Folate action in nervous system development and disease

Genome-wide association study of maternal plasma metabolites during pregnancy

Metabolites are key indicators of health and therapeutic targets, but their genetic underpinnings during pregnancy-a critical period for human reproduction-are largely unexplored. Using genetic data from non-invasive prenatal testing, we performed a genome-wide association study on 84 metabolites, including 37 amino acids, 24 elements, 13 hormones, and 10 vitamins, involving 34,394 pregnant Chinese women, with sample sizes ranging from 6,394 to 13,392 for specific metabolites. We identified 53 metabolite-gene associations, 23 of which are novel. Significant differences in genetic effects between pregnant and non-pregnant women were observed for 16.7%-100% of these associations, indicating gene-environment interactions. Additionally, 50.94% of genetic associations exhibited pleiotropy among metabolites and between six metabolites and eight pregnancy phenotypes. Mendelian randomization revealed potential causal relationships between seven maternal metabolites and 15 human traits and diseases. These findings provide new insights into the genetic basis of maternal plasma metabolites during pregnancy.

Influence of different forms of folic acid supplementation on pregnancy outcomes under various exposure factors

BACKGROUND

Folic acid supplementation has been shown to provide benefits in preventing neural tube defects and other birth defects, as well as reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the impact of various folic acid supplementation methods on pregnancy.

METHODS

TaqMan-MGB technology was used to detect polymorphisms in the folate metabolism-related genes, MTHFR C677T and A1298C. Blood-related biochemical indicators, including HCY levels and history of adverse pregnancy, were examined in relation to different exposure factors (MTHFR gene polymorphism, HCY levels, and adverse pregnancy history) and their impact on pregnancy outcomes. Various forms of folic acid intervention were implemented in a population with an adverse pregnancy history and high HCY levels to analyze the effects of reducing HCY levels and improving pregnancy outcomes.

RESULTS

Exposure factors, such as adverse pregnancy history, HCY, and medium-to-high risk of gene metabolism, were closely associated with pregnancy outcomes. Interestingly, methylfolate efficiently reduced the serum HCY levels. More importantly, the methylfolate group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of adverse pregnancies than the synthetic folic acid group.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the risk factors, including adverse pregnancy history, HCY, and medium-to-high risk of gene metabolism, were confirmed to lead to the poorer pregnancy outcomes in our cohort. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate may be an effective approach for decreasing the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

EGCG induces degradation of active folate in serum via H2O2 generation, while L-ascorbic acid effectively reverses this effect

Empirical studies have indicated that excessive tea consumption may potentially decrease folate levels within the human body. The main active component in green tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), significantly reduces the concentration of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in both solution and serum. However, our findings also demonstrate that the pro-degradation effect of EGCG on 5-MTHF can be reversed by L-ascorbic acid (AA). Subsequent investigations suggest that EGCG could potentially expedite the degradation of 5-MTHF by generating hydrogen peroxide. In summary, excessive tea intake may lead to reduced folate levels in the bloodstream, yet timely supplementation of AA could potentially safeguard folate from degradation.

The concept of folic acid supplementation and its role in prevention of neural tube defect among pregnant women: PRISMA

Folic acid is the synthetic form of vitamin B9, found in supplements and fortified foods, while folate occurs naturally in foods. Folic acid and its derivatives are extremely important in the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and ribose nucleic acid [RNA]) and different proteins. It acts as a coenzyme for the transfer of 1 carbon in the biosynthesis of purine, pyrimidine, and amino acids. Folic acid is critically important in rapidly proliferating tissues, including fetus and trophoblastic tissue to prevent neural tube defect (NTD). The main objective of this review is to identify the role of folic acid to prevent NTD among pregnancy mothers. Electronic databases including Web of Science, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane library used to systematically search without limitation of publication date and status. In pregnancy, the first trimester is a significant time for neural tube closure. Decreased blood folic acid levels inhibit DNA replication, repair, RNA synthesis, histone and DNA methylation, methionine production, and homocysteine remethylation reactions that cause NTDs in pregnancy. Therefore, folic acid supplementation is critically important for childbearing mothers before conception and in the first trimester pregnancy. As a result, women are recommended to take 400 microgram FA/day from preconception until the end of the first trimester to prevent NTD-affected pregnancies. This allows the developing neural tissue to acquire critical mass and provides the preferred rostrocaudal orientation so that these divisions contribute to the elongation of the developing neural tube in embryos.

The Role of One-Carbon Metabolism and Methyl Donors in Medically Assisted Reproduction: A Narrative Review of the Literature

One-carbon (1-C) metabolic deficiency impairs homeostasis, driving disease development, including infertility. It is of importance to summarize the current evidence regarding the clinical utility of 1-C metabolism-related biomolecules and methyl donors, namely, folate, betaine, choline, vitamin B12, homocysteine (Hcy), and zinc, as potential biomarkers, dietary supplements, and culture media supplements in the context of medically assisted reproduction (MAR). A narrative review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed/Medline database. Diet, ageing, and the endocrine milieu of individuals affect both 1-C metabolism and fertility status. In vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques, and culture conditions in particular, have a direct impact on 1-C metabolic activity in gametes and embryos. Critical analysis indicated that zinc supplementation in cryopreservation media may be a promising approach to reducing oxidative damage, while female serum homocysteine levels may be employed as a possible biomarker for predicting IVF outcomes. Nonetheless, the level of evidence is low, and future studies are needed to verify these data. One-carbon metabolism-related processes, including redox defense and epigenetic regulation, may be compromised in IVF-derived embryos. The study of 1-C metabolism may lead the way towards improving MAR efficiency and safety and ensuring the lifelong health of MAR infants.

Two maize homologs of mammalian proton-coupled folate transporter, ZmMFS_1-62 and ZmMFS_1-73, are essential to salt and drought tolerance

Folates are essential to the maintenance of normal life activities in almost all organisms. Proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), belonging to the major facilitator superfamily, is one of the three major folate transporter types widely studied in mammals. However, information about plant PCFTs is limited. Here, a genome-wide identification of maize PCFTs was performed, and two PCFTs, ZmMFS_1-62 and ZmMFS_1-73, were functionally investigated. Both proteins contained the typical 12 transmembrane helixes with N- and C-termini located in the cytoplasm, and were localized in the plasma membrane. Molecular docking analysis indicated their binding activity with folates via hydrogen bonding. Interference with ZmMFS_1-62 and ZmMFS_1-73 in maize seedlings through virus-induced gene silencing disrupted folate homeostasis, mainly in the roots, and reduced tolerance to drought and salt stresses. Moreover, a molecular chaperone protein, ZmHSP20, was found to interact with ZmMFS_1-62 and ZmMFS_1-73, and interference with ZmHSP20 in maize seedlings also led to folate disruption and increased sensitivity to drought and salt stresses. Overall, this is the first report of functional identification of maize PCFTs, which play essential roles in salt and drought stress tolerance, thereby linking folate metabolism with abiotic stress responses in maize.

From Vessels to Neurons-The Role of Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Embryonic Neurogenesis

Embryonic neurogenesis can be defined as a period of prenatal development during which divisions of neural stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons. In the central nervous system of most mammals, including humans, the majority of neocortical neurogenesis occurs before birth. It is a highly spatiotemporally organized process whose perturbations lead to cortical malformations and dysfunctions underlying neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and in which oxygen availability plays a critical role. In case of deprived oxygen conditions, known as hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway is activated, resulting in the selective expression of a group of genes that regulate homeostatic adaptations, including cell differentiation and survival, metabolism and angiogenesis. While a physiological degree of hypoxia is essential for proper brain development, imbalanced oxygen levels can adversely affect this process, as observed in common obstetrical pathologies such as prematurity. This review comprehensively explores and discusses the current body of knowledge regarding the role of hypoxia and the HIF pathway in embryonic neurogenesis of the mammalian cortex. Additionally, it highlights existing gaps in our understanding, presents unanswered questions, and provides avenues for future research.

