjects using nucleic acid programmable protein arrays. Candidate seromarkers were then validated by ELISA using 1665 serum samples from three clinical cohorts. We demonstrated that the levels of five candidate seromarkers (EBV-BLLF3-IgA, EBV-BLRF2-IgA, EBV-BLRF2-IgG, EBV-BDLF1-IgA, EBV-BDLF1-IgG) in NPC patients were significantly elevated than controls. Additional examination revealed that NPC could be successfully diagnosed by combining the clinical biomarker EBNA1-IgA with the five anti-EBV antibodies. The sensitivity of the six-antibody signature at 95% specificity to diagnose NPC was comparable to the current clinically-approved biomarker combination, VCA-IgA, and EBNA1-IgA. However, the recombinant antigens of the five antibodies are easier to produce and standardize compared to the native viral VCA proteins. This suggests the potential replacement of the traditional VCA-IgA assay with the 5-antibodies combination to screen and diagnose NPC. Additionally, we investigated the prognostic significance of these seromarkers titers in NPC. We showed that NPC patients with elevated BLLF3-IgA and BDLF1-IgA titers in their serum exhibited significantly poorer disease-free survival, suggesting the potential of these two seromarkers as prognostic indicators of NPC. These findings will help develop serological tests to detect and treat NPC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoen Ma
- Otolaryngological department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Hu
- ProteomicsEra Medical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Tianxing Ji
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
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Alcazar O, Chuang ST, Ren G, Ogihara M, Webb-Robertson BJM, Nakayasu ES, Buchwald P, Abdulreda MH. A Composite Biomarker Signature of Type 1 Diabetes Risk Identified via Augmentation of Parallel Multi-Omics Data from a Small Cohort. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579673. [PMID: 38405796 PMCID: PMC10888829 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Background Biomarkers of early pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are crucial to enable effective prevention measures in at-risk populations before significant damage occurs to their insulin producing beta-cell mass. We recently introduced the concept of integrated parallel multi-omics and employed a novel data augmentation approach which identified promising candidate biomarkers from a small cohort of high-risk T1D subjects. We now validate selected biomarkers to generate a potential composite signature of T1D risk. Methods Twelve candidate biomarkers, which were identified in the augmented data and selected based on their fold-change relative to healthy controls and cross-reference to proteomics data previously obtained in the expansive TEDDY and DAISY cohorts, were measured in the original samples by ELISA. Results All 12 biomarkers had established connections with lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, immune function, inflammation, and diabetes, but only 7 were found to be markedly changed in the high-risk subjects compared to the healthy controls: ApoC1 and PON1 were reduced while CETP, CD36, FGFR1, IGHM, PCSK9, SOD1, and VCAM1 were elevated. Conclusions Results further highlight the promise of our data augmentation approach in unmasking important patterns and pathologically significant features in parallel multi-omics datasets obtained from small sample cohorts to facilitate the identification of promising candidate T1D biomarkers for downstream validation. They also support the potential utility of a composite biomarker signature of T1D risk characterized by the changes in the above markers.
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Root-Bernstein R. T-Cell Receptor Sequences Identify Combined Coxsackievirus- Streptococci Infections as Triggers for Autoimmune Myocarditis and Coxsackievirus- Clostridia Infections for Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1797. [PMID: 38339075 PMCID: PMC10855694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences expanded during human immunodeficiency virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections unexpectedly mimic these viruses. The hypothesis tested here is that TCR sequences expanded in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and autoimmune myocarditis (AM) mimic the infectious triggers of these diseases. Indeed, TCR sequences mimicking coxsackieviruses, which are implicated as triggers of both diseases, are statistically significantly increased in both T1DM and AM patients. However, TCRs mimicking Clostridia antigens are significantly expanded in T1DM, whereas TCRs mimicking Streptococcal antigens are expanded in AM. Notably, Clostridia antigens mimic T1DM autoantigens, such as insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase, whereas Streptococcal antigens mimic cardiac autoantigens, such as myosin and laminins. Thus, T1DM may be triggered by combined infections of coxsackieviruses with Clostridia bacteria, while AM may be triggered by coxsackieviruses with Streptococci. These TCR results are consistent with both epidemiological and clinical data and recent experimental studies of cross-reactivities of coxsackievirus, Clostridial, and Streptococcal antibodies with T1DM and AM antigens. These data provide the basis for developing novel animal models of AM and T1DM and may provide a generalizable method for revealing the etiologies of other autoimmune diseases. Theories to explain these results are explored.
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Prasad MK, Mohandas S, Ramkumar KM. Dysfunctions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies of pancreatic β-cells in diabetes. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01854-0. [PMID: 37273039 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell death has been established as a critical mediator in the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beta-cell death is associated with exacerbating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and paves the way for the progression of DM and its complications. Apoptosis has been considered the primary mechanism of beta-cell death in diabetes. However, recent pieces of evidence have implicated the substantial involvement of several other novel modes of cell death, including autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. These distinct mechanisms are characterized by their unique biochemical features and often precipitate damage through the induction of cellular stressors, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Experimental studies were identified from PubMed literature on different modes of beta cell death during the onset of diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes current knowledge on the crucial pathways implicated in pancreatic beta cell death. The article also focuses on applying natural compounds as potential treatment strategies in inhibiting these cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundhar Mohandas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ziegler AG. The countdown to type 1 diabetes: when, how and why does the clock start? Diabetologia 2023:10.1007/s00125-023-05927-2. [PMID: 37231274 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
'The clock to type 1 diabetes has started when islet antibodies are first detected', commented George Eisenbarth with regard to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. This review focuses on 'starting the clock', i.e. the initiation of pre-symptomatic islet autoimmunity/the first appearance of islet autoantibodies. In particular, this review addresses why susceptibility to developing islet autoimmunity is greatest in the first 2 years of life and why beta cells are a frequent target of the immune system during this fertile period. A concept for the development of beta cell autoimmunity in childhood is discussed and three factors are highlighted that contribute to this early predisposition: (1) high beta cell activity and potential vulnerability to stress; (2) high rates of and first exposures to infection; and (3) a heightened immune response, with a propensity for T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Arguments are presented that beta cell injury, accompanied by activation of an inflammatory immune response, precedes the initiation of autoimmunity. Finally, the implications for strategies aimed at primary prevention for a world without type 1 diabetes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
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Bruzzaniti S, Piemonte E, Lepore MT, Galgani M. Anti-viral innate immunity: Is it where type 1 diabetes really begins? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023:e3623. [PMID: 36764821 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bruzzaniti
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Erica Piemonte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Klatka M, Rysz I, Hymos A, Polak A, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Smolak K, Grywalska E. Effect of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection on Selected Immunological Parameters in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032392. [PMID: 36768715 PMCID: PMC9917181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders with different etiologies, pathogeneses and clinical pictures, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to abnormal insulin secretion or action. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, accounting for about 90% of diabetes in the population under the age of 18. The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is multifactorial. The disease occurs as a result of the interaction of three factors: genetic predisposition, environmental factors and the immune response. Research in recent years has focused on the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes. The goals of treating type 1 diabetes include maintaining blood-glucose, fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels; therefore, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of EBV infection on the activation of selected immune cells, fructosamine levels and HbA1c levels in children with type I diabetes. Based on our study, we found a lower percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes with expression of the CD69 molecule in patients with anti-VCA antibodies in the IgG class, and a lower percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes with expression of the CD25+ molecule in patients with anti-EBNA-1 antibodies in the IgG class, which may indicate limited control of the immune system during EBV infection in patients. There was a lower percentage of CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes secreting IL-4 in the study group, indicating that a deficiency in IL-4 production may be related to the development of type 1 diabetes. There was an increase in the percentage of CD4+CD3+IL-10 lymphocytes in the study group with anti-VCA antibodies present in the IgG class and anti-EBNA-1 antibodies in the IgG class compared to the patients without antibodies. In addition, there was a significant increase in fructosamine levels and higher glycated hemoglobin levels in the study group with antibodies to EBV antigens. In addition, an increase in the percentage of T lymphocytes with a CD4+CD3+IL-17+ phenotype in the patients with anti-VCA IgG antibodies was confirmed, and higher HbA1c levels may suggest that EBV infection is accompanied by an increase in IL-17 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Klatka
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Rysz
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Hymos
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Polak
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Alcazar O, Ogihara M, Ren G, Buchwald P, Abdulreda MH. Exploring Computational Data Amplification and Imputation for the Discovery of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Biomarkers from Limited Human Datasets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101444. [PMID: 36291653 PMCID: PMC9599756 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a devastating disease with serious health complications. Early T1D biomarkers that could enable timely detection and prevention before the onset of clinical symptoms are paramount but currently unavailable. Despite their promise, omics approaches have so far failed to deliver such biomarkers, likely due to the fragmented nature of information obtained through the single omics approach. We recently demonstrated the utility of parallel multi-omics for the identification of T1D biomarker signatures. Our studies also identified challenges. Methods: Here, we evaluated a novel computational approach of data imputation and amplification as one way to overcome challenges associated with the relatively small number of subjects in these studies. Results: Using proprietary algorithms, we amplified our quadra-omics (proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics) dataset from nine subjects a thousand-fold and analyzed the data using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to assess the change in its analytical capabilities and biomarker prediction power in the amplified datasets compared to the original. These studies showed the ability to identify an increased number of T1D-relevant pathways and biomarkers in such computationally amplified datasets, especially, at imputation ratios close to the “golden ratio” of 38.2%:61.8%. Specifically, the Canonical Pathway and Diseases and Functions modules identified higher numbers of inflammatory pathways and functions relevant to autoimmune T1D, including novel ones not identified in the original data. The Biomarker Prediction module also predicted in the amplified data several unique biomarker candidates with direct links to T1D pathogenesis. Conclusions: These preliminary findings indicate that such large-scale data imputation and amplification approaches are useful in facilitating the discovery of candidate integrated biomarker signatures of T1D or other diseases by increasing the predictive range of existing data mining tools, especially when the size of the input data is inherently limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alcazar
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mitsunori Ogihara
- Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (G.R.); (P.B.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +1-30-5284-2308 (M.O.); +1-30-5243-1649 (G.R.); +1-30-5243-9657 (P.B.); +1-30-5243-9871 (M.H.A.)
