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Jartti M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hankaniemi MM. Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:73. [PMID: 39010093 PMCID: PMC11247760 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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2
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Fang C, Fu W, Liu N, Zhao H, Zhao C, Yu K, Liu C, Yin Z, Xu L, Xia N, Wang W, Cheng T. Investigating the virulence of coxsackievirus B6 strains and antiviral treatments in a neonatal murine model. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105781. [PMID: 38097049 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6), a member of the human enterovirus family, is associated with severe diseases such as myocarditis in children. However, to date, only a limited number of CVB6 strains have been identified, and their characterization in animal models has been lacking. To address this gap, in this study, a neonatal murine model of CVB6 infection was established to compare the replication and virulence of three infectious-clone-derived CVB6 strains in vivo. The results showed that following challenge with a lethal dose of CVB6 strains, the neonatal mice rapidly exhibited a series of clinical signs, such as weight loss, limb paralysis, and death. For the two high-virulence CVB6 strains, histological examination revealed myocyte necrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of CVB6 viral protein in these tissues. Real-time PCR assay also revealed higher viral loads in the skeletal and cardiac muscle than in other tissues at different time points post infection. Furthermore, the protective effect of passive immunization with antisera and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against CVB6 infection was evaluated in the neonatal mouse model. This study should provide insights into the pathogenesis of CVB6 and facilitate further research in the development of vaccines and antivirals against CVBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Wenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Nanyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Canyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Kang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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The retroelement Lx9 puts a brake on the immune response to virus infection. Nature 2022; 608:757-765. [PMID: 35948641 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The notion that mobile units of nucleic acid known as transposable elements can operate as genomic controlling elements was put forward over six decades ago1,2. However, it was not until the advancement of genomic sequencing technologies that the abundance and repertoire of transposable elements were revealed, and they are now known to constitute up to two-thirds of mammalian genomes3,4. The presence of DNA regulatory regions including promoters, enhancers and transcription-factor-binding sites within transposable elements5-8 has led to the hypothesis that transposable elements have been co-opted to regulate mammalian gene expression and cell phenotype8-14. Mammalian transposable elements include recent acquisitions and ancient transposable elements that have been maintained in the genome over evolutionary time. The presence of ancient conserved transposable elements correlates positively with the likelihood of a regulatory function, but functional validation remains an essential step to identify transposable element insertions that have a positive effect on fitness. Here we show that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of a transposable element-namely the LINE-1 retrotransposon Lx9c11-in mice results in an exaggerated and lethal immune response to virus infection. Lx9c11 is critical for the neogenesis of a non-coding RNA (Lx9c11-RegoS) that regulates genes of the Schlafen family, reduces the hyperinflammatory phenotype and rescues lethality in virus-infected Lx9c11-/- mice. These findings provide evidence that a transposable element can control the immune system to favour host survival during virus infection.
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Nekoua MP, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Persistent coxsackievirus B infection and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:503-516. [PMID: 35650334 PMCID: PMC9157043 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are believed to trigger or accelerate islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals, thereby resulting in loss of functional insulin-producing β-cells and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Although enteroviruses are primarily involved in acute and lytic infections in vitro and in vivo, they can also establish a persistent infection. Prospective epidemiological studies have strongly associated the persistence of enteroviruses, especially coxsackievirus B (CVB), with the appearance of islet autoantibodies and an increased risk of T1DM. CVB can persist in pancreatic ductal and β-cells, which leads to structural or functional alterations of these cells, and to a chronic inflammatory response that promotes recruitment and activation of pre-existing autoreactive T cells and β-cell autoimmune destruction. CVB persistence in other sites, such as the intestine, blood cells and thymus, has been described; these sites could serve as a reservoir for infection or reinfection of the pancreas, and this persistence could have a role in the disturbance of tolerance to β-cells. This Review addresses the involvement of persistent enterovirus infection in triggering islet autoimmunity and T1DM, as well as current strategies to control enterovirus infections for preventing or reducing the risk of T1DM onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.
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Oikarinen S, Krogvold L, Edwin B, Buanes T, Korsgren O, Laiho JE, Oikarinen M, Ludvigsson J, Skog O, Anagandula M, Frisk G, Hyöty H, Dahl-Jørgensen K. Characterisation of enterovirus RNA detected in the pancreas and other specimens of live patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2491-2501. [PMID: 34390364 PMCID: PMC8494699 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study is the first study to laparoscopically collect pancreatic tissue and purified pancreatic islets together with duodenal mucosa, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and stools from six live adult patients (age 24-35 years) with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The presence of enterovirus (EV) in the pancreatic islets of these patients has previously been reported. METHODS In the present study we used reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and sequencing to characterise EV genomes present in different tissues to understand the nature of infection in these individuals. RESULTS All six patients were found to be EV-positive by RT-qPCR in at least one of the tested sample types. Four patients were EV-positive in purified islet culture medium, three in PBMCs, one in duodenal biopsy and two in stool, while serum was EV-negative in all individuals. Sequencing the 5' untranslated region of these EVs suggested that all but one belonged to enterovirus B species. One patient was EV-positive in all these sample types except for serum. Sequence analysis revealed that the virus strain present in the isolated islets of this patient was different from the strain found in other sample types. None of the islet-resident viruses could be isolated using EV-permissive cell lines. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION EV RNA can be frequently detected in various tissues of patients with type 1 diabetes. At least in some patients, the EV strain in the pancreatic islets may represent a slowly replicating persisting virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Edwin
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Buanes
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahesh Anagandula
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Sanapalli BKR, Yele V, Singh MK, Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy P, Karri VVSR. Preclinical models of diabetic wound healing: A critical review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111946. [PMID: 34339915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of diabetic wounds (DWs) is always challenging for the medical community because of its multifaceted pathophysiology. Due to practical and ethical considerations, direct studies of therapeutic interventions on human subjects are limited. Thus, it is ideal for performing studies on animals having less genetic and biological variability. An ideal DW model should progress toward reproducibility, quantifiable interpretation, therapeutic significance, and effective translation into clinical use. In the last couple of decades, various animal models were developed to examine the complex cellular and biochemical process of skin restoration in DW healing. Also, these models were used to assess the potency of developed active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulations. However, many animal models lack studying mechanisms that can appropriately restate human DW, stay a huge translational challenge. This review discusses the available animal models with their significance in DW experiments and their limitations, focusing on levels of proof of effectiveness in selecting appropriate models to restate the human DW to improve clinical outcomes. Although numerous newer entities and combinatory formulations are very well appreciated preclinically for DW management, they fail in clinical trials, which may be due to improper selection of the appropriate model. The major future challenge could be developing a model that resembles the human DW environment, can potentiate translational research in DW care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Kumar Reddy Sanapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu 643001, India.
| | - Vidyasrilekha Yele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu 643001, India.
| | - Mantosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu 643001, India.
| | - Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu 643001, India.