Folate receptor α deficiency - Myelin-sensitive MRI as a reliable biomarker to monitor the efficacy and long-term outcome of a new therapeutic approach

Cerebral folate transport deficiency, caused by a genetic defect in folate receptor α, is a devastating neurometabolic disorder that, if untreated, leads to epileptic encephalopathy, psychomotor decline and hypomyelination. Currently, there are limited data on effective dosage and duration of treatment, though early diagnosis and therapy with folinic acid appears critical. The aim of this long-term study was to identify new therapeutic approaches and novel biomarkers for assessing efficacy, focusing on myelin-sensitive MRI. Clinical, biochemical, structural and quantitative MRI parameters of seven patients with genetically confirmed folate receptor α deficiency were acquired over 13 years. Multimodal MRI approaches comprised MR-spectroscopy (MRS), magnetization transfer (MTI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences. Patients started oral treatment immediately following diagnosis or in an interval of up to 2.5 years. Escalation to intravenous and intrathecal administration was performed in the absence of effects. Five patients improved, one with a presymptomatic start of therapy remained symptom-free, and one with inconsistent treatment deteriorated. While CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and MRS parameters normalized immediately after therapy initiation, myelin-sensitive MTI and DTI measures correlated with gradual clinical improvement and ongoing myelination under therapy. Early initiation of treatment at sufficient doses, considering early intrathecal applications, is critical for favorable outcome. The majority of patients showed clinical improvements that correlated best with MTI parameters, allowing individualized monitoring of myelination recovery. Presymptomatic therapy seems to ensure normal development and warrants newborn screening. Furthermore, the quantitative parameters of myelin-sensitive MRI for therapy assessments can now be used for hypomyelination disorders in general.

Epigenetic Genome Modifications during Pregnancy: The Impact of Essential Nutritional Supplements on DNA Methylation

Pregnancy is an extremely stressful period in a pregnant woman's life. Currently, women's awareness of the proper course of pregnancy and its possible complications is constantly growing. Therefore, a significant percentage of women increasingly reach for various dietary supplements during gestation. Some of the most popular substances included in multi-ingredient supplements are folic acid and choline. Those substances are associated with positive effects on fetal intrauterine development and fewer possible pregnancy-associated complications. Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the impacts of specific environmental factors, such as diet, stress, physical activity, etc., on epigenetic modifications, understood as changes occurring in gene expression without the direct alteration of DNA sequences. Substances such as folic acid and choline may participate in epigenetic modifications by acting via a one-carbon cycle, leading to the methyl-group donor formation. Those nutrients may indirectly impact genome phenotype by influencing the process of DNA methylation. This review article presents the current state of knowledge on the use of folic acid and choline supplementation during pregnancy, taking into account their impacts on the maternal-fetal unit and possible pregnancy outcomes, and determining possible mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on their possible impacts on epigenetic modifications.

Noncanonical function of folate through folate receptor 1 during neural tube formation

Folate supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), birth defects consisting in the failure of the neural tube to form and close. The mechanisms underlying NTDs and their prevention by folate remain unclear. Here we show that folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is necessary for the formation of neural tube-like structures in human-cell derived neural organoids. FOLR1 knockdown in neural organoids and in Xenopus laevis embryos leads to NTDs that are rescued by pteroate, a folate precursor that is unable to participate in metabolism. We demonstrate that FOLR1 interacts with and opposes the function of CD2-associated protein, molecule essential for apical endocytosis and turnover of C-cadherin in neural plate cells. In addition, folates increase Ca2+ transient frequency, suggesting that folate and FOLR1 signal intracellularly to regulate neural plate folding. This study identifies a mechanism of action of folate distinct from its vitamin function during neural tube formation.

Dynamic Interplay between Social Brain Development and Nutrient Intake in Young Children

Myelination of the brain structures underlying social behavior in humans is a dynamic process that parallels the emergence of social-emotional development and social skills in early life. Of the many genetic and environmental factors regulating the myelination processes, nutrition is considered as a critical and modifiable early-life factor for establishing healthy social brain networks. However, the impact of nutrition on the longitudinal development of social brain myelination remains to be fully understood. This study examined the interplay between childhood nutrient intake and social brain development across the first 5 years of life. Myelin-sensitive neuroimaging and food-intake data were analyzed in 293 children, 0.5 to 5 years of age, and explored for dynamic patterns of nutrient-social brain myelin associations. We found three data-driven age windows with specific nutrient correlation patterns, 63 individual nutrient-myelin correlations, and six nutrient combinations with a statistically significant predictive value for social brain myelination. These results provide novel insights into the impact of specific nutrient intakes on early brain development, in particular social brain regions, and suggest a critical age-sensitive opportunity to impact these brain regions for potential longer-term improvements in socio-emotional development and related executive-function and critical-thinking skills.

Multispectral Imaging Method for Rapid Identification and Analysis of Paraffin-Embedded Pathological Tissues

The study of the interaction between light and biological tissue is of great help in the identification of diseases as well as structural alterations in tissues. In the present study, we have developed a tissue diagnostic technique by using multispectral imaging in the visible spectrum combined with principal component analysis (PCA). We used information from the propagation of light through paraffin-embedded tissues to assess differences in the eye tissues of control mouse embryos compared to mouse embryos whose mothers were deprived of folic acid (FA), a crucial vitamin necessary for the growth and development of the fetus. After acquiring the endmembers from the multispectral images, spectral unmixing was used to identify the abundances of those endmembers in each pixel. For each acquired image, the final analysis was performed by performing a pixel-by-pixel and wavelength-by-wavelength absorbance calculation. Non-negative least squares (NNLS) were used in this research. The abundance maps obtained for the first endmember revealed vascular alterations (vitreous and choroid) in the embryos with maternal FA deficiency. However, the abundance maps obtained for the third endmember showed alterations in the texture of some tissues such as the lens and retina. Results indicated that multispectral imaging applied to paraffin-embedded tissues enhanced tissue visualization. Using this method, first, it can be seen tissue damage location and then decide what kind of biological techniques to apply.

Non-canonical function of folate/folate receptor 1 during neural tube formation

Folate supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects, one of the most common and serious birth defects, consisting in the failure of the neural tube to form and close early in pregnancy. The mechanisms underlying neural tube defects and folate action during neural tube formation remain unclear. Here we show that folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) is necessary for the formation of neural tube-like structures in human-cell derived neural organoids. Knockdown of FOLR1 in human neural organoids as well as in the Xenopus laevis in vivo model leads to neural tube defects that are rescued by pteroate, a folate precursor that binds to FOLR1 but is unable to participate in metabolic pathways. We demonstrate that FOLR1 interacts with and opposes the function of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), a molecule that we find is essential for apical endocytosis and the spatiotemporal turnover of the cell adherens junction component C-cadherin in neural plate cells. The counteracting action of FOLR1 on these processes is mediated by regulating CD2AP protein level via a degradation-dependent mechanism. In addition, folate and pteroate increase Ca 2+ transient frequency in the neural plate in a FOLR1-dependent manner, suggesting that folate/FOLR1 signal intracellularly to regulate neural plate folding. This study identifies a mechanism of action of folate distinct from its vitamin function during neural tube formation.