| | - Gang Ren
- Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (G.R.); (P.B.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +1-30-5284-2308 (M.O.); +1-30-5243-1649 (G.R.); +1-30-5243-9657 (P.B.); +1-30-5243-9871 (M.H.A.)
| | - Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (G.R.); (P.B.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +1-30-5284-2308 (M.O.); +1-30-5243-1649 (G.R.); +1-30-5243-9657 (P.B.); +1-30-5243-9871 (M.H.A.)
| | - Midhat H. Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (G.R.); (P.B.); (M.H.A.); Tel.: +1-30-5284-2308 (M.O.); +1-30-5243-1649 (G.R.); +1-30-5243-9657 (P.B.); +1-30-5243-9871 (M.H.A.)
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Yin M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Huang J, Li X. Gene Expression Signatures Reveal Common Virus Infection Pathways in Target Tissues of Type 1 Diabetes, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, and Celiac Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891698. [PMID: 35795668 PMCID: PMC9251511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients are at heightened risk for other autoimmune disorders, particularly Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and celiac disease (CD). Recent evidence suggests that target tissues of autoimmune diseases engage in a harmful dialogue with the immune system. However, it is unclear whether shared mechanisms drive similar molecular signatures at the target tissues among T1D, HT, and CD. In our current study, microarray datasets were obtained and mined to identify gene signatures from disease-specific targeted tissues including the pancreas, thyroid, and intestine from individuals with T1D, HT, and CD, as well as their matched controls. Further, the threshold-free algorithm rank-rank hypergeometric overlap analysis (RRHO) was used to compare the genomic signatures of the target tissues of the three autoimmune diseases. Next, promising drugs that could potentially reverse the observed signatures in patients with two or more autoimmune disorders were identified using the cloud-based CLUE software platform. Finally, microarray data of auto-antibody positive individuals but not diagnosed with T1D and single cell sequencing data of patients with T1D and HT were used to validate the shared transcriptomic fingerprint. Our findings revealed significant common gene expression changes in target tissues of the three autoimmune diseases studied, many of which are associated with virus infections, including influenza A, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, and herpes simplex infection. These findings support the importance of common environmental factors in the pathogenesis of T1D, HT, and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Barkhane Z, Elmadi J, Satish Kumar L, Pugalenthi LS, Ahmad M, Reddy S. Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity: A Veiled Relationship. Cureus 2022; 14:e24294. [PMID: 35607574 PMCID: PMC9123335 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory illness that affects the central nervous system (CNS) when the body's immune system attacks its tissue. It is characterized by demyelination and varying degrees of axonal loss. This article has compiled various studies elaborating MS and other autoimmune diseases (ADs) co-occurrence. Several conditions that fall into this category, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and many others, are found in MS patients and their relatives, suggesting one or more common etiologic mechanisms, including genetic, environmental, and immunological factors, supporting the concept of a possible influence of poly-autoimmunity on MS and the rest of ADs, as well as providing a significant feature for early detection of the disease and also a potential treatment option by clinical neurologists.
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Lança A, Rodrigues C, Diamantino C, Fitas AL. COVID-19 in two children with new-onset diabetes: case reports. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:15/1/e247309. [PMID: 35042735 PMCID: PMC8768866 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed diagnosis, low socioeconomic status and infection have been associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at type 1 diabetes mellitus presentation. A teenager from a low socioeconomic status family, with longstanding weight loss, polyphagia, polyuria, vomiting and abdominal pain, attended the emergency department, also complaining of anosmia and odynophagia. He was diagnosed with COVID-19 and new-onset DKA. The second child had 2 weeks of diabetes symptoms and was admitted with new-onset mild DKA. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test was positive, although asymptomatic. Persistent hyperglycaemia with high insulin requirements was a common feature to both patients. Both cases support that SARS-CoV-2 may have an association with rapidly increasing insulin daily needs. In case one, not only fear of COVID-19 delayed hospital attendance but also the setting of a low socioeconomic status family appears to have enhanced the risk for late diagnosis and challenging disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lança
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Rodrigues
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital de Torres Novas, Centro Hospitalar do Médio Tejo EPE, Santarem, Portugal
| | - Catarina Diamantino
- Pediatrics Department, Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Laura Fitas
- Pediatrics Department, Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Välikangas T, Lietzén N, Jaakkola MK, Krogvold L, Eike MC, Kallionpää H, Tuomela S, Mathews C, Gerling IC, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Elo LL, Lahesmaa R. Pancreas Whole Tissue Transcriptomics Highlights the Role of the Exocrine Pancreas in Patients With Recently Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:861985. [PMID: 35498413 PMCID: PMC9044038 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.861985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is primarily a disease of the pancreatic beta-cells, understanding of the disease-associated alterations in the whole pancreas could be important for the improved treatment or the prevention of the disease. We have characterized the whole-pancreas gene expression of patients with recently diagnosed T1D from the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study and non-diabetic controls. Furthermore, another parallel dataset of the whole pancreas and an additional dataset from the laser-captured pancreatic islets of the DiViD patients and non-diabetic organ donors were analyzed together with the original dataset to confirm the results and to get further insights into the potential disease-associated differences between the exocrine and the endocrine pancreas. First, higher expression of the core acinar cell genes, encoding for digestive enzymes, was detected in the whole pancreas of the DiViD patients when compared to non-diabetic controls. Second, In the pancreatic islets, upregulation of immune and inflammation related genes was observed in the DiViD patients when compared to non-diabetic controls, in line with earlier publications, while an opposite trend was observed for several immune and inflammation related genes at the whole pancreas tissue level. Third, strong downregulation of the regenerating gene family (REG) genes, linked to pancreatic islet growth and regeneration, was observed in the exocrine acinar cell dominated whole-pancreas data of the DiViD patients when compared with the non-diabetic controls. Fourth, analysis of unique features in the transcriptomes of each DiViD patient compared with the other DiViD patients, revealed elevated expression of central antiviral immune response genes in the whole-pancreas samples, but not in the pancreatic islets, of one DiViD patient. This difference in the extent of antiviral gene expression suggests different statuses of infection in the pancreas at the time of sampling between the DiViD patients, who were all enterovirus VP1+ in the islets by immunohistochemistry based on earlier studies. The observed features, indicating differences in the function, status and interplay between the exocrine and the endocrine pancreas of recent onset T1D patients, highlight the importance of studying both compartments for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Välikangas
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Lietzén
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria K. Jaakkola
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten C. Eike
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henna Kallionpää
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Soile Tuomela
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Clayton Mathews
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Knut Dahl-Jorgensen
- Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Riitta Lahesmaa, ; Laura L. Elo,
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Riitta Lahesmaa, ; Laura L. Elo,
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14
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Benner SE, Walter DL, Thuma JR, Courreges M, James CBL, Schwartz FL, McCall KD. Toll-Like Receptor 3 Is Critical to the Pancreatic Islet Milieu That Is Required for Coxsackievirus B4-Induced Type 1 Diabetes in Female Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Pancreas 2022; 51:48-55. [PMID: 35195595 PMCID: PMC8865205 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic and environmental influences play a role as triggers of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are useful for studying T1DM as they spontaneously develop T1DM, which can be accelerated by some viruses. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is believed to play a critical role in viral-induced T1DM and β-cell destruction, because female Tlr3 knockout (Tlr3-/-) NOD mice are protected from Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4)-induced acceleration of T1DM. However, the exact role(s) TLR3 plays in the pathogenesis of CVB4-induced T1DM remain unknown. METHODS This longitudinal study used immunostaining, laser capture microdissection, and reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction of islets from female uninfected and CVB4-infected Tlr3+/+ and Tlr3-/- NOD mice. RESULTS Islets isolated from female Tlr3+/+ NOD mice 4 to 8 weeks of age had higher amounts of insulitis, Cxcl10, Il1b, Tnfa, and Tgfb1 expression compared with Tlr3-/- NOD mice. After CVB4 infection, Tlr3+/+ NOD mice had higher amounts of insulitis and T-cell infiltration at 3 days after infection compared with Tlr3-/- CVB4-infected NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 3 is necessary for establishment of a pancreatic islet inflammatory microenvironment by increasing insulitis and cytokine expression that facilitates CVB4-induced T1DM in female NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Benner