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7
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Halouani A, Michaux H, Jmii H, Trussart C, Chahbi A, Martens H, Renard C, Aouni M, Hober D, Geenen V, Jaïdane H. Coxsackievirus B4 Transplacental Infection Severely Disturbs Central Tolerogenic Mechanisms in the Fetal Thymus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071537. [PMID: 34361972 PMCID: PMC8303261 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus plays a fundamental role in central tolerance establishment, especially during fetal life, through the generation of self-tolerant T cells. This process consists in T cells education by presenting them tissue-restricted autoantigens promiscuously expressed by thymic epithelial cells (TECs), thus preventing autoimmunity. Thymus infection by Coxsackievirus B (CV-B) during fetal life is supposed to disturb thymic functions and, hence, to be an inducing or accelerating factor in the genesis of autoimmunity. To further investigate this hypothesis, in our current study, we analyzed thymic expression of autoantigens, at the transcriptional and protein level, following in utero infection by CV-B4. mRNA expression levels of Igf2 and Myo7, major autoantigens of pancreas and heart, respectively, were analyzed in whole thymus and in enriched TECs together along with both transcription factors, Aire and Fezf2, involved in autoantigens expression in the thymus. Results show that in utero infection by CV-B4 induces a significant decrease in Igf2 and Myo7 expression at both mRNA and protein level in whole thymus and in enriched TECs as well. Moreover, a correlation between viral load and autoantigens expression can be observed in the whole thymus, indicating a direct effect of in utero infection by CV-B4 on autoantigens expression. Together, these results indicate that an in utero infection of the thymus by CV-B4 may interfere with self-tolerance establishment in TECs by decreasing autoantigen expression at both mRNA and protein level and thereby increase the risk of autoimmunity onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Halouani
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.); (M.A.)
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
- GIGA-I3 Immunoendocrinologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Liège, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (C.T.); (H.M.); (C.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Hélène Michaux
- GIGA-I3 Immunoendocrinologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Liège, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (C.T.); (H.M.); (C.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Habib Jmii
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.); (M.A.)
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Charlotte Trussart
- GIGA-I3 Immunoendocrinologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Liège, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (C.T.); (H.M.); (C.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Ahlem Chahbi
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia;
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA-I3 Immunoendocrinologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Liège, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (C.T.); (H.M.); (C.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Chantal Renard
- GIGA-I3 Immunoendocrinologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Liège, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (C.T.); (H.M.); (C.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.); (M.A.)
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Immunoendocrinologie, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Liège, CHU-B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (C.T.); (H.M.); (C.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Hela Jaïdane
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-98-677-174
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8
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Sane F, Bertin A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Oikarinen S, Alidjinou EK, Veijola R, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Knip M, Engelmann I, Hyöty H, Hober D. Enhancing and neutralizing anti-coxsackievirus activities in serum samples from patients prior to development of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3305. [PMID: 32118346 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in prospective cohorts have suggested that enterovirus infections are associated with the appearance of islet autoantibodies that precede later appearance of type 1 diabetes (T1D). It was shown that in addition to an antibody-mediated anti-coxsackievirus (CV)-B neutralizing activity of serum from patients with T1D, there was also enhancing anti-CV-B activity in vitro. In this study, the patterns of enhancing and neutralizing anti-CV activities were analysed from consecutive serum samples collected from children who were followed from birth until they developed T1D in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study and compared to those in non-diabetic control children. METHODS The titres of serum neutralizing activity were analysed against those CVs which were detected in the stools in these children (CV-B3, CV-B5 or CV-A4) using plaque assay. The enhancing activity of these serum samples was analysed by measuring interferon-alpha (INF-α) production in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) inoculated with a mixture of these viruses and diluted serum. RESULTS A sustained anti-CV enhancing activity was observed in consecutive serum samples in patients with T1D. The pattern of responses differed between children who developed T1D and control children. In patients, the anti-CV enhancing activity was predominant or even exclusive over the neutralizing activity, whereas in controls the enhancing and neutralising activities were more balanced or the neutralizing activity was largely predominant. CONCLUSIONS Evaluating the anti-enterovirus neutralizing and enhancing activity of serum samples can be useful to investigate further the relationship between enteroviruses and the development of T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coxsackievirus Infections/immunology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/virology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/virology
- Enterovirus B, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus B, Human/isolation & purification
- Female
- Finland/epidemiology
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Male
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Famara Sane
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610 F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Antoine Bertin
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610 F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Enagnon K Alidjinou
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610 F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Paediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610 F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Didier Hober
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de virologie ULR3610 F-59000 Lille, France
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9
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Ushioda W, Kotani O, Kawachi K, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Shimizu H, Takahashi K, Nagata N. Neuropathology in Neonatal Mice After Experimental Coxsackievirus B2 Infection Using a Prototype Strain, Ohio-1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:209-225. [PMID: 31845989 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) causes severe morbidity and mortality in neonates and is sometimes associated with severe brain damage resulting from acute severe viral encephalomyelitis. However, the neuropathology of CVB infection remains unclear. A prototype strain of coxsackievirus B2 (Ohio-1) induces brain lesions in neonatal mice, resulting in dome-shaped heads, ventriculomegaly, and loss of the cerebral cortex. Here, we characterized the glial pathology in this mouse model. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an absence of the cerebral cortex within 2 weeks after inoculation. Histopathology showed that virus replication triggered activation of microglia and astrocytes, and induced apoptosis in the cortex, with severe necrosis and lateral ventricular dilation. In contrast, the brainstem and cerebellum remained morphologically intact. Immunohistochemistry revealed high expression of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (a primary receptor for CVB) in mature neurons of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and midbrain, demonstrating CVB2 infection of mature neurons in these areas. However, apoptosis and neuroinflammation from activated microglia and astrocytes differed in thalamic and cortical areas. Viral antigens were retained in the brains of animals in the convalescence phase with seroconversion. This animal model will contribute to a better understanding of the neuropathology of CVB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Ushioda
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kotani
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Kawachi
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Research of Infectious Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimimasa Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- From the Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Yuan K, Jin SH, Fang JL, Jia SS, Lin Y. Extraction, purification, content analysis and hypoglycemic effect of mulberry marc anthocyanin. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_169_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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11
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Impact of coxsackievirus-B4E2 combined with a single low dose of streptozotocin on pancreas of outbred mice: investigation of viral load, pathology and inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10080. [PMID: 31300658 PMCID: PMC6626040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 are thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known, yet. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to investigate the impact of viruses onto organs. Our objective was to study the impact of CV-B4E2 combined with a single sub-diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin (STZ) on the pancreas of mice. The infection with CV-B4E2 of CD1 outbred mice treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of STZ induced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. Along with the chemokine IP-10, viral RNA and infectious particles were detected in the pancreas. The pancreas of these animals was also marked with insulitis and other histological alterations. The model combining STZ and CV-B4E2 opens the door to new perspectives to better understand the interactions between virus and host, and the role of environmental factors capable, like STZ, to predispose the host to the diabetogenic effects of enteroviruses.
