1
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Fujinami N, Yoshikawa T, Sawada Y, Shimomura M, Iwama T, Sugai S, Kitano S, Uemura Y, Nakatsura T. Enhancement of antitumor effect by peptide vaccine therapy in combination with anti-CD4 antibody: Study in a murine model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:482-491. [PMID: 28955856 PMCID: PMC5600353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical efficacy of cancer peptide vaccine therapy is insufficient. To enhance the anti-tumor effect of peptide vaccine therapy, we combined this therapy with an anti-CD4 mAb (GK1.5), which is known to deplete CD4+ cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods To determine the treatment schedule, the number of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of mice was traced by flow cytometry after administration of anti-CD4 mAb. The ovalbumin (OVA)257–264 peptide vaccine was injected intradermally and anti-CD4 mAb was administered intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice at different schedules. We evaluated the enhancement of OVA peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction in the combination therapy using the ELISPOT assay, CD107a assay, and cytokine assay. We then examined the in vivo metastasis inhibitory effect by OVA peptide vaccine therapy in combination with anti-CD4 mAb against OVA-expressing thymoma (EG7) in a murine liver metastatic model. Results We showed that peptide-specific CTL induction was enhanced by the peptide vaccine in combination with anti-CD4 mAb and that the optimized treatment schedule had the strongest induction effect of peptide-specific CTLs using an IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. We also confirmed that the CD107a+ cells secreted perforin and granzyme B and the amount of IL-2 and TNF produced by these CTLs increased when the peptide vaccine was combined with anti-CD4 mAb. Furthermore, metastasis was inhibited by peptide vaccines in combination with anti-CD4 mAb compared to peptide vaccine alone in a murine liver metastatic model. Conclusion The use of anti-CD4 mAb in combination with the OVA peptide vaccine therapy increased the number of peptide-specific CTLs and showed a higher therapeutic effect against OVA-expressing tumors. The combination with anti-CD4 mAb may provide a new cancer vaccine strategy. Peptide-specific CTL induction and function were enhanced by depletion of CD4+ cells. Anti-tumor effect by the peptide vaccine was enhanced by the depletion of CD4+ cells. Metastasis was inhibited by vaccine with depletion of CD4+ cells in a murine model. Combination with the depletion of CD4+ cells could be a new cancer vaccine strategy.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-amino-actinomycin D
- Anti-CD4 antibody
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Cancer
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISPOT assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FOXP3, forkhead box P3
- GPC3, glypican-3
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL-2, interleukine-2
- Immunotherapy
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Murine liver metastatic model
- OVA, ovalbumin
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PE, phycoerythrin
- Peptide vaccine
- QOL, quality of life
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-βl
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Fujinami
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yu Sawada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugai
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
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2
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Iwama T, Uchida T, Sawada Y, Tsuchiya N, Sugai S, Fujinami N, Shimomura M, Yoshikawa T, Zhang R, Uemura Y, Nakatsura T. Vaccination with liposome-coupled glypican-3-derived epitope peptide stimulates cytotoxic T lymphocytes and inhibits GPC3-expressing tumor growth in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:138-143. [PMID: 26616051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Because therapeutic manipulation of immunity can induce tumor regression, anti-cancer immunotherapy is considered a promising treatment modality. We previously reported that glypican-3 (GPC3), an oncofetal antigen overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a useful target for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cancer immunotherapy, and we have performed clinical trials using the GPC3-derived peptide vaccine. Although vaccine-induced GPC3-peptide-specific CTLs were often tumor reactive in vitro and were correlated with overall survival, no complete response was observed. In the current study, we synthesized liposome-coupled GPC3-derived CTL epitope peptide (pGPC3-lipsome) and investigated its antitumor potential. Vaccination with pGPC3-liposome induced peptide-specific CTLs at a lower dose than conventional vaccine emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Coupling of pGPC3 to liposomes was essential for effective priming of GPC3-specific CTLs. In addition, immunization with pGPC3-liposome inhibited GPC3-expressing tumor growth. Thus, vaccination with tumor-associated antigen-derived epitope peptides coupled to the surfaces of liposomes may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Uchida
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Sawada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsuchiya
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugai
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Norihiro Fujinami
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan; Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan.