Reduced folate carrier 1 is present in retinal microvessels and crucial for the inner blood retinal barrier integrity

BACKGROUND

Reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1; SLC19a1) is the main responsible transporter for the B9 family of vitamins named folates, which are essential for normal tissue growth and development. While folate deficiency resulted in retinal vasculopathy, the expression and the role of RFC1 in blood-retinal barrier (BRB) are not well known.

METHODS

We used whole mount retinas and trypsin digested microvessel samples of adult mice. To knockdown RFC1, we delivered RFC1-targeted short interfering RNA (RFC1-siRNA) intravitreally; while, to upregulate RFC1 we delivered lentiviral vector overexpressing RFC1. Retinal ischemia was induced 1-h by applying FeCl₃ to central retinal artery. We used RT-qPCR and Western blotting to determine RFC1. Endothelium (CD31), pericytes (PDGFR-beta, CD13, NG2), tight-junctions (Occludin, Claudin-5 and ZO-1), main basal membrane protein (Collagen-4), endogenous IgG and RFC1 were determined immunohistochemically.

RESULTS

Our analyses on whole mount retinas and trypsin digested microvessel samples of adult mice revealed the presence of RFC1 in the inner BRB and colocalization with endothelial cells and pericytes. Knocking down RFC1 expression via siRNA delivery resulted in the disintegration of tight junction proteins and collagen-4 in twenty-four hours, which was accompanied by significant endogenous IgG extravasation. This indicated the impairment of BRB integrity after an abrupt RFC1 decrease. Furthermore, lentiviral vector-mediated RFC1 overexpression resulted in increased tight junction proteins and collagen-4, confirming the structural role of RFC1 in the inner BRB. Acute retinal ischemia decreased collagen-4 and occludin levels and led to an increase in RFC1. Besides, the pre-ischemic overexpression of RFC1 partially rescued collagen-4 and occludin levels which would be decreased after ischemia.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our study clarifies the presence of RFC1 protein in the inner BRB, which has recently been defined as hypoxia-immune-related gene in other tissues and offers a novel perspective of retinal RFC1. Hence, other than being a folate carrier, RFC1 is an acute regulator of the inner BRB in healthy and ischemic retinas.

Cerebral folate deficiency: A report of two affected siblings

Cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) is a rare progressive neurological condition characterized by normal blood folate level and low 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Patients present with different neurological findings including hypotonia and microcephaly. Later, patients develop ataxia, seizures, para or quadri-plagia. Herein, we report two siblings; born to consanguineous parents; who had normal neurological development in early childhood. Subsequently they developed drug-resistant seizures, neurological regression, and spastic quadriplegia. After thorough investigations patients had brain MRI which showed abnormal white matter signals and ventricular dilatation, CSF with low 5-MTHF, and whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a novel homozygous variant in FOLR1 (c.245A > G; p.Tyr82Cys) consistent with the diagnosis of cerebral folate deficiency. They were treated with folinic acid in addition to standard anti-seizure medications. WES aids in reaching CFD diagnosis due to FOLR1 pathogenic variants. These results can be used for future counselling to prevent recurrence in future pregnancies by preimplantation genetic testing prior to implanting the embryo in the uterus. Treatment with folinic acid was shown to improve the neurological symptoms namely reduced the seizures and spasticity.

Caudal regression syndrome without maternal diabetes mellitus

Caudal regression is a rare complex disorder impacting the formation of the caudal segment of the spine and spinal cord. We report a preterm newborn baby who was referred to us due to respiratory distress syndrome and bilateral knee contracture. A clinical examination and a radiographic skeletal survey revealed a short spinal cord with complete agenesis of the lumbar, sacrum and coccygeal spine, and hypoplastic iliac bones with bilateral knee contractures. The mother did not have diabetes. The long-term outcome is not well-known in our set-up.

The Role of Folic Acid in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Intriguing Linkage under Investigation

BACKGROUND

SARS-CoV-2 is a life-threatening RNA virus that may cause an acute respiratory syndrome associated with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. Folic acid (FA), also known as folate, is an essential vitamin vital for human homeostasis, participating in many biochemical pathways, and its deficiency has been associated with viral infection vulnerability. In this review, we investigated the association between FA intake and SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the existence of any potential impact of FA on the health outcome of patients suffering from this new viral infection.

METHODS

Studies included were patients' and in silico and molecular docking studies.

RESULTS

Data from in silico studies and molecular docking support that FA inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host and viral replication, binding at essential residues. Accordingly, in patients' studies, a protective role of FA supplementation against SARS-CoV-2 infection is indicated. However, contradictory data from observational studies indicate that FA supplementation, often linked to deficits during systemic inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2, increases the risk of post-infection mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Future randomized controlled trial studies, including the FA pharmacological group, are needed to better understand the role of FA as a potential protective or mortality risk indicator in COVID-19 patients.

Folate-Methionine Cycle Disruptions in ASD Patients and Possible Interventions: A Systematic Review

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has become a major public health concern due to its rapidly rising incidence over the past few years. Disturbances in folate or methionine metabolism have been identified in many individuals with ASD, suggesting that the folate-methionine cycle may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of autism. Thus, changes in metabolite concentrations associated with this cycle could be used as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ASD. The aim of this systematic review is to elucidate the perturbations of this cycle and the possible interventions that may be proposed in this context. Several studies have shown that high levels of homocysteine and low levels of vitamins B12 and folate are associated with ASD. These changes in serum metabolites are influenced by poor diet. In fact, children with ASD tend to eat selectively, which could compromise the quality of their diet and result in nutrient deficiencies. Moreover, these disturbances may also be caused by genetic predispositions such as polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene. Few studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of the use of nutritional supplements in treating ASD children. Therefore, larger, well-structured studies are recommended to examine the impact of vitamin B12 and folate supplementation on homocysteine levels.

Nutritional metabolism and cerebral bioenergetics in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Disturbances in the brain's capacity to meet its energy demand increase the risk of synaptic loss, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Nutritional and metabolic interventions that target metabolic pathways combined with diagnostics to identify deficits in cerebral bioenergetics may therefore offer novel therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention and management. Many diet-derived natural bioactive components can govern cellular energy metabolism but their effects on brain aging are not clear. This review examines how nutritional metabolism can regulate brain bioenergetics and mitigate AD risk. We focus on leading mechanisms of cerebral bioenergetic breakdown in the aging brain at the cellular level, as well as the putative causes and consequences of disturbed bioenergetics, particularly at the blood-brain barrier with implications for nutrient brain delivery and nutritional interventions. Novel therapeutic nutrition approaches including diet patterns are provided, integrating studies of the gut microbiome, neuroimaging, and other biomarkers to guide future personalized nutritional interventions.