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12
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Coxsackievirus-B4 Infection of Human Primary Pancreatic Ductal Cell Cultures Results in Impairment of Differentiation into Insulin-Producing Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070597. [PMID: 31269669 PMCID: PMC6669621 DOI: 10.3390/v11070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus-B4 (CV-B4) E2 can persist in the pancreatic ductal-like cells (Panc-1 cell line), which results in an impaired differentiation of these cells into islet-like cell aggregates (ICA). In this study, primary pancreatic ductal cells obtained as a by-product of islet isolation from the pancreas of seven brain-dead adults were inoculated with CV-B4 E2, followed-up for 29 days, and the impact was investigated. Viral titers in culture supernatants were analyzed throughout the culture. Intracellular viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR. Levels of ductal cell marker CK19 mRNA and of insulin mRNA were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The concentration of c-peptide in supernatants was determined by ELISA. Ductal cells exposed to trypsin and serum-free medium formed ICA and resulted in an increased insulin secretion. Ductal cells from five brain-dead donors were severely damaged by CV-B4 E2, whereas the virus persisted in cultures of cells obtained from the other two. The ICAs whose formation was induced on day 14 post-inoculation were scarce and appeared tiny in infected cultures. Also, insulin mRNA expression and c-peptide levels were strongly reduced compared to the controls. In conclusion, CV-B4 E2 lysed human primary pancreatic ductal cells or persisted in these cells, which resulted in the impairment of differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
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13
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Hyöty H, Leon F, Knip M. Developing a vaccine for type 1 diabetes by targeting coxsackievirus B. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:1071-1083. [PMID: 30449209 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1548281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus infections have long been considered as a possible cause of type 1 diabetes (T1D). One virus group, enteroviruses (EVs), has been studied extensively, and clinical development of a vaccine against T1D-associated EV types has started. AREAS COVERED Epidemiological studies have indicated an association between EVs and T1D. These viruses have a strong tropism for insulin-producing β-cells; the destruction of these cells leads to T1D. The exact mechanisms by which EVs could cause T1D are not known, but direct infection of β-cells and virus-induced inflammation may play a role. Recent studies have narrowed down the epidemiological association to a subset of EVs: group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs). These findings have prompted efforts to develop vaccines against CVBs. Prototype CVB vaccines have prevented both infection and CVB-induced diabetes in mice. This review summarizes recent progress in the field and the specifics of what could constitute the first human vaccine developed for a chronic autoimmune disease. EXPERT COMMENTARY Manufacturing of a clinical CVB vaccine as well as preclinical studies are currently in progress in order to enable clinical testing of the first CVB vaccine. Ongoing scientific research projects can significantly facilitate this effort by providing insights into the mechanisms of the CVB-T1D association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Hyöty
- a Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Virology , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,b Fimlab Laboratories , Pirkanmaa Hospital District , Tampere , Finland
| | | | - Mikael Knip
- d Children's Hospital , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,e Diabetes and Obesity Research Program , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,f Folkhälsan Research Center , Helsinki , Finland.,g Center for Child Health Research , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
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14
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Benkahla M, Elmastour F, Sane F, Vreulx AC, Engelmann I, Desailloud R, Jaidane H, Alidjinou E, Hober D. Coxsackievirus-B4E2 can infect monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2018; 522:271-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Abstract
During the last years, it has become evident that miRNAs are important players in almost all physiological and pathological processes, including viral infections. Enterovirus infections range from mild to severe acute infections concerning several organ systems and are also associated with chronic diseases. In this review, we summarize the findings on the impact of acute and persistent enterovirus infection on the expression of cellular miRNAs. Furthermore, the currently available data on the regulation of cellular or viral targets by the dysregulated miRNAs are reviewed. Finally, a translational perspective, namely the use of miRNAs as biomarkers of enterovirus infection and as antiviral strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Engelmann
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Antoine Bertin
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Famara Sane
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
| | - Didier Hober
- a Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, University of Lille , Lille , France
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16
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Hankaniemi MM, Larsson PG, Domsgen E, Stone VM, Määttä JAE, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. New Coxsackievirus 2A pro and 3C pro protease antibodies for virus detection and discovery of pathogenic mechanisms. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:29-37. [PMID: 29425680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), such as the Coxsackie B-viruses (CVBs), are common human pathogens, which can cause severe diseases including meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. EVs encode two proteases (2Apro and 3Cpro), which perform the proteolytic cleavage of the CVB polyprotein and also cleave host cell proteins to facilitate viral replication. The 2Apro cause direct damage to the infected heart and tools to investigate 2Apro and 3Cpro expression may contribute new knowledge on virus-induced pathologies. Here, we developed new antibodies to CVB-encoded 2Apro and 3Cpro; Two monoclonal 2Apro antibodies and one 3Cpro antibody were produced. Using cells infected with selected viruses belonging to the EV A, B and C species and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that the 3Cpro antibody detects all of the EV species B (EV-B) viruses tested and that the 2Apro antibody detects all EV-B viruses apart from Echovirus 9. We furthermore show that the new antibodies work in Western blotting, immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to detect CVBs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the expression kinetics of 2Apro and 3Cpro, and revealed a preferential cytosolic localization of the proteases in CVB3 infected cells. In summary, the new antibodies detect proteases that belong to EV species B in cells and tissue using multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Erna Domsgen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.