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences
| | - Debra L. Walter
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences
| | | | | | - Calvin B. L. James
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Biomedical Sciences
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH
| | - Frank L. Schwartz
- Departments of Specialty Medicine
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH
| | - Kelly D. McCall
- From the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University College of Arts & Sciences
- Departments of Specialty Medicine
- Biomedical Sciences
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH
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15
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Houeiss P, Luce S, Boitard C. Environmental Triggering of Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:933965. [PMID: 35937815 PMCID: PMC9353023 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.933965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islet β cells are destroyed by immune cells, ultimately leading to overt diabetes. The progressive increase in T1D incidence over the years points to the role of environmental factors in triggering or accelerating the disease process which develops on a highly multigenic susceptibility background. Evidence that environmental factors induce T1D has mostly been obtained in animal models. In the human, associations between viruses, dietary habits or changes in the microbiota and the development of islet cell autoantibodies or overt diabetes have been reported. So far, prediction of T1D development is mostly based on autoantibody detection. Future work should focus on identifying a causality between the different environmental risk factors and T1D development to improve prediction scores. This should allow developing preventive strategies to limit the T1D burden in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Houeiss
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, INSERMU1016, Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, INSERMU1016, Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, INSERMU1016, Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Christian Boitard,
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16
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Li X, Wang L, Meng G, Chen X, Yang S, Zhang M, Zheng Z, Zhou J, Lan Z, Wu Y, Wang L. Sustained high glucose intake accelerates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1037822. [PMID: 36545340 PMCID: PMC9760976 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1037822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary factors, especially high consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and sugars, may trigger or exacerbate the progression of type 1 diabetes. We aimed to provide experimental evidence to confirm this relevance and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS NOD mice were given sustained high-glucose drinking or glucose-free water and observed for the incidence of type 1 diabetes and islet inflammation. RNAseq was performed to detect the transcriptome changes of the NOD islet beta cell line NIT-1 after high glucose treatment, and mass spectrometry was performed to detect the proteome changes of NIT-1-cells-derived sEVs. RESULTS Sustained high glucose drinking significantly aggravates islet inflammation and accelerates the onset of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Mechanistically, high glucose treatment induces aberrant ER stress and up-regulates the expression of autoantigens in islet beta cell. Moreover, high glucose treatment alters the proteome of beta-cells-derived sEVs, and significantly enhances the ability of sEVs to promote DC maturation and stimulate immune inflammatory response. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for negative effect of high glucose intake as a dietary factor on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals. Therefore, avoiding high sugar intake may be an effective disease prevention strategy for children or adults susceptible to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University. Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shushu Yang
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengni Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Lan
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang,
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17
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Zipris D. Visceral Adipose Tissue: A New Target Organ in Virus-Induced Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702506. [PMID: 34421908 PMCID: PMC8371384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a proinflammatory pathology that leads to the specific destruction of insulin producing β-cells and hyperglycaemia. Much of the knowledge about type 1 diabetes (T1D) has focused on mechanisms of disease progression such as adaptive immune cells and the cytokines that control their function, whereas mechanisms linked with the initiation of the disease remain unknown. It has been hypothesized that in addition to genetics, environmental factors play a pivotal role in triggering β-cell autoimmunity. The BioBreeding Diabetes Resistant (BBDR) and LEW1.WR1 rats have been used to decipher the mechanisms that lead to virus-induced T1D. Both animals develop β-cell inflammation and hyperglycemia upon infection with the parvovirus Kilham Rat Virus (KRV). Our earlier in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that KRV-induced innate immune upregulation early in the disease course plays a causal role in triggering β-cell inflammation and destruction. Furthermore, we recently found for the first time that infection with KRV induces inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) detectable as early as day 1 post-infection prior to insulitis and hyperglycemia. The proinflammatory response in VAT is associated with macrophage recruitment, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress responses, apoptosis, and downregulation of adipokines and molecules that mediate insulin signaling. Downregulation of inflammation suppresses VAT inflammation and T1D development. These observations are strikingly reminiscent of data from obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in which VAT inflammation is believed to play a causal role in disease mechanisms. We propose that VAT inflammation and dysfunction may be linked with the mechanism of T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zipris
- Innate Biotechnologies LLC, Denver, CO, United States
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18
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Mori H, Takahashi H, Mine K, Higashimoto K, Inoue K, Kojima M, Kuroki S, Eguchi T, Ono Y, Inuzuka S, Soejima H, Nagafuchi S, Anzai K. TYK2 Promoter Variant Is Associated with Impaired Insulin Secretion and Lower Insulin Resistance in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030400. [PMID: 33799705 PMCID: PMC7999758 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that viral infection causes type 1 diabetes due to direct β-cell damage and the triggering of autoimmune reactivity to β cells. Here, we elucidated that the tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) gene, encoding an interferon receptor signaling molecule, is responsible for virus-induced diabetes in mice, and its promoter variant confers a risk of type 1 diabetes in humans. This study investigated the relationship between a TYK2 promoter variant (TYK2PV) and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes patients. TYK2PV status was determined using direct DNA sequencing and its associations with fasting insulin, C-peptide, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were evaluated in type 2 diabetes patients without sulfonylurea or insulin medication. Of the 172 patients assessed, 18 (10.5%) showed TYK2PV-positivity. Their body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower than in those without the variant (23.4 vs. 25.4 kg/m2, p = 0.025). Fasting insulin (3.9 vs. 6.2 μIU/mL, p = 0.007), C-peptide (1.37 vs. 1.76 ng/mL, p = 0.008), and HOMA-IR (1.39 vs. 2.05, p = 0.006) were lower in those with than in those without the variant. Multivariable analysis identified that TYK2PV was associated with fasting insulin ≤ 5 μIU/mL (odds ratio (OR) 3.63, p = 0.025) and C-peptide ≤ 1.0 ng/mL (OR 3.61, p = 0.028), and also lower insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≤ 2.5; OR 8.60, p = 0.042). TYK2PV is associated with impaired insulin secretion and low insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes patients with TYK2PV should be carefully followed in order to receive the appropriate treatment including insulin injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoe Mori
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
- Liver Center, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University Hospital, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-952-34-3100; Fax: +81-952-34-2362
| | - Keiichiro Mine
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken Higashimoto
- Divison of Molecular Genetics & Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (K.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Kanako Inoue
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Motoyasu Kojima
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
- Saiseikai Karatsu Hospital, Saga 847-0852, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kouhokai Takagi Hospital, Fukuoka 831-0016, Japan;
| | | | - Hidenobu Soejima
- Divison of Molecular Genetics & Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (K.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Seiho Nagafuchi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Keizo Anzai
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (K.I.); (M.K.); (S.N.); (K.A.)
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19
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Genetic Susceptibility of the Host in Virus-Induced Diabetes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081133. [PMID: 32727064 PMCID: PMC7464158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B viruses, are among the candidate environmental factors causative of type 1 diabetes. Host genetic factors have an impact on the development of virus-induced diabetes (VID). Host background, in terms of whether the host is prone to autoimmunity, should also be considered when analyzing the role of target genes in VID. In this review, we describe the genetic susceptibility of the host based on studies in humans and VID animal models. Understanding the host genetic factors should contribute not only to revealing the mechanisms of VID development, but also in taking measures to prevent VID.