Immunodeficiency associated with a novel functionally defective variant of SLC19A1 benefits from folinic acid treatment

Insufficient dietary folate intake, hereditary malabsorption, or defects in folate transport may lead to combined immunodeficiency (CID). Although loss of function mutations in the major intestinal folate transporter PCFT/SLC46A1 was shown to be associated with CID, the evidence for pathogenic variants of RFC/SLC19A1 resulting in immunodeficiency was lacking. We report two cousins carrying a homozygous pathogenic variant c.1042 G > A, resulting in p.G348R substitution who showed symptoms of immunodeficiency associated with defects of folate transport. SLC19A1 expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was quantified by real-time qPCR and immunostaining. T cell proliferation, methotrexate resistance, NK cell cytotoxicity, Treg cells and cytokine production by T cells were examined by flow cytometric assays. Patients were treated with and benefited from folinic acid. Studies revealed normal NK cell cytotoxicity, Treg cell counts, and naive-memory T cell percentages. Although SLC19A1 mRNA and protein expression were unaltered, remarkably, mitogen induced-T cell proliferation was significantly reduced at suboptimal folic acid and supraoptimal folinic acid concentrations. In addition, patients' PBMCs were resistant to methotrexate-induced apoptosis supporting a functionally defective SLC19A1. This study presents the second pathogenic SLC19A1 variant in the literature, providing the first experimental evidence that functionally defective variants of SLC19A1 may present with symptoms of immunodeficiency.

Joint Effects of Prenatal Folic Acid Supplement with Prenatal Multivitamin and Iron Supplement on Obesity in Preschoolers Born SGA: Sex Specific Difference

Prenatal maternal nutrient supplementation has been reported to be associated with offspring obesity, but the reports are inconsistent and have mainly ignored the differences between the total children population and children born small for gestational age (SGA). This study aimed to examine the joint effects of folic acid, iron, and multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy on the risk of obesity in preschoolers born SGA. A total of 8918 children aged 3-6.5 years born SGA were recruited from Longhua District in Shenzhen of China in 2021. Their mothers completed a structured questionnaire about the child's and parents' socio-demographic characteristics, maternal prepregnant obesity, and mothers' prenatal supplementation of folic acid, iron, and multivitamin. In addition, the children's current weight and height were measured by trained nurses. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between prenatal supplementations and the current presence of childhood obesity. After controlling for potential confounders, the results of the logistic regression analysis showed that prenatal supplement of folic acid (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55~0.93) was associated with a lower likelihood of being an obese preschooler born SGA. In contrast, the ingestion of multivitamin or iron supplements during pregnancy did not seem to be related to the likelihood of childhood obesity in preschoolers born SGA. Moreover, cross-over analysis of prenatal folic acid and multivitamin obtained significant negative associations of prenatal folic acid supplement only (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.55~0.97) and combination supplement of folic acid and multivitamin (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.50~0.90) with obesity of preschoolers born SGA; while the cross-over analysis of prenatal folic acid and iron observed significant negative associations between obesity of preschoolers born SGA and a combination supplement of folic acid and iron (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52~0.96). Furthermore, the aforementioned significant associations were only found in girls and not in boys when the analyses were stratified by sex. Our findings suggest that the prenatal folic acid supplementation may decrease the risk of obesity in preschool girls born SGA, and that this effect may be modified by prenatal multivitamin or iron supplementation.

Association between Folic Acid Supplementation and Hypertensive Disorder Complicating Pregnancy in Jiangsu Province: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives

To investigate the association of folic acid (FA) supplementation with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) and preeclampsia in Jiangsu Province, China.

Materials and Methods

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 10,662 women with infants born between January 2017 and December 2018 were enrolled in Jiangsu Province, China. Maternal women with and without FA supplement intake were compared in this study. FA supplementation included 0.4 mg FA (0.4 FA), multivitamins with 0.4 mg FA (multivitamin (MV)+0.4 FA), and multivitamins with 0.8 mg FA (MV + 0.8 FA). Associations between FA intake, FA supplement dose or duration, (MV + FA) dosage per weight, and HDCP were analysed using ANOVA, the chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis.

Results

Over the study follow-up period, the incidences of HDCP and preeclampsia were 3.5%, 1.4%, and 2.2%, 0.6% in the non-FA supplementation and FA supplementation groups, but only 1.5% and 0.1% in the MV + 0.8 FA group in early pregnancy. Compared with the non-FA group, HDCP and preeclampsia had the lowest risk in the MV + 0.8 FA group among the seven FA supplementation groups (HDCP: RR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.27-0.68, P=0.001; preeclampsia: RR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.03–0.33, P=0.001) in early pregnancy. Compared with the 0.4 FA alone group, the risk of HDCP and preeclampsia in women taking MV + 0.8 FA was significantly reduced (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41–0.87, P=0.008; preeclampsia: RR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06–0.60, P=0.005) in early pregnancy. (MV + FA)/BMI supplementation was associated with the risk of HDCP in early pregnancy (P trend = 0.002).

Conclusions

MV supplement with 0.8 mg FA during early pregnancy may be effective in reducing HDCP and preeclampsia risk. The study provided the viewpoint that (MV + FA)/BMI could be used as a reference for FA intake in pregnant women of different weights.

Neuroprotective properties of chrysin on decreases of cell proliferation, immature neurons and neuronal cell survival in the hippocampal dentate gyrus associated with cognition induced by methotrexate

Methotrexate (MTX) is a drug widely used for chemotherapy and can reduce cancer cell production by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase and decreasing cancer cell growth. MTX has a neurotoxic effect on neural stem and glial cells, leading to memory deficits. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid that contains essential biological activities, such as neuroprotective and cognitive-improving properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of chrysin against MTX-induced memory impairments related to hippocampal neurogenesis. Seventy-two male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, MTX, chrysin (10 and 30 mg/kg), and MTX+ chrysin (10 and 30 mg/kg) groups. Chrysin (10 and 30 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage for 15 days. MTX (75 mg/kg) was administered by intravenous injection on days 8 and 15. Spatial and recognition memories were evaluated using the novel object location (NOL) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, respectively. Moreover, cell proliferation, neuronal cell survival, and immature neurons in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus were quantified by Ki-67, bromodeoxyuridine/neuronal nuclear protein (BrdU/NeuN), and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry staining. The results of the MTX group demonstrated that spatial and recognition memories were both impaired. Furthermore, cell division reduction, neuronal cell survival reduction, and immature neuron decreases were detected in the MTX group and not observed in the co-administration groups. Therefore, these results revealed that chrysin could alleviate memory and neurogenesis impairments in MTX-treated rats.

Folic Acid Rescues Valproic Acid-Induced Morphogenesis Inhibition in Neural Rosettes Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The ability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to specialize in neuroepithelial tissue makes them ideal candidates for use in the disease models of neural tube defects. In this study, we cultured hPSCs in suspension with modified neural induction method, and immunostaining was applied to detect important markers associated with cell fate and morphogenesis to verify the establishment of the neural tube model in vitro. We carried out the drug experiments to further investigate the toxicity of valproic acid (VPA) exposure and the potential protective effect of folic acid (FA). The results demonstrated that neural rosette undergoes cell fate speciation and lumen formation accompanied by a spatiotemporal shift in the expression patterns of cadherin, indicating the model was successfully established. The results showed that VPA caused morphogenesis inhibition of lumen formation by altering cytoskeletal function and cell polarization, which could be rescued by FA supplement.