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17
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Badia-Boungou F, Sane F, Alidjinou EK, Ternois M, Opoko PA, Haddad J, Stukens C, Lefevre C, Gueorguieva I, Hamze M, Ismail M, Weill J, Monabéka HG, Bouenizabila E, Moukassa D, Abena AA, Hober D. Marker of coxsackievirus-B4 infection in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28719027 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) are enteroviruses that have been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Enteroviral RNA was detected in the gut mucosa of patients. The mucosal immunity is an interconnected network; therefore, the response to enteroviruses possibly present in the gastrointestinal mucosa can be reflected by specific antibodies in the saliva. In the present study, the anti-CV-B neutralizing activity of saliva samples from patients with type 1 diabetes was investigated. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from patients and controls of 3 countries, and plasma was obtained from some of them. The anti-CV-B activity of clinical samples was determined by neutralization of the cytopathic effect induced by challenging viruses in vitro and expressed as titre value. RESULTS Overall prevalence and levels of anti-CV-B4 activity of saliva were higher in patients (n = 181) than in controls (n = 135; P = .0002; titre values ≥ 16: odds ratio = 4.22 95% CI: 1.90-9.38 P = .0002). It has been shown that IgA1 played a role in this activity. There was no correlation between the saliva and the plasma anti-CV-B4 neutralizing activity. The neutralizing activity of saliva against CV-B1, CV-B2, CV-B3, and CV-B5 existed rarely, if at all. Increased levels of anti-CV-B4 activity were observed all along a 4 year follow-up period in patients but not in matched controls (P = .01). CONCLUSION There is an anti-CV-B4 activity in saliva of patients with type 1 diabetes that may be a useful marker to study the role of CV-B in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Badia-Boungou
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
- Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - F Sane
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
| | - E K Alidjinou
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
| | - M Ternois
- Univ. Lille, Faculté d'odontologie et de chirurgie dentaire, Lille, France
| | - P A Opoko
- Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - J Haddad
- Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health, Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - C Stukens
- CHU Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lille, France
| | - C Lefevre
- CHU Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lille, France
| | | | - M Hamze
- Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health, Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - M Ismail
- Lebanese University Faculty of Public Health, Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - J Weill
- CHU Hôpital Jeanne de Flandres, Lille, France
| | - H G Monabéka
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Faculté des sciences et de la santé, Brazzaville, République du Congo
- CHU de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - D Moukassa
- Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Faculté des sciences et de la santé, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - A A Abena
- Université Marien Ngouabi, Faculté des sciences et de la santé, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - D Hober
- Univ. Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610, Lille, France
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18
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Nasir IA, Emeribe AU, Shuwa HA, Zakari MM, Peters NO. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and enterovirus linkage: search for associated etiopathology. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_25_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Aguech-Oueslati L, Jaidane H, Sane F, Jrad-Battikh N, Hamed SB, Hober D, Gharbi J. Evaluation of Contamination Risks with Coxsackievirus B4 E2 in Swiss Albino Mice Stools. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:32-39. [PMID: 28856411 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie B4 (CV-B4), is a major cause of viral myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and pancreatitis. Like other human enteroviruses, CV-B4 is ubiquitous, excreted in the stool, transmitted by fecal-oral route, and persists in the environment. In the context of studies on CV-B4 infection, it is important to investigate how this virus can be eliminated and to show the possibility of contamination risk with a CV-B4 E2 infected Swiss albino mice. Swiss albino female mice were inoculated with CV-B4 E2 strain and divided in two groups: the first was intraperitoneally (I.P.) infected; the second was orally infected. In order to study the CV-B4 E2 infection in mice, total RNA was extracted from thymus, spleen, pancreas, and intestine, and viral genome was detected using semi-nested (RT-PCR). To further demonstrate infection or immunization of mice, Sera obtained from infected mice were assayed in vitro for their neutralizing antibody. To detect virus in stool of infected mice, stool samples were collected at different post-infection (p.i.) times. Neutralizing antibodies were detectable all along the follow-up period (Day 0, 1, 3, 7, 9, 17, 22, 30, 45, 60 p.i.) in I.P and oral infected mice. Our results showed that when mice were inoculated successively at day 0 and day 8, neutralizing activity was increased in I.P route more than in the oral route. Viral isolation in HEp-2 cells showed negative results. Stool viral analyses reveal a low detection of the CV-B4 E2 genome for all infected mice. In conclusion, our experiments demonstrated that there are no risks linked with the stool of CV-B4 E2 of Swiss albino mice. It would be interesting to characterize the inhibitors of the virus infectivity in these biological samples (stool) and investigate their targets and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leïla Aguech-Oueslati
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales»", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- et CHU de Lille Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Lille, EA3610, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Hela Jaidane
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales»", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- et CHU de Lille Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Lille, EA3610, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- et CHU de Lille Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Lille, EA3610, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Nedia Jrad-Battikh
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales»", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sabrine Ben Hamed
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales»", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Didier Hober
- et CHU de Lille Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Lille, EA3610, 59037, Lille, France
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales»", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
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20