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20
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Burg AR, Tse HM. Redox-Sensitive Innate Immune Pathways During Macrophage Activation in Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1373-1398. [PMID: 29037052 PMCID: PMC6166692 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in β-cell destruction mediated by islet-infiltrating leukocytes. The role of oxidative stress in human and murine models of T1D is highly significant as these noxious molecules contribute to diabetic complications and β-cell lysis, but their direct impact on dysregulated autoimmune responses is highly understudied. Pro-inflammatory macrophages play a vital role in the initiation and effector phases of T1D by producing free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines to facilitate β-cell destruction and to present antigen to autoreactive T cells. Recent Advances: Redox modulation of macrophage functions may play critical roles in autoimmunity. These include enhancing pro-inflammatory innate immune signaling pathways in response to environmental triggers, enforcing an M1 macrophage differentiation program, controlling antigen processing, and altering peptide recognition by oxidative post-translational modification. Therefore, an oxidative environment may act on multiple macrophage functions to orchestrate T1D pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms involved in the initiation of T1D remain unclear, making preventive and early therapeutics difficult to develop. Although many of these advances in the redox regulation of macrophages are in their infancy, they provide insight into how oxidative stress aids in the precipitating event of autoimmune activation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies should be aimed at mechanistically determining which redox-regulated macrophage functions are pertinent in T1D pathogenesis, as well as at investigating potential targetable therapeutics to halt and/or dampen innate immune activation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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21
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Lontchi-Yimagou E, Legoff J, Nguewa JL, Boudou P, Balti EV, Noubiap JJ, Kamwa V, Atogho-Tiedeu B, Azabji-Kenfack M, Djahmeni EN, Etoa M, Lemdjo G, Balla V, Dehayem MY, Foufelle F, Mbanya JC, Gautier JF, Sobngwi E. Human herpesvirus 8 infection DNA positivity is associated with low insulin secretion: A case-control study in a sub-Saharan African population with diabetes. J Diabetes 2018; 10:866-873. [PMID: 29707905 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses have been considered potential triggers for the development of diabetes. This study assessed insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-infected and uninfected sub-Saharan African people with diabetes. METHODS In all, 173 people with non-autoimmune diabetes were enrolled consecutively: 124 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 49 with ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) admitted in hyperglycemic crisis. Those with KPD were further subdivided into those with new-onset ketotic-phase KPD (n = 34) or non-ketotic phase KPD (n = 15). All participants were screened for HHV8-specific antibodies and genomic DNA. Blood samples were collected for analysis of fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, and C-peptide, with insulin resistance and secretion estimated by homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS Among the 173 diabetic participants, 88 (50.9%) were positive for HHV8 antibodies (Ac-HHV8+), including 15 (8.7%) positive for HHV8 DNA (DNA-HHV8+). The seroprevalence of HHV8 was similar between T2DM (55.6%) and KPD (61.2%) subjects. Of those with and without ketotic-phase KPD, 35.3% and 46.7% were Ac-HHV8+, respectively. Body mass index was significantly in lower DNA-HHV8+ than DNA-HHV8- subjects. Low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol were significantly higher, but C-peptide and homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were significantly lower in DNA-HHV8+ than DNA-HHV8- participants. After excluding DNA-HHV8+ participants, triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in Ac-HHV8+ (n = 73) than Ac-HHV8- (n = 85) subjects. In contrast, HOMA-β was significantly higher among Ac-HHV8+ than Ac-HHV8- participants. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, HHV8 DNA positivity was associated with low insulin secretion in this sub-Saharan African diabetes population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lontchi-Yimagou
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jérôme Legoff
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U941, Microbiology Laboratory, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Boudou
- Unit of Hormonal Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University - VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean J Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and Universty of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vicky Kamwa
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Barbara Atogho-Tiedeu
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marcel Azabji-Kenfack
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Eric N Djahmeni
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Martine Etoa
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gaelle Lemdjo
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Vanessa Balla
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mesmin Y Dehayem
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Jean-Claude Mbanya
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Eugene Sobngwi
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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22
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Feduska JM, Tse HM. The proinflammatory effects of macrophage-derived NADPH oxidase function in autoimmune diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:81-89. [PMID: 29723665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease culminating in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. While ultimately a T cell-mediated disease, macrophages play an indispensable role in disease initiation and progression. Infiltrating macrophages generate an inflammatory environment by releasing NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide and proinflammatory cytokines. The synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is acknowledged as putative factors contributing to autoimmunity and β-cell damage in T1D. In addition to direct lysis, free radicals collectively participate in β-cell destruction by providing a redox-dependent third signal necessary for islet-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cell maturation and by inducing oxidative post-translational modifications of β-cell epitopes to further exacerbate autoimmune responses. This review will provide an overview of macrophage function and a synergistic cross-talk with redox biology that contributes to autoimmune dysregulation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Feduska
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States.
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23
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Carmody M, Zimmer JT, Cushman CH, Nguyen T, Lawson TG. The ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP/UBE3A supports early encephalomyocarditis virus replication. Virus Res 2018; 252:48-57. [PMID: 29782878 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses make use of, and even direct, the ubiquitin-proteasome system to facilitate the generation of a cellular environment favorable for virus replication, while host cells use selected protein ubiquitylation pathways for antiviral defense. Relatively little information has been acquired, however, regarding the extent to which protein ubiquitylation determines the replication success of picornaviruses. Here we report that the ubiquitin-protein ligase E6AP/UBE3A, recently shown to be a participant in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 3C protease concentration regulation, also facilitates the early stages of EMCV replication, probably by a mechanism that does not involve 3C protease ubiquitylation. Using stably transfected E6AP knockdown cells, we found that reduced E6AP concentration extends the time required for infected cells to undergo the morphological changes caused by virally induced pathogenesis and to begin the production of infectious virions. This lag in virion production is accompanied by a corresponding delay in the appearance of detectable levels of viral proteins and RNA. We also found, by using both immunofluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation, that E6AP is partially redistributed from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in EMCV-infected cells, thereby increasing its availability to participate in cytoplasmic virus replication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Carmody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Joshua T Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Camille H Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - T Glen Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA.
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24
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Burg AR, Das S, Padgett LE, Koenig ZE, Tse HM. Superoxide Production by NADPH Oxidase Intensifies Macrophage Antiviral Responses during Diabetogenic Coxsackievirus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:61-70. [PMID: 29158420 PMCID: PMC5736405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B infections are suspected environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and macrophage antiviral responses may provide a link to virus-induced T1D. We previously demonstrated an important role for NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived superoxide production during T1D pathogenesis, as NOX-deficient NOD mice (NOD.Ncf1m1J ) were protected against T1D due, in part, to impaired proinflammatory TLR signaling in NOD.Ncf1m1J macrophages. Therefore, we hypothesized that loss of NOX-derived superoxide would dampen diabetogenic antiviral macrophage responses and protect from virus-induced diabetes. Upon infection with a suspected diabetogenic virus, Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3), NOD.Ncf1m1J mice remained resistant to virus-induced autoimmune diabetes. A concomitant decrease in circulating inflammatory chemokines, blunted antiviral gene signature within the pancreas, and reduced proinflammatory M1 macrophage responses were observed. Importantly, exogenous superoxide addition to CB3-infected NOD.Ncf1m1J bone marrow-derived macrophages rescued the inflammatory antiviral M1 macrophage response, revealing reduction-oxidation-dependent mechanisms of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling and dsRNA viral sensors in macrophages. We report that superoxide production following CB3 infection may exacerbate pancreatic β cell destruction in T1D by influencing proinflammatory M1 macrophage responses, and mechanistically linking oxidative stress, inflammation, and diabetogenic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Shaonli Das
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Lindsey E Padgett
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Zachary E Koenig
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite immense research efforts, type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains an autoimmune disease without a known trigger or approved intervention. Over the last three decades, studies have primarily focused on delineating the role of the adaptive immune system in the mechanism of T1D. The discovery of Toll-like receptors in the 1990s has advanced the knowledge on the role of the innate immune system in host defense as well as mechanisms that regulate adaptive immunity including the function of autoreactive T cells. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations suggest that inflammation plays a key role in promoting a large number of autoimmune disorders including T1D. Data from the LEW1.WR1 rat model of virus-induced disease and the RIP-B7.1 mouse model of diabetes suggest that innate immune signaling plays a key role in triggering disease progression. There is also evidence that innate immunity may be involved in the course of T1D in humans; however, a small number of clinical trials have shown that interfering with the function of the innate immune system following disease onset exerts only a modest effect on β-cell function. The data implying that innate immune pathways are linked with mechanisms of islet autoimmunity hold great promise for the identification of novel disease pathways that may be harnessed for clinical intervention. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done to better understand mechanisms by which innate immunity triggers β-cell destruction and assess the therapeutic value in blocking innate immunity for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Needell
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Danny Zipris
- Innate Biotechnologies LLC, Denver, CO, 80231, USA.