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3
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Iwama T, Horie K, Yoshikawa T, Nobuoka D, Shimomura M, Sawada Y, Nakatsura T. Identification of an H2-Kb or H2-Db restricted and glypican-3-derived cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope peptide. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:831-8. [PMID: 23354275 PMCID: PMC3597455 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but not expressed in normal tissues except for placenta and fetal liver and therefore is an ideal target for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we identified an H2-Kb or H2-Db restricted and murine GPC3 (mGPC3)-derived cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope peptide in C57BL/6 (B6) mice, which can be used in the design of preclinical studies of various therapies with GPC3-target immunotherapy in vivo. First, 11 types of 9- to 10-mer peptides predicted to bind with H2-Kb or H2-Db were selected from the mGPC3 amino acid sequence based on the binding score as calculated by the BIMAS software. We evaluated the peptide-binding affinity and confirmed that all peptides were able to bind to H2-Kb or H2-Db by in vitro cellular binding assay. Subsequently, a mixed peptide vaccine and single peptide vaccine were given to B6 mice to evaluate immunogenic potential of the 11 selected peptides. Using the splenocytes from peptide-vaccinated mice, interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays showed that mGPC3-1127–136 (AMFKNNYPSL) peptide was the most efficient for inducing CTLs among the 11 peptides. Next, we demonstrated that the mGPC3-1 peptide-specific CTL line could recognize mGPC3-expressing cancer cells, suggesting that mGPC3-1 peptide was an endogenously presented peptide. In conclusion, we identified mGPC3-1 as an H2-Kb or H2-Db restricted, mGPC3-derived CTL epitope peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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4
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Chemali M, Radtke K, Desjardins M, English L. Alternative pathways for MHC class I presentation: a new function for autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1533-41. [PMID: 21390546 PMCID: PMC11114914 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The classical view that endogenous antigens are processed by the proteasome and loaded on MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, while exogenous antigens taken up by endocytosis or phagocytosis are degraded and loaded on MHC class II in lysosome-derived organelles, has evolved along with the improvement of our understanding of the cell biology of antigen-presenting cells. In recent years, evidence for alternative presentation pathways has emerged. Exogenous antigens can be processed by the proteasome and loaded on MHC class I through a pathway called cross-presentation. Moreover, endogenous antigens can be targeted to lytic organelles for presentation on MHC class II through autophagy, a highly conserved cellular process of self-eating. Recent evidence indicates that the vacuolar degradation of endogenous antigens is also beneficial for presentation on MHC class I molecules. This review focuses on how various forms of autophagy participate to presentation of these antigens on MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Chemali
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kerstin Radtke
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michel Desjardins
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luc English
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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5
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Cifaldi L, Lo Monaco E, Forloni M, Giorda E, Lorenzi S, Petrini S, Tremante E, Pende D, Locatelli F, Giacomini P, Fruci D. Natural Killer Cells Efficiently Reject Lymphoma Silenced for the Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase Associated with Antigen Processing. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1597-606. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Jun TY, Lee KU, Pae CU, Chae JH, Bahk WM, Kim KS, Lew TY. No association of TAP2 polymorphisms in Korean patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2004; 14:173-6. [PMID: 15318034 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200409000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphisms of transporters associated with antigen-processing (TAP) genes might influence the susceptibility to schizophrenia by altering the antigen-processing pathway. The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between schizophrenia and the polymorphisms of TAP2 genes. METHOD Two hundred and fifty-seven Korean patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV and 184 normal controls participated in this study. TAP2 polymorphic residues at positions 379, 565 and 665 were typed using amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism. RESULTS Distribution of the alleles and genotypes in patients with schizophrenia was not significantly different from those of controls. CONCLUSIONS This study did not show the association of the TAP2 gene with schizophrenia in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Youn Jun
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H107, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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8
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Heintke S, Chen M, Ritz U, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Koch J, Abele R, Seliger B, Tampé R. Functional cysteine-less subunits of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP1 and TAP2) by de novo gene assembly. FEBS Lett 2003; 533:42-6. [PMID: 12505156 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the adaptive immune system the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays a pivotal role in loading of peptides onto major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules. As a central tool to investigate the structure and function of the TAP complex, we created cysteine-less human TAP subunits by de novo gene synthesis, replacing all 19 cysteines in TAP1 and TAP2. After expression in TAP-deficient human fibroblasts, cysteine-less TAP1 and TAP2 are functional with respect to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent peptide transport and inhibition by ICP47 from herpes simplex virus. Cysteine-less TAP1 and TAP2 restore maturation and intracellular trafficking of MHC class I molecules to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heintke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biozentrum, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Marie Curie Str. 9, D-60439, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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9