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Elmastour F, Jaïdane H, Benkahla M, Aguech-Oueslati L, Sane F, Halouani A, Engelmann I, Bertin A, Mokni M, Gharbi J, Aouni M, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Anti-coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) enhancing activity of serum associated with increased viral load and pathology in mice reinfected with CV-B4. Virulence 2017; 8:908-923. [PMID: 27792461 PMCID: PMC5626334 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1252018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies it was shown that inoculation of Swiss albino mice with CV-B4 E2 resulted in the production of serum IgG capable of enhancing the CV-B4 E2 infection of murine spleen cells cultures. To investigate whether such an enhancing activity of serum can play a role in vivo, we decided to study the CV-B4 E2 infection in mice exposed to successive inoculations of virus. In Swiss albino mice infected with CV-B4 E2 at the age of 21 days, anti-CV-B4 E2 neutralizing and enhancing activities of their serum peaked after 55 d. In contrast, mice inoculated at the age of 55 d expressed much lower activities. Despite the neutralizing activity of serum, CV-B4 E2 inoculated a second time to 55 day-old animals spread into the host. At the age of 72 and 89 d the levels of viral RNA and infectious particles were higher in organs of animals exposed to 2 successive infections compared with animals infected once at the age of 21 d or 55 d. In animals with 2 successive inoculations of CV-B4 E2 there was a relationship between the anti-CV-B4 E2 enhancing activity of serum and the level of viral RNA in organs and an enhancement of pathology was observed as displayed by histological analysis of pancreas and hyperglycaemia. Altogether our data strongly suggest that an anti-CV-B4 E2 enhancing activity in the host can play a role in the outcome of a secondary infection with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Elmastour
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Jaïdane
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Leila Aguech-Oueslati
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Famara Sane
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Aymen Halouani
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Antoine Bertin
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Université de Sousse, CHU Farhat Hached, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Enagnon K. Alidjinou
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
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Rehni AK, Liu A, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Diabetic aggravation of stroke and animal models. Exp Neurol 2017; 292:63-79. [PMID: 28274862 PMCID: PMC5400679 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia in diabetics results in severe brain damage. Different animal models of cerebral ischemia have been used to study the aggravation of ischemic brain damage in the diabetic condition. Since different disease conditions such as diabetes differently affect outcome following cerebral ischemia, the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) guidelines recommends use of diseased animals for evaluating neuroprotective therapies targeted to reduce cerebral ischemic damage. The goal of this review is to discuss the technicalities and pros/cons of various animal models of cerebral ischemia currently being employed to study diabetes-related ischemic brain damage. The rational use of such animal systems in studying the disease condition may better help evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for diabetes related exacerbation of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Allen Liu
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Elmastour F, Jaidane H, Aguech-Oueslati L, Benkahla MA, Aouni M, Gharbi J, Sane F, Hober D. Immunoglobulin G-dependent enhancement of the infection with Coxsackievirus B4 in a murine system. Virulence 2016; 7:527-35. [PMID: 27030584 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1152442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It was demonstrated that specific IgG can enhance the infection with CV-B4, in vitro, in the human system. This enhancement could be involved in the pathophysiology of CV-B4 induced diseases. To investigate further the role of enhancing IgG in the infection with CV-B4 E2 in vivo, animal models are needed. Therefore, it was decided to assess whether inoculation of CV-B4 E2 to mice results in the appearance of IgG able to enhance the infection with this virus. Swiss albino mice were inoculated with CV-B4 E2 intraperitoneally. Serum samples were obtained from tail vein blood collected from day 0 to day 80 p.i. IgG were isolated by Protein G affinity chromatography. Seroneutralisation assays were carried out. In total murine spleen cells cultures inoculated with CV-B4 E2 mixed with various dilutions of serum or IgG samples, the enhancing activity was assayed through i) the antiviral activity titer of supernatants ii) the detection of intracellular viral RNA by RT-PCR iii) the level of infectious particles in supernatants. In most serum samples (76/105), neutralizing and enhancing activities were detected peaking between days 14 and 30 p.i and were higher in sera from mice inoculated with 2.10(6) TCID50 units than with lower doses. The enhancing activity was due to the IgG-enriched fraction of serum from CV-B4 E2 infected animals but not from control animals. These data show that IgG from immune mice can enhance the infection of splenocytes with CV-B4 E2 in vitro and open the way to explore whether such an enhancing activity can play a role in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Elmastour
- a Université de Lille; Faculté de Médecine, CHRU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 , Lille , France.,b Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.,c Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Hela Jaidane
- b Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.,c Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Leila Aguech-Oueslati
- a Université de Lille; Faculté de Médecine, CHRU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 , Lille , France.,b Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Ayech Benkahla
- a Université de Lille; Faculté de Médecine, CHRU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- b Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- b Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Famara Sane
- a Université de Lille; Faculté de Médecine, CHRU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - Didier Hober
- a Université de Lille; Faculté de Médecine, CHRU de Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 , Lille , France
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Rao CD, Reddy H, Naidu JR, Raghavendra A, Radhika NS, Karande A. An enzyme-linked immuno focus assay for rapid detection and enumeration, and a newborn mouse model for human non-polio enteroviruses associated with acute diarrhea. J Virol Methods 2015; 224:47-52. [PMID: 26300372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported significant association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with acute and persistent diarrhea (18-21% of total diarrheal cases), and non-diarrheal Increased Frequency of Bowel Movements (IFoBM-ND) (about 29% of the NPEV infections) in children and that the NPEV-associated diarrhea was as significant as rotavirus diarrhea. However, their diarrhea-causing potential is yet to be demonstrated in an animal model system. Since the determination of virus titers by the traditional plaque assay takes 4-7 days, there is a need for development of a rapid method for virus titer determination to facilitate active clinical research on enterovirus-associated diarrhea. The goal of this study is to develop a cell-based rapid detection and enumeration method and to demonstrate the diarrhea-inducing potential of purified and characterized non-polio enteroviruses, which were isolated from diarrheic children. Here we describe generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against purified strains belonging to different serotypes, and development of an enzyme-linked immuno focus assay (ELIFA) for detection and enumeration of live NPEV particles in clinical and purified virus samples, and a newborn mouse model for NPEV diarrhea. Plaque-purified NPVEs, belonging to different serotypes, isolated from children with diarrhea, were grown in cell culture and purified by isopycnic CsCl density gradient centrifugation. By ELIFA, NPEVs could be detected and enumerated within 12h post-infection. Our results demonstrated that Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) and CVB5 strains, isolated from diarrheic children, induced severe diarrhea in orally-inoculated 9-12 day-old mouse pups, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The methods described here would facilitate studies on NPEV-associated gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Durga Rao
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.