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26
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Mine K, Hirakawa K, Kondo S, Minami M, Okada A, Tsutsu N, Yokogawa Y, Hibio Y, Kojima F, Fujimoto S, Kurisaki H, Anzai K, Yoshikai Y, Nagafuchi S. Subtyping of Type 1 Diabetes as Classified by Anti-GAD Antibody, IgE Levels, and Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) Promoter Variant in the Japanese. EBioMedicine 2017; 23:46-51. [PMID: 28826655 PMCID: PMC5605380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is known to be caused by Th1 cell-dependent autoimmunity. Recently, we reported that TYK2 promoter variant serves as a putative virus-induced diabetes susceptibility gene associated with deteriorated interferon-dependent antiviral response. TYK2 is also related to HIES, that is, Th2 cell-dependent. Therefore, TYK2 promoter variant may be also associated with the pathogenesis of T1D, modulating Th1/Th2 balance. Research Design and Methods We assessed the association between anti- GAD Ab, IgE levels, and TYK2 promoter variant among 313 T1D patients, 184 T2D patients, and 264 YH controls in the Japanese. Results T1D patients had elevated IgE (median, 56.7 U/ml; p < 0.0001) compared with T2D patients (22.5 U/ml) and controls (43.3 U/ml). Contrary to our expectations, there was no correlation between TYK2 promoter variant and IgE levels. We found that T1D could be subtyped as four groups based on anti-GAD Ab and IgE profile: Subtype 1, anti-GAD Ab positive and non-elevated IgE (47.0%); Subtype 2, anti-GAD Ab negative and non-elevated IgE (35.1%); Subtype 3, anti-GAD Ab positive and elevated IgE (10.9%); and Subtype 4, anti-GAD Ab negative and elevated IgE (7.0%). In Subtype 2, a significantly higher incidence was observed in T1D cases carrying the TYK2 promoter variant (OR, 2.60; 95%CI, 1.03–6.97; p = 0.032), and also showing a flu-like syndrome at diabetes onset (OR, 2.34; 95%CI, 1.27–4.35; p = 0.003). Interpretation Anti-GAD Ab and IgE profiling helps classifying T1D into four groups that recognize variable pathogenic bases of T1D. T1D can be subtyped into 4 groups based on anti-GAD Ab, IgE levels and TYK2 promoter variant. Only one subtype, without anti-GAD Ab or elevated IgE, was associated with TYK2 promoter variant and flu-like syndrome. Profiling of T1D by anti-GAD Ab and IgE levels is useful to realize the variable immuno-pathogenesis of T1D.
Since TYK2 gene is associated with T1D and HIES, we assessed the association between anti-GAD Ab, IgE levels, and TYK2 promoter variant in patients with T1D. Consequently, T1D can be subtyped into 4 distinct groups based on these clinical laboratory and genetic markers. Only those patients without anti-GAD Ab or elevated IgE were associated with TYK2 promoter variant and with flu-like syndrome at the diabetes onset, suggestive of association with virus-induced diabetes. This study describes the usefulness of subtyping of T1D with variable immunological bases and provides a clue to delineate the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Mine
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kanako Hirakawa
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shiori Kondo
- Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, 1, Bunkyo-machi, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Masae Minami
- Minami Masae Naika Clinic, 1-4-6, Heiwa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akira Okada
- Okada Naika Clinic, 7-8-8, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Tsutsu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Fukuoka Red Cross Hospital, 3-1-1, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | - Yumi Hibio
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Center for Clinical Laboratory Examination, Fukuoka Medical Association, 1-6-9, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Kojima
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shuji Fujimoto
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hironori Kurisaki
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Keizo Anzai
- Department of Hepatology, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan.
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Seiho Nagafuchi
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Hepatology, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan.
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27
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Abdel-Latif M, Abdel-Moneim AA, El-Hefnawy MH, Khalil RG. Comparative and correlative assessments of cytokine, complement and antibody patterns in paediatric type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28640379 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most widespread and effective environmental factors is the infection with enteroviruses (EVs) which accelerate β cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study represented a comparison between diabetic EV+ and EV- children as well as correlation analysis between autoantibodies, T1D markers, cytokines, complement activation products and anti-coxsackievirus (CV) immunoglobulin (Ig)G. EV RNA was detected in Egyptian children with T1D (26·2%) and healthy controls (0%). Detection of anti-CV IgG in T1D-EV+ resulted in 64% positivity. Within T1D-EV+ , previously diagnosed (PD) showed 74 versus 56% in newly diagnosed (ND) children. Comparisons between populations showed increased levels of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), nitric oxide (NO), glutamic acid decarboxylase and insulin and islet cell autoantibodies [glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ICA), respectively], interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL -10, IL -12, IL -17, C3d and sC5-9 in T1D-EV+ versus T1D-EV- . Conversely, both IL-20 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) decreased in T1D-EV+ versus EV- , while IL-4, -6 and -13 did not show any changes. Correlation analysis showed dependency of accelerated autoimmunity and β cell destruction on increased IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 versus decreased IL-4, -6 and -13. In conclusion, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 played an essential role in exacerbating EV+ -T1D, while C3d, sC5b -9, IL-10 and -20 displayed distinct patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdel-Latif
- Division of Immunity, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - A A Abdel-Moneim
- Division of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - M H El-Hefnawy
- National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology (NIDE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - R G Khalil
- Division of Immunity, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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28
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Boles A, Kandimalla R, Reddy PH. Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: Epidemiological perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1026-1036. [PMID: 28130199 PMCID: PMC5429876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to understand the current literature on obesity, diabetes and therapeutic avenues across the world. Diabetes is a chronic lifestyle condition that affects millions of people worldwide and it is a major health concern in our society. Diabetes and obesity are associated with various conditions, including non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors. Early detectable markers are not well established to detect pre-diabetes and as a result, it becomes diabetes. Several published epidemiological studies were assessed and the findings were summarized. Resources from published studies were used to identify criteria used for pre-diabetes, the role of diet in pre-diabetics and potential risks and characteristics associated with pre-diabetes. Preventive strategies are needed to combat diabetes. Individuals diagnosed with pre-diabetes need detailed education, need to fully understand the risk factors and have the ability to manage diabetes. Interventions exist that include chronic disease self-management programs, lifestyle interventions and pharmacological strategies. Obesity plays a large role in causing pre-diabetes and diabetes. Critical analysis of existing epidemiological research data suggests that additional research is needed to determine the efficacy of interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Boles
- Community Outreach and Education, 6630 S. Quaker Ave., Suite E, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States.
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States.
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Community Outreach and Education, 6630 S. Quaker Ave., Suite E, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States; Department of Public Health, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430-9424, United States
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29
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Butler AE, Sacks W, Rizza RA, Butler PC. Down Syndrome-Associated Diabetes Is Not Due To a Congenital Deficiency in β Cells. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:39-45. [PMID: 28782055 PMCID: PMC5542008 DOI: 10.1210/js.2016-1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis: We sought to establish whether the increased incidence of diabetes associated with Down syndrome was due to a congenital deficit in β cells. Methods: The pancreas was obtained at autopsy from nondiabetic subjects with Down syndrome (n = 29) and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects without Down syndrome (n = 28). The pancreas sections were evaluated for the fractional β-cell area. Results: No difference was found in the fractional β-cell area between the subjects with Down syndrome and the control subjects. Conclusions/Interpretations: The increased incidence and prevalence of diabetes in individuals with Down syndrome is not due to an underlying congenital deficiency of β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Wendy Sacks
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Robert A Rizza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Peter C Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
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30
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Mouat IC, Morse ZJ, Jean-Baptiste VSE, Allanach JR, Horwitz MS. Fresh Ideas, Foundational Experiments (FIFE): Immunology and Diabetes 2016 FIFE Symposium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:238. [PMID: 28974943 PMCID: PMC5610696 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Fresh Ideas, Foundational Experiments (FIFE): Immunology and Diabetes symposia workshop took place in 2016 and exemplified the active interest of a number of several investigators interested the global rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This increase does not correlate with genetic drift and indicates that environmental exposures are playing an increasingly significant role. Despite major biomedical and technological advances in diagnosis and treatment, treatments are frequently insufficient as they do not inhibit the progression of the underlying autoimmune response and often fail to prevent life-threatening complications. T1D is the result of autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, and the precise, mechanistic contribution of the immune system to disease pathogenesis and progression remains to be fully characterized. Ultimately, the combinatorial effect of concurrent factors, including beta cell fragility, exogenous stressors, and genetic priming of the innate and adaptive immune system, work together to induce T1D autoimmunity. Thus, T1D is the result of immunological defects and environmental pathogens, requiring the sustained attention of collaborative research teams such as FIFE: I & D with varied perspectives, unified by the universally held goal of finding a sustainable, life-long cure. Herein, the authors provide perspective on various fields in T1D research highlighted by speakers participating in the inaugural FIFE symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C. Mouat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zachary J. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jessica R. Allanach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marc S. Horwitz,