Effect of a Fortified Dairy-Based Drink on Micronutrient Status, Growth, and Cognitive Development of Nigerian Toddlers- A Dose-Response Study

Malnutrition results in a high prevalence of stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. This study investigated the effect of a multi-nutrient fortified dairy-based drink on micronutrient status, growth, and cognitive development in malnourished [height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and/or weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) < -1 SD and >-3 SD] Nigerian toddlers (n = 184, 1-3 years). The product was provided in different daily amounts (200, 400, or 600 ml) for 6 months. At baseline and endline, venous blood and urine samples were collected to determine micronutrient status. Bodyweight, height, waist, and head circumference were measured, and corresponding Z-scores were calculated. The Bayley-III Screening Test was used to classify the cognitive development of the children. In a modified per-protocol (PP) population, the highest prevalence's of micronutrient deficiencies were found for vitamin A (35.5%) and selenium (17.9%). At endline, there were no significant improvements in iodine, zinc, vitamin B12, and folate status in any of the three groups. Regarding vitamin D status (25OHD), consumption of 600 and 400 ml resulted in an improved status as compared to baseline, and in a difference between the 600- and 200-ml groups. Consumption of 600 ml also increased vitamin A and selenium status as compared to baseline, but no differences were found between groups. Within the groups, WAZ, weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) improved, but without differences between the groups. For HAZ, only the 600 ml group showed improvement within the group, but it was not different between groups. For the absolute weight, height, and head circumference only trends for differences between groups were indicated. Cognition results did not differ between the groups. Within groups, all showed a decline in the per cent of competent children for receptive language. To study the effects of a nutritional intervention on linear growth and cognition, a longer study duration might be necessary. Regarding the improvement of micronutrient status, 600 ml of fortified dairy-based drink seems most effective.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03411590?term=NCT03411590.&draw=2&rank=1, identifier: NCT03411590.

Baseline folic acid status affects the effectiveness of folic acid supplements in cognitively relevant outcomes in older adults: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Folic acid was investigated for decreased concentrations of the same type of cysteine (Hcy), which is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. However, the conclusions are inconsistent, while supplementing elders with different folic acid states.

METHOD

The PubMed, Science Network and EMBASE databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published over the past decade; The 11/485 study was included on the basis of pre-defined criteria. Cognitive-related results, including cognitive function and brain atrophy, were measured using cognitive scales and magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS

Significant cognitive benefits were reported in individuals with incomplete folic acid (n s 4); However, individuals with sufficient folic acid (n s 2) do not benefit from supplements, evaluated by the cognitive scale. On the other hand, a significant positive association was established in the participants of plasma Hcy, but the folic acid state was sufficient (n s 2). One study reported that folic acid supplements did not provide any benefit, but folic acid status data were missing. In addition, folic acid supplementation also improves brain atrophy (n s 2).

CONCLUSION

Baseline folic acid status may be a potential factor affecting the results of cognitive function folic acid supplementation in older adults. Older people with insufficient folic acid will benefit from folic acid supplementation.

Association between serum folate concentrations and blood lead levels in adolescents: A cross-sectional study

As a heavy metal, lead is a common toxic agent. Its accumulation in the body is harmful to physical health, particularly in children and adolescents. Studies have reported that folate may play a protective role in lead exposure. An association between serum folate concentrations (SFC) and blood lead levels (BLL) has been documented in adults, but studies in adolescents are limited. This study investigated the relationship between SFC and BLL in American adolescents. This cross-sectional study collected relevant data on both SFC and BLL of 5,195 adolescents in the NHANES database from 2007 to 2018. Multivariable linear regressions and smooth curve fittings were adopted to evaluate the correlation between BLL and SFC. After adjusting potential confounders, we found negative relationships between BLL and SFC [β = -0.0041 (-0.0063, -0.0019)], and the associations were significant in non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans, and other races but not significant in non-Hispanic blacks (P = 0.139). Furthermore, the negative trends were significant in adolescents aged 16-19 years and females aged 12-15 years but insignificant in males aged 12-15 years (P = 0.172). Therefore, these findings provide a basis for future research on the mechanism of folate in regulating blood lead levels.

Active Targeted Nanoformulations via Folate Receptors: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

In normal tissues, the expression of folate receptors is low and limited to cells that are important for embryonic development or for folate reabsorption. However, in several pathological conditions some cells, such as cancer cells and activated macrophages, overexpress folate receptors (FRs). This overexpression makes them a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases to obtain a selective delivery of drugs at altered cells level, and thus to improve the therapeutic efficacy and decrease the systemic toxicity of the pharmacological treatments. Two strategies have been used to achieve this folate receptor targeting: (i) the use of ligands with high affinity to FRs (e.g., folic acid or anti-FRs monoclonal antibodies) linked to the therapeutic agents or (ii) the use of nanocarriers whose surface is decorated with these ligands and in which the drug is encapsulated. This manuscript analyzes the use of FRs as a target to develop new therapeutic tools in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases with an emphasis on the nanoformulations that have been developed for both therapeutic and imaging purposes.

Effective in vitro differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into Schwann-like cells with folic acid supplementation

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) after pelvic surgery is a common issue with a significant impact on patients. Autologous nerve grafting is the gold standard treatment for PNI, but this technique cannot be applied to fine nerve fibers in the pelvis. Schwann-like cell (SLC) differentiation is a novel therapeutic strategy for this clinical condition. However, the efficiency of SLC differentiation remains unsatisfactory. We modified an SLC differentiation protocol using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and folic acid. Morphology, gene expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors were examined to assess the differentiation quality and phenotypic characteristics. Our new modified protocol effectively induced a Schwann cell (SC) phenotype in ADSCs as assessed by morphology and expression of SC markers [S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), P < 0.01 ; p75 neurotrophic receptor (p75NTR), P < 0.05]. SLCs produced by the new protocol displayed a repair phenotype with decreased expression of ERBB2 and early growth response protein 2 (EGR2) / KROX20 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, our new protocol enhanced both mRNA expression and secretion of nerve growth factors by SLCs (P < 0.01). This protocol enhanced the SC characteristics and functions of ADSC-derived SLCs. This promising protocol requires further research and may contribute to SC-based nerve regeneration. J. Med. Invest. 68 : 347-353, August, 2021.

Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibodies in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

Folate deficiency and folate receptor autoimmune disorder are major contributors to infertility, pregnancy related complications and abnormal fetal development including structural and functional abnormalities of the brain. Food fortification and prenatal folic acid supplementation has reduced the incidence of neural tube defect (NTD) pregnancies but is unlikely to prevent pregnancy-related complications in the presence of folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAb). In pregnancy, these autoantibodies can block folate transport to the fetus and in young children, folate transport to the brain. These antibodies are prevalent in neural tube defect pregnancies and in developmental disorders such as cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the latter conditions, folinic acid treatment has shown clinical improvement in some of the core ASD deficits. Early testing for folate receptor autoantibodies and intervention is likely to result in a positive outcome. This review discusses the first identification of FRAb in women with a history of neural tube defect pregnancy and FRAb’s association with sub-fertility and preterm birth. Autoantibodies against folate receptor alpha (FRα) are present in about 70% of the children with a diagnosis of ASD, and a significant number of these children respond to oral folinic acid with overall improvements in speech, language and social interaction. The diagnosis of folate receptor autoimmune disorder by measuring autoantibodies against FRα in the serum provides a marker with the potential for treatment and perhaps preventing the pathologic consequences of folate receptor autoimmune disorder.

Dietary and lifestyle behavior in adults with epilepsy needs improvement: a case-control study from northeastern Poland

BACKGROUND

Several factors predispose individuals with epilepsy to chronic diseases. Among them, nutrition and lifestyle factors have not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate patients with epilepsy in terms of diet, body composition and physical activity compared to healthy sex- and age-matched subjects to investigate whether there are risk factors for nutritional deficiencies and risk factors for the development of metabolic diseases.

METHODS

The case-control study involved 60 epileptic male and female volunteers and 70 healthy controls matched according to age and sex. Medical information was collected during the study, and a detailed questionnaire regarding eating and lifestyle habits was conducted. Physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Nutritional status was assessed by bioelectric impedance. Venous blood samples were taken for lipid and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) analyses.