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Fromm SV, Duady-Ben Yaakov S, Schechter C, Ehrlich R. Assembly and cell surface expression of TAP-independent, chloroquine-sensitive and interferon-gamma-inducible class I MHC complexes in transformed fibroblast cell lines are regulated by tapasin. Cell Immunol 2002; 215:207-18. [PMID: 12202157 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation by class I MHC molecules generally require assembly with peptide epitopes generated by the proteasome and transported into the ER by the transporters associated with antigen presentation (TAP). Recently, TAP-independent pathways supporting class I MHC-mediated presentation of exogenous antigens, as well as of endogenously synthesized viral antigens, were described. We now characterize a TAP-independent pathway that is operative in both TAP1- and TAP2-deficient Adenovirus (Ad)-transformed fibroblast cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the existence of such a pathway has been described in non-infected cells that do not belong to the hematopoietic lineage. We show that this pathway is proteasome-independent and chloroquine-sensitive. Cell surface expression of these TAP-independent class I complexes is modulated by tapasin levels and is enhanced by IFN-gamma. The data imply that IFN-gamma increases the relative level of TAP-independent high affinity class I complexes that exit the ER on their way to the cell surface and to vacuolar compartments where peptide cleavage/exchange might take place before recycling to the cell surface. Since both TAP and tapasin expression are altered in numerous tumors and in virus-infected cells, TAP-independent class I complexes may be a valuable target source for immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Vigodman Fromm
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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10
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Momburg F, Müllbacher A, Lobigs M. Modulation of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-mediated peptide import into the endoplasmic reticulum by flavivirus infection. J Virol 2001; 75:5663-71. [PMID: 11356974 PMCID: PMC114279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.12.5663-5671.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to many other viruses that escape the cellular immune response by downregulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, flavivirus infection can upregulate their cell surface expression. Previously we have presented evidence that during flavivirus infection, peptide supply to the endoplasmic reticulum is increased (A. Müllbacher and M. Lobigs, Immunity 3:207-214, 1995). Here we show that during the early phase of infection with different flaviviruses, the transport activity of the peptide transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is augmented by up to 50%. TAP expression is unaltered during infection, and viral but not host macromolecular synthesis is required for enhanced peptide transport. This study is the first demonstration of transient enhancement of TAP-dependent peptide import into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum as a consequence of a viral infection. We suggest that the increased supply of peptides for assembly with MHC class I molecules in flavivirus-infected cells accounts for the upregulation of MHC class I cell surface expression with the biological consequence of viral evasion of natural killer cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Momburg
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Ritz U, Momburg F, Pircher HP, Strand D, Huber C, Seliger B. Identification of sequences in the human peptide transporter subunit TAP1 required for transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) function. Int Immunol 2001; 13:31-41. [PMID: 11133832 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric peptide transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) consisting of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 mediates the transport of cytosolic peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In order to accurately define domains required for peptide transporter function, a molecular approach based on the construction of a panel of human TAP1 mutants and their expression in TAP1(-/-) cells was employed. The characteristics and biological activity of the various TAP1 mutants were determined, and compared to that of wild-type TAP1 and TAP1(-/-) control cells. All mutant TAP1 proteins were localized in the ER and were capable of forming complexes with the TAP2 subunit. However, the TAP1 mutants analyzed transported peptides with different efficiencies and displayed a heterogeneous MHC class I surface expression pattern which was directly associated with their susceptibility to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis. Based on this study, the TAP1 mutants can be divided into three categories: those expressing a similar phenotype compared to TAP1(-/-) or wild-type TAP1 cells respectively, and those representing an intermediate phenotype in terms of peptide transport rate, MHC class I surface expression and immune recognition. Thus, the results provide evidence that specific regions in the TAP1 subunit are crucial for the proper processing and presentation of cytosolic antigens to MHC class I-restricted T cells, whereas others may play a minor role in this process.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Biological Transport, Active/genetics
- Biological Transport, Active/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dimerization
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ritz
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Tsujimura K, Obata Y, Iwase S, Matsudaira Y, Ozeki S, Takahashi T. The epitope detected by cytotoxic T lymphocytes against thymus leukemia (TL) antigen is TAP independent. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1217-25. [PMID: 10967016 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.9.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus leukemia (TL) antigens belong to the family of MHC class Ib antigens. We have shown in our previous studies that they serve as transplantation antigens, and can be recognized by both TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with TL but not H-2 restriction. Although TL are known to be expressed TAP independently, it is unclear whether peptide loading on TL molecules is necessary for the formation of CTL epitopes. In the present study, we first showed that TL expression is beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m)-dependent but TAP1 independent by flow cytometric analysis of thymocytes from beta(2)m- or TAP1-deficient mice crossed with TL transgenic mice expressing Tla(a)-3-TL on their thymocytes. Subsequently, we investigated the epitope recognized by CTL derived from C3H mice immunized with skin from a transgenic mouse expressing T3(b)-TL ubiquitously. Bulk CTL lines against TL from primary mixed lymphocyte cultures showed comparable cytotoxicity against T3(b)-TL transfectants of TAP2-deficient murine RMA-S grown at 37 degrees C to that against those grown at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, TCR alpha beta and TCR gamma delta CTL clones against TL recognized TL expressed on T3(b)-TL transfectants of RMA-S and Drosophila melanogaster cells having broad defects in peptide loading of MHC, and lysed these target cells. These results together indicate that TL-specific CTL populations primarily recognize epitopes expressed TAP independently.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Epitopes/analysis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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13