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31
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal system represents one of the largest interfaces between the human internal microenvironment and the external world. This system harbors trillions of commensal bacteria that reside in symbiosis with the host. Intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining systemic and intestinal immune and metabolic homeostasis because of their effect on nutrient absorption and immune development and function. Recently, altered gut bacterial composition (dysbiosis) was hypothesized to be involved in mechanisms through which islet autoimmunity is triggered. Evidence from animal models indicates that alterations in the gut bacterial composition precede disease onset, thus implicating a causal role for the gut microbiome in islet destruction. However, it remains unclear whether dysbiosis is directly linked to the mechanisms of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this review, we discuss data implicating the gut microbiota in disease progression with an emphasis on our recent studies performed in humans and in rodent models of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Needell
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct., Mail Stop B-140, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct., Mail Stop B-140, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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32
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Dhuria RS, Singh G, Kaur A, Kaur R, Kaur T. Current status and patent prospective of animal models in diabetic research. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:117. [PMID: 26261819 PMCID: PMC4513317 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous complex metabolic disorder with multiple etiology which characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The widespread occurrence of diabetes throughout the world has increased dramatically over the past few years. For better understanding, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the changes in humans needed, as vital tool for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease at the cellular/molecular level and for preclinical testing of drugs. This review aims to describe the animal models of type-1 diabetes (T1Ds) and T2Ds to mimic the causes and progression of the disease in humans. And also we highlight patent applications published in the last few years related to animal models in diabetes as an important milestone for future therapies that are aim to treating diabetes with specific symptoms and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S. Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anudeep Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tanurajvir Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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33
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van der Pouw Kraan TCTM, Chen WJ, Bunck MCM, van Raalte DH, van der Zijl NJ, van Genugten RE, van Bloemendaal L, Baggen JM, Serné EH, Diamant M, Horrevoets AJG. Metabolic changes in type 2 diabetes are reflected in peripheral blood cells, revealing aberrant cytotoxicity, a viral signature, and hypoxia inducible factor activity. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8:20. [PMID: 25956355 PMCID: PMC4446948 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by central obesity, insulin resistance, dysglycemia, and a pro-atherogenic plasma lipid profile. MetS creates a high risk for development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), presumably by altering inflammatory responses. Presently, it is unknown how the chronic metabolic disturbances in acute hyperglycemia, MetS and T2DM affect the immune activity of peripheral blood cells. METHODS We performed genome-wide expression analysis of peripheral blood cells obtained from patients with T2DM (n = 6) and age-, sex- , BMI- and blood pressure-matched obese individuals with MetS (n = 4) and lean healthy normoglycemic controls (n = 3), both under fasting conditions and after controlled induction of acute hyperglycemia during a 70 min hyperglycemic clamp. Differential gene expression during fasting conditions was confirmed by real-time PCR, for which we included additional age-, sex-, BMI-, and blood pressure-matched obese individuals with (n = 4) or without (n = 4) MetS. RESULTS Pathway and Gene ontology analysis applied to baseline expression profiles of peripheral blood cells from MetS and T2DM patients revealed metabolic changes, highly similar to a reoviral infection gene signature in T2DM patients. Transcription factor binding site analysis indicated that increased HIF-1α activity, a transcription factor induced by either hypoxia or oxidative stress, is responsible for this aberrant metabolic profile in peripheral blood cells from T2DM patients. Acute hyperglycemia in healthy controls resulted in reduced expression of cytotoxicity-related genes, representing NK- and CD8(+) cells. In obese controls, MetS and especially T2DM patients, baseline expression of genes involved in cytotoxicity was already low, compared to healthy controls and did not further decrease upon acute hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS The reduced activity of cytotoxic genes in T2DM is explained by chronic hyperglycemia, but its acute effects are restricted to healthy controls. Genome expression of circulating leukocytes from T2DM patients differs from MetS individuals by a specific reovirus signature. Our data thus suggest a role for suppressed anti-viral capacity in the etiology of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weena J Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathijs C M Bunck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nynke J van der Zijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Renate E van Genugten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Liselotte van Bloemendaal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Josefien M Baggen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik H Serné
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michaela Diamant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J G Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Environmental trigger(s) of type 1 diabetes: why so difficult to identify? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:321656. [PMID: 25883954 PMCID: PMC4390105 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases with childhood onset, and the disease has increased two- to fivefold over the past half century by as yet unknown means. T1D occurs when the body's immune system turns against itself so that, in a very specific and targeted way, it destroys the pancreatic β-cells. T1D results from poorly defined interactions between susceptibility genes and environmental determinants. In contrast to the rapid progress in finding T1D genes, identification and confirmation of environmental determinants remain a formidable challenge. This review article will focus on factors which have to be evaluated and decision to take before starting a new prospective cohort study. Considering all the large ongoing prospective studies, new and more conclusive data than that obtained so far should instead come from international collaboration on the ongoing cohort studies.
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McCall KD, Thuma JR, Courreges MC, Benencia F, James CBL, Malgor R, Kantake N, Mudd W, Denlinger N, Nolan B, Wen L, Schwartz FL. Toll-like receptor 3 is critical for coxsackievirus B4-induced type 1 diabetes in female NOD mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:453-61. [PMID: 25422874 PMCID: PMC4298321 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) are involved in triggering some cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this remain elusive. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), a receptor that recognizes viral double-stranded RNA, is hypothesized to play a role in virus-induced T1DM, although this hypothesis is yet to be substantiated. The objective of this study was to directly investigate the role of TLR3 in CVB-triggered T1DM in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a mouse model of human T1DM that is widely used to study both spontaneous autoimmune and viral-induced T1DM. As such, we infected female wild-type (TLR3(+/+)) and TLR3 knockout (TLR3(-/-)) NOD mice with CVB4 and compared the incidence of diabetes in CVB4-infected mice with that of uninfected counterparts. We also evaluated the islets of uninfected and CVB4-infected wild-type and TLR3 knockout NOD mice by immunohistochemistry and insulitis scoring. TLR3 knockout mice were markedly protected from CVB4-induced diabetes compared with CVB4-infected wild-type mice. CVB4-induced T-lymphocyte-mediated insulitis was also significantly less severe in TLR3 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. No differences in insulitis were observed between uninfected animals, either wild-type or TLR3 knockout mice. These data demonstrate for the first time that TLR3 is 1) critical for CVB4-induced T1DM, and 2) modulates CVB4-induced insulitis in genetically prone NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D McCall
- Departments of Specialty Medicine (K.D.M., M.C.C., W.M., N.D., B.N., F.L.S.) and Biomedical Sciences (K.D.M., F.B., C.B.L.J., R.M., N.K.) and Diabetes Institute (K.D.M., J.R.T., M.C.C., R.M., W.M., N.D., B.N., F.L.S.), Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701; Department of Biological Sciences (K.D.M.) and Molecular and Cellular Biology Program (K.D.M., F.B., C.B.L.J., R.M.), Ohio University College of Arts and Sciences, Athens, Ohio 45701; Biomedical Engineering Program (K.D.M., F.B., R.M., F.L.S.), Ohio University Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Section of Endocrinology (L.W.), Department of Internal Medicine, The Anlyan Center for Medical Research and Education, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important in the maintenance of self-tolerance, and the depletion of Treg cells correlates with autoimmune development. It has been shown that type I interferon (IFN) responses induced early in the infection of mice can drive memory (CD44hi) CD8 and CD4 T cells into apoptosis, and we questioned here whether the apoptosis of CD44-expressing Treg cells might be involved in the infection-associated autoimmune development. Instead, we found that Treg cells were much more resistant to apoptosis than CD44hi CD8 and CD4 T cells at days 2 to 3 after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, when type I IFN levels are high. The infection caused a downregulation of the interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor, needed for survival of conventional T cells, while increasing on Treg cells the expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, needed for STAT5-dependent survival of Treg cells. The stably maintained Treg cells early during infection may explain the relatively low incidence of autoimmune manifestations among infected patients. IMPORTANCE Autoimmune diseases are controlled in part by regulatory T cells (Treg) and are thought to sometimes be initiated by viral infections. We tested the hypothesis that Treg may die off at early stages of infection, when virus-induced factors kill other lymphocyte types. Instead, we found that Treg resisted this cell death, perhaps reducing the tendency of viral infections to cause immune dysfunction and induce autoimmunity.