RESULTS

A tendency toward an increase in LDL cholesterol was found in the individuals with epilepsy. Significantly higher body fat and insignificantly higher visceral fat were found in epileptic men than in healthy men. In epileptic women, a tendency toward a lower lean body mass was found. Patients with epilepsy were more sedentary, consumed less cottage cheese, fruit, pulses, nuts and seeds, vitamin C and potassium, and consumed more sugar-sweetened soda, fat and sodium than healthy people. On a positive note, individuals with epilepsy consumed less coffee and alcoholic beverages. More than 80% of the epileptic volunteers had diets that were low in folic acid, vitamin D and calcium, but a similar tendency was observed in the healthy volunteers. A higher percentage of the patients with epilepsy had diets that were low in niacin, vitamin C and potassium than the control group (25% vs. 7, 50% vs. 31% and 73 vs. 56%, respectively). A significantly lower serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 was observed in epileptic individuals and was found to be positively modulated by physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that several behavior-related habits, which may predispose epileptic people to cardiovascular disease, need to be improved. For this reason, patients with epilepsy should be provided with more comprehensive medical care, including advice on nutrition and physical activity.

Magnitude and determinants of neural tube defect in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of disorders that arise from the failure of the neural tube close between 21 and 28 days after conception. About 90% of neural tube defects and 95% of death due to these defects occurs in low-income countries. Since these NTDs cause considerable morbidity and mortality, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of NTDs in Africa.

METHODS

The protocol of this study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO number: CRD42020149356). All major databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, African Journals Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar search engine were systematically searched. A random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of NTDs in Africa, and Cochran's Q-statistics and I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity between included studies. Publication bias was assessed using Begg 's tests, and the association between determinant factors and NTDs was estimated using a random-effect model.

RESULTS

Of the total 2679 articles, 37 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of NTDs in Africa was 50.71 per 10,000 births (95% CI: 48.03, 53.44). Folic acid supplementation (AOR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0.85), maternal exposure to pesticide (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.04-10.39), mothers with a previous history of stillbirth (AOR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.99-5.65) and maternal exposure to x-ray radiation (AOR 2.34; 95% CI: 1.27-4.31) were found to be determinants of NTDs.

CONCLUSIONS

The pooled prevalence of NTDs in Africa was found to be high. Maternal exposure to pesticides and x-ray radiation were significantly associated with NTDs. Folic acid supplementation before and within the first month of pregnancy was found to be a protective factor for NTDs.

Folic acid supplementation rescues valproic acid-induced developmental neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations in zebrafish embryos

OBJECTIVE

Fetal exposure to the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA), used to treat certain types of epilepsy, increases the risk for birth defects, including neural tube defects, as well as learning difficulties and behavioral problems. Here, we investigated neurotoxic effects of VPA exposure using zebrafish as a model organism. The capacity of folic acid (FA) supplementation to rescue the VPA-induced neuronal and behavioral perturbations was also examined.

METHODS

Zebrafish embryos of different transgenic lines with neuronal green fluorescent protein expression were exposed to increasing concentrations of VPA with or without FA supplementation. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize alterations in brain structures and neural progenitor cells, as well as motor neurons and neurite sprouting. A twitching behavioral assay was used to examine the functional consequences of VPA and FA treatment.

RESULTS

In zebrafish embryos, VPA exposure caused a decrease in the midbrain size, an increase in the midline gap of the hindbrain, and perturbed neurite sprouting of secondary motor neurons, in a concentration-dependent manner. VPA exposure also decreased the fluorescence intensity of neuronal progenitor cells in early developmental stages, indicating fewer cells. Furthermore, VPA exposure significantly altered embryonic twitching activity, causing hyperactivity in dark and hypoactivity in light. Supplementation of FA rescued the VPA-induced smaller midbrain size and hindbrain midline gap defects. FA treatment also increased the number of neuronal progenitor cells in VPA-treated embryos and salvaged neurite sprouting of the secondary motor neurons. FA rescued the VPA-induced alterations in twitching activity in light but not in dark.

SIGNIFICANCE

We conclude that VPA exposure induces specific neurotoxic perturbations in developing zebrafish embryos, and that FA reversed most of the identified defects. The results demonstrate that zebrafish is a promising model to study VPA-induced teratogenesis and to screen for countermeasures.

Serum Folate Status Is Primarily Associated With Neurodevelopment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Aged Three and Under-A Multi-Center Study in China

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. Folate has been demonstrated to be associated with ASD. However, current studies on the correlation between folate and symptoms of children with ASD have inconsistent conclusions, use mainly small samples, and lack age-stratified analysis. This study aimed to explore the association between serum folate and symptoms of autistic children at different age groups from a multi-center perspective. Methods: We enrolled 1,300 children with ASD and 1,246 typically developing (TD) children under 7 years old from 13 cities in China. The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Childhood autism rating scale (CARS) were used to evaluate the symptoms of children with ASD. China neuropsychological and Behavior Scale-Revision 2016 (CNBS-R2016) scale was used to evaluate the neurodevelopment of children with ASD. Serum folate was measured by chemiluminescence assay in the two groups. Results: The serum folate levels of children with ASD were lower than that of TD children. In terms of core symptoms of ASD, we found that the serum folate levels were not associated with ABC, SRS, and CARS scores in ASD children of all ages but negatively associated with communication warning behavior scores of CNBS-R2016 in ASD children aged three and under. Concerning development quotients, it was at the age of three and under that serum folate levels were positively associated with gross motor, fine motor, language, and general quotient of ASD children. These ASD children aged three and under were further divided into two groups according to the median of serum folate (14.33 ng/mL); we found that compared to ASD children with folate ≤ 14.33 ng/mL, those with folate >14.33 ng/mL had lower communication warning behavior score and higher gross motor, fine motor, adaptive behavior, language, person-social, and general development quotients. Conclusion: We found that serum folate status was primarily associated with the neurodevelopment of children with ASD aged three and under. Furthermore, relatively higher serum folate levels may be more beneficial for children with ASD. Our results suggest that folate level should be paid more attention in ASD children, especially in early life, to better promote the intervention of ASD children.

Length of the Neurogenic Period-A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution

The neocortex, a six-layer neuronal brain structure that arose during the evolution of, and is unique to, mammals, is the seat of higher order brain functions responsible for human cognitive abilities. Despite its recent evolutionary origin, it shows a striking variability in size and folding complexity even among closely related mammalian species. In most mammals, cortical neurogenesis occurs prenatally, and its length correlates with the length of gestation. The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, notably in human, is associated with an increase in the number of neurons, particularly within its upper layers. Various mechanisms have been proposed and investigated to explain the evolutionary enlargement of the human neocortex, focussing in particular on changes pertaining to neural progenitor types and their division modes, driven in part by the emergence of human-specific genes with novel functions. These led to an amplification of the progenitor pool size, which affects the rate and timing of neuron production. In addition, in early theoretical studies, another mechanism of neocortex expansion was proposed—the lengthening of the neurogenic period. A critical role of neurogenic period length in determining neocortical neuron number was subsequently supported by mathematical modeling studies. Recently, we have provided experimental evidence in rodents directly supporting the mechanism of extending neurogenesis to specifically increase the number of upper-layer cortical neurons. Moreover, our study examined the relationship between cortical neurogenesis and gestation, linking the extension of the neurogenic period to the maternal environment. As the exact nature of factors promoting neurogenic period prolongation, as well as the generalization of this mechanism for evolutionary distinct lineages, remain elusive, the directions for future studies are outlined and discussed.