| | - Harikrishna Reddy
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Jagadish R Naidu
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India; Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - A Raghavendra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C. V. Raman Ave, New Biological Sciences Building, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - N S Radhika
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjali Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Dhuria RS, Singh G, Kaur A, Kaur R, Kaur T. Current status and patent prospective of animal models in diabetic research. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:117. [PMID: 26261819 PMCID: PMC4513317 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous complex metabolic disorder with multiple etiology which characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The widespread occurrence of diabetes throughout the world has increased dramatically over the past few years. For better understanding, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the changes in humans needed, as vital tool for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease at the cellular/molecular level and for preclinical testing of drugs. This review aims to describe the animal models of type-1 diabetes (T1Ds) and T2Ds to mimic the causes and progression of the disease in humans. And also we highlight patent applications published in the last few years related to animal models in diabetes as an important milestone for future therapies that are aim to treating diabetes with specific symptoms and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhey S. Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anudeep Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tanurajvir Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Precechtelova J, Borsanyiova M, Stipalova D, Sarmirova S, Gomolcak P, Berakova K, Bopegamage S. Pathophysiology of the pancreas after oral infection of genetically diverse mice with coxsackievirus B4-E2. Arch Virol 2014; 160:103-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hyöty H, Knip M. Developing a vaccine for Type 1 diabetes through targeting enteroviral infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:989-99. [PMID: 24965051 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.933078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease caused by the destruction of insulin producing β-cells in the pancreas. Studies carried out during the past decades have implied that enteroviruses could be an important causative agent. These findings have generated efforts aiming at developing vaccines against these viruses and testing their efficacy against T1D in clinical trials. Extensive work has been carried out to define the serotype of enteroviruses which are linked to T1D and which should be included in the vaccine, and experimental vaccines have been shown to be effective and safe in mouse models. Large-scale studies are currently in progress to increase the confidence in the scientific concept of the enterovirus-diabetes association, paralleling the efforts aimed at starting the clinical development of the vaccine. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and the scenarios regarding this development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Hyöty
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Kondrashova A, Hyöty H. Role of viruses and other microbes in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:284-95. [PMID: 24611784 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.889130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by an immune-mediated destruction of insulin producing beta-cells in the pancreas. The risk of the disease is determined by interactions between more than 40 different susceptibility genes and yet unidentified environmental factors. The rapidly increasing incidence indicates that these environmental agents have a significant role in the pathogenesis. Microbes have associated with both increased and decreased risk reflecting their possible role as risk or protective factors. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain these effects: the hygiene hypothesis suggests that microbial exposures in early childhood stimulate immunoregulatory mechanisms which control autoimmune reactions (analogy with allergy), while the triggering hypothesis suggests that specific microbes damage insulin producing cells. Certain viruses, particularly enteroviruses, are currently the main candidates for such risk microbes. Enteroviruses cause diabetes in animals and have associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes in epidemiological studies. They have also been detected in the pancreas of diabetic patients. Possible protective effect of microbes has been studied in animal models and in epidemiological studies, where certain enteral microbes (e.g. hepatitis A virus and Helicobacter pylori) and patterns of gut microbiome have associated with low risk of type 1 diabetes. In conclusion, these microbial effects offer attractive possibilities for the development of preventive interventions for type 1 diabetes based on the elimination of triggering agents (e.g. enterovirus vaccines) or use of protective microbes as probiotics.
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Sane F, Caloone D, Gmyr V, Engelmann I, Belaich S, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Desailloud R, Hober D. Coxsackievirus B4 can infect human pancreas ductal cells and persist in ductal-like cell cultures which results in inhibition of Pdx1 expression and disturbed formation of islet-like cell aggregates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4169-80. [PMID: 23775130 PMCID: PMC11113870 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of enteroviruses, especially Coxsackievirus B (CVB), in type 1 diabetes is suspected, but the mechanisms of the virus-induced or aggravated pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. The hypothesis of an enterovirus-induced disturbance of pancreatic β-cells regeneration has been investigated in the human system. The infection of human pancreas ductal cells and pancreatic duct cell line, PANC-1, with CVB4E2 has been studied. Primary ductal cells and PANC-1 cells were infectable with CVB4E2 and a RT-PCR assay without extraction displayed that a larger proportion of cells harbored viral RNA than predicted by the detection of the viral capsid protein VP1 by indirect immunofluorescence. The detection of intracellular positive- and negative-strands of enterovirus genomes in cellular extracts by RT-PCR and the presence of infectious particles in supernatant fluids during the 37 weeks of monitoring demonstrated that CVB4E2 could persist in the pancreatic duct cell line. A persistent infection of these cells resulted in an impaired expression of Pdx1, a transcription factor required for the formation of endocrine pancreas, and a disturbed formation of islet-like cell aggregates of which the viability was decreased. These data support the hypothesis of an impact of enteroviruses onto pancreatic ductal cells which are involved in the renewal of pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie/ EA3610, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France
| | - Delphine Caloone
- Laboratoire de Virologie/ EA3610, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France
| | - Valéry Gmyr
- Laboratoire Biothérapie du diabète, INSERM U859 CHRU de Lille, 59045, Lille, France
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Laboratoire de Virologie/ EA3610, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Belaich
- Laboratoire Biothérapie du diabète, INSERM U859 CHRU de Lille, 59045, Lille, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Laboratoire Biothérapie du diabète, INSERM U859 CHRU de Lille, 59045, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- Laboratoire Biothérapie du diabète, INSERM U859 CHRU de Lille, 59045, Lille, France
| | - Rachel Desailloud
- Service d’Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, UPJV CHU, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie/ EA3610, Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, CHRU, 59120 Loos-lez-Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Institut Hippocrate, CHRU Lille, 152 rue du Dr Yersin, 59120 Loos-Lez-Lille, France
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In type 1 diabetes a subset of anti-coxsackievirus B4 antibodies recognize autoantigens and induce apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57729. [PMID: 23469060 PMCID: PMC3585221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The role played by autoantibodies directed against beta cells antigens in the pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear. Coxsackievirus B infection has been linked to the onset of type 1 diabetes; however its precise role has not been elucidated yet. To clarify these issues, we screened a random peptide library with sera obtained from 58 patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes, before insulin therapy. We identified an immunodominant peptide recognized by the majority of individual patients’sera, that shares homology with Coxsackievirus B4 VP1 protein and with beta-cell specific autoantigens such as phogrin, phosphofructokinase and voltage-gated L-type calcium channels known to regulate beta cell apoptosis. Antibodies against the peptide affinity-purified from patients’ sera, recognized the viral protein and autoantigens; moreover, such antibodies induced apoptosis of the beta cells upon binding the L-type calcium channels expressed on the beta cell surface, suggesting a calcium dependent mechanism. Our results provide evidence that in autoimmune diabetes a subset of anti-Coxsackievirus antibodies are able to induce apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells which is considered the most critical and final step in the development of autoimmune diabetes without which clinical manifestations do not occur.