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Alkanani AK, Hara N, Gianani R, Zipris D. Kilham Rat Virus-induced type 1 diabetes involves beta cell infection and intra-islet JAK-STAT activation prior to insulitis. Virology 2014; 468-470:19-27. [PMID: 25129435 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We used the LEW1.WR1 rat model of Kilham Rat Virus (KRV)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) to test the hypothesis that disease mechanisms are linked with beta cell infection and intra-islet immune activation prior to insulitis. KRV induces genes involved in type I and type II interferon pathways in islet cell lines in vitro and in islets from day-5-infected animals in vivo via mechanisms that do not involve insulitis, beta cell apoptosis, or impaired insulin expression. Immunohistochemistry studies indicated that KRV protein is expressed in beta cells 5 days following infection. KRV induces the phosphorylation of Janus Kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) in islet cells via a mechanism that could involve TLR9 and NF-κB pathways. These data demonstrate for the first time that KRV-induced islet destruction is associated with beta cell infection and intra-islet innate immune upregulation early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimon K Alkanani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct., Mail Stop B-140, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Naoko Hara
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct., Mail Stop B-140, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Roberto Gianani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct., Mail Stop B-140, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct., Mail Stop B-140, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Routsias JG, Mavrouli MD, Antonaki G, Spanakis N, Tsakris A. Synthetic peptides for efficient discrimination of anti-enterovirus antibodies at the serotype level. Peptides 2014; 58:52-9. [PMID: 24929043 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are important human pathogens, causing a broad spectrum of diseases from minor common colds to fatal myocarditis. However, certain disease syndromes are caused by one or few serotypes. Serotype identification is difficult due to the laborious neutralization tests that lack of sensitivity, while in commercial ELISAs homotypic antibodies' activities are largely masked by the recognition of genera-specific epitopes by heterotypic antibodies. In the present study homotypic assays were developed with the ability to discriminate different enterovirus serotypes. Seventy-three children sera, positive for IgM antibodies against enterovirus genus and 49 healthy children were examined for the presence of antibodies against 14 synthetic peptides derived from a non-conserved region of the VP1 protein of coxsackieviruses B2, B3, B4, B5, A9, A16, A24, echoviruses 6, 7, 9, 11, 30, enterovirus 71 and parechovirus 1. 50% of the anti-enterovirus IgM positive sera (>150 BU) reacted with the peptides with the majority of them to preferentially recognize one of them, supporting the homotypic nature of our assay. Inhibition studies yielded homologous inhibition rates 67-95% suggesting that specific peptide recognition actually occurred. The diagnostic value of our assay was tested in blood samples drawn over a 1.5-year period from a 5-year old patient. The anti-enterovirus reactivity was clearly attributed to echovirus serotype 11. The IgM/IgG antibody ratio was reversed 4 months later and subsequently IgM antibodies dropped below the cutoff point. In this paper we demonstrate that our assay can be used to discriminate between antibodies targeting different enterovirus serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria D Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Antonaki
- Department of Microbiology, NICU Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spanakis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Szablewski L. Role of immune system in type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:182-91. [PMID: 24993340 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is the body's natural defense system against invading pathogens. It protects the body from infection and works to communicate an individual's well-being through a complex network of interconnected cells and cytokines. This system is an associated host defense. An uncontrolled immune system has the potential to trigger negative complications in the host. Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by a β-cell-specific autoimmune process. Examples of β-cell autoantigens are insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine phosphatase, and insulinoma antigen. There are many autoimmune diseases, but type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the well-characterized autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms involved in the β-cell destruction are still not clear; it is generally believed that β-cell autoantigens, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes are involved in the β-cell-specific autoimmune process. It is necessary to determine what exact factors are causing the immune system to become unregulated in such a manner as to promote an autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Szablewski
- General Biology and Parasitology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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Zhang L, Chen Y, Li C, Lin X, Cheng X, Li T. Protective effects of combined intervention with adenovirus vector mediated IL-10 and IGF-1 genes on endogenous islet β cells in nonobese diabetes mice with onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92616. [PMID: 24663217 PMCID: PMC3963932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the protective effects of combined intervention with adenovirus vector mediated interleukin 10 (IL-10) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) genes on islet β cells in nonobese diabetes (NOD) mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) at early stage. Methods Twenty-four female NOD mice at onset of diabetes and aged 17–20 weeks old were randomly divided into four groups. Mouse 1, 2 and 3 groups were intraperitoneally injected 0.1 ml of Ad-mIGF-1, Ad-mIL-10, and combined Ad-mIGF-1 and Ad-mIL-10, respectively. Mouse 4 group were used as diabetes control. In addition, six age- and sex-matched non-diabetic NOD mice were intraperitoneally injected 0.1 ml of PBS and assigned 5 group as normal controls. All mice were weekly monitored for body weight, urine glucose and blood glycose, and sacrificed 3 weeks after injection. Their serum levels of IL-10, IGF-1, IFN-γ, IL-4 and C-peptide were measured and the degree of insulitis and the local expression of IGF-1 and IL-10 gene were observed. Results 1) IL-10 and IGF-1 levels in serum and pancreas were enhanced in 1, 2, and 3 groups; 2) serum INF-γ level was decreased while serum IL-10 and IL-4 levels were increased in 1, 2 and 3 groups, and these alterations were more significant in 3 group than 1 and 2 groups (P<0.01); 3) C-peptide level was not enhanced in 1 group, but significantly increased in 2 and 3 groups, and these increases were more significant in the latter (P<0.01); 4) Three weeks later, the body mass of mice in 2 and 3 groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion The administration of adenovirus vector mediated IL-10 and/or IGF-1 gene showed limited immune regulatory and protective effects on islet β-cells in NOD mice with T1D at early stage, and no significant reduction in insulitis, blood glucose and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, People’s Hospital of RiZhao, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- Department of Medical Center, Qingdao Sanatorium of Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Hara N, Alkanani AK, Dinarello CA, Zipris D. Modulation of virus-induced innate immunity and type 1 diabetes by IL-1 blockade. Innate Immun 2013; 20:574-84. [PMID: 24062197 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913502242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the LEW1.WR1 model of Kilham rat virus (KRV)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) to test the hypothesis that blocking IL-1 pathways early in the course of the disease can modulate virus-induced innate immunity and prevent disease progression. Administering KRV plus IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) for 14 d prevented insulitis and T1D. Anakinra reversed the KRV-induced systemic inflammation evidenced by the accumulation of T cells in the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes on d 5 post-infection. Blocking IL-1 modulated the level of IRF-7 and IL-6 gene expression in the spleen and the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23 in the serum. Anakinra did not interfere with the ability of LEW1.WR1 rats to clear the virus from the spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes or serum. Consistent with these data, normal levels of KRV-specific adaptive immune responses were detected in in the spleen and peripheral blood of the treated animals. Finally, blocking IL-1 pathways reversed the KRV-induced modulation of gut bacterial communities. The data may imply that IL-1 pathways are directly linked with early mechanisms whereby KRV infection leads to islet destruction, raising the hypothesis that blocking IL-1 pathways early in the course of the disease could be a useful therapeutic approach for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hara
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aimon K Alkanani
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Type 1 Diabetes: Prospective Cohort Studies for Identification of the Environmental Trigger. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:459-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McCall KD, Schmerr MJ, Thuma JR, James CBL, Courreges MC, Benencia F, Malgor R, Schwartz FL. Phenylmethimazole suppresses dsRNA-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokines in murine pancreatic beta cells and blocks viral acceleration of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Molecules 2013; 18:3841-58. [PMID: 23535518 PMCID: PMC6269916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18043841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a role for viruses in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Activation of dsRNA-sensing pathways by viral dsRNA induces the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that trigger beta cell apoptosis, insulitis, and autoimmune-mediated beta cell destruction. This study was designed to evaluate and describe potential protective effects of phenylmethimazole (C10), a small molecule which blocks dsRNA-mediated signaling, on preventing dsRNA activation of beta cell apoptosis and the inflammatory pathways important in the pathogenesis of T1DM. We first investigated the biological effects of C10, on dsRNA-treated pancreatic beta cells in culture. Cell viability assays, quantitative real-time PCR, and ELISAs were utilized to evaluate the effects of C10 on dsRNA-induced beta cell cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine production in murine pancreatic beta cells in culture. We found that C10 significantly impairs dsRNA-induced beta cell cytotoxicity and up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines involved in the pathogenesis of T1DM, which prompted us to evaluate C10 effects on viral acceleration of T1DM in NOD mice. C10 significantly inhibited viral acceleration of T1DM in NOD mice. These findings demonstrate that C10 (1) possesses novel beta cell protective activity which may have potential clinical relevance in T1DM and (2) may be a useful tool in achieving a better understanding of the role that dsRNA-mediated responses play in the pathogenesis of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D McCall
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Abstract
Coeliac disease, an inflammatory disease of the small intestine, shares key features with autoimmune disorders, such as susceptibility genes, presence of autoantibodies and T cell-mediated destruction of specific cells. Strikingly, however, continuous exposure to the exogenous dietary antigen gluten and gluten-specific adaptive immunity are required to maintain immunopathology. These observations challenge the notion that autoimmunity requires adaptive immune activation towards self antigens. Using coeliac disease as an example, we propose that other exogenous factors might be identified as drivers of autoimmune processes, in particular when evidence for T cells with specificity for self antigens driving the disease is lacking.