Gestational folic acid deficiency alters embryonic eye development: Possible role of basement membrane proteins in eye malformations

OBJECTIVES

Folic acid (FA) is crucial before and during early pregnancy. FA deficiency can occur because dietary FA intake is low in mothers at the time of conception. Likewise, various ocular pathologies are related to the alteration of extracellular matrices. The present study aimed to investigate the association between maternal FA deficiency and congenital eye defects. We also investigated whether maternal diet deficient in FA alters the expression of collagen IV and laminin-1 as a possible mechanism responsible for the appearance of ocular malformations. Both proteins are the main components of the basal lamina, and form an interlaced network that creates a relevant scaffold basement membrane. Basal laminae are involved in tissues maintenance and implicated in regulating many cellular processes.

METHODS

A total of 57 mouse embryos were classified into the following groups: Control group, (mothers were fed a standard rodent diet), and D2 and D8 groups (mothers were fed FA-deficient [FAD] diet for 2 or 8 wk, respectively). Female mice from group D2 were fed a FAD diet (0 mg/kg diet + 1% succinyl sulfathiazole used to block the synthesis of FA) for 2 wk from the day after mating until day 14.5 of gestation (E14.5). On the other hand, female mice from group D8 were fed a FAD diet for 8 wk (6 wk before conception and during the first 2 wk of pregnancy). For the data analysis, we first estimated the incidence of malformations in each group. Then, the statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 25.0. Expression patterns of collagen IV and laminin-1 were examined with the immunohistochemical technique.

RESULTS

Our results showed that mice born to FA-deficient mothers had several congenital eye abnormalities. Embryos from dams fed a short-term FAD diet were found to have many significant abnormalities in both anterior and posterior segments, as well as choroidal vessel abnormalities. However, embryos from dams fed a long-term FAD diet had a significantly higher incidence of eye defects. Finally, maternal FA deficiency increased the expression of both collagen IV and laminin-1. Likewise, changes in the spatial localization and organization of collagen IV were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

A maternal FAD diet for a short-term period causes eye developmental defects and induces overexpression of both collagen IV and laminin-1. The malformations observed are probably related to alterations in the expression of basement membrane proteins.

Folylpoly-ɣ-glutamate synthetase association to the cytoskeleton: Implications to folate metabolon compartmentalization

Folates are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism and cellular proliferation. Following carrier-mediated uptake, folates are polyglutamylated by folylpoly-ɣ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), resulting in their intracellular retention. FPGS appears as a long isoform, directed to mitochondria via a leader sequence, and a short isoform reported as a soluble cytosolic protein (cFPGS). However, since folates are labile and folate metabolism is compartmentalized, we herein hypothesized that cFPGS is associated with the cytoskeleton, to couple folate uptake and polyglutamylation and channel folate polyglutamates to metabolon compartments. We show that cFPGS is a cytoskeleton-microtubule associated protein: Western blot analysis revealed that endogenous cFPGS is associated with the insoluble cellular fraction, i.e., cytoskeleton and membranes, but not with the cytosol. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the putative cFPGS interactome primarily consisting of microtubule subunits and cytoskeletal motor proteins. Consistently, immunofluorescence microscopy with cytosol-depleted cells demonstrated the association of cFPGS with the cytoskeleton and unconventional myosin-1c. Furthermore, since anti-microtubule, anti-actin cytoskeleton, and coatomer dissociation-inducing agents yielded perinuclear pausing of cFPGS, we propose an actin- and microtubule-dependent transport of cFPGS between the ER-Golgi and the plasma membrane. These novel findings support the coupling of folate transport with polyglutamylation and folate channeling to intracellular metabolon compartments. SIGNIFICANCE: FPGS, an essential enzyme catalyzing intracellular folate polyglutamylation and efficient retention, was described as a soluble cytosolic enzyme in the past 40 years. However, based on the lability of folates and the compartmentalization of folate metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis, we herein hypothesized that cytoplasmic FPGS is associated with the cytoskeleton, to couple folate transport and polyglutamylation as well as channel folate polyglutamates to biosynthetic metabolon compartments. Indeed, using complementary techniques including Mass-spectrometry proteomics and fluorescence microscopy, we show that cytoplasmic FPGS is associated with the cytoskeleton and unconventional myosin-1c. This novel cytoskeletal localization of cytoplasmic FPGS supports the dynamic channeling of polyglutamylated folates to metabolon compartments to avoid oxidation and intracellular dilution of folates, while enhancing folate-dependent de novo biosynthesis of nucleotides and DNA/protein methylation.

Knowledge gaps in understanding the metabolic and clinical effects of excess folates/folic acid: a summary, and perspectives, from an NIH workshop

Folate, an essential nutrient found naturally in foods in a reduced form, is present in dietary supplements and fortified foods in an oxidized synthetic form (folic acid). There is widespread agreement that maintaining adequate folate status is critical to prevent diseases due to folate inadequacy (e.g., anemia, birth defects, and cancer). However, there are concerns of potential adverse effects of excess folic acid intake and/or elevated folate status, with the original concern focused on exacerbation of clinical effects of vitamin B-12 deficiency and its role in neurocognitive health. More recently, animal and observational studies have suggested potential adverse effects on cancer risk, birth outcomes, and other diseases. Observations indicating adverse effects from excess folic acid intake, elevated folate status, and unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) remain inconclusive; the data do not provide the evidence needed to affect public health recommendations. Moreover, strong biological and mechanistic premises connecting elevated folic acid intake, UMFA, and/or high folate status to adverse health outcomes are lacking. However, the body of evidence on potential adverse health outcomes indicates the need for comprehensive research to clarify these issues and bridge knowledge gaps. Three key research questions encompass the additional research needed to establish whether high folic acid or total folate intake contributes to disease risk. 1) Does UMFA affect biological pathways leading to adverse health effects? 2) Does elevated folate status resulting from any form of folate intake affect vitamin B-12 function and its roles in sustaining health? 3) Does elevated folate intake, regardless of form, affect biological pathways leading to adverse health effects other than those linked to vitamin B-12 function? This article summarizes the proceedings of an August 2019 NIH expert workshop focused on addressing these research areas.

Characterization of soluble folate receptors (folate binding proteins) in humans. Biological roles and clinical potentials in infection and malignancy

This review surveys soluble Folate Receptors (FOLRs) in humans. FOLR1 and FOLR2 are equipped with cellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. FOLR1 is secreted from epithelia with or without a micelle-encapsulated GPI-anchor into milk and other body fluids/secretions, e.g. semen where its interaction with spermatozoa indicates a role in male fertility. FOLR1 and FOLR2 serve as serum biomarkers of various diseases. FOLR3 possesses no GPI-anchor and originates from secretory granules of neutrophil granulocytes; its concentration in serum correlates to the FOLR3 content in leukocytes and rises with increased leukocyte counts (infection, malignancy and pregnancy). FOLR3 exerts anti-microbial and anti-tumor effects by depriving bacteria and tumor cells of natural folates. Megalin receptors mediate reabsorption of ultrafiltered folate-bound FOLR into cells of proximal kidney tubules and of folate-bound FOLR uptake in growing embryos. Megalin receptors overexpressed in malignant tumors could be suitable therapeutic targets for folate-conjugated cytotoxic agents utilizing soluble FOLRs as vectors.