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Ting C, Bansal V, Batal I, Mounayar M, Chabtini L, El Akiki G, Azzi J. Impairment of immune systems in diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 771:62-75. [PMID: 23393672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5441-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that involves the progressive destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of langerhans. It is a complex process that results from the loss of tolerance to insulin and other beta-cell-specific antigens. Various genetic and environmental factors have been studied so far, but precise causation has yet to be established. Numerous studies in rodents and human subjects have been performed in order to elucidate the role of B and T cells, which determine the risk of development and progression of diabetes. These studies have demonstrated that while T1DM is fundamentally a T-cell-mediated autoimmune response, the development of this disease results from complex interactions between the adaptive and innate immune systems, with numerous cell types thought to contribute to pathogenesis. Like any complex disease, the variation in severity and incidence of T1DM can be attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ting
- Transplantation Research Center Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multi-factorial autoimmune disease determined by the interaction of genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. One of the environmental risk factors identified by a series of independent studies is represented by viral infection, with strong evidence showing that viruses can indeed infect pancreatic beta cells with consequent effects ranging from functional damage to cell death. In this chapter we review the data obtained both in man and in experimental animal models in support of the potential participation of viral infections to Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on virus-triggered islet inflammation, beta-cell dysfunction and autoimmunity.
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Nurminen N, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H. Virus infections as potential targets of preventive treatments for type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:260-71. [PMID: 23804265 PMCID: PMC3740695 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and are attractive targets for preventive interventions. Several studies have shown that viruses can cause diabetes in animals, indicating their potential as candidates for environmental triggering agents. However, human studies have been hampered by the complex nature of the disease pathogenesis, leaving the question of viral etiology unanswered. Significant progress has recently been made in this field by searching for viruses within pancreatic tissue samples, and by carrying out prospective studies. Consequently, there is increasing evidence for a group of enteroviruses acting as possible environmental key triggers. In past studies, these viruses have been linked to type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have shown that they exert tropism to pancreatic islets, and that they are associated with the start of the beta-cell damaging process. Also, polymorphisms of the gene coding for the innate immune system sensor for enteroviruses (IFIH1) were found to modulate the risk of diabetes. Based on these findings, interest in the possible development of vaccines against these viruses has increased. However, even if enterovirus vaccines (polio vaccines) are effective and safe, we currently lack necessary information for the development of a vaccine against diabetogenic enteroviruses, e.g. regarding the identification of their specific serotypes and the causal relationship between these viruses and diabetes initiation. Ongoing research projects are currently addressing these questions, and will hopefully increase the consensus in this field. Also, new sequencing technologies will provide additional information about the whole virome, which could enable the discovery of new candidate viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Abstract
Diabetes is a disease characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin, leading to hyperglycaemia. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is due to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance coupled by a failure of the beta cell to compensate. Animal models for type 1 diabetes range from animals with spontaneously developing autoimmune diabetes to chemical ablation of the pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes is modelled in both obese and non-obese animal models with varying degrees of insulin resistance and beta cell failure. This review outlines some of the models currently used in diabetes research. In addition, the use of transgenic and knock-out mouse models is discussed. Ideally, more than one animal model should be used to represent the diversity seen in human diabetic patients.
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Hober D, Sane F, Jaïdane H, Riedweg K, Goffard A, Desailloud R. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: role of antibodies enhancing the infection with Coxsackievirus-B in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:47-51. [PMID: 22385236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Coxsackieviruses B (CV-B) are major environmental candidates, as suggested by epidemiological and experimental studies. The mechanisms leading to the disease involve interactions between the virus, host target tissue (pancreas) and the immune system. The infection of target cells with viruses can be prevented by antibodies. Conversely, the infection can be enhanced by antibodies. The antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection has been described with various viruses, especially Picornaviruses. In mice infected with CV-B3 this phenomenon resulted in an extended inflammatory reaction and myocarditis. In the human system non-neutralizing antibodies can increase the infection of monocytes with CV-B4 and stimulate the production of interferon (IFN)-α by these cells in vitro. CV-B4/immunoglobulin (Ig)G immune complexes interacted with a specific viral receptor [Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)] and with IgG Fc fraction receptors (FcγRII and FcγRIII) at the surface of monocytes. The virus-antibody complexes are internalized (CAR) and receptors for the Fc of IgG (FcγRII and FcγRIII). Such antibodies have been detected in patients with type 1 diabetes and they could be responsible for the presence of enteroviral RNA and IFN-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of these individuals. The target of enhancing antibodies has been identified as the VP4 protein, which allowed the detection of these antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It cannot be excluded that antibodies enhancing the infection with CV-B may play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, induced or aggravated by these viruses. They can cause a viral escape from the immune response and may participate in the spreading of viruses to β cells. Whether enhancing antibodies raised against VP4 can play a role in iterative homologous and/or heterologous CV-B infections and in the persistence of viruses within the host deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hober
- Université Lille 2, CHRU Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Institut Hippocrate CHRU, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, Loos-lez-Lille, France.