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45
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Bartelik A, Ciesla M, Kotlinowski J, Bartelik S, Czaplicki D, Grochot-Przeczek A, Kurowski K, Koteja P, Dulak J, Józkowicz A. Development of hyperglycemia and diabetes in captive Polish bank voles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 183:69-78. [PMID: 23291363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes has been detected in Danish and Swedish bank voles (Myodes glareolus). There are no data, however, concerning the prevalence of diabetes in populations from other geographic regions. We investigated the frequency and physiological effects of glucose metabolism disorders in captive bank voles from Poland. Single measurement of fasting blood glucose concentration performed in the 3-4month old captive-born bank Polish voles without any disease symptoms showed that 8% of individuals (22/284) displayed an impaired fasting glucose (IFG, blood glucose (BG) ≥100mg/dL) and 1% (4/284) showed hyperglycemia (BG ≥126mg/dL) which could suggest diabetes. Next, we analyzed blood glucose in samples taken once a month from an additional cohort of bank voles with (FHD), or without (H), a family history of diabetes. The prevalence of IFG at age six months was 26% (16/62) among bank voles from the H group. In the FHD group the prevalence increased to 49% (43/88), and additional 12% (11/88) became diabetic (DB, BG ≥126mg/dL at two time points). Postnatal stress (three maternal deprivations before weaning) did not affect the risk of developing IFG or DB in H voles, but significantly reduced the frequency of glucose metabolism disorders (IFG and DB combined) in FHD voles. IFG was associated with hyperinsulinemia, but not with other biochemical disturbances. Diabetic animals displayed a progressive malformation and vacuolization of β-cells in the pancreas, without visible leukocytic infiltrations. In summary, our results indicate that Polish captive bank voles can develop diabetes, which shows features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in humans. Risk of diabetes is higher in animal with FHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bartelik
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Freudenburg W, Gautam M, Chakraborty P, James J, Richards J, Salvatori AS, Baldwin A, Schriewer J, Buller RML, Corbett JA, Skowyra D. Reduction in ATP levels triggers immunoproteasome activation by the 11S (PA28) regulator during early antiviral response mediated by IFNβ in mouse pancreatic β-cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52408. [PMID: 23383295 PMCID: PMC3562186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells is the hallmark of type I diabetes. One of the key molecules implicated in the disease onset is the immunoproteasome, a protease with multiple proteolytic sites that collaborates with the constitutive 19S and the inducible 11S (PA28) activators to produce immunogenic peptides for presentation by MHC class I molecules. Despite its importance, little is known about the function and regulation of the immunoproteasome in pancreatic β-cells. Of special interest to immunoproteasome activation in β-cells are the effects of IFNβ, a type I IFN secreted by virus-infected cells and implicated in type I diabetes onset, compared to IFNγ, the classic immunoproteasome inducer secreted by cells of the immune system. By qPCR analysis, we show that mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells and mouse islets accumulate the immune proteolytic β1i, β2i and β5i, and 11S mRNAs upon exposure to IFNβ or IFNγ. Higher concentrations of IFNβ than IFNγ are needed for similar expression, but in each case the expression is transient, with maximal mRNA accumulation in 12 hours, and depends primarily on Interferon Regulatory Factor 1. IFNs do not alter expression of regular proteasome genes, and in the time frame of IFNβ-mediated response, the immune and regular proteolytic subunits co-exist in the 20S particles. In cell extracts with ATP, these particles have normal peptidase activities and degrade polyubiquitinated proteins with rates typical of the regular proteasome, implicating normal regulation by the 19S activator. However, ATP depletion rapidly stimulates the catalytic rates in a manner consistent with levels of the 11S activator. These findings suggest that stochastic combination of regular and immune proteolytic subunits may increase the probability with which unique immunogenic peptides are produced in pancreatic β-cells exposed to IFNβ, but primarily in cells with reduced ATP levels that stimulate the 11S participation in immunoproteasome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Madhav Gautam
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pradipta Chakraborty
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jared James
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Richards
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison S. Salvatori
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jill Schriewer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - R. Mark L Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John A. Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dorota Skowyra
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nagajyothi F, Kuliawat R, Kusminski CM, Machado FS, Desruisseaux MS, Zhao D, Schwartz GJ, Huang H, Albanese C, Lisanti MP, Singh R, Li F, Weiss LM, Factor SM, Pessin JE, Scherer PE, Tanowitz HB. Alterations in glucose homeostasis in a murine model of Chagas disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:886-94. [PMID: 23321322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality primarily resulting from cardiac dysfunction, although T. cruzi infection results in inflammation and cell destruction in many organs. We found that T. cruzi (Brazil strain) infection of mice results in pancreatic inflammation and parasitism within pancreatic β-cells with apparent sparing of α cells and leads to the disruption of pancreatic islet architecture, β-cell dysfunction, and surprisingly, hypoglycemia. Blood glucose and insulin levels were reduced in infected mice during acute infection and insulin levels remained low into the chronic phase. In response to the hypoglycemia, glucagon levels 30 days postinfection were elevated, indicating normal α-cell function. Administration of L-arginine and a β-adrenergic receptor agonist (CL316, 243, respectively) resulted in a diminished insulin response during the acute and chronic phases. Insulin granules were docked, but the lack of insulin secretion suggested an inability of granules to fuse at the plasma membrane of pancreatic β-cells. In the liver, there was a concomitant reduced expression of glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA and glucose production from pyruvate (pyruvate tolerance test), demonstrating defective hepatic gluconeogenesis as a cause for the T. cruzi-induced hypoglycemia, despite reduced insulin, but elevated glucagon levels. The data establishes a complex, multi-tissue relationship between T. cruzi infection, Chagas disease, and host glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Nagajyothi
- Division of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Freudenburg W, Gautam M, Chakraborty P, James J, Richards J, Salvatori AS, Baldwin A, Schriewer J, Buller RML, Corbett JA, Skowyra D. Immunoproteasome Activation During Early Antiviral Response in Mouse Pancreatic β-cells: New Insights into Auto-antigen Generation in Type I Diabetes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 23956946 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. The immunoproteasome, a version of the proteasome that collaborates with the 11S/PA28 activator to generate immunogenic peptides for presentation by MHC class I molecules, has long been implicated in the onset of the disease, but little is known about immunoproteasome function and regulation in pancreatic β-cells. Interesting insight into these issues comes from a recent analysis of the immunoproteasome expressed in pancreatic β-cells during early antiviral defenses mediated by interferon β (IFNβ), a type I IFN implicated in the induction of the diabetic state in human and animal models. Using mouse islets and the MIN6 insulinoma cell line, Freudenburg et al. found that IFNβ stimulates expression of the immunoproteasome and the 11S/PA28 activator in a manner fundamentally similar to the classic immuno-inducer IFNγ, with similar timing of mRNA accumulation and decline; similar transcriptional activation mediated primarily by the IRF1 and similar mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, neither IFNβ nor IFNγ altered the expression of regular proteolytic subunits or prevented their incorporation into proteolytic cores. As a result, immunoproteasomes had stochastic combinations of immune and regular proteolytic sites, an arrangement that would likely increase the probability with which unique immunogenic peptides are produced. However, immunoproteasomes were activated by the 11S/PA28 only under conditions of ATP depletion. A mechanism that prevents the activation of immunoproteasome at high ATP levels has not been reported before and could have a major regulatory significance, as it could suppress the generation of immunogenic peptides as cell accumulate immunoproteasome and 11S/PA28, and activate antigen processing only when ATP levels drop. We discuss implications of these new findings on the link between early antiviral response and the onset of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America ; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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La Torre D. Immunobiology of beta-cell destruction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 771:194-218. [PMID: 23393680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5441-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by severe insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia, due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. A susceptible genetic background is necessary, but not sufficient, for the development of the disease. Epidemiological and clinical observations underscore the importance of environmental factors as triggers of type 1 diabetes, currently under investigation. Islet-specific autoantibodies precede clinical onset by months to years and are established tools for risk prediction, yet minor players in the pathogenesis of the disease. Many efforts have been made to elucidate disease-relevant defects in the key immune effectors of islet destruction, from the early failure of specific tolerance to the vicious circle of destructive insulitis. However, the events triggering islet autoimmunity as well as the transition to overt diabetes are still largely unknown, making prevention and treatment strategies still a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria La Torre
- Lund University, Clinical Research Center (CRC), Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Sweden.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multi-factorial autoimmune disease determined by the interaction of genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. One of the environmental risk factors identified by a series of independent studies is represented by viral infection, with strong evidence showing that viruses can indeed infect pancreatic beta cells with consequent effects ranging from functional damage to cell death. In this chapter we review the data obtained both in man and in experimental animal models in support of the potential participation of viral infections to Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on virus-triggered islet inflammation, beta-cell dysfunction and autoimmunity.
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