Milk fermented with Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0325 alleviates folate status in deficient mice

Folate is an essential B vitamin and its deficiency is common in many parts of the world. Natural folate produced by microorganisms may be an alternative to chemically synthesized folic acid (FA) as a dietary supplement. Previously, two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, a high folate-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KLDS4.0325 and a weak folate-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KLDS4.0613, were identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk fermented with L. lactis KLDS4.0325 (folate-enriched fermented milk, FEFM) in alleviating folate deficiency status using murine folate deficiency models. In addition, the link between gut microbiota diversity and folate levels in mice was investigated. Results showed that FEFM increased FA and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) concentrations in the whole blood and liver, and decreased plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels. 16S rDNA sequence analysis also revealed that the supplementation of FEFM (containing 0.6 μg mL^-1 folate) and 0.6 μg d^-1 FA (FEFM + LFA) significantly improved the poor status of the gut microbiota composition caused by folate deficiency, and the effect was better than that with 1.2 μg d^-1 FA (HFA) supplementation. Our findings show that FEFM can be used as a folate-fortified food to alleviate folate deficiency effectively. In addition, it may be considered as a partial or total replacement for synthetic FA.

Radiation dosimetry of 18F-AzaFol: A first in-human use of a folate receptor PET tracer

Background

The folate receptor alpha (FRα) is an interesting target for imaging and therapy of different cancers. We present the first in-human radiation dosimetry and radiation safety results acquired within a prospective, multicentric trial (NCT03242993) evaluating the ¹⁸F-AzaFol (3′-aza-2′-[¹⁸F]fluorofolic acid) as the first clinically assessed PET tracer targeting the FRα.

Material and methods

Six eligible patients presented a histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the lung with measurable lesions (≥ 10 mm according to RECIST 1.1). TOF-PET images were acquired at 3, 11, 18, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after the intravenous injection of 327 MBq (range 299–399 MBq) of ¹⁸F-AzaFol to establish dosimetry. Organ absorbed doses (AD), tumor AD, and patient effective doses (E) were assessed using the OLINDA/EXM v.2.0 software and compared with pre-clinical results.

Results

No serious related adverse events were observed. The highest AD were in the liver, the kidneys, the urinary bladder, and the spleen (51.9, 45.8, 39.1, and 35.4 μGy/MBq, respectively). Estimated patient and gender-averaged E were 18.0 ± 2.6 and 19.7 ± 1.4 μSv/MBq, respectively. E in-human exceeded the value of 14.0 μSv/MBq extrapolated from pre-clinical data. Average tumor AD was 34.8 μGy/MBq (range 13.6–60.5 μGy/MBq).

Conclusions

¹⁸F-Azafol is a PET agent with favorable dosimetric properties and a reasonable radiation dose burden for patients which merits further evaluation to assess its performance.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03242993, posted on August 8, 2017

Clinical Implications of Folate Transport in the Central Nervous System

Folates are essential for key biosynthetic processes in mammalian cells and play a crucial role in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. Mammals lack the metabolic capacity for folate biosynthesis; hence, folate requirements are largely met through dietary sources. To date, three major folate transport pathways have been characterized: the folate receptors (FRs), reduced folate carrier (RFC), and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). This article reviews current knowledge on the role of folate transport systems in mediating folate delivery to vital tissues, particularly the brain, and how these pathways are modulated by various regulatory mechanisms. We will also briefly highlight the clinical significance of cerebral folate transport in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders associated with folate deficiency.

Maternal blood folate status during early pregnancy and occurrence of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a study of 62 serum biomarkers

BACKGROUND

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) evolves from an interplay between genetic and environmental factors during prenatal development. Since identifying maternal biomarkers associated with ASD risk in offspring during early pregnancy might result in new strategies for intervention, we investigated maternal metabolic biomarkers in relation to occurrence of ASD in offspring using both univariate logistic regression and multivariate network analysis.

METHODS

Serum samples from 100 women with an offspring diagnosed with ASD and 100 matched control women with typically developing offspring were collected at week 14 of pregnancy. Concentrations of 62 metabolic biomarkers were determined, including amino acids, vitamins (A, B, D, E, and K), and biomarkers related to folate (vitamin B₉) metabolism, lifestyle factors, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), the kynurenine-tryptophan ratio (KTR), and neopterin as markers of inflammation and immune activation.

RESULTS

We found weak evidence for a positive association between higher maternal serum concentrations of folate and increased occurrence of ASD (OR per 1 SD increase: 1.70, 95% CI 1.22-2.37, FDR adjusted P = 0.07). Multivariate network analysis confirmed expected internal biochemical relations between the biomarkers. Neither inflammation markers nor vitamin D₃ levels, all hypothesized to be involved in ASD etiology, displayed associations with ASD occurrence in the offspring.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that high maternal serum folate status during early pregnancy may be associated with the occurrence of ASD in offspring. No inference about physiological mechanisms behind this observation can be made at the present time because blood folate levels may have complex relations with nutritional intake, the cellular folate status and status of other B-vitamins. Therefore, further investigations, which may clarify the potential role and mechanisms of maternal blood folate status in ASD risk and the interplay with other potential risk factors, in larger materials are warranted.

Synbiotic fermented soymilk with Weissella cibaria FB069 and xylooligosaccharides prevents proliferation in human colon cancer cells

AIM

Studies on the anticancer effects of synbiotic fermented soymilk are rare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of synbiotic fermented soymilk supplemented with xylooligosaccharides and inoculated with Weissella cibaria FB069 (FSMXW) in the proliferation of colon cancer cell and compare it with the effect of soymilk inoculated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Both FB069 and LGG were able to grow in soy-based products and rapidly reduce their pH as a result of fermentation. The addition of XOS significantly enhanced the acidification rate, viscosity and total cell concentration in fermented soymilk inoculated with W. cibaria FB069. However, the same effect was not observed following inoculation with LGG. Moreover, the synbiotic FSMXW showed higher dextran, folate, GABA and aglycone content. FSMXW inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 and HCT116 cell lines, by reducing the transcription of MD2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κb.

CONCLUSIONS

The synbiotic soymilk containing XOS and W. cibaria FB069 increase nutrient and functional compounds through fermentation process.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Our finding suggests that W. cibaria and XOS can be potentially employed in developing functional foods and health-related products.

Is an "Epigenetic Diet" for Migraines Justified? The Case of Folate and DNA Methylation

Migraines are a common disease with limited treatment options and some dietary factors are recognized to trigger headaches. Although migraine pathogenesis is not completely known, aberrant DNA methylation has been reported to be associated with its occurrence. Folate, an essential micronutrient involved in one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation, was shown to have beneficial effects on migraines. Moreover, the variability of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, important in both folate metabolism and migraine pathogenesis, modulates the beneficial effects of folate for migraines. Therefore, migraine could be targeted by a folate-rich, DNA methylation-directed diet, but there are no data showing that beneficial effects of folate consumption result from its epigenetic action. Furthermore, contrary to epigenetic drugs, epigenetic diets contain many compounds, some yet unidentified, with poorly known or completely unknown potential to interfere with the epigenetic action of the main dietary components. The application of epigenetic diets for migraines and other diseases requires its personalization to the epigenetic profile of a patient, which is largely unknown. Results obtained so far do not warrant the recommendation of any epigenetic diet as effective in migraine prevention and therapy. Further studies including a folate-rich diet fortified with valproic acid, another modifier of epigenetic profile effective in migraine prophylaxis, may help to clarify this issue.