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Garbi N, Tan P, Diehl AD, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG, Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ. Impaired immune responses and altered peptide repertoire in tapasin-deficient mice. Nat Immunol 2000; 1:234-8. [PMID: 10973281 DOI: 10.1038/79775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tapasin is a component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen-loading complex. Here we show that mice with a disrupted tapasin gene display reduced MHC class I expression. Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses to viruses are impaired, and dendritic cells of tapasin-deficient mice do not cross-present protein antigen via the MHC class I pathway, indicating a defect in antigen processing. Natural killer (NK) cells from tapasin-deficient mice have an altered repertoire and are self-tolerant. In addition, the repertoire of class I-bound peptides is altered towards less stably binding ones. Thus tapasin plays a role in CTL and NK immune responses and in optimal peptide selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Garbi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, im Neuenhelmer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Kurlander RJ, Chao E, Fields J, Nataraj C. The Adjacent Flanking Region Plays a Critical Role in Facilitating the Presentation of the Listeria monocytogenes Product lemA to H2 M3wt-Restricted, Peptide-Specific Murine CD8 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes (LM) generate CD8 effectors specific for f-MIGWII, the amino terminus of the bacterial product lemA presented by the class Ib MHC molecule H2 M3wt. lemA has several distinctive properties: 1) it is readily presented as an exogenous Ag in the absence of bacterial infection; 2) it is processed by a TAP-independent pathway, which is sensitive to chloroquine, pepstatin, and brefeldin; and 3) the immunogenic portion of the molecule is extremely resistant to proteolytic degradation even by proteinase K. To assess the structural basis for these findings, we expressed a truncated variant (t-lemA) containing the amino-terminal hexapeptide and the subsequent 27 amino acids linked to a histidine tail in Escherichia coli, and purified the product by affinity chromatography. Purified t-lemA could be presented to f-MIGWII-specific effectors by macrophages and fibroblasts at 1–10 nM. Unlike f-MIGWII, which binds directly to H2 M3wt, t-lemA required processing by a chloroquine-, pepstatin-, and brefeldin-sensitive pathway. Brefeldin sensitivity often implies endogenous processing in the cytoplasm, but several lines of evidence suggest translocation to the cytoplasm and proteosomal degradation are not critical for t-lemA presentation. Unlike f-MIGWII, t-lemA was profoundly resistant to proteinase K, and, using 35S-labeled t-lemA, we could identify the region from position 1 to ∼30 as the protease-resistant element. Thus, the hydrophobic peptide sequence following f-MIGWII can account for the unusual properties of lemA noted above. Analogous modification could be used to alter the properties of other peptide Ags presented by class I MHC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J. Kurlander
- *Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Elizabeth Chao
- *Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Janet Fields
- *Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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15
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Paulik M, Grieco P, Kim C, Maxeiner HG, Grunert HP, Zeichhardt H, Morré DM, Morré DJ. Drug-antibody conjugates with anti-HIV activity. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1781-90. [PMID: 10571253 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific peptide antibody-brefeldin A conjugates and antibody-glaucarubolone conjugates directed to cell surface viral glycoprotein epitopes were prepared and tested for antiviral activity. A selective response was observed both on survival of cell lines permanently infected with lentiviruses and on HIV infectivity. With human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the conjugate also was effective in reducing virus titers. The effectiveness of an HIV-specific peptide antibody-brefeldin A conjugate was enhanced by combination with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and was effective against AZT-resistant isolates in combination with AZT. The conjugates reduced virus production in MOLT-4 cells and in HIV-1-infected PBMCs without affecting the viability of uninfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paulik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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16
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Reimann J, Schirmbeck R. Alternative pathways for processing exogenous and endogenous antigens that can generate peptides for MHC class I-restricted presentation. Immunol Rev 1999; 172:131-52. [PMID: 10631943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of distinct endogenous and exogenous pathways for generating peptides for MHC-I and MHC-II-restricted presentation to CD4+ or CD8+ T cells fits well with the bulk of experimental data. Nevertheless, evidence is emerging for alternative processing pathways that generate peptides for MHC-I-restricted presentation. Using a well characterized, particulate viral antigen of prominent medical importance (the hepatitis B surface antigen), we summarize our evidence that the efficient, endolysosomal processing of exogenous antigens can lead to peptide-loaded MHC-I molecules. In addition, we describe evidence for endolysosomal processing of mutant, stress protein-bound, endogenous antigens that liberate peptides binding to (and presented by) MHC-I molecules. The putative biological role of alternative processing of antigens generating cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-stimulating epitopes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reimann
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Germany.
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Rennebeck G, Lader E, Fujimoto A, Lei EP, Artzt K. Mouse Brachyury the Second (T2) is a gene next to classical T and a candidate gene for tct. Genetics 1998; 150:1125-31. [PMID: 9799264 PMCID: PMC1460395 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/150.3.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse Brachyury the Second (T2) gene is 15 kb away from classical Brachyury (T). A mutation in T2 disrupts notochord development, pointing to the existence of a second T/t complex gene involved in axis development. T2 encodes a novel protein that is disrupted by an insertion in T2(Bob) mice. Sequence analysis of T2 from several t haplotypes shows that they all share the same changed stop codon, and, thus, T2 is a candidate gene for the t complex tail interaction factor. T1, T2, and the unlinked t-int are distinct and unrelated loci, and mutations in these genes do not complement one another genetically. Either their products interact in the same pathway during the genesis of the embryonic axis, or the T/t region itself is truly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rennebeck
- The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1064, USA
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18
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Wood P, Elliott T. Glycan-regulated antigen processing of a protein in the endoplasmic reticulum can uncover cryptic cytotoxic T cell epitopes. J Exp Med 1998; 188:773-8. [PMID: 9705959 PMCID: PMC2213365 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.4.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/1998] [Revised: 05/04/1998] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have shown that influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) targeted to the secretory pathway cannot be processed to yield several cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in cell lines that lack the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). However, a large COOH-terminal fragment of NP is processed and presented in these cells. Full-length NP is cotranslationally glycosylated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum at two sites distal to the major H2-Kk and H2-Db restricted CTL epitopes, and we show here that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of N-linked glycosylation, leads to the processing and presentation of both these epitopes in a TAP-independent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wood
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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19
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Shi Y, Smith KD, Lutz CT. TAP-Independent MHC Class I Peptide Antigen Presentation to Alloreactive CTL Is Enhanced by Target Cell Incubation at Subphysiologic Temperatures. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the peptide dependency of a group of CD8+ anti-HLA-B7 alloreactive CTL. The CTL killed target cells after acid denaturation of more than 98% of target cell surface peptide/MHC class I complexes. The CTL also killed TAP− HLA-B7-transfected T2 (T2B7) cells. The killing was enhanced by target cell incubation at 26°C. Despite these findings, which suggested peptide-independent allorecognition, CTL-mediated cytolysis was reduced or abolished by several point mutations affecting the HLA-B7 peptide-binding groove. Acid denaturation of HLA complexes on T2B7 cells prohibited CTL recognition. CTL recognition was restored by T2B7 cell incubation with β2-microglobulin and a single HPLC fraction containing peptides extracted from TAP+HLA-B7+ cells, but not by any of a panel of 17 synthetic HLA-B7-binding peptides. These findings indicated that CTL allorecognition was peptide specific. Sensitizing peptide was extracted from T2B7 cells only after incubation at 26°C. The amount of peptide detected in TAP+ cells was at least 10-fold and 100-fold greater than that detected in TAP− cells incubated at 26°C and at 37°C, respectively. TAP-independent peptide epitope presentation was sensitive to treatment with brefeldin A, but not sensitive to treatment with chloroquine, consistent with an endogenous peptide source. We propose that subphysiologic temperature incubation can enhance peptide/MHC class I presentation in the total absence of TAP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- *Pathology and
- ‡Graduate Program in Immunology and
| | | | - Charles T. Lutz
- *Pathology and
- ‡Graduate Program in Immunology and
- §Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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20
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Nandi D, Marusina K, Monaco JJ. How do endogenous proteins become peptides and reach the endoplasmic reticulum. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 232:15-47. [PMID: 9557392 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72045-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Nandi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
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21
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Momburg F, Hämmerling GJ. Generation and TAP-mediated transport of peptides for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Adv Immunol 1998; 68:191-256. [PMID: 9505090 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Momburg
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Chen Y, Webster RG, Woodland DL. Induction of CD8+ T Cell Responses to Dominant and Subdominant Epitopes and Protective Immunity to Sendai Virus Infection by DNA Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.5.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While recent studies have demonstrated that DNA vaccination induces potent CD8+ T cell memory in vivo, it is unclear whether this memory is qualitatively and quantitatively comparable with that induced by natural viral infection. In the current studies, we have investigated the induction of CD8+ memory CTL responses to Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) in C57BL/6 mice following gene gun vaccination. The data demonstrate that this mode of vaccination induces potent long-lived memory CTL precursors (CTLp) specific for both the dominant (NP324–332/Kb) and the subdominant (NP324–332/Db) epitopes of NP. The frequencies of T cells specific for each of these epitopes in the spleen is about 1:2000 CD8+ T cells, similar to those induced by intranasal infection with Sendai virus. Moreover, the induction of memory CTLp by DNA vaccination is independent of MHC class II molecules or Ab, as is the case for memory CTLp induction by live Sendai virus infection. CTLp specific for both epitopes are capable of migrating to the lung following Sendai virus infection and express potent cytotoxic activity at the site of infection. Consistent with this activity, DNA vaccination with Sendai virus NP induced a substantial degree of Ab-independent protection from a challenge with a lethal dose of Sendai virus. Taken together, these data demonstrate that for the parameters tested, DNA vaccination is indistinguishable from live virus infection in terms of priming functional memory CTLp with broad specificity for both dominant and subdominant T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Chen
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, and
- †Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Robert G. Webster
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, and
- †Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - David L. Woodland
- *Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, and
- †Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
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23
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Wolpert EZ, Petersson M, Chambers BJ, Sandberg JK, Kiessling R, Ljunggren HG, Kärre K. Generation of CD8+ T cells specific for transporter associated with antigen processing deficient cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:11496-501. [PMID: 9326638 PMCID: PMC23517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.21.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells with impaired transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) function express low levels of cell surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, and are generally resistant to lysis by MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Here we report the generation of MHC class I restricted CD8(+) CTLs that surprisingly require target cell TAP deficiency for efficient recognition. C57BL/6 (B6) mice immunized with syngenic B7-1 (CD80) expressing TAP-deficient cells generated a potent CTL response against both TAP-deficient RMA-S tumor cells and TAP-deficient Con A blasts, whereas the corresponding TAP-expressing target cells were considerably less susceptible or resistant to lysis. The CTL epitopes recognized were expressed also by the human TAP-deficient cell line T2, transfected with appropriate MHC class I molecules. B6 mice immunized with B7-1-transfected TAP-deficient RMA-S cells were protected from outgrowth of a subsequent RMA-S tumor challenge. These findings are discussed in relation to the biochemical nature of MHC class I dependent CTL epitopes associated with impaired TAP function, as well as implications for immunotherapy and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Wolpert
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Snyder HL, Bacík I, Bennink JR, Kearns G, Behrens TW, Bächi T, Orlowski M, Yewdell JW. Two novel routes of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-independent major histocompatibility complex class I antigen processing. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1087-98. [PMID: 9314557 PMCID: PMC2199067 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.7.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaw1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein representative of a class of proteins post translationally inserted into membranes via a type II membrane anchor (cytosolic NH2 domain, lumenal COOH domain) in a translocon-independent manner. We found that Jaw1 can efficiently deliver a COOH-terminal antigenic peptide to class I molecules in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-deficient cells or cells in which TAP is inactivated by the ICP47 protein. Peptide delivery mediated by Jaw1 to class I molecules was equal or better than that mediated by the adenovirus E3/19K glycoprotein signal sequence, and was sufficient to enable cytofluorographic detection of newly recruited thermostabile class I molecules at the surface of TAP-deficient cells. Deletion of the transmembrane region retargeted Jaw1 from the ER to the cytosol, and severely, although incompletely, abrogated its TAP-independent peptide carrier activity. Use of different protease inhibitors revealed the involvement of a nonproteasomal protease in the TAP-independent activity of cytosolic Jaw1. These findings demonstrate two novel TAP-independent routes of antigen processing; one based on highly efficient peptide liberation from the COOH terminus of membrane proteins in the ER, the other on delivery of a cytosolic protein to the ER by an unknown route.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Snyder
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0440, USA
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25
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Schirmbeck R, Böhm W, Reimann J. Stress protein (hsp73)-mediated, TAP-independent processing of endogenous, truncated SV40 large T antigen for Db-restricted peptide presentation. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2016-23. [PMID: 9295040 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-competent and TAP-deficient cell lines were transfected with expression plasmids encoding either the wild-type (wt) large tumor antigen (T-Ag) of SV40, or a truncated cytoplasmic variant (cT-Ag) of this viral protein. Stable expression of comparable levels of both forms of the viral protein was observed in different transfectants. The truncated cT-Ag variant, but not the wtT-Ag was stably associated with the constitutively expressed, cytosolic heat shock protein (hsp)73 chaperone. Two Db-binding peptides and one Kb-binding peptide of T-Ag were presented to cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines (CTLL) by TAP-competent transfectants expressing either wtT-Ag or cT-Ag. TAP-deficient transfectants expressing the wtT-Ag did not present any of these epitopes to CTLL. In contrast, TAP-deficient transfectants expressing the truncated hsp73-associated cT-Ag, presented the two Db-binding epitopes, but not the Kb-binding T-Ag epitope to CTLL. Regurgitation of peptides by transfectants was not detectable. The described data indicate that a pool of post-Golgi Db molecules is available for 2-3 h in TAP-deficient transfectants for loading with peptides released during endolysosomal processing of hsp73-associated, endogenous antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schirmbeck
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Ulm, Germany
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26
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Smith KD, Huczko E, Engelhard VH, Li YY, Lutz CT. Alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes focus on specific major histocompatibility complex-bound peptides. Transplantation 1997; 64:351-9. [PMID: 9256200 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199707270-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alloreactive T cells are often specific for individual peptides that are bound to allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Other alloreactive T cells are reported to be peptide-independent or to recognize MHC conformational changes that are induced by multiple peptides. We tested 12 anti-HLA-B7 alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones that bind a restricted region of HLA-B7, including three CTL clones that were generated in a protocol designed to stimulate peptide-independent T cells. All 12 CTLs recognized multiple point mutations in the HLA-B7 peptide-binding groove. Eleven of the 12 CTLs recognized specific peptides that eluted in one or two fractions on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). None of the CTLs promiscuously recognized 16 HLA-B7-binding synthetic peptides, although one CTL recognized minor by-products in one synthetic peptide preparation. CTL clone KID-9 cross-reacted with allogeneic HLA-B7 and HLA-B27 molecules and recognized a distinct peptide bound to each MHC molecule. CTL clone KD-11 recognized peptides that eluted in two HPLC fractions and recognized HLA-B7-transfected peptide antigen processing defective T2 cells. These results indicate that CTL allorecognition is peptide-specific whether the allogeneic MHC molecules are expressed on normal cells or antigen processing-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Smith
- Department of Pathology, the university of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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27
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Hermel E, Grigorenko E, Aldrich CJ. Increased class Ib antigen display on TAP-2 mutant cells by a mitochondrial function inhibitor. Cell Immunol 1997; 179:10-5. [PMID: 9259766 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Class I histocompatibility antigen display is defective in the RMA-S mutant cell line due to a mutation in the Tap-2 gene, which encodes a peptide transporter. Incubation of RMA-S cells with oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, strongly increased lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for the class Ib antigen H2-M3, and lysis by Qa-1b-specific CTL was restored. Oligomycin did not affect normal class I display on RMA cells. Treatment of RMA-S cells with other inhibitors of mitochondrial function failed to increase lysis by anti-H2-M3 or Qa-1b CTL. Lysis by allogenic CTL specific for H-2b antigens was either not enhanced or only weakly increased, depending upon the H-2 haplotype of the alloreactive effector cells used.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hermel
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Evansville Center, Indiana 47112, USA
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28
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Smith PA, Brunmark A, Jackson MR, Potter TA. Peptide-independent recognition by alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). J Exp Med 1997; 185:1023-33. [PMID: 9091576 PMCID: PMC2196245 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.6.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated several H-2K(b)-alloreactive cytotoxic T cell clones and analyzed their reactivity for several forms of H-2K(b). These cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were elicited by priming with a skin graft followed by in vitro stimulation using stimulator cells that express an H-2K(b) molecule unable to bind CD8. In contrast to most alloreactive T cells, these CTL were able to recognize H-2K(b) on the surface of the antigen processing defective cell lines RMA-S and T2. Furthermore, this reactivity was not increased by the addition of an extract containing peptides from C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) spleen cells, nor was the reactivity decreased by treating the target cells with acid to remove peptides bound to MHC molecules. The CTL were also capable of recognizing targets expressing the mutant H-2K(bm8) molecule. These findings suggested that the clones recognized determinants on H-2K(b) that were independent of peptide. Further evidence for this hypothesis was provided by experiments in which H-2K(b) produced in Drosophila melanogaster cells and immobilized on the surface of a tissue culture plate was able to stimulate hybridomas derived from these alloreactive T cells. Precursor frequency analysis demonstrated that skin graft priming, whether with skin expressing the wild-type or the mutant H-2K(b) molecule, is a strong stimulus to elicit peptide-independent CTL. Moreover, reconstitution experiments demonstrated that the peptide-independent CTL clones were capable of mediating rapid and complete rejection of H-2-incompatible skin grafts. These findings provide evidence that not all allorecognition is peptide dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Smith
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206-2761, USA
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29
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Elliott T. Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing**This article was accepted for publication on 1 October 1996. Adv Immunol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Abdel-Motal UM, Berg L, Bengtsson M, Dahmén J, Kihlberg J, Magnusson G, Nilsson U, Jondal M. Major histocompatibility complex class I binding glycopeptides for the estimation of 'empty' class I molecules. J Immunol Methods 1995; 188:21-31. [PMID: 8551035 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)82888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Different forms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chains are known to be expressed on the cell surface, including molecules which are functionally 'empty'. Direct peptide binding to cells is obvious during sensitization of target cells in vitro for cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing and 'empty' MHC-I molecules are comparatively abundant on TAP-1/2 peptide transporter mutant cells. In the present work we have estimated the fraction of 'empty' MHC class I molecules using glycosylated peptides and cellular staining with carbohydrate specific monoclonal antibodies. Synthetic Db and Kb binding peptides were coupled at different positions with different di- or trisaccharides, using different spacing between the carbohydrate and the peptide backbone. Binding of sugar specific mAbs was compared in ELISA and cellular assays. An optimal Db binding glycopeptide was used for comparative staining with anti-Db and anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies to estimate fractions of 'empty' molecules on different T lymphoid cells. On activated normal T cells, a large fraction of Db molecules were found to be 'empty'. The functional role of such 'empty' MHC class I molecules on T cells is presently unclear. However, on antigen presenting cells they might participate in the antigen presentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Abdel-Motal
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Hombach J, Pircher H, Tonegawa S, Zinkernagel RM. Strictly transporter of antigen presentation (TAP)-dependent presentation of an immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in the signal sequence of a virus protein. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1615-9. [PMID: 7595234 PMCID: PMC2192180 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are derived from intracellularly synthesized proteins. Cytosolic proteins are fragmented into peptides, which are subsequently transported via the transporter of antigen presentation (TAP) into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they bind to MHC class I molecules. We have investigated the requirements for MHC class I presentation of the immunodominant gp33 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. This epitope is located within the leader peptide of the virus glycoprotein. Such an epitope is expected to be presented in a TAP-independent manner, since it is released into the ER by signal peptidase. Taking advantage of TAP1-/- mice, however, we show both in vitro and in vivo that, after virus infection, the presentation of the gp33 epitope is strictly dependent on a functional TAP heterodimer. The results are discussed with respect to peptide trimming processes in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hombach
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Müllbacher A, Lobigs M. Up-regulation of MHC class I by flavivirus-induced peptide translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. Immunity 1995; 3:207-14. [PMID: 7544229 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavivirus infection of mammalian cells increases the cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, the recognition elements for cytotoxic T cells. Here, we show that the mechanism for flavivirus-induced up-regulation of class I MHC involves an increase in peptide supply to the endoplasmic reticulum. Flavivirus-mediated peptide supply for MHC class I assembly is independent of the peptide transporters for class I antigen presentation, since infection of class I MHC peptide transport-deficient cell lines with flaviviruses results in the cell surface expression of biologically functional class I MHC peptide complexes. The flavivirus-induced supply of antigenic peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum is not restricted to flavivirus-encoded peptides and independent of interferon. The data imply that peptide availability regulates surface expression of class I MHC restriction elements and suggests a mechanism for flavivirus-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Müllbacher
- Division of Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
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Bachmann MF, Oxenius A, Pircher H, Hengartner H, Ashton-Richardt PA, Tonegawa S, Zinkernagel RM. TAP1-independent loading of class I molecules by exogenous viral proteins. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1739-43. [PMID: 7615001 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of peptides derived from endogenous proteins on class I molecules needs functional TAP peptide transporters. To reveal whether class I-associated presentation of exogenous proteins also required the presence of TAP transporters, we assessed in vitro the ability of spleen cells and macrophages from TAP1-deficient mice (TAP1-/-) to present peptides derived from exogenous recombinant viral proteins on their class I molecules. We found that recombinant glyco- and nucleoprotein from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and nucleoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus were presented as efficiently by TAP1-/- cells as by control cells. Peptide regurgitation was not involved. Since particulate, non-replicating antigens can efficiently prime anti-viral cytotoxic T cells in vivo, this new, TAP-independent pathway of class I-associated antigen presentation may be applicable for vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bachmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Isobe H, Moran T, Li S, Young A, Nathenson S, Palese P, Bona C. Presentation by a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule of nucleoprotein peptide expressed in two different genes of an influenza virus transfectant. J Exp Med 1995; 181:203-13. [PMID: 7528768 PMCID: PMC2191835 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.1.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility (MHC) class I glycoproteins are specialized to present to CD8+ T cells, peptides that originate from proteins synthesized within the cytoplasm. Conventional killed vaccines are unable to get into the cell cytoplasm and therefore fail to expand the CD8+ T cell population. We have created a novel influenza transfectant virus, R10, which carries an immunogenic peptide from the nucleoprotein (NP) of PR8 influenza virus in its hemagglutinin (HA) and another similar peptide in its HK influenza virus NP. The two peptides are both presented by H-2Db and bind with approximately equal affinity. They can compete with one another for binding to H-2Db. Yet in cells infected with R10, both peptides are presented efficiently enough to expand the respective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors in vivo and to serve as targets for CTL lysis in vitro. It has been proposed that proteins bearing signal sequences may be processed by a transporter-independent pathway. To investigate this, we infected the transporter-deficient cell line RMA-S with the R10 virus to see if the NP peptide expressed by the HA would be presented. The result shows that even the presence of a signal peptide in the HA does not overcome the lack of a transporter function, suggesting that the presentation of both peptides is dependent on functional transporter proteins. Our data also suggest the feasibility of creating by genetic engineering, recombinant vaccines expressing multiple epitopes that can effectively stimulate a cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Isobe
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029-6574
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Aldrich CJ, Ljunggren HG, Van Kaer L, Ashton-Rickardt PG, Tonegawa S, Forman J. Positive selection of self- and alloreactive CD8+ T cells in Tap-1 mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6525-8. [PMID: 8022816 PMCID: PMC44235 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice with a homozygous deletion in their Tap-1 gene (-/- mice) express very low levels of cell membrane major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and have < 1% peripheral CD8+ T cells. We show that these -/- mice but not their +/- littermates display strong primary syngeneic anti-H-2Kb and -Db-specific responses mediated by CD8+ T cells. These responses are augmented by in vivo priming. Further, -/- mice primed in vivo with H-2d alloantigens generate an anti-H-2d response which appears nearly as strong as that found in +/- littermates. Both -/- anti-H-2b and anti-H-2d T cells do not recognize target cells from Tap-1 -/- animals or Tap-2-deficient RMA-S cells. Thus, some CD8+ anti-self and alloreactive T cells can be selected in the absence of Tap proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Aldrich
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9048
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Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Peptide transporter-independent, stress protein-mediated endosomal processing of endogenous protein antigens for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1478-86. [PMID: 8026512 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The peptide transporter-defective cell line RMA-S expressing the wild-type simian virus 40 large T antigen (wtT-Ag) from a transfected gene did not present two well-defined, H-2 class I (Db)-restricted epitopes of T-Ag to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Hence, "endogenous" processing and presentation of the wtT-Ag depended on a functional peptide transporter heterodimer. In contrast, both T-Ag epitopes were efficiently presented to CTL by transfected RMA-S cells expressing a truncated, cytoplasmic T-Ag variant (cT-Ag) or a karyophilic, amino-terminal 272-amino acid T-Ag fragment. Transporter-independent "endogenous" processing of mutant T-Ag molecules correlated with their association with the constitutively expressed heat shock protein 73 (hsp73). Class I-restricted presentation of both epitopes processed from these hsp73-associated protein antigens was sensitive to NH4Cl and chloroquine. These data indicate that selected intracellular proteins access an alternative, hsp73-mediated pathway for class I-restricted presentation that operates independent of peptide transporters in an endosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schirmbeck
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Ulm, FRG
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Abstract
With the discovery of MHC-encoded peptide transporters (TAP) came the identification of a new class of molecules within the immune system. TAP belongs to a large family of ATP-binding, multimembrane-spanning transporters that are expressed in a diversity of cells, from prokaryotic to mammalian, and show specificity for a variety of different substrates. TAP represents the solution to a major topological problem in immunology, namely the translocation of peptides, generated by cytosolic degradation of antigens, into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where they associate with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules. A novel assay allows us to determine the requirements for the TAP-mediated peptide transport. First results indicate that TAP preselects peptides according to sequence and length in a way that is compatible with the characteristics of peptides isolated from class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Momburg
- Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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Morris A, Hewitt C, Young S. The major histocompatibility complex: its genes and their roles in antigen presentation. Mol Aspects Med 1994; 15:377-503. [PMID: 7837935 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(94)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
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Moriwaki S, Korn BS, Ichikawa Y, van Kaer L, Tonegawa S. Amino acid substitutions in the floor of the putative antigen-binding site of H-2T22 affect recognition by a gamma delta T-cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11396-400. [PMID: 8248260 PMCID: PMC47989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.23.11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a self-reactive gamma delta T-cell clone (KN6) specific for the H-2T region gene product T22b. Now we have investigated by an in vitro mutagenesis analysis of the T22b gene the possibility that the interaction between the KN6 gamma delta T-cell receptor and T22b involves a peptide. The results demonstrate that mutations at the floor of the putative antigen-binding groove of T22b affect recognition by the gamma delta T-cell receptor. Furthermore, we have shown that KN6 cells react with cells that are deficient in the class I peptide transporter TAP1/TAP2. These results suggest that peptide is involved in the interaction of the KN6 T-cell receptor with T22 and that loading of T22 with the putative peptide is TAP1/TAP2-independent.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Genes, MHC Class II
- H-2 Antigens/chemistry
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moriwaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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