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Grieco FA, Sebastiani G, Spagnuolo I, Patti A, Dotta F. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: how viral infections modulate beta cell function. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:24-9. [PMID: 22385233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multi-factorial immune-mediated disease characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet beta cells in genetically susceptible individuals. Epidemiological evidence has also documented the constant rise in the incidence of T1DM worldwide, with viral infections representing one of the candidate environmental risk factors identified by several independent studies. In fact, epidemiological data showed that T1DM incidence increases after epidemics due to enteroviruses and that enteroviral RNA can be detected in the blood of >50% of T1DM patients at the time of disease onset. Furthermore, both in-vitro and ex-vivo studies have shown that viruses can infect pancreatic beta cells with consequent effects ranging from functional damage to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 18, Siena, Italy
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Chueh WH, Lin JY. Protective effect of berberine on serum glucose levels in non-obese diabetic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:534-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chueh WH, Lin JY. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits streptozotocin-induced apoptosis in mouse pancreatic islets through down-regulating Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression ratio. Food Chem 2011; 132:252-60. [PMID: 26434288 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes may cause apoptosis in pancreatic islets. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid used for its pharmacological functions including anti-inflammation. However, the berberine effect on pancreatic islets is still not clear. This study is aimed at clarifying the protective mechanism in berberine against islet cell apoptosis. This study established in vitro experimental models using streptozotocin (STZ)-treated primary pancreatic islet cells from ICR mice to unravel the protective mechanism of berberine on islets. The Bax/Bcl-2 (pro-/anti-apoptotic) genes expression in the islets was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The results showed that berberine administration at one time or before STZ-stimulation significantly (P<0.05) down-regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 genes expression ratio, compared to those in STZ-treatment alone group. Our results suggest that berberine's anti-apoptotic effect on pancreatic primary islets is through down-regulating the Bax/Bcl-2 genes expression ratio in both concurrent and preventive manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Chueh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jin-Yuarn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Sané F, Moumna I, Hober D. Group B coxsackieviruses and autoimmunity: focus on Type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:357-66. [PMID: 21595602 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) and/or their components have been found in the blood and pancreas of patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). CVB infections lead to the activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, which can result in the induction or aggravation of autoimmune processes. Persistent and/or repeated infections of pancreas islet β cells with CVB and the resulting production of IFN-α and inflammatory mediators, combined with a predisposed genetic background, may induce bystander activation of autoimmune effector T cells and an autoreactive response to islet self-antigens through molecular mimicry. Moreover, the antibody-dependent enhancement of CVB infection of monocytes, as well as infection of the thymus can intervene in the pathogenesis of T1D. In contrast with the deleterious effect of CVB, it has been shown that these viruses can protect against the development of T1D under certain experimental conditions. The role of CVB in autoimmunity is complex, and therefore a better understanding of the inducer versus protective effects of these viruses in T1D will help to design new strategies to treat and prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famara Sané
- Laboratory of Virology EA3610, University Lille 2, Faculty of Medecine, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
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Chueh WH, Lin JY. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid in herbal plants, protects pancreatic islets and serum lipids in nonobese diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8021-8027. [PMID: 21696141 DOI: 10.1021/jf201627w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) damages pancreatic islets, gradually causing chronic complications. This study investigated the berberine effect on T1D in vivo. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were grouped and administered 50, 150, and 500 mg of berberine/kg of body weight over 14 weeks using consecutive tube feeding. Changes in pancreatic islets, serum insulin, berberine, and lipid levels were determined. The results showed that berberine supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of decreased islets and raised serum berberine levels in dose-dependent manners in experimental mice. Berberine supplementation also increased insulin levels, but decreased the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/total cholesterol (TC). Furthermore, serum berberine levels showed a significantly positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the HDL-C/TC ratio, but a negative correlation with the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. This study suggests that berberine administration in vivo protects pancreatic islets and serum lipids in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Chueh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liao CH, Lin JY. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) plumule polysaccharide protects the spleen and liver from spontaneous inflammation in non-obese diabetic mice by modulating pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Food Chem 2011; 129:245-252. [PMID: 30634222 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel lotus plumule polysaccharide (LPPS) was administered to non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice for 15weeks to evaluate the protective effects of LPPS on type 1 diabetes. After the 15-week feeding experiment, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 expressions in the spleen, liver and kidney of the experimental mice were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The results showed that LPPS significantly (p<0.05) decreased the absolute weights of the enlarged spleens in the NOD mice in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine production and decreased the secretion ratio of IL-6/IL-10 in splenocyte cultures. LPPS markedly decreased the relative expression of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-α/IL-10 and IL-6/IL-10) in the livers of NOD mice. Our results suggest that LPPS protected the spleen and liver from spontaneous inflammation in NOD mice by modulating pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Huei Liao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jin-Yuarn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Jaïdane H, Sauter P, Sane F, Goffard A, Gharbi J, Hober D. Enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes: towards a better understanding of the relationship. Rev Med Virol 2010; 20:265-80. [PMID: 20629044 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors, especially viruses, are involved in the initiation or the acceleration of type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. Epidemiological data strongly suggest that enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4), can be associated with T1D. It has been demonstrated that enterovirus infections were significantly more prevalent in at risk individuals, such as siblings of diabetic patients, when they developed anti-beta-cell autoantibodies or T1D, and in recently diagnosed diabetic patients, compared with control subjects. The isolation of CV-B4 from the pancreas of diabetic patients strengthened the hypothesis of a relationship between the virus and the disease. Studies performed in vitro and in vivo in animal models helped to discover mechanisms of the infection of pancreas and other tissues, potentially able to play a role in the pathogenesis of T1D. Interestingly, it cannot be excluded that enteroviruses behave as half-devil half-angel since experimental studies suggest that, in certain conditions, these agents would be able to protect individuals against the disease. All of the plausible mechanisms by which enterovirus may be related to T1D will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Jaïdane
- Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 Pathogenèse Virale du Diabète de Type 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille Nord de France, CHRU Lille, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie et Parc Eurasanté, Lille Cedex, France
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Abstract
Enteroviruses are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this Review, the interplay between infection with enteroviruses, the immune system and host genes is discussed. Data from retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies strongly suggest the involvement of enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus B, in the development of T1DM. Enteroviral RNA and/or proteins can be detected in tissues of patients with T1DM. Isolation of coxsackievirus B4 from the pancreas of patients with T1DM or the presence of enteroviral components in their islets strengthens the hypothesis of a relationship between the virus and the disease. Enteroviruses can play a part in the early phase of T1DM through the infection of beta cells and the activation of innate immunity and inflammation. In contrast with its antiviral role, virus-induced interferon alpha can be deleterious, acting as an initiator of the autoimmunity directed against beta cells. Enteroviruses, through persistent and/or successive infections, can interact with the adaptive immune system. Host genes, such as IFIH1, that influence susceptibility to T1DM are associated with antiviral activities. An increased activity of the IFIH1 protein may promote the development of T1DM. An improved knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of enterovirus infections should help to uncover preventive strategies for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610 "Pathogenèse Virale du Diabète de Type 1", Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie et Institut Hippocrate Parc Eurasanté, Boulevard du Prof J Leclercq, 59037 Lille Cedex, France
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:i-xi. [PMID: 20474064